Broadband and Switch Room

“Broadband and Switch Room”
Summer Training Report
On
Undertaken at
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
Jorbagh Exchange, New Delhi
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of the

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY , to Rajasthan Technical University Kota
Submitted To:-
Submitted By:-
Mr. Chena Ram & Sanjeev Jain

Munesh Kumar Meena
Lecturers
B.Tech Final Year
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Dept. of Electronics & Communication
ACKNOWLAGEMENT
I wish to express my profound thanks to all those who helped in making this
training successful. My lecturers and friend provided the much needed
guidance, moral support and encouragement on numerous occasions.
I specially thankful to SDE-MTNL Jorbagh Exchange,Lodhi Road,New

Delhi Mr. J.P MEENA for guiding us during training period. I take this
opportunity to express my great sense of gratitude to Mr. s.k. vishnoi Head
of department of Elect. & Comm. of ECB for his constant encouragement and
kind suggestions .
I am indebted to everyone, for these suggestions which helped me

achieve near perfection. Without their guidance, support timely help and
encouragement it would not have been possible for me to delivering this
project.
About the Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
MTNL was setup on 1st April 1986 by the government of India to upgrade the
quality of telecom services, expand the telecom network, and introduce new
services and to raise revenue for telecom development needs for India’s
leading and one of Asia’s largest telecom operating companies. Beside
having a strong financial base, MTNL has achieved the market share of
approx. 13% of the Indian telecommunication networking with a costumer
base of over 4.74 million lines.The government of India currently holds
56.25% stake is the company.
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BOARD OF DIRECTOR
(As on 26-06-2009)
Shri R.S.P. Sinha Chairman & Managing Director
Shri Kuldip Singh Director(Technical)
Smt. Anita Soni Director(Finance)
Shri S.K. Pachauri Director(HR)
Shri J.S. Deepak Director
Shri Manish Sinha Director
Smt. Usha Sahajpal Director (Part Time)
Shri Adit Jain Director (Part Time)
Shri V.S. Iyer Director (Part Time)
Shri Manjit Singh Executive Director(Delhi)
Shri J. Gopal Executive Director(Mumbai)
SCOPE OF TRAINING
Training is one of the essential parts of engineering studies as it provides us

confidence and exposure to the real world problem. In my training I used my
learned skills and saw how things work in real world. Now we are quite
confident about our fundamentals as we have tested them during our project
and have gained experience of working with discipline. Practical training
provides us a view of professional and prepares us to face the upcoming
challenges.
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After achieving the proper goal of the engineer has enter in professional life.
According to this life one has to serve an industry, may be public or private
or self own. for the efficient work in the field he must be well aware of
practical knowledge as well as theoretical knowledge. Since we belong to the
electronic field it is really helpful to take training at a place that clears a
doubt and inquisitively regarding.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Broadband
2. Various Technology of Broadband
3. Features of Broadband
4. Dial-UP Internet
5. Switch Room
6. Types Of Switch
7. Router
8. Internet Service Provider(ISP)
9. Local Area Network (LAN)
10. Internet
11. Wireless Broadband
12. Broadband Over Power Line
13. DSL
14. ASDL
15. Coaxial Line
16. IPTV
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17. Connectivity Checkup
16. ASDL Router Setting
17. Setting Internet Dialer
18. Bibliography, References and Sources
Broadband:-Overview
“An ‘always-on' data connection that is able to support interactive services

including Internet access and has the capability of the minimum download
speed of 256 kilo bits per second (kbps) to an individual subscriber from the
Point Of Presence (POP) of the service provider intending to provide
Broadband service where multiple such individual Broadband connections
are aggregated and the subscriber is able to access these interactive
services including the Internet through this POP. The interactive services will
exclude any services for which a separate licence is specifically required, for
example, real-time voice transmission, except to the extent that it is
presently permitted under ISP licence with Internet Telephony.”
MTNL has launch broadband services under Brand name Tri Band. The
services shall be provided on the existing copper infrastructure, initially
Broadband Internet Service, other services such as VPN, multicasting, video
conferencing, video-on-demand and broadcast application shall also be
added in future.
In data communications
Broadband in data can refer to broadband network or broadband internet

and may have the same meaning as above, so that data transmission over a
fiber cable cable would be referred to as broadband as compared to a
telephone modem operating at 56,000 bits per seconds. However, a
worldwide standard for what level of bandwidth and network speeds actually
constitute Broadband has not been determined..
In DSL
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The various forms of digital subscriber line (DSL) services are broadband in
the sense that digital information is sent over a high-bandwidth channel
(located above the baseband voice channel on a single pair of wires).
In Ethernet
A baseband transmission sends one type of signal using a medium's full

bandwidth, as in 100-BASE-T Ethernet. Ethernet, however, is the common
interface to broadband modems such as DSL data links, and has a high data
rate itself, so is sometimes referred to as broadband. Ethernet provided over
cable is a common alternative to DSL.
In power-line communication
Power line have also been used for various types of data communication.
Although some systems for remote control are based on narrowband
signaling, modern high-speed systems use broadband signaling to achieve
very high data rates
In video
Broadband in analog video distribution is traditionally used to refer to

systems such as cable television, where the individual channels are
modulated carriers at fixed frequencies. In this context, baseband is the
term's anteyom , referring to a single channel of analog video, typically in
composite form with an audio sub carrier. The act of demodulating converts
broadband video to baseband video.
Demand for Broadband is primarily conditioned and driven by Internet and

PC penetration. It is recognized that the current level of Internet and
Broadband access in the country is low as compared to many Asian
countries. Penetration of Broadband, Internet and Personal Computer (PC) in
the country was 0.02%, 0.4% and 0.8% respectively at the end of December,
2003. Currently, high speed Internet access is available at various speeds
from 64 kilobits per second (kbps) onwards and presently an always-on high
speed Internet access at 128 kbps is considered as ‘Broadband'. There are
no uniform standards for Broadband connectivity and various countries
follow various standards
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The estimated growth for Broadband and Internet subscribers in the country
envisaged through various technologies is as follows:
Year Ending Internet Subscribers Broadband Subscribers
2005 6 million 3 million
Technology Options for Broadband Services
The Broadband Policy Framework visualises creation of infrastructure

through various access technologies which can contribute to growth and
can mutually coexist. Spread of infrastructure is a must for healthy
competition and therefore it would be the endeavour of the Government
that the telecommunication infrastructure growth in the country is not
compromised in any manner.
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Various access technologies, inter-alia, are:
(a) Optical Fibre Technologies
The fibre optics technology can provide nearly unlimited bandwidth

potential and is steadily replacing copper network specially in intra-city
backbone networks. This is being deployed in commercial buildings and
complexes and some metros / big cities having high-density potential
broadband subscribers. Hybrid Fibre Coaxial (HFC), Fibre to the Curb
(FTTC) and Fibre to the Home (FTTH) networks make use of fibre cabling
into the last mile. The fibre based models are future proof as they are
able to provide huge amounts of bandwidth in the last mile as well as
provide a true IP and converged network that can deliver high quality
voice, data and video.
There are more than 4.5 lakh route kms. of optical fibre laid by BSNL /
MTNL and more than 1 lakh route kms laid by private operators. The
spread of the networks of private service providers have to play an
important role in bringing the fibre to homes as well as the rural areas
and they are expected to focus on it.
(b) Digital Subscriber Lines(DSL) on copper loop :
DSL has proved to be an important technology for provisioning of

Broadband services through the copper loop. The owners of copper loop
have to be given a high priority because their role is critical as key
drivers in the Broadband service market using DSL.
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There are more than 40 million copper loops in the country available with
BSNL and MTNL out of which 14 million loops are in rural areas. Copper
cable network of these operators is a combination of old and new cable
and this makes provisioning of Broadband on all the available copper
loop technically unfit . Therefore, around 25-30% of the remaining 26
million loops, i.e. approximately 7 million loops can be leveraged for
broadband service by BSNL and MTNL taking into account the condition /
life of copper cable and demand potential.
(c) Cable TV Network
It is noted that cable TV connection as last mile infrastructure reaches

more people than even the telephone copper infrastructure and can be
leveraged in providing cable operators a new business model while
giving a stimulus to Broadband penetration.
(d) Satellite Media
Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSAT) and Direct-to-Home(DTH) services

would be encouraged for penetration of Broadband and Internet services
with the added advantage to serve remote and inaccessible areas.
(e) Terrestrial Wireless
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Recognising that terrestrial wireless is another upcoming technology

platform for Broadband, it has been decided in principle to de-licence
2.40-2.48 GHz band for low-power outdoor use on non-protection, non-
interference and non-exclusive basis. Necessary notification shall be
issued. Further, notification regarding delicensing 2.40-2.4835 MHz band
for low power indoor permitting use of all technologies, which inter-alia
include those based on IEEE 802.11b and 802.11g standards, has been
issued.
(f) Future Technologies
In the changing technology scenario, there is a possibility of new options

being used for provisioning of Broadband services. These technologies
can also be utilised for provisioning of such services within the licensing
framework of the service provider and the spectrum management policy
of DoT.
Main Features of the Broadband Service
High speed data download for Broadband Internet data speed starts from
256 kbps to 2 Mbps
Simultaneous availability of Phone and Internet on the existing

Telephone line ”Always on Internet”.
No call charges for Internet access.
High on Value Low on Cost’ Service.
24 Hours Help line and Technical support on phone.
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Easy registration on phone and web.
Telephone will continue to work even in case of power failure at subscribers

end.
‘Use now and pay later’ in telephone bill. It provides a means to bill
based on Volume of data downloaded.
It will provide Multicast Video Services, Video-on-demand etc in future
Can share Broadband connection to create own LAN network i.e. more
than one PC can be connected.
Broadband Communications:-
A class of communication channel capable of supporting a wide range of
frequencies, typically from audio up to video frequencies. A broadband
channel can carry multiple signals by dividing the total capacity into
multiple, independent bandwidth channels, where each channel operates
only on a specific range of frequencies. The term has come to be used for
any kind of internet connection with download speed of more than 56 kbps,
usually some kind of DSL, e.g. ADSL. A broadband connection is typically
always connected, in contrast to a dial-up connection, and a fixed monthly
rate is charged, often with a cap on the total amount of data that can be
transferred. Domestic broadband connections typically share a telephone
line with normal voice calls and the two uses can occur simultaneously
without interference.
Communications Satellites – The satellites use microwave radio as their

telecommunications medium which are not deflected by the Earth's
atmosphere. The satellites are stationed in space, typically 22,000 miles
above the equator. These Earth-orbiting systems are capable of receiving
and relaying voice, data, and TV signals.
Cellular and PCS Systems – Use several radio communications

technologies. The systems are divided to different geographic area. Each
area has low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna device to relay calls
from one area to the next area.
Wireless LANs – Wireless local area network use a high-frequency radio

technology similar to digital cellular and a low-frequency radio technology.
Wireless LANs use spread spectrum technology to enable communication
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between multiple devices in a limited area. Example of open-standard

wireless radio-wave protocol is IEEE 802.11b (wi-fi).
Dial-up Internet access
Dial-up Internet access is a form of Internet access that uses telephone lines The user's
computer or router uses an attached modem connected to a telephone line to dial into an
Internet service provider's (ISP) node to establish a modem-to-modem link, which is then used to
route Internet Protocol packets between the user's equipment and hosts.
The term was coined during the early days of computer telecommunications when modems were
needed to connect dumb terminals or computers running terminal emulator software to
mainframes, minicomputers, online services and bulletin board systems via a telephone line.
Dial-up connections to the Internet require no infrastructure other than the telephone network.
As telephone access is widely available, dial-up remains useful to travelers. Dial-up is usually
the only choice available for rural or remote areas where broadband installations are not
prevalent due to low population and demand. Dial-up access may also be an alternative for
users on limited budgets as it is offered for free by some ISPs, though broadband is increasingly
available at lower prices in many countries due to market competition.
Dial-up requires time to establish a usable telephone connection and perform handshaking for
protocol synchronization before data transfers can take place. In locales with telephone
connection charges, each connection incurs an incremental cost. If calls are time-metered, the
duration of the connection incurs costs. Dial-up access is a transient connection, because either
the user or the ISP terminates the connection. Internet service providers will often set a limit on
connection durations to prevent hogging of access, and will disconnect the user — requiring
reconnection and the costs and delays associated with it. Technically-inclined users often find a
way to disable the auto-disconnect program such that they can remain connected for days. This
is particularly useful for downloading large files such as videos.
Dial-up Internet access is offered through a number of Internet service providers (ISPs). Most
ISPs lease a set of telephone numbers, sometimes local, sometimes national, that dial into
network pipelines that feed into the Internet. Subscribers to the ISP normally pay a monthly or
yearly fee. For this fee, the subscriber can access the Internet any time of the day or night to
cruise the World Wide Web, send and receive email, participate in IRC chat rooms and USENET
newsgroups.
Before a person can subscribe to a dial-up service, he or she must have a computer and dial-up
modem. A modem is an inexpensive component that fits into a free slot inside the computer.
There are also external modems that sit alongside the computer, connected to the computer by a
serial or alternate type cable. A telephone line feeds into the modem.
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The modem is controlled by software in the computer; for example, the Network Connections
utility that comes with Microsoft Windows operating systems. Here you can setup a profile for
the ISP, which will tell the modem what phone number to call and how to communicate with the
dial-up service. The ISP itself provides this information.
Upon joining a dial-up service, the subscriber chooses a username and password. Once the
modem calls the phone number and makes a connection, a "handshake" takes place in which
information is exchanged between the computer modem and the remote server. The username
and password is supplied by the modem. This grants the user access through the dial-up gateway
to the Internet.
Dial-up service is the least expensive but also the slowest type of Internet access.
SWITCH ROOM
A network switch is a device that forwards and
filters OSI Layer 2 datagrams (chunk of data communication) between ports
(connected cables) based on the MAC addresses in the packets. This is
distinct from a hub in that it only forwards the frames to the ports involved
in the communication rather than all ports connected. A switch breaks the
collision domain but represents itself a broadcast domain. Switches make
forwarding decisions of frames on the basis of MAC addresses. A switch
normally has numerous ports, facilitating a star topology for devices, and
cascading additional switches. Some switches are capable of routing based
on Layer 3 addressing or additional logical levels; these are called multi-
layer switches. The term switch is used loosely in marketing to encompass
devices including routers and bridges, as well as devices that may distribute
traffic on load or by application content (e.g., a Web URL identifier).
Electronic Switches
The first Electronics Switching Sytem were not entirely digital. The Western
Electric 1ESS Switch had reed relay metallic paths which were stored-
program-controlled. Equipment testing, changes to phone numbers, circuit
lockouts and similar tasks were accomplished by typing on a terminal.
Northern Telecom SP1, Ericsson AKE, Philips PRX/A, ITT Metaconta, British
Telecom TXE series and several other designs were similar. These systems
could use the old electromechanical signaling methods inherited from
crossbar and step-by-step switches. They also introduced a new form of data
communications: two 1ESS exchanges could communicate with one another
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using a data link called Common channel interoffice signaling . This data link
was based on CCITT 6, a predecessor to SS7.
Digital Switch
Digital switches work by connecting two or more digital circuits together,

according to a dialed Telephone Number. Calls are set up between switches
using the Signalling System 7 protocol, or one of its variants. In U.S. and
military telecommunication, a digital switch is a switch that performs time
division switching of digitized signals. This was first done in a few small and
little used systems. The first product using a digital switch system was made
by Amtelco. Prominent examples include Nortel DMS-100, Lucent 5ESS
Switch, Siemens EWSD and Ericsson AXE telephone exchange. With few
exceptions, most switches built since the 1980s are digital, so for practical
purposes this is a distinction without a difference. This article describes
digital switches, including algorithms and equipment.
Switch design
Long distance switches may use a slower, more efficient switch-allocation

algorithm than local central office, because they have near 100% utilization
of their input and output channels. Central offices have more than 90% of
their channel capacity unused.
The structure of a switch is an odd number of layers of smaller, simpler

subswitches. Each layer is interconnected by a web of wires that goes from
each subswitch, to a set of the next layer of subswitches. In most designs, a
physical (space) switching layer alternates with a time switching layer. The
layers are symmetric, because in a telephone system callers can also be
callees.
A time-division subswitch reads a complete cycle of time slots into a

memory, and then writes it out in a different order, also under control of a
cyclic computer memory. This causes some delay in the signal.
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British Strowger exchange, BPO 2000-type equipment
Packet switching in networks
Packet switching is used to optimize the use of the channel capacity

available in digital telecommunication networks such as computer networks,
to minimize the transmission latency.
The most well-known use of packet switching is the Internet and local area
network. The Internet uses the internet protocol suite over a variety of Link
Layer protocols.
Routers
A router is a networking device that forwards packets between networks

using information in protocol headers and forwarding tables to determine the
best next router for each packet. Routers work at the network layer (layer 3)
of the OSI layer model and the Internet layer of TCP/IP.
Port Switch
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Internet service provider

An Internet service provider (ISP), also sometimes referred to as an
Internet access provider (IAP), is a company that offers its customers
access to the Internet. The ISP connects to its customers using a data
transmission technology appropriate for delivering Internet Protocal
datagrams, such as dial-up, DSL, cable-modem, wireless or dedicated high-
speed interconnects.
ISPs may provide Internet e-mail accounts to users which allow them to
communicate with one another by sending and receiving electronic
messages through their ISP's servers. (As part of their e-mail service, ISPs
usually offer the user an email clients software package, developed either
internally or through an outside contract arrangement) ISPs may provide
other services such as remotely storing data files on behalf of their
customers, as well as other services unique to each particular ISP.
End-user-to-ISP connection
ISPs employ a range of technologies to enable consumers to connect to their

network.
For users and small business, the most popular options include dial-up DSL ,
broadband wireless, cable modem,fiber to premises (FTTH), and integrated
service digital network (ISDN).
When using a dial-up or ISDN connection method, the ISP cannot determine
the caller's physical location to more detail than using the number
transmitted using an appropriate form ofCaller IDs; it is entirely possible to
e.g. connect to an ISP located in Mexico from the USA. Other means of
connection such as cable or DSL require a fixed registered connection node,
usually associated at the ISP with a physical address.
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ISP interconnection
Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay
upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger
network than the contracting ISP and/or is able to provide the contracting ISP
with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no
access to.
Peering
ISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering

point or internet exchange point (IXs), allowing routing of data between
each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted data
that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring
charges from the upstream ISP.
ISPs requiring no upstream and having only customers (end customers

and/or peer ISPs) are called Tier 1 ISPs..
Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of

network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows
the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff
between cost and efficiency is possible.
A traditional fixed broadband network provides its services to a location/port.

Multiple devices may connect to these services through the residential LAN
and a common residential gateway. However, services are typically not
individualized for these devices or the users using them. A mobile broadband
network, on the other hand, typically deliver services to individual devices
and users, providing them access to the subscribed services wherever they
are.
In a Full Service Broadband network, these two service paradigms are

combined, providing users with services anywhere and from any device.
Users can authenticate themselves and reach all their services from any
device. A device can either connect through a mobile access or a fixed
access, enabling a transparent experience, i.e. the same or very similar.
Devices connected to the residential LAN are reachable also from devices on
the move, enabling transparent access to e.g. stored media (figure below).
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LAN
A local area network (LAN) is a Computer network covering a small

physical area, like a home, office, or small group of buildings, such as a
school, or an airport. The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to wide
area networks(WANs) include their usually higher data-transfer rates,
smaller geographic area, and lack of a need for leased telecommunication
lines. Current wired LANs are most likely to be based on Ethernet
technology, although new standards like ITU G also provide a way to create
a wired LAN using existing home wires (coaxial cables, phone lines and
power lines).
Campus area network
A Campus area network (CAN) is a computer network made up of an

interconnection of local area networks (LANs) within a limited geographical
area. It can be considered one form of a metropolitan area network, specific
to an academic setting.
In the case of a university campus-based campus area network, the network

is likely to link a variety of campus buildings including; academic
departments, the university library and student residence halls. A campus
area network is larger than a local area network but smaller than a wide area
network (WAN) (in some cases).
Metropolitan area network
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A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that connects two or more

local area networks or campus area networks together but does not extend
beyond the boundaries of the immediate town/city. Routers, switches and
hubs are connected to create a metropolitan area network.
Wide area network
A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area
(i.e. any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional,
or national boundaries . Less formally, a WAN is a network that uses routers
and public communications links. Contrast with personal area networks
(PANs), local area networks (LANs), campus area networks (CANs), or
metropolitan area networks (MANs), which are usually limited to a room,
building, campus or specific metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively.
Global area network
A global area networks (GAN) specification is in development by several

groups, and there is no common definition. In general, however, a GAN is a
model for supporting mobile communications across an arbitrary number of
wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. The key challenge in mobile
communications is "handing off" the user communications from one local
coverage area to the next.
Virtual private network
A virtual private network (VPN) is a computer network in which some of the

links between nodes are carried by open connections or virtual circuits in
some larger network (e.g., the Internet) instead of by physical wires. The
data link layer protocols of the virtual network are said to be tunneled
through the larger network when this is the case. One common application is
secure communications through the public Internet, but a VPN need not
have explicit security features, such as authentication or content encryption.
VPNs, for example, can be used to separate the traffic of different user
communities over an underlying network with strong security features.
Hubs
A network hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it
is copied unmodified to all ports of the hub for transmission. The destination
address in the frame is not changed to a broadcast address.
Bridges
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A Network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer
(layer 2) of theOSI model. Bridges do not promiscuously copy traffic to all
ports, as hubs do, but learn which MAC address are reachable through
specific ports. Once the bridge associates a port and an address, it will send
traffic for that address only to that port. Bridges do send broadcasts to all
ports except the one on which the broadcast was received.
Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer network that
use the standard Internet protocol (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users
worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and
public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global
scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking
technologies. The Internet carries a vast array of information resources and
services, most notably the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World
Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.
Most traditional communications media, such as telephone and television

services, are reshaped or redefined using the technologies of the Internet,
giving rise to services such as Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) and IPTV.
Newspaper publishing has been reshaped into Web sites, blogging , and web
feeds. The Internet has enabled or accelerated the creation of new forms of
human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forum , and social
networking sites.
Terminology
The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in everyday speech
without much distinction. However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are
not one and the same. The Internet is a global data communications system.
It is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides connectivity
between computers. In contrast, the Web is one of the services
communicated via the Internet. It is a collection of interconnected
documents and other resources , linked by hyperlinks and URLs. The term
the Internet, when referring to the Internet, has traditionally been treated as
a proper noun and written with an initial capital letter. There is a trend to
regard it as a generic term or common noun and thus write it as "the
internet", without the capital.
Communication
E-MAIL is an important communications service available on the Internet.

The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way
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analogous to mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet.

Today it can be important to distinguish between internet and internal e-mail
systems. Internet e-mail may travel and be stored unencrypted on many
other networks and machines out of both the sender's and the recipient's
control. During this time it is quite possible for the content to be read and
even tampered with by third parties, if anyone considers it important
enough. Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where the information
never leaves the corporate or organization's network, are much more
secure, although in any organization there will be IT and other personnel
whose job may involve monitoring, and occasionally accessing, the e-mail of
other employees not addressed to them. Pictures, documents and other files
can be sent as email attachments . E-mails can be cc-ed to multiple-mail
address.
Social impact
The Internet has enabled entirely new forms of social interaction, activities,
and organizing, thanks to its basic features such as widespread usability and
access. Social networking websites such as Facebook and MySpace, Orkut
have created a new form of socialization and interaction. Users of these sites
are able to add a wide variety of information to their personal pages, to
persue common interests, and to connect with others. It is also possible to
find a large circle of existing acquaintances, especially if a site allows users
to represent themselves by their given names, and to allow communication
among existing groups of people. Sites like meet-up.com exist to allow wider
announcement of groups which may exist mainly for face-to-face meetings,
but which may have a variety of minor interactions over their group's site.
In India, leased lines are available at speeds of 64k, 128k, 256k,
Wireless Broadband
Wireless Broadband is a fairly new technology that provides high-speed wireless and data
network access over a wide area. According to the 802.16-2004 standard, broadband means
'having instantaneous bandwidth greater than around 1 MHz and supporting data rates greater
than about 1.5 Mbit/s. This means that Wireless Broadband features speeds roughly equivalent
to wired broadband access, such as that of ADSL or a cable modem.
The acronym "WiBB" is entering the vernacular as a contraction of "Wireless Broadband", in

much the same way as "WiFi" refers to 802.11 or similar wireless networks.
Few Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs) provide download speeds of over 100 Mbit/s;
most broadband wireless access services are estimated to have a range of 50 km (30 miles) from
a tower. Technologies used include LMDS and MMDS, as well as heavy use of the ISM bands
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and one particular access technology is being standardized by IEEE 802.16, also known as
WIMAX. WIMAX is highly popular in Europe but has not met full acceptance in the United
States because cost of deployment does not meet return on investment figures.
Wireless Router
A wireless router typically consists of three sections:
1. Ethernet router, including:

o DHCP client and server
o NAT(PAT)
o Firewall (sometimes, not always -- NAT alone is not a real
firewall)
2. Ethernet switch
3. Wireless access point (radio)
Mobile wireless broadband
Also called Mobile Broadband, wireless broadband technologies include new services from
companies such as Verizon, Sprint, and AT&T Mobility, which allow a more mobile version of
this broadband access. Consumers can purchase a PC card, laptop card, or USB equipment to
connect their PC or laptop to the Internet via cell phone towers. This type of connection would
be stable in almost any area that could also receive a strong cell phone connection. These
connections can cost more for portable convenience as well as having speed limitations in all
but urban environments.
WiMAX, meaning Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a

telecommunication technology that provides wireless transmission of data
using a variety of transmission modes, from point-to-multipoint links to
portable and fully mobile internet access. The technology provides up to 10
Mbit/s broadband speed without the need for cables.The name "WiMAX" was
created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote
conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX
as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless
broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL.
Companies are evaluating WiMAX for last mileconnectivity. The resulting

competition may bring lower pricing for both home and business customers
or bring broadband access to places where it has been economically
unavailable.
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The WiMAX Forum WiMAX Architecture
WiMAX covers a couple of different frequency ranges. Basically, the IEEE 802.16 standard
addresses frequencies from 10GHz to 66GHz. The 802.16a specification, which is an extension
of IEEE802.16, covers bands in the 2GHz-to-11GHz range. WiMAX has a range of up to 30
miles with a typical cell radius of 4–6 miles.
WiMAX's channel sizes range from 1.5 to 20MHz as well, and offer a WiMAX-based network the
flexibility to support a variety of data transmitting rates such as T1 (1.5Mbps) and higher data
transmitting rates of up to 70Mbps on a single channel that can support thousands of users. This
flexibility allows WiMAX to adapt to the available spectrum and channel widths in different
countries or licensed to different service providers.
Wi-Fi Wireless access
Wi-Fi wireless networks provide all the functionality of wired networks, without the need for
physical connections. Data is sent over various radio frequencies depending on the service.
Typical Wi-Fi connection speeds are 11 and 54 Mbps. In practice, throughput is about half the
connection speed. Wireless Networks basically consists of computers equipped with wireless
NICs, which may be USB, PCI, Mini PCI, CF card, PCMCIA/CardBus, or other interface.
Connectivity to a wired network requires a wireless access point (AP) used as a bridging device.
Connectivity to the Internet usually requires a wireless router, which includes an access point.
AP's are typically located near the centre of the wireless client concentration.
Wi-Fi Channels
Wi-Fi uses spectrum near 2.4 GHz, which is standardized and unlicensed by international
agreement, although the exact frequency allocations vary slightly in different parts of the world,
as does maximum permitted power. However, channel numbers are standardized by frequency
throughout the world, so authorized frequencies can be identified by channel numbers.
Wireless Access Point
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A Wireless Access Point (AP) is the central bridge device used in an Infrastructure (as opposed
to Ad Hoc) wireless network. Traffic from the wireless side of the bridge is sent to the Ethernet
(wired) side of the bridge, and vice versa. The wireless access point controls all traffic with
wireless client radios.
WiFi Configuration
(To Access WiFi Service Laptop/Computer should be Wireless Enabled)
1. Enter IP 192.168.1.1, in Internet Explorer after connecting the router as

before(As in ADSL Router without wifi capability)
2. Enter User Name Password as before(As in ADSL Router without wifi

capability): i.e. admin, admin
3. Click Tab Interface Setup shown below:
a) Click Internet, you will find page as given below:
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Configure PVCs, Enter Username & Password as earlier(As in ADSL Router

without wifi capability), and Click save button.
b) To configure Wireless setting Click Wireless Tab and you will get window
as given below:
* Activate Access Port radio button (WiFi would not work without it)
* Type your SSID.
* You can Configure Channel Id.
* Select Authentication type by clicking combo box and enter KEY in

required format.
You can filter/allow Mac address by activating wireless MAC address filter as
desired by clicking Activated tab. You have to enter the mac address of your
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WIFI card installed in your laptop/computer. Upto 8 MAC can be allowed or

denied.
Click Save Button.
As below one USER is allowed to access the WiFi Service from this Access
point. i. e. 00:14:A4:19:74:8C. If you enter WiFi Card MAC addresses of other
Laptops/Computers (Maximum 8 Laptops/Computers are allowed)
Click Save Button.
C) To configure LAN(Local Area Network) settings like DNS, DHCP Click LAN
TAB as shown below:
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Click Save Button.
IMPORTANT:
KEY POINT to prevent misuse of WiFi Facility by unauthorized user, ALWAYS

USE Security feature of WiFi router given above and repeated below again:
SSID The SSID is a unique name to identify the ADSL Router in the wireless
LAN. Wireless clients associating to the ADSL Router must have the same
SSID.
Broadcast SSID Select No to hide the SSID such that a station can not
obtain the SSID through passive scanning. Select Yes to make the SSID
visible so a station can obtain the SSID through passive scanning.
WirelessLAN::WEP
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) encrypts data frames before transmitting
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over the wireless network. Select Disable to allow all wireless computers to
communicate with the access points without any data encryption.Select 64-
bit WEP or 128-bit WEP to use data encryption.
Key#1~Key#4 The WEP keys are used to encrypt data. Both the ADSL
Router and the wireless clients must use the same WEP key for data
transmission.If you chose 64-bit WEP, then enter any 5 Characters each key
(1-4). If you chose 128-bit WEP, then enter 13 characters for each key (1-
4).The values must be set up exactly the same on the Access Points as they
are on the wireless client stations. The same value must be assigned to Key
1 on both the access point (your ADSL Router) and the client adapters, the
same value must be assigned to Key 2 on both the access point and the
client stations and so on, for all four WEP keys.
WirelessLAN::WPA-PSK
Wi-Fi Protected Access, pre-shared key. Encrypts data frames before
transmitting over the wireless network.
Pre-shared Key The Pre-shared Key are used to encrypt data. Both the
ADSL Router and the wireless clients must use the same WPA-PSK key for
data transmission. Key Length 8 – 64 characters.
WirelessLAN::MAC-Filter
You can allow or deny a list of MAC addresses associated with the wireless
stations access to ADSL Router.
Status Use the drop down list box to enable or disable MAC address
filtering.
Action Select Deny Association to block access to the router, MAC
addresses not listed will be allowed to access the router. Select Allow
Association to permit access to the router, MAC addresses not listed will be
denied access to the router.
NOTE: You Should always use WiFi Facility with Activating the Security
features highlighted above.
Digital Subscriber Line

DSL or xDSL is a family of technologies that provides digital data
transmission over the wires of a local telephone network . DSL originally
stood for digital subscriber loop, but as of 2009 the term digital
subscriber line has been widely adopted as a more marketing-friendly term
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for Asymmetric Digital Subscriber (ADSL), the most popular version of

consumer-ready DSL. DSL can be used at the same time and on the same
telephone line with regular telephone , as it uses high frequency bands,
while regular telephone uses low frequency.
The download speed of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 384
kilobits per second (kbps) to 20 megabits per second (Mbps), depending on
DSL technology, line conditions and service-level implementation. Typically,
upload speed is lower than download speed for ADSL and equal to download
speed for the rarer Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line(SDSL).
The DSL modem will make a plan on how to exploit each of the bins
sometimes termed "bits per bin" allocation. Those bins that have a good
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) will be chosen to transmit signals chosen from a
greater number of possible encoded values in each main clock cycle. The
number of possibilities must not be so large that the receiver might mishear
which one was intended in the presence of noise. Noisy bins may only be
required to carry as few as two bits, a choice from only one of four possible
patterns, or only one bit per bin in the case of ADSL2+, and really noisy bins
are not used at all. If the pattern of noise versus frequencies heard in the
bins changes, the DSL modem can alter the bits-per-bin allocations, in a
process called "bitswap", where bins that have become more noisy are only
required to carry fewer bits and other channels will be chosen to be given a
higher burden. The data transfer capacity the DSL modem therefore reports
is determined by the total of the bits-per-bin allocations of all the bins
combined. Higher signal-to-noise ratios and more bins being in use gives a
higher total link capacity, while lower signal-to-noise ratios or fewer bins
being used gives a low link capacity.
DSL (VDSL) typically works by dividing the frequencies used in a single

phone-line into two primary "bands". The ISP data uses the high-frequency
band (25 kHz and above) whereas the voice utilizes the lower-frequency
band (4 kHz and below). The user typically installs A DSL Filter on each
phone outlet. This filters out the high frequencies from the phone line so that
the phone sends or receives only the lower frequencies, and the user hears
only the human voice. The DSL Modem and the normal telephone
equipment can be used simultaneously on the line without interference from
each other provided that filters are used for all voice devices.
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The customer end of the connection consists of a Terminal Adaptor or in

layman's terms " DSL modem ". This converts data from the digital signals
used by computers into a voltage signal of a suitable frequency range which
is then applied to the phone line.
In some DSL variations, the terminal adapter connects directly to the

computer via a serial interface, using protocols such as RS-232 or V.35.. In
other cases, it is common for the customer equipment to be integrated with
higher level functionality, such as routing, firewalling, or other application-
specific hardware and software. In this case, the entire equipment is usually
referred to as a DSL router or DSL gateway.
Image- DSL
A DSL Modem
Early DSL service required a dedicated “dry loop”, but when the FCC
required ILECs to lease their lines to competing DSL service providers (such
as Earthlink), shared-line DSL became available. Also known as DSL over
Unbundled Network Link, this "unbundling of services" allows a single
subscriber to receive two separate services from two separate (often
competing) companies on one cable pair. The DSL service provider's
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equipment is collocated in the same central office as that of the ILEC

supplying the customer's pre-existing voice service. The subscriber's circuit
is then completely rewired to interface with hardware supplied by the ILEC
which combines a DSL frenquency and POTS frequency on a signal copper
pair facility
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data
communications technology that enables faster data transmission over
Copper telephone line than a conventional voice band modem can provide.
It does this by utilizing frequencies that are not used by a voice telephone
call. A splitter - or microfilter - allows a single telephone connection to be
used for both ADSL service and voice calls at the same time. ADSL can
generally only be distributed over short distances from the central office,
typically less than 4 kilometres (2 mi) but has been known to exceed
8 kilometres (5 mi) if the originally laid wire-gauge allows for farther
distribution.
Currently, most ADSL communication is full-duplex . Full-duplex ADSL

communication is usually achieved on a wire pair by either frequency-
division duplex (FDD), echo-cancelling duplex (ECD), or time-division
duplexing (TDD). FDD uses two separate frequency bands, referred to as the
upstream and downstream bands. The upstream band is used for
communication from the end user to the telephone central office. The
downstream band is used for communicating from the central office to the
end user.
ADSL depends on advanced digital signal processing and creative algorithms to squeeze so
much information through twisted-pair telephone lines. In addition, many advances have been
required in transformers, analog filters, and analog/digital (A/D) converters. Long telephone
lines may attenuate signals at 1 MHz (the outer edge of the band used by ADSL) by as much as
90 dB, forcing analog sections of ADSL modems to work very hard to realize large dynamic
ranges, separate channels, and maintain low noise figures. On the outside, ADSL looks simple—
transparent synchronous data pipes at various data rates over ordinary telephone lines. The
inside, where all the transistors work, is a miracle of modern technology.
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ADSL will play a crucial role over the next decade or more as telephone companies enter new
markets for delivering information in video and multimedia formats. New broadband cabling
will take decades to reach all prospective subscribers. Success of these new services depends on
reaching as many subscribers as possible during the first few years. By bringing movies,
television, video catalogs, remote CD-ROMs, corporate LANs, and the Internet into homes and
small businesses, ADSL will make these markets viable and profitable for telephone companies
and application suppliers alike.
Image - ADSL
Figure The Components of an ADSL Network Include a Telco and a CPE
ADSL transmits more than 6 Mbps to a subscriber and as much as 640 kbps more in both
directions. Such rates expand existing access capacity by a factor of 50 or more without new
cabling. ADSL can literally transform the existing public information network from one limited
to voice, text, and low-resolution graphics to a powerful, ubiquitous system capable of bringing
multimedia, including full-motion video, to every home this century.
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WAN Setting which require for working ADSL Connection
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After filling these setting click on apply and ok.
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Than go to Tools tab and click on system and click save and reboot
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Router will reboot for 2 minutes than came on page again
go on Status tab and check the status of wan which should be pvc0
connected.
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Driver Setting For Adsl
If we want connect adsl modem through USB Port then we have to install the
driver from the cd which will be provided with the modem.
After installing the driver through cd we have to check it whether it is install

or not. To check it go to my computer properties.
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Then Hardware the device manager
If Driver is proper installed it will be appear like this in figure .
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Coaxial cable
Coaxial cable, or coax, is an electrical cable with an inner conductor
surrounded by a tubular insulating layer typically of a flexible material with a
high dielectric constant , all of which are surrounded by a conductive layer
called the shield, and finally covered with a thin insulating layer on the
outside. The term coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the outer
shield sharing the same geometric axis. Coaxial cable was invented by
English engineer and mathematician Oliver Heaviside.
Coaxial cable is used as a transmission line for radio frequency signals, in

applications such as connecting radio transmitters and receivers with their
antennas, computer network connections, and distributing cable television
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signals. One advantage of coax over other types of transmission line is that
in an ideal coaxial cable the electromagnetic field carrying the signal exists
only in the space between the inner and outer conductors. This allows
coaxial cable runs to be installed next to metal objects such as gutters
without the power losses that occur in other transmission lines, and provides
protection of the signal from external electromagnetic field.
How it works
Coaxial cable cutaway
Like an electrical power cord, coaxial cable conducts AC electric current

between locations. Like these other cables, it has two conductors, the central
wire and the tubular shield. At any moment the current is traveling outward
from the source in one of the conductors, and returning in the other.
However, since it is alternating current, the current reverses direction many
times a second. Coaxial cable differs from other cable because it is designed
to carry radio frequency current. This has a frequency much higher than the
50 or 60 Hz used in mains(electric power) cables, reversing direction
millions to billions of times per second. Like other types of radio transmission
line, this requires special construction to prevent power losses:
If an ordinary wire is used to carry high frequency currents, the wire acts as
an antenna, and the high frequency currents radiate off the wire as radio
waves, causing power losses. To prevent this, in coaxial cable one of the
conductors is formed into a tube and encloses the other conductor. This
confines the radio waves from the central conductor to the space inside the
tube. To prevent the outer conductor, or shield, from radiating, it is
connected to electric ground, keeping it at a constant potential.
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The dimensions and spacing of the conductors are uniform. Any abrupt
change in the spacing of the two conductors along the cable tends to reflect
radio frequency power back toward the source, causing a condition called
standing waves. This acts as a bottleneck, reducing the amount of power
reaching the destination end of the cable. To hold the shield at a uniform
distance from the central conductor, the space between the two is filled with
a semi rigid plastic dielectric. Manufacturers specify a minimum bend radius,
to prevent kinks that would cause reflections. The connectors used with coax
are designed to hold the correct spacing through the body of the connector.
Each type of coaxial cable has as characteristics impedance depending on its

dimensions and materials used, which is the ratio of the voltage to the
current in the cable. In order to prevent reflections at the destination end of
the cable from causing standing waves, any equipment the cable is attached
to must present an impedance equal to the characteristic impedance. Thus
the equipment "appears" electrically similar to a continuation of the cable,
preventing reflections. Common values of characteristic impedance for
coaxial cable are 50 and 75 ohms..
Connectors
A coaxial connector (male N-type).
Coaxial connectors are designed to maintain a

coaxial form across the connection and have the
same well-defined impedance as the attached cable.
Connectors are often plated with high-conductivity metals such as silver or
gold. Due to the skin effect, the RF signal is only carried by the plating and
does not penetrate to the connector body. Although silver oxidizes quickly,
the silver oxide that is produced is still conductive. While this may pose a
cosmetic issue, it does not degrade performance.
Important parameters
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Coaxial cable is a particular kind of transmission line so the circuit models

developed for general transmission lines are appropriate. See Telegrapher’s
Equation.
Schematic representation of the elementary

components of a transmission line.
Schematic representation of a coaxial transmission line, showing

the characteristic impedance Z0.
Fundamental electrical parameters
Shunt capacitance per unit length, in farads per metre.
Series Inductance per unit length, in Henery per metre.
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Broadband over power line (BPL)
On 14 October 2004, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission adopted rules to facilitate
the deployment of "Access BPL" -- i.e., use of BPL to deliver broadband service to homes and
businesses. The technical rules are more liberal than those advanced by the US national
amateur radio organization, the ARRL, and other spectrum users, but include provisions that
require BPL providers to investigate and correct any interference they cause. These rules may
be subject to future litigation.
On 8 August 2006 FCC adopted a memorandum opinion and an order on broadband over power
lines, giving the go-ahead to promote broadband service to all Americans. The order rejects
calls from aviation, business, commercial, amateur radio and other sectors of spectrum users to
limit or prohibit deployment until further study is completed. FCC chief Kevin Martin said that
BPL "holds great promise as a ubiquitous broadband solution that would offer a viable
alternative to cable, digital subscriber line, fiber, and wireless broadband solutions", and that
BPL was one of the agency's "top priorities".
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US power and telecommunications companies had meanwhile started tests of the BPL
technology, over the protests of the radio groups. A fter claims of interference by these groups,
many of the trials were ended early and proclaimed successes, though the ARRL and other
groups claimed otherwise.
Some of the same providers conducting those trials later began commercial roll-outs in limited
neighborhoods in selected cities, with some level of user acceptance but also many documented
cases of interference reported to the FCC by Amateur Radio users. Some wireless users filed a
petition for reconsideration with the FCC in February 2005.
Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is a system through

which digital television service is delivered using the architecture and
networking methods of the Internet Protocol Suite over a packet-switched
network infrastructure, e.g., the Internet and broadband Internet access
networks, instead of being delivered through traditional radio frequency
broadcast, satellite signal, and Cable Television (CATV) formats.
IPTV services may be classified into three main groups: live television, time-
shifted programming, and content on demand. It is distinguished from
general Internet-based or web-based multimedia services by its on-going
standardization process and preferential deployment scenarios in subscriber-
based telecommunications networks with high-speed access channels into
end-user premises via SET-TOP Boxes or other Customer Service Equipment.
Historically, many different definitions of IPTV have appeared, including

elementary streams over IP networks, transport streams over IP networks
and a number of proprietary systems. Although (in Mid 2007) it is premature
to say that there is a full consensus of exactly what IPTV should mean, there
is no doubt that the most widely used definition today for consumer IPTV is
for single or multiple program transport streams (MPTS) which are sourced
by the same network operator that owns or directly controls the "last mile"
to the consumer's premises. This control over delivery enables a guaranteed
quality of service (QOS), and also allows the service provider to offer an
enhanced user experience such as better program guide, interactive
services etc.
Video on demand
Video on demand (VoD) permits a customer to browse an online program or

film catalog, to watch trailers and to then select a selected recording for
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playback. The playout of the selected movie starts nearly instantaneously on

the customer's TV or PC.
Technically, when the customer selects the medium point-point unicast

connection is set up between the customer's decoder (SetTopBox or PC) and
the delivering streaming server. The signalling for the trick play functionality
(pause, slow-motion, wind/rewind etc.) is assured by RTSP (Real Time
Streaming Protocol).
The most common codecs used for VoD are MPEG-2.
IPTV-based converged services
Another advantage of an IP-based network is the opportunity for integration

and convergence. This opportunity is amplified when using IMS-based
solutions.[37] Converged services implies interaction of existing services in a
seamless manner to create new value added services. One good example is
On-Screen Caller ID, getting Caller ID on your TV and the ability to handle it
(send it to voice mail, etc). IP-based services will help to enable efforts to
provide consumers anytime-anywhere access to content over their
televisions, PCs and cell phones (for example see
http://www.ericsson.com/campaign/televisionary/), and to integrate services
and content to tie them together. Within businesses and institutions, IPTV
eliminates the need to run a parallel infrastructure to deliver live and stored
video services.
Connectivity Checkup
1. Verify physical connectivity - Connect all Peripherals as per

instructions. Do not connect any device on telephone line before the
splitter box for proper working of broadband service.
Telephone
Instrument
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POTS
Telephone
Splitte
ADSL CPE
USB or LAN
2. Verify the LAN and Wireless settings –
a). For LAN go to Network Connections and check local area connection is
enable and TCP/IP Properties settings in PC, use the following IP address
192.168.1.2 to 254 and Gateway 192.168.1.1 (In case of Using USB Cable
with UT-300R2UTKD Modem, IP address 192.168.1.3 to 34 Gateway
192.168.1.2) and DNS Server Address as: Preferred DNS (Primary)
59.179.243.70 and Alternate DNS (Secondary): 203.94.243.70
b). For Wireless go to Network Connections check Wireless connection is

enable and view wireless network check network SSID connect, TCP/IP
Properties settings in wireless card, use obtain an IP address automatically
and DNS Server Address as: Preferred DNS (Primary) 59.179.243.70 and
Alternate DNS (Secondary): 203.94.243.70
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3. Verify Connectivity between PC and ADSL CPE - Perform the following

PING test
In the command prompt, type ‘ping 192.168.1.1’ and press Enter. Confirm
that you are getting reply from 192.168.1.1.If the reply is not received, it
indicates connectivity problem between PC and ADSL CPE.
4. Verify connectivity Internet Network – Perform the following PING test -
In the command prompt, type ‘ping 59.179.243.70’ and press Enter. If the
reply is received, connectivity is ok otherwise check CPE setting.
WEBSITE:-
www.delhi.mtnl.in
http://www.mtnl.org
http://www.scribd.com
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CONCLUSION
After undergoing a practical training we concluded that on the basis of our

theoretical knowledge we can develop any complex utility. In Broadband and
Switch Room, I studied high functionality of seamless global roaming. In call
processing I was taught about call origination and call termination. Also
various new feature and services provided by the third generation.
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Broadband and Switch Room

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“Broadband and Switch Room”

Summer Training Report

“Broadband and Switch Room”

Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited

Jorbagh Exchange, New Delhi

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of the

Mr. Chena Ram & Sanjeev Jain

Dept. of Electronics & Communication

I specially thankful to SDE-MTNL Jorbagh Exchange,Lodhi Road,New

I am indebted to everyone, for these suggestions which helped me

About the Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited

Shri R.S.P. Sinha Chairman & Managing Director

Shri Kuldip Singh Director(Technical)

Smt. Anita Soni Director(Finance)

Shri S.K. Pachauri Director(HR)

Shri J.S. Deepak Director

Shri Manish Sinha Director

Smt. Usha Sahajpal Director (Part Time)

Shri Adit Jain Director (Part Time)

Shri V.S. Iyer Director (Part Time)

Shri Manjit Singh Executive Director(Delhi)

Shri J. Gopal Executive Director(Mumbai)

Training is one of the essential parts of engineering studies as it provides us

2. Various Technology of Broadband

8. Internet Service Provider(ISP)

9. Local Area Network (LAN)

11. Wireless Broadband

12. Broadband Over Power Line

15. Coaxial Line

17. Connectivity Checkup

16. ASDL Router Setting

17. Setting Internet Dialer

18. Bibliography, References and Sources

“An ‘always-on' data connection that is able to support interactive services

Broadband in data can refer to broadband network or broadband internet

A baseband transmission sends one type of signal using a medium's full

Broadband in analog video distribution is traditionally used to refer to

Demand for Broadband is primarily conditioned and driven by Internet and

Year Ending Internet Subscribers Broadband Subscribers

2005 6 million 3 million

2007 18 million 9 million

2010 40 million 20 million

Technology Options for Broadband Services

The Broadband Policy Framework visualises creation of infrastructure

Various access technologies, inter-alia, are:

(a) Optical Fibre Technologies

The fibre optics technology can provide nearly unlimited bandwidth

(b) Digital Subscriber Lines(DSL) on copper loop :

DSL has proved to be an important technology for provisioning of

(c) Cable TV Network

It is noted that cable TV connection as last mile infrastructure reaches

(d) Satellite Media

Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSAT) and Direct-to-Home(DTH) services

(e) Terrestrial Wireless

Recognising that terrestrial wireless is another upcoming technology

(f) Future Technologies

In the changing technology scenario, there is a possibility of new options

Main Features of the Broadband Service

Simultaneous availability of Phone and Internet on the existing

No call charges for Internet access.

High on Value Low on Cost’ Service.

24 Hours Help line and Technical support on phone.

Easy registration on phone and web.