Math Analysis- Semester 1 Final Study Guide

CHAPTER 1:

Increasing function: y values get larger as x gets larger (+ slope)

Decreasing function: y values get smaller as x gets larger (- slope)

Constant function: horizontal line (0 slope)

CHAPTER 1.3

Even Functions: a function is defined to be even in f(-x) = f(x)

*Note: all even functions are symmetric with respect to the y axis

Odd Functions: a function is defined to be odd if f(-x) = -f(x)

*Note: all odd functions are symmetric with respect to the origin

Example:

F(x) = 3x3 + 2x -F(x) = -(3x 3 + 2x)

F(-x) = 3(-x) 3 + 2(-x) -F(x) = -3x 3 - 2x
F(-x) = -3(x) 3 -2(x) ****** Its ODD
***** Not even

CHAPTER 1.4- TRANSFORMATIONS

h(x) = f ( x ± c ) ± h vertical shift (+ up ; - down)

horizontal shift
(+ left ; - right)

h(x) = c f (x)

if c > 1 vertical stretch

0 < c < 1 vertical shrink
-c flipped over the x axis

h(x)= f (cx)

if c > 1 horizontal shrink

if 0 < c < 1 horizontal stretch
-c flipped over the y axis
CHAPTER 1.5: C OMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

Sum: (f+g)x = f(x) + g(x)

Difference: (f-g)x = f(x) – g(x)
Product: (fg)x = f(x) · g(x)
Quotient: (f/g)x = f(x) ÷ g(x)

(f o g) (x) = f ( g(x) )

CHAPTER 1.6: INVERSE FUNCTIONS

To find the inverse switch x and y and solve for y.

* Note: f-1(x) means inverse function
**Note: f(x) and f-1(x) are reflections over the line y=x

Ex. f(x) = 2x + 5
x = 2y + 5
(x-5)/2 = y
f-1(x) = (x-5)/2

Horizontal Line Test: tells if the inverse is a function

CHAPTER 4.1: TRIG (RADIANS AND DEGREES)

**This picture shows a positive angle in standard position

Picture below shows co-terminal angles

**To find coterminal angles do θ ± 360 k

(for degrees)

2π radians = 360 degrees

To convert degrees to radians or vice versa use: θ/180 = x/ π
All
Students
Take
Calculus

Quad 1: All positive

Quad 2: Sine positive, rest negative
Quad 3: Tangent positive, rest negative
Quad 4: Cosine positive, rest negative

See Fig. 4.1 for the following formulas:

Arc length formula: s = r θ (for radians only)

Linear speed (how fast something is traveling) = arc length / time

Angular velocity (how fast something spins): θ/time (θ in radians)

Area of a sector: A= (θr2) /2 Linear speed = (r θ)/t

Fig. 4.1

CHAPTER 4.3: TRIG IDENTITIES

Reciprocal Identities:

Quotient Identities:
Pythagorean Identities:

Degrees Minutes Seconds Form (DMS)

Ex.
20° 14’ 30” = 20 + 14/60 + 30/3600

Complementary Angles add up to 90 degrees

Supplementary Angles add up to 180 degrees

CHAPTER 4.4: TRIG FUNCTIONS OF ANY ANGLE

Reference angle’s: angle back to the x axis

****Always acute and always positive

Y= A sin B ( θ + C ) + D vertical shift

|A| phase shift = -C

Amplitude: distance from sinusoidal axis to max or min

(2π)/B period
360°/B period

y f(x)=sin(x) y f(x)=cos(x)

1.5 1.5

y = sin(x) 1 y = cos(x) 1

0.5 0.5

x x
-π -π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 -π -π/2 π/2 π 3π/2

-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1

-1.5 -1.5

amplitude is 1, period is 2π, no phase shift or vertical shift

steps for graphing:

1.) Find amplitude, period, phase shift, vertical shift

2.) Mark phase shift on the graph, then add the period and mark the ending point
3.) Break the interval into 4 equal parts
4.) Draw in the vertical shift (sinusoidal axis)
5.) Add and subtract the amplitude from the vertical shift to get max and min
6.) Plot critical points and connect the dots

y = csc(x)

instead of a being the amplitude it is now a vertical stretch

y f(x)=sin(x)

1.5

1
in red is the graph of y = sin(x)
0.5

x the blue lines are asymptotes since 1/0 is undefined

-π -π/2 π/2 π 3π/2

-0.5

-1

-1.5

y = sec(x)

in red is y = cos(x)

y f(x)=cos(x)

1.5

0.5

x
-π -π/2 π/2 π 3π/2

-0.5

-1

-1.5
y = tan(x) y f(x)=tan(x)

x
-3π/2 -5π/4 -π -3π/4 -π/2 -π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2

-1

-2

-3

the period for tan and cot is π or 180 degrees

y = cot(x)

y f(x)=cot(x)

x
-3π/2 -5π/4 -π -3π/4 -π/2 -π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2

-1

-2

-3

*remember, only sin and cos have an amplitude

CHAPTER 4.7: INVERSE FUNCTIONS

sin-1 = arcsin cos-1 = arccos

PRINCIPAL VALUE/ RESTRICTED DOMAIN

(indicated by a capital letter)

y f(x)=asin(x)

y=Sin θ y= Sin-1 θ π/2

π/4

x
-1 1 2

-π/4
Domain: -π/2 ≤ x ≤ π/2 Domain: -1 ≤ y ≤ 1

Range: -1 ≤ y ≤ 1 -π/2
Range: -π/2 ≤ x ≤ π/2

y= Cos θ 5π/4 y f(x)=acos(X)

π
y= Cos-1 θ

3π/4

π/2
Domain: 0 ≤ x ≤ π Domain: -1 ≤ y ≤ 1

Range: -1 ≤ y ≤ 1 π/4 Range: 0 ≤ x ≤ π

x
-1 1 2

y f(x)=atan(x)

π/2

y = Tan θ y= Tan-1 θ π/4

x
-1 1 2

-π/4

-π/2
 Domain: ∞ < x < ∞

Range: -π/2 < y < π/2

Domain: -π/2 < x < π/2

Range: ∞ < y < ∞

CHAPTER 5.3: S OLVING TRIG EQUATIONS

2 sin x – 1 = 0

2 sin x = 1

sin x = 1/2

x = π/6 + 2πk and x = 5π/6 + 2πk

**** Where k is an integer

CHAPTER 5.4 , 5.5: T RIG IDENTITIES

Cofunction Identities, radians  

Odd/Even Identities
sin (–x) = –sin x csc (–x) = –csc x

cos (–x) = cos x sec (–x) = sec x

tan (–x) = –tan x cot (–x) = –cot x

Sum/Difference Identities
Double Angle Identities

Half Angle Identities

  or  

  or  

  or     or  
****Also see section 4.3 for more identities

CHAPTER 6.1 AND 6.2: LAW OF SINES AND COSINES

**** Only works for Triangles AAS, ASA, and ASS (ambiguous case)

Ambiguous case: either 0, 1, or 2 triangles

2 triangles if: height < opposite side < adjacent side

Area of a Triangle:

Heron’s Area of a Triangle formula:

***Where s is (a+b+c)/2

Area of a segment of a circle

S = ½ r2(a – sin(a))

*for radians