HistoryMidtermStudyGuide

TestDate:January27,2015

MedievalPeriod

Characteristicsofthemiddleages
weakcentralgovernment
nonewknowledgemostpeopledidntknowhowtoreadorwrite
upperclassmenweretheonlyoneswhohadlandandproperty(10%ofthepopulation)
littlehopeforimprovingconditionspeoplebelievedthattheirexistencewascontrolledby
fate

CausesofsplitbetweentheEasternandWesternchurches(ChristianChurches)
differentidealsandlanguages[worshippingidolswasone]
FilioqueClauseofNiceneCreedwhosenttheHolySpirit[theFatherorFather&Son]

FeudalismCharacteristics
Lordscontrolledtheirownland;Kingswerentvaluedtoomuch
constantcompetitionbetweenthekingdoms
landswithintheKingdomwereselfsufficient

FeudalisticSociety
Hierarchy[peasantsknightslordskings]
KingsgavelandtoLordsandNoblesinexchangefortheirloyalty,allegiance,andsupport

WhydidFeudalismdevelop?
afterthefallofRome,thepeopleneededasourceofprotection
inventedaformofgovernmentwherethehigherclassesgaveprotectiontothelowerclasses
inexchangefortheirloyaltyandaid.

ByzantineEmpire
CorpusJurisCivilis
abookfromtheByzantineEmpire
JustinianI
foundationofmoderndaylawandcivilrights

TheFranks
smallestoftheGermanicKingdoms
ClovisconqueredGaulandconvertedintoChristianity
Carolingiandynasty
BattleofTours

732
CharlesMartel[grandfatherofCharlemagne]holdstheMuslimAdvancement
preventedtheMuslimsfromapproachingWesternEurope

Charlemagne
ChristianEmperor
HelpedthePopeagainstrebels
PopecrownsCharlemagnetheHolyRomanEmperor
thiscrowningrevivedtheideaofaChristiancommunity
crowninglaidthefoundationforfutureproblemsbetweentheemperorandpope
thiscrowningincreasedthegapbetweentheEastandWest

TreatyofVerdun
afterCharlemagnesdeath,hissonsfoughtfor30years
treatydividedtheHolyRomanEmpireinto3parts

HighMiddleAges/Renaissance

Towns
formedaftertheCrusades{holywars}
madefortheinterestinnewproductsfromtheEastspices,silk,differentfoods,etc

ImpactsofincreasedtradeonWesternEurope
weakenedthenoblepowers;leadbackintoamonarchy
providedasthetransitionfromfeudalsocietytonationalgovernments

Crusades
revitalizedtradewithotherpartsoftheworld
openednewandoldtraderoutes
improvedtheeconomyofEurope
Italianmerchantsfoundnewtrademarkets
firstforreligion,thenforpoliticalreasons
increasedpowerformonarchs
religioushatred
heightenedpapalpower

BlackPlagueCauses
overpopulatedcities
fleasonrats
broughtfromAsia

BlackPlagueResults
ofpopulation=dead
demandofserfsincreasedandtheserfscouldaskformoresuppliesandmoney
endofserfdom

EnglandsMagnaCarta
putacheckontheKingspower
saidthatnobleshadcertainrightsandthatthemonarchsmustalsoobeythelaws
monarchcouldntincreasetaxeswithoutconsultingacouncil[Parliament]
kingbecameaccountabletothecouncilandnobles

RoleofWomeninMedievalsociety
lovedandrespected
apprenticedinatradeasyounggirls
workedinbluecollartradesclothesandfood
couldgotoschoolbutnotuniversity
notallowedinUniversitiesandprofessionsoflaw,medicine,andscholar

InvestitureStruggle
whowouldpresenttheringandstaff?
popewantedtoleaderofchurch
emperorwantedtoleaderofthestate
noblessupportedthePopeunderminetheemperor
kingwasexcommunicatedfromthechurchandhadtoprostrateforthreedays
heightofpapalpowerpopewonthis

ConcordatatWorms
Kingrenouncedhisrighttogivestaffandring
Popeallowedkingtoinvestandpresentfiefstobishops
kingcouldalsonominateorvetoacandidateforpope

ItalianRenaissance
basedoffofartandhumanism
timeofcreativity
knowledgewashighlyvalued
rebirthofGreekandRomaninterests
ledtotheexplorationandscientificrevolution

Medievalvs.Renaissance
medievaltimes
morefocusaroundthechurchandonsociety
peopleweremoreconcernedwiththeafterlifeandwhatwouldhappenafterdeath
whatevercanbediscoveredhasbeendiscovered

fragmentedlandsfeudalism
agriculturaleconomy
Renaissance
focusedonachievementsoftheindividual
concernedwiththepresent
moretodiscover
roadtothemodernworld
economyoncommerceandcapitalism

Humanism
focusedontheindividualachievements
reasonoverfaithbirthofscience,dontblindlytrustfaith
independentthinkers
celebratelife,dontfocusonafterlife

Machiavelli
itisbettertobefearedthanloved
theendjustifiesthemeanyoumustdowhateveryoumusttobeabletocontrolyourland
nomorality

NorthernRenaissance
basedmoreoneliminatingthecorruptioninthechurch

Islam
FormationofIslam
throughMuhammad
experiencedrevelationsfromtheAngelGabriel
formedduetotheinjusticetofalsegodsandimmorality

EarlyLeaders
Muhammad
Ali
AbuBakr
Umar
Uthman

BasicBeliefsandNorms
FivePillars
Salahpray5timesaday
SawmfastingduringRamadan
Zakahgivetocharity
HajjpilgrimagetoMeccaonceinyourlifetime

ShahadasubmissiontoIslam
honestyandmodesty
noalcoholorpork
improvedtreatmentofwomen
ritualablutioncleansebeforepraying[keeparugtoavoidtouchingfloor,washyourself]

MessageoftheQuran
judgementdaydogood,thinkgood
gratitudetowardsGod,creation,guidance,forgiveness
submissiontoIslam
muslim=submissiveinworshipandmorality

FactorsthatcontributedtotheIslamicConquests
PersiaandByzantineempireswereweak
Islamwarriorswereskilledandefficient
Arabswerewelcomed[consideredpeacefulandliberatorsfromharshconditions]
CommonfaithinIslam[unlikeChristianity]

Sunnivs.Shiitedivision
thesunnibelievethattheleadershouldbeelectedandbechosenfromagroupofcapable
people
shiitesbelievethattheleadershouldberelatedtoMuhammadandhavehimintheir
ancestry

SpreadofIslam
throughconquests

Reformation
SaleofIndulgences
PopeLeoXbecamepopeandstartedspendingmoneylavishly
churchbecamebankrupt
indulgencestoremovesinsandtomakesurethatyoursoulwenttoheaveninsteadof
purgatory
asthecoininthecofferrings,asoulfrompurgatoryswings
Lutherwasoutragedbythis

Catholicism
muchcorruptioninthechurch
peoplehadblindfaithinthechurchnoonestoodup

MartinLutherbeliefs

salvationcannotbeobtainedfromapieceofpaper;itmustbeearned

PeaceofAugsburg
afterthecounterreformation
leadersofeachstatecouldchoosethereligion
lutheranismorcatholicism?
northwasmostlylutheran
southwascatholic
calvinismwasstillnotallowed

CatholicCounterReformation
Counterreformationwasdoneinordertowinbackprotestants,reconciliation
StartswithCouncilofTrent,endswithterminationofThirtyYearsWar
CouncilofTrent1545:
Mettodiscussdirectionofreformationperiodicallyfor20years
Theinquisition:
Churchcourtusedtorture&executiontoendheresy
PreparedindexofforbiddenbooksincludingLuthersandCalvinsworks

EnglishReformation:
KingHenryVIIIcouldntgetsonfromwife,wantedadivorce,popewouldntgrantit,soHenry
startedEnglishreformation
HenrybecameheadofAnglican/Englishchurch
After5morewives,hadason(Edward)
Religiousturmoil:
Henrydies,Edwardtakesthroneatageof10.thendiesinteens
Marythentakesthrone,isCatholic,hashundredsofProtestantsburnedatthestake
ElizabeththentakesthroneandmakespeacebetweenCatholics&Protestants

Protestantism:
Calvinism:predestination,conceptofelectrejectpapalauthority,strictinterpretationsof
Bible,noidlepleasures
Lutheranism:onlyauthorityisbible,peopledealdirectlywithgod
Anglicanism:Kingheadofchurch,EnglishReformation

ReligiousWars:
Causedbychallengetoromancatholicchurch
Thefrenchhuguenots:
CalvinistProtestantsofFrance
EdictofNantesincreasedhostilityofborderingprotestantcommunities

Exploration
Motivations/ReasonsforExplorations

3Gs(God,Gold,Glory)
Somothercountrycanexpandwealthandterritory
Mercantilism
Closegovernmentcontroloftheeconomythatsoughttomaximizeexports
andaccumulateasmuchpreciousmetalsaspossibletoenablethestateto
defenditseconomicandpoliticalinterests
Coloniesexistedtoprovidemarketsandnaturalresourcesforhomecountry
Homecountrygavemilitarysecurityandpoliticaladministrationforcolonies
SpanishconquestofMexico
Europeanconquestleadtothefallofindigenouspeoplesempiresaswellasthespreadof
disease,andthedestructionofwholecivilizationscultures
CorteswasabletoconquertheAztecEmpiredueto
forgingallianceswithsubjectsoftheempire
Advancedweaponry
Diseases,likesmallpox,killedalotofIndians
PizarrowasabletoconquertheIncaEmpiredueto
Advancedweaponry
Luringtheruler,Atahualpa,intoatrapandgarrotinghim
Diseases,likesmallpox,killedalotofIndians
ColumbianExchange
widespreadtransferofanimals,plants,culture,humanpopulations,communicablediseases,
technologyandideasbetweentheAmericanandAfroEurasianhemispheresinthe15thand
16thcenturies
EffectsinNewWorld
FromEurope,totheAmericas:wheat,rye,barley,oatsandmillet.Thefirsttwocrops
areusedinbread,astaple
ThehorsewasaEuropeanimport.WhenadoptedbytheNativeAmericans,theresult
wastheGreatPlainscultures
Disease
EffectsinEurope
GoldandSilver
Trade
Colonization
TreatyofTordesillas
Treatymadein1494inwhichthepopedividedtheseaborneempiresofSpainand
PortugalbydrawingalinewestoftheCapeVerdeIslands
Slavetrade
FactorsthatledtoslaveryinNewWorld
Cultivationofsugaraswellasrice,tobacco,andcotton
NativeAmericansranoutb/cofdiseaseandhighdeathratesoAfricans
werelookedtoforforcedlaboratplantations
SlaveryinAmericasvs.Slaveryinpreviouscultures
Americanslaverywasdependentonracialdifferences
Earlierslaverywasnotalwaysasdehumanizing

Transatlanticslavetrade
Whysoeconomicallyimportant?
FinancedmuchofEuropeanandAmericaneconomicdevelopment
Why/HowwereAfricansthemselvesinvolved?
Africansbetterequippedtocontrolinlandtrade
Europeanssusceptibletotropicaldiseases
Africanmiddlemenundertookcaptureorprocurementofslavesand
marchedthemtocoast
Thesemiddlemengenerallyeitherwealthymerchantsor
agentsofAfricanchieftainciesorkingdoms
ConsequencesinAfrica
CausedAfricatosufferimmensesocialdevastationwhenitwasthechief
supplierofslavestotheworld
SocietiesthatwerebuiltonexploitationofAfricanslaveryalsosuffered
enduringconsequences,suchasracism

EssayTopicsQuestionsontwoofthesetopicswillbeontheexam.Preparenotesoneachtopic,
perhapsoutlines.

1.Stability/instabilityofFeudalismasaformofgovernmentandsocialstructure.(think:political,
socialandeconomicfactors)
Stablegovtb/ctherewasarigidsystemofdependency
Difficultforserfstoleavesystem,wasusefulwhencentralgovtwasweak
Stablesocialstructureb/c,again,veryrigidhierarchy
Masonssonbecamemason,serfssonbecameserf
Verylittletonosocialmobility
Structurewasstableuntil
CrusadesnewgoodsbeingintroducedtoEuropedemandtradetownsserfs
fledmanorstogototownsKingsgrantedchartersandgottaxesfromtownsKings
hadmoneytobuymercenaryarmiesanddidntneedlordsarmiesstrongcentral
govt.,weaklordsFeudalism(overtime)collapsedRiseofmerchantclass
2.HumanismduringtheRenaissanceandhowitwasseeninsociety.(think:examples)
(DBQHumanism)
3.IslamicRenaissance(think:Islamiccultureandhowitadvanced)
(DBQIslamicAchievements)
4.ReasonsfortheAgeofExplorationandtheimpactofexplorationontheworld(think:whatnations
exploredandwhy;technologies,impactsshorttermandlongtermonEurope,newWorldandAfrica)
(Reasonsareinnotesabove)