Seismic Wave Propagation

What are Seismic Waves

Seismic waves are the vibrations from
earthquakes that travel through the Earth
They are the waves of energy suddenly
created by rock fracture within the earth or
an explosion.
They are the energy that travels through the
earth and is recorded on seismographs

History
Seismology - the Study of Earthquakes
and Seismic Waves
Dates back almost 2000 years

 Around 132 AD, Chinese scientist Chang Heng invented the first
seismoscope, an instrument that could register the occurrence of
an earthquake.

Seismographs record a zigzag trace that shows the varying

amplitude of ground oscillations beneath the instrument.
Sensitive seismographs, which greatly magnify these ground
motions, can detect strong earthquakes from sources anywhere in
the world.
The time, location and magnitude of an earthquake can be
determined from the data recorded by seismograph stations.

Seismometers and
Seismographs
Seismometers are instruments for detecting
ground motions
Seismographs are instruments for recording
seismic waves from earthquakes.
Seismometers are based on the principal of an
inertial mass
Seismographs amplify, record, and display the
seismic waves
Recordings are called seismograms

Types of Seismic Waves

Body waves
Travel through the earth's interior

Surface Waves
Travel along the earth's surface similar to ocean waves

Seismic Waves
Body waves

Surface Waves
Love

Ground Roll Rayleigh

P-Wave(Body Wave)
Primary or compressional (P) waves

The first kind of body wave is the P wave or primary

wave. This is the fastest kind of seismic wave.

The P wave can move through solid rock and fluids,

like water or the liquid layers of the earth.

It pushes and pulls the rock it moves through just like

sound waves push and pull the air.

Highest velocity (6 km/sec in the crust)

P-Wave

Particle motion

Deformatio
n
propagates
Particle motion consists of alternating compression and dilation.
Particle motion is parallel to the direction of propagation
(longitudinal). Material returns to its original shape after wave
passes.

Secondary Wave (S Wave)

Secondary or shear (S) waves
The second type of body wave is the S wave or
secondary wave, which is the second wave you
feel in an earthquake.
An S wave is slower than a P wave and can only
move through solid rock. (3.6 km/sec in the crust)
This wave moves rock up and down, or side-toside.

S-Wave
Particle
motion

Deformatio
n
propagates
Particle motion consists of alternating transverse motion. Particle
motion is perpendicular to the direction of propagation (transverse).
Transverse particle motion shown here is vertical but can be in any
direction. Material returns to its original shape after wave passes.

L-Wave
Love Waves
The first kind of surface wave is called a
Love wave, named after A.E.H. Love, a
British mathematician who worked out
the mathematical model for this kind of
wave in 1911.
It's the fastest surface wave and moves
the ground from side-to-side.

L-Wave

Particle
motion

Deformatio
n
propagates

Particle motion consists of alternating transverse motions. Particle

motion is horizontal and perpendicular to the direction of
propagation (transverse). Particle motion is purely horizontal, focus
on the Y axis (black lines) as the wave propagates through it.
Amplitude decreases with depth (yellow lines). Material returns to
its original shape after wave passes.

Rayleigh Waves
Rayleigh Waves
The other kind of surface wave is the Rayleigh wave, named
for John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, who mathematically
predicted the existence of this kind of wave in 1885.
A Rayleigh wave rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls
across a lake or an ocean.
Because it rolls, it moves the ground up and down, and sideto-side in the same direction that the wave is moving.

Most of the shaking felt from an earthquake is due to the

Rayleigh wave, which can be much larger than the other
waves.

Rayleigh Waves
Particle
motion

Deformatio
n
propagates
Particle motion consists of elliptical motions (generally retrograde
elliptical) in the vertical plane and parallel to the direction of
propagation. Amplitude decreases with depth. Material returns to
its original shape after wave passes.

Seismic Wave Speeds

The bulk modulus (K) of a
substance essentially measures the
substance's resistance to uniform
compression.
It is defined as the pressure
increase needed to effect a given
relative decrease in volume.
Shear modulus, , sometimes
referred to as the modulus of
rigidity, is the ratio of shear stress
to the shear strain.

= shear modulus

=
density
K = modulus of compressibility (bulk modulus)

Elastic Materials
Rand quartzite

stress

F
L
F = E * L/L (Hookes
Law)
strain

Young's
modulus (E)
is a measure of
E = Youngs
modulus
the stiffness of a given material.
E predicts the amount a wire will
extend under tension, or to predict
the load at which a thin column will
buckle under compression

Seismic Wave Speeds

Material

P wave Velocity (m/s)

S wave Velocity (m/s)

Air

332

Water

1400-1500

Petroleum

1300-1400

Steel

6100

3500

Concrete

3600

2000

Granite

5500-5900

2800-3000

Basalt

6400

3200

Sandstone

1400-4300

700-2800

Limestone

5900-6100

2800-3000

Sand (Unsaturated)

200-1000

80-400

Sand (Saturated)

800-2200

320-880

Clay

1000-2500

400-1000

Glacial Till (Saturated)

1500-2500

600-1000

= modulus of rigidity =
density
K = modulus of compressibility (bulk modulus)

Seismic
Velocities

Why are seismic waves important?

Some things seismic waves are good for include

Mapping the Interior of the Earth
Monitoring the Compliance of the Comprehensive
Test Ban Treaty
Detection of Contaminated Aquifers
Finding Prospective Oil and Natural Gas Locations

IRIS Earths Interior Structure Poster

Seismic waves through the Earth

Earths
interior
structure and
seismic
raypaths that
are used to
determine
the Earth
structure.