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  • A Comparison of Various Buck-Boost Converters and Their Application To PFC

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    A Comparison of Various Buck-boost Converters and Their Application to PFC

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    6 vues7 pages

    A Comparison of Various Buck-Boost Converters and Their Application To PFC

    Transféré par

    er_ravi5
    power electronics

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
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    A Comparison of Various Buck-boost Converters and Their Application to PFC K.Matsul ,LYamamoto , TKishi, M.Hasegawa, H.Mori and FiUeda Chubu University Kasugai 487-8501 Japan Phone *81-S68-5I-IIKI Fax 781-868-S1-1141 "E-Mail eiju@ise-chubusejp Abstract The conventional boost converters are generally used for rectifier circuits with power factor correction ‘and as a result the output voltage becomes limited. To ‘pand the controlled voltage range, buck-boost or Cuk converter pes should be utilized. This paper presents a circuit configuration with power factor correction by a third 1ype of buck boost converter. termed a °CSC canonical switching cell. Single-phase ‘power factor correction using a buck boost converter ‘can contral the oulput vollage over a wide range, because it has the ability to step-up and step-down the ouput voltage. Firstly this. paper compares the ‘mechanisms of the power transmission and the characteristics based on total stored energy: Secondly, CSC converter is applied to the single-phase power factor correction. It's presented that this converter is suitable for power factor Key words: CSC converter, power factor correction, desc converter, SEPIC converter, buck boost, power transmission 1 Introduction The single-phase power factor correction using a buck boost type converter can control the output ‘voltage over a wide range, because it has the ability to step-up and step-down the output voltage (2-5). Firstly, this paper compares the mechanisms of power tuansmission and the characteristics based on power transmission flow chart of various converters. Secondly, a third buck boost type converter, termed a "CSC converter’ [7], is applied to a single-phase power factor correction. It is found tht this converter Is suitable for such a circuit, Fig.1(a) shows the CSC converter that is the basic building block for all high-frequency switching converters. In the fundamental cireuil shown in Fig. 1(a), if inductors £) and £ are added and inductor 30 Chubu Electric Power Co.,Jne Nagoya Aichi 459-8522,apan Phone +81-$2-621-6101 Fax: #81-82-623-5117 Lis semoved ftom the figure, then the circuit becomes the Cuk converter, Due to similarities in the circuit ‘configuration and the power flow mechanisms described later, the CSC converter can be rogarded 8s a buck boost type converter 2 Comparison of Various Converters Fig shows various buck boost pe converers Fig? shows the flowchart of ther power enemision including the conventional one. In Fig d is he on-duty eye and dis the ote eel. VY dy {Dare the input and out voltages, and the inp and Output curents, respectively. The Vand Y, enclosed with cites represent the faput and outs voltages form the power supplies having respective values. The Cand 1 enelosed with circles ae the flter capacitor tnd indtor having respective values. Let ws describe how to read this flowehare in the buck:boost converter in Fig. 1), at tun on, Ya is wensmited from V 10 L, and Vd is also Simltancousy transmited ffom Ct (On the tpt sie, Fd i alo taste from Cy 10 Fe, Dating tural, dis transmited to Cand dab is gansmited party to ¥-ané pasty © Cy Te the Cok converter shown n Fig (6), ear tha he citcit operation i of deft wi the sbove buck-boost convener Those symmetries are 8 manifeistion of «general principe of cut theory, Which we call duty. Thos, current and vote can be iterchanged and each element canbe replaced by isda element, ie, ford, C for Ute Ts itean be Seen that the appearance othe power transmission inthe Cl somverter is of duality with the buck-boost By comparing the rensmited power, we can realize that powers transmit lleroaely in parallel path from Vin the following, The resus so repeated, for CSC converter, 4% 1H omy, (8) CSC converter Vid, “O- -o"4 | Walt || Vota I Onn Waa (®)Buck-boost chopper (b) Buck-boost chopper. ae Voda” ee - vad s Ong-Ora-O (e)Cuk convener (6) Cuk converter. =I [+ G L cl L, (a) Zeta converter (@) Zeta converter + (©) SEPIC converter. (©) SEPIC converter. Fig. Various Buck boost type converters, A ee 31 } In the buck-boost chopper, the power is transmitted through two paths. Thais, 7B cM 1 Hy, where “on” or “off” means “turn-on” or “turn-off, inthe following, these symbols mean the same, for buck-boost chopper, 7% oom , y% ,- Hay, In the Cuk converter, the power is also tran through two paths, as follows, for Cuk converter, Vi % 1,9 cM y Ko 1,08 v,, ‘As can be seen, the appearance of the power transmission of the CSC converter is identical to thet (of the Cuk converte, except that itis through single inductor for the, CSC converter and through two inductors for the Cuk converter. ‘In the next place, we will examine Zeta(Lvo) ‘converter and SEPIC converter, For Zeta converter in ig. 1(@), during turing on switehS, the power Vid is transmitted ftom the input o Z;. On the output side, the power Vid which has been stored in the input capacitor, C,, and the power Votal which has been stored in C) during the offperiod, are transmitted to ‘output side, respectively. However, because. the inductor L; and the load ¥, receives the power Vid and the power Vaud, respectively, we can consider that the powers are transmitted fom C) to Laand from Cy to the load, On the other hand, during turning off period d’, the power Vila" is transmitted to C,. During their period, itis assumed that as impedance of Cy receiving the power is small as compared to the intemal impedance of the power supply and as the switching frequency is high sulfciently. As a result [ is owing continuously and smoothly. On the output side, the power Vold of Ly of Filed of Ly are ‘wansmitted to C; or ¥, respectively. Similarly, in SEPIC converter, during turning on and during turning off, analogous closed loops are ‘completed in Fig.1(e). Putting those into order, for Zeta converte, ¥% 1, 2c w v,, y, Mc, om 7, Of y,, for SEPIC conver, V% 1H Ch v,, 2st | With these sequence, the powers ean be transmitted to the output loads through two paths. Fig? shows such power flow mechanism by the power flow charts, In this figure it can be seen thatthe Cuk converter ean be obtained’ by dividing the inductor L of CSC converter into Zy and 12, and the buck boost converter can be obiained by dividing the C of CSC converter {nto C and C;. Furthermore, by means of dividing the induetor L ofthe buck boost chopper, or the capacitor C of Cuk converter, we can obtain Zeta converter oF SEPIC converter, respectively. Afler seeing Zeta and SEPIC converters in Fig.2(@) and (e), we ean see that power flow chat isthe same each ther as shown. ‘The transmitted power are effeced by the duty cycle. (there are L oF C, which have to transmit the whole power over the whole period) Since the two inductors in the Cuk converter are reduced toa single fone in the CSC converter, the single inductor has to ‘ransmit the total power. With respect tothe efficiency, the single inductor is disadvantageous. However, for a lower power converte, where efficiency is not problem, the single inductor is advantageous because of its: simplicity Zeta and SEPIC converters in Fig 1(4) and (e) has not such components like in Fig.1(2) to (e), where two paths of power flow pass through the port. Fach ‘component has only single power flow. With respect to cffciency, this result is advantageous. Fig.3 can be oblained by calculating the total energy which is stored in each converte. The total energy of CSC ~C(V,+V, += LU, +1,)° ZOU AVS +L, +1) ated eae a) Fig3 shows stored total energy in each converter ‘with respect to a relative value. In this reference value ‘of CSC converter, for buck boost chopper, C was divided into two capacitors of C12. For Cuk converter, was divided into two inductors of L?2. In such ‘Stores toa een tochcomenet Duy Cele FFig3. Stored total energy in each converter aw cea Fig.4 Losses in each converter. ‘Table I Duality between each element. ow a |G u a Lf bo | ty ‘Table 2. Relationship between cach circuit component. ry 3 modifi val, the total energy in each converter was Calelated For Zea and SEPIC converter, he rest of fr C is divided ito two components of L2 or C2, respectively, o thatthe total energy ofeach converter is reduced furthermore nthe figure it's noticeable 0 be ale to reduce twieg the stored total every. For book boos chopper or Cuk conver, carve ih shown in anytnmeticl tne, The reason is tht for buck boost chopper, the pose is min transmitted by cunt inductor, and for Cu conver, The power is mainly ttanomited by voltage in eapactr, so the diferene of tenamited power due tod appears inthe cies ‘There is an optimum value of tansmitaleficeney where the relative sored energy becomes minimus In senor that value is d= 0.5 4 Duality of each converter ‘Table 1 shows & duality between each clement. In ¥ig2(b) and (6), for instance, if you exchange each clement between group 1 and Ml, then the otber converter can be obtained. By means of the power flow chart proposed inthis paper, it can be seen that buck boost chopper and Cuk converter is of duality cach other. On the other band, the input ~ ouput characteristics are given by for Euk converter ~@) 8 From these resus, we can see thit though each element is of duly, the ouput characteristics of ‘oitage or cunent canbe kept inthe same equation On th ether hand in Fig 2) of Zea and Fig 2(0) of SEPIC, the other converer can be obtined by applying a dusty in Table 1,20 we can conclude tht thase two converters are of diy. Table 2 shows a relionship between each circuit component. Two Circuits at the et hand ide andthe right hand side are wellknown as the convetional duality circuit of the buck chopper and the boost choppe. Intemediae ciruit between them, furthermore, also a8 a duality Siruit, The reson ofthis canbe tealzed from the ove power flow chan. By means of his relationship of culty, SEPIC converter can be also obtained fom “Zeta converte, and vice vere. Kis be expected ‘hat alving ths’ duality cieuit in Table to. Cat Converter, gives the buck boost chopper, and vse 5 Various Bilateral Converters Figs shows a few of varioys bilateral converters Since CSC converter and Cuk converter are of bilateral symmetry, its own converter can be obtained by adding devices and making bilateral power flow as shown in Fig.4(a) and (b). Also for buck boost chopper, this circuit theory can be applied. On the other hand, in Fig.1(¢) of SEPIC converter, adding the switch Sin ‘verse parallel to output diode, and adding the input diode in inverse parallel to the switch S), give a perfect Zeta converter when looking the eiuit from output side. Similarly, in the Zeta converter, if we add the switch $; and the inverse diode, the SEPIC converter ean be obiained. These two converters have a relationship of not only duality, but also bilateral one. Iris well known that the conventional buck and boost converters have not only duality, but also bilatera one. 6 Simulation and Experiments Previously mentioned Fig4 shows a result caleulated by simulation, where each loss in various converters is represented relative 10 the output power of IkW. In the same way of Fig3, which shows the stored total energy in each converter , each Toss is calculated against variation of duly cycle. In simulation, series resistors of Ly or C is 0.10,%=100V and Fy=1RW. Switching loss of devices was calculated by £16" According to the theory of stored encray discussed in Fig3, the losses of SEPIC and Zete converters are relatively lower value over a wide range, because the teansmission power is divided into a couple of devices and so the stored enerpy in each of device can be reduced for SEPIC and Zeta. On the other hand, CSC convert te losses is shown under that fr buck boost converte. Because the capacitor voltage of CSC is much larger than that of buck boost convericr, that for CSC converter is increased ina case of the theory of Fig ‘The reason is that in a case of Fig. however, such cffect of losses duc 10 capacitor voltage was not considered, and. capacitor loss was represented by series resistor only Fig6 shows the CSC converter applied to the single-phase power factor correction. Fig.6(e) shows the fundamental circuit configuration. in the circuit presented in Fig 6b), the circuit differenti equations are established and resolved by a computer, the results of which are shown in Fig. 7a), where the supply voltage EY E-100V, the supply frequency jim60H2, he carer frequency 0.50, Rj=100.0. by C-Suk, (Cr=2uR, and C:=1000uF. In this etouit the MOSFET switch is driven at a constant duty eyele of dO. M (©)SEPIC and Zeta converters Fig.5 Various bilateral converters. ia (@) Fundamental circuit hay << Logs a i (b) Simulated and experimental circuit. Fig6 Application to the Power Factor Correction Thus, the converter is operated in. discontinuous conduction mode. The output small inductor is provided o prevent the rush current. Fig.7(b) shows the experimental waveforms of the input voltage andthe input current i. I ean be seen that the current waveform is almost the same as that of the voltage. The experimental parameters were identical 10 the above simulation process. Tn the above method of natural sampled PWM, the input sigoal is series of equal-width pulses over a Whole period. Consequently, the input current ‘waveform becomes sinusoidal according to the input sinusoidal voltage waveform. This contol strategy is very simple and easy. However, the reset operation of the magnetic flux in the inductor is necessary during the turnoff in order to keep the lincarty of the inductor In other words, the curent in the inductor should be reduced to zero every tur-oft period. As @ result, the duty eyele should be less than d-0.5. This ‘means that the “inductor current amplitude nearly doubles the mean value, This characteristic results in the increase of inductor size and of circuit loss, If we ‘expect t increase the circuit rating, we should use in a continuous operation mode, such as a current tacking PWM, 7 Conelus Firstly, various buck-boost «ype converter was compared. As a result, it is found that the CSC converter has minimum components and reasonable, While the storaged circuit energy is large Consequently, there is a room to discuss about lke efficiency. In such reason, we can say tht this circuit {is suitable to apply to relatively small size power supply. The principle of the circuit is a buiding block of various converters, For instance by means of single inductor, the presented converter can perform the analogous function to a Cuk converter with two inductors. In an example of its application to a single-phase rectifier circuit with power factor correction, we have shown that the CSC converter is suitable because of is high input impedance and low ‘output impedance. For large capacity applications, SEPIC or Zeta converter is suitable in terms of having relatively low total stored energy. ‘This research was partly supported by # grant of the Academic Frontier Promotion Project from Ministry ‘of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and ‘Technology. References [1] RG Hoft"Semiconductor Power Electronis",Van ‘Nostrand Reinkold Co Ine ,1986, [2)L-Takahashi and W.lkeshita, “Improvement of Input Current Waveform of a single-phase Rectifier Circuit," Trans. EE Jpn, vol.105-B,n0.2,pp.174, 1985 [BIN Mohan, TIMUndeland ad WRobbins, “Power Electronicssecond edition” John Wiley & Sons. 3s © 50 | | ro 4 0 Mf (a) i bade = {Tapat Carer i o z . | J © Fig? (@) Simulation and ()Experimental Wavetorms. Inc..488, 1995. [41S.Cuk " and” R.D.Middlebrook, “Advances in Switched Mode Power Conversion”, IEEE Traas Ind. Electronics, VolTE-90, N30; 9.10, 1983, {s¥Rito, Kishizaka and K Toloda,'A Single Phase Step” Up(Down Curent Source » Rectifier Configuration Using Cuk Convener", Trans IEE Sapan, Vol12-D, Ne12, p.1256, 1992. (oIB Tin, and YSLee, "Power Factor Cometion Using Cok Converters in Discontinuous Capactor Volage Mode Operation” IEEE. Trans Ind letroics, Vl4E-48, No 5, p68, 1997 [TIE Landsman,°A Unifying Derivation of Switching

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