Yoo7eG ee ies opica ceric STRUCTURI DE DATE $I ALGORITMI ASPECTE MATEMATICE $I APLICATIL Parteal ‘STRUCTURI DE DATE ELEMENTARE dot tHe ee sie ee eyOL Reteren inf Prof dr. George GEORGESCU Prof dr. Alexandra MATEESCU Prof de. oan TOMESCU aiara ters ant 9893 Bucur 736, Tar 038 ‘iii ‘Deseriren CD abit Na aplicait/Hodice Ceerlt Boearest, Edin Cuprias in sud rutin de te 1 Stet eave Sct liner acre static 2 Stic lineareIalecarecinumict. iste simp nue 3. Als tipr deste. Apia ale isto nn 4 Stet near eu rset eerie sve cae 1, Sct swboresente 3. Aron bine slate pi echivalned 4 Aton bina de estre 5) Aon bards Gate chibi AVI ‘Sortarea prin select diree _Sorarea pi nersehbare dit GD Sorarea paneer cu miseoraesiociement ‘Gora Stel ' Sonatea prin selec folsing sinc arbrssomc (Gonaren cu ansantie} ' Sorarea prin enchanted pa nerlasrea dou garden sea pin tee i GuiciSor IV, Abo bina sti, Apc 5 Arbor tina sch Deine. Proprci {Lima infeiont aleritmr de vrai pe compart ite ches 2. Abon bat ste cu pode Algoma ui 4 Aptcatiia cotigexe, Coan HuTma 5 Inrelisre optimal ator gh ‘Tene git Bibograte 16)set ee Pe ee! crane def cove mart preset prima precisa de “me df gar pe care stones fief Fosse de ce tiring an core, cdr Coleg derma oxmauce infec. ase eee t primal rnd ocesor we rn na fo ncrarea putin fwd err clr are dre re ected as atematzce enor dr dome a ne cian pode eayng strate de strana ne eccat rogramare tio se pogramare. janes de a complete) eure el pn iba Paco {ect slain pe ora ale colborrlor pe cre ha ara dow hagalanor pera eae conti bara desu AT i i xcmenet Tor st a oh seria 200-29! car i morcascora sr. precon Ear) Ones Fe perinatal is Inroducere fa stu stroctrior de date ‘Stuart de date a apr matric istinct n informatios tn eurieuunt ACM inch di 1968. O formu seria cae Je plese In contentl programas et at de ill une ecebre ci a EET wirh sAlgontae + Data Stneues > Progam Inradevtr, con gat +struct de dt = programe” pure neide fpr Sone problems de posramare prspune, pe Ing ges unas ‘Sat wullr algo, alegerea nei stucun de de adoevate penis Tenjietea dal problene (a de multe of, piven lgortm § 8 Sint adeevate erg mn sm, dp cim vr eden ‘Malgnle de de pe care ie muripuleazhprogrile sut in ence ele fn, date omogen, ae date de sel Up. Til ‘Sr clones af mum pone foarte complex, da, tn gene, un ‘doment va fdeanfem pat-o vaste wicd omit chee O secur fe ate mene 9 asemenes cole nit ito male eo aman Seantsare cra structure Organize inter elon va ifaea Tinscctn trp opine de opera ce website pe elemete Milne aczn once wrcrurd de dave vine Pott deo Tt de Spars cose efecreacd pease lou care implemented aceite opera. ‘Dir in consinvate ist a operator de baat pe sine de ie, eo dese ot ‘Frasca une sour ee opens cre accesca eee cement 9 agra dat tn vedeten proces eat PDeesnea Uh ‘omen fn cadrl vaveres se mal flsete denims de viware © ‘lementllrespcty \Coworee este opera cre cast wn element cuebie di nto srt $s tering cu ta Ba scars Ba consi into tavesate, ‘Noun! oropiot, a smear, nce vara fect clement eine fact eompara cued! cluat Dach elemental eft exist in suet a comin trversren esl pawe api et etus ebuies iMcheinrse ou surcer Doct element) cat my ex in srucuch ATovcuntes wa tcbul st fe comple pea a pte decide aceasta, 3 ‘areas va emia soces Trserorea el nou lemest Int stu dat ee opera care adauga an cleat nou, de Sela Hip, ene ccleci fine d= clement ‘Sprenenate ret “Adtupars” se ae ase! Int nua sited eo livelement aps, fe de scl tp ca strc iilStergerea sau exraperen wn element dinteo sind et opera inverstinserini. Ea "scale" un element distro malting sructuah dad, relednd stuctua inald pe elewentsle nee meatal exis pote f flout post averse ocean, pee cae site operat pe sructus. Exsa’dout aspect ale acai apes ce tebuic late tn considerae: aspeet de “etagee, clad accel eae De clement eas din ctnctrs, i asp de serer, cid acct fae pe clement mae fi pe efcees tpl al de sche pe le Oncum am denim ope trebue sw ecu aisle see Gein se perie de iserare 9 seer sunt fare importante penta ‘eprecentarea mijinilr eae su un earacter dina lt, malin ‘are Schimht Geeven componena Tn problercle care warpulaed ‘uit namic, tabu ereprezentn pe acest cu ajnon om struct de dite pe eae opel de near igre sft feces ‘pid st necostsor. Aut imerarea elt gt gla tt een son Irccedat In gets de opera de estar aloe insert Ta emperte siege din) steed, dec. petfamantle aestor pete depied de Pefonnanja opemtci de eluate La Tindal ck thuares depine pean de uaverare ‘Aceste pats puri de operat de bask penis mepineren sro ou, i pa ete rt vasa creates une strut de un aan Ups aes nde a (1) injclcarea sve eu seta vl (@) on cia epetty de angie vara care (a) seinedie un element dia ie deiner, (©) pest feeareasemenes element se aplead o procedrt fe implementeact opera ce mora Penta tole src de date dsc i Aceast lve vom aifca mod incase preci rvtira vd, iat opera ree Yor cama sus, arate pe nile, mate densa toe ‘Seucunls elememare de date discs In pimele dou capiole, le liars g ele arborescnte, vor aves inpleceolae pe ce tote penile demas Combinaria a dou suture 0 a oper important. Ea ‘roduc din Gout stu de acl tipo al, de cla ti ce contne flemesele reunite ale primelor douk. Vor veden in faptatd et ‘eciunea 7 un prim exerpla de operatic de combimre, intercsaea oui ran donate Un particular, sears poate fpr eae articular de combate, una din settee sn de de intare pent Sombinare avin un sigur element Srtrea este 0 als. open extrem de inprtant penta ma splica, Es consis fn ovdonre, tall clematis eet nuit Tebule tait seyarateazal milfnilorsitie dew elo Samice Pen eal mljimior stave (acl alin eaten Sch seperti) ne ren ne pena sr mene Singur at fa pls, ne puter pane problema sor m any ae pe oe, folsnd ace eeajica tele dents (alfincs nesta) ko Alvel} = Alt | Dito, deh crates £2 Fae rear rep, adil dac sar exage doar An] cam {hs al Mme. Dash se cue ih dep ocomponent Fores. Ban ea clemeneorrirase implies in now un sr © i atl net cle rede connie procedure Deee(A, Lm kX) Pose ta X vleies Aft] i refae vector) Kestageres peop] Xai fickerto ‘al = Ati nar {Grade dineniana srctst ad pecs faem lrperea. cs prceduma de_maisis. stuck pen ee tne de api =, am et waterloo esse ibe vee ck set cel patin un lee seine C2 Sa, Gas veal FF ee 0 pe vat fiek sk sn Feral pero de inseraregee ito strut dat ie cant € fa otro sructuct Hien In sla static, s fie pri cae oe ternal suc, pou care wrebuiecatte # ptite cue ror wavsin, eveonlincomrple, guverate © © SON si iy Sache de ramen problems. Ca ate cava, tm mullprobleme rele, porta & pentru iosralyerpie nu ext cunosett fanny dec ava f wanes ca parame, ci tebe gli, co trovenale goveraid de 0 code speaiea probleme! i, evden, do endiiade meeps a sroctr. Tavera we pont fave pe acest tip destruct ina a ambele scosus ele saga a apt adi Up Seal tesco lindo 8 Gein rapt a sting, ales in seul deeresctt lindo. ‘Taverne densa a dea sefae te fla ums ‘le ion and (cond de inser cndwie “rayersres dea dena sag facet lal utr hile (OI) and (condi de inerarefergere mu dept do ‘mbt tip de tuaversr sunt goverate de 0 conde de nedepie 3 fMtctr gp deo, conde «ct ermalae. depinde denature Jwoblemei fe faci de nents «dua cond, ts tenminarea aves [utr cide daca oval agers ergs a fost gist yi, dak a care (tence sect in conse cod care implementers inserten ‘Su perpeics poprist cu miinle afrele, feu molifcarea SE observ cb cpeaile de icerare i gyre inten vector sunt coststowe tt tener de mali de componente Pam sf evalu mie de ia Tic p= prbublisea ovenimentuls de asa 0 valour nous pe compote (I), a aseratea pe posi cule sin wiv d Sompotente. Nora media de mu a nsrare va fect ae ¥ plaid) rpergere me Telit) do ach inser se fae ox prbabiis cpale pe orice poste, 1 ae (net) oone poh SOD Hel : ei i a Acalog, fe py = prbubiatea evenmentai de a gtrge components dfs ©. [la Lx pert a fi rebate sk matt omponesie Numiru rei demure a erpere va Sci E aon. acs ergem ev probabil eile rice component, at ‘ Ty nte=t) Mok (ene Yeln-de ot Dah ED 0 CObvctvam cat tn insrarea ct Ta slrgee true 8 ms in meds cam juntate din componente, 2 EN cael el 1 elves cin inem sab gorge prima component, det feces mdi maim mut Of) Dim acest mai, stvetura de vector ms ‘SChintt Gowentcomporenia pi inser espe . © opcrajie elemenart pe orice srt de date est opera de cavtare ust valon Ge die Fal 1g azul ston neue atc ‘uara nerd cv ene In evento waver, eventual samples Sigur}, cae pian reine [a 8 compa clmewal vata ci ‘ilies cut, Ex se erin ou stoees dae am At valores 7 6 ‘Giemsa pe cave am pita pa sces dak femin de ‘Evert srctra ft giseasa pe Fal proredre Searchin (, ln. Va, Lee) ea inarslonea ‘Val io Alla i urneazd Loc = 0 dat icein lo valour be © [ton] dso hae componeri (Loc) Lon o while i> and Ati] > Val eo {tie ken exitPes fe cn ee Fae ene eee oe ee CObserien ea cell repo wie fm care 0 fice mavesara vena compet srt ete guverat de Govt cori: canda de nodeptyre a suet, = m ycondiia dea mfp ick pe Va, AliJo¥el. Se pate csina condia de nedepire a set, rected fn flat aceaa mamirl de commparai Ia fume, en ihe ‘compornter mars) Se adaue4 rst o expe tn pla i eas unde se tecira eavesarea, dot pe component ne dact tavesim de lastanga a despa ca ma sus (Dash travers de areas sng se fanglo component 4(0)) se ve termina twotdevuna cu succes, valoarea Vai find past pe Sonora ey ca apr in roan Fo pocedte Ssurhlint (4, £9, Va ‘Ain = Val {inode Val pe An gst pe componcata Loe a Acces tect a component marca poste floss waves ‘een sop char acl ame operat de nemo Si snslinim scum compleniaer chitirs nears th temen) de clement assets, cae este ena ev naman de carga de acl trl cual el mai never, ined Valu se gaete In tar camae)Ccmh — Sa enalikm car cm red. Fie p= probabil ox Yl = Ai 1c [lan] siq= probbiiaienca Val sha se plas n/n}. Ave Eavaey Deci, ncaa ett eu sotces, rum med de compare in= Ij aie nite din menses vce, In cee ce privet laza de completa, algotmal de chtre vir ar compexiate Bese TV'Stat sere @ procedure inserre Ito srt ina nse atid cu cleente ordonae otal erty, Sue flocach acash 2 Sse se un program care conie: s} O proce de ineerae 8 ane vlari date pe © poze di nto Strctrd ners locare sat! 1).0 procedure jrpere a une alr dae dopo avi dts dnt cr liner in slosts sais. ©) 0 procsurt de crear 4 uni veer ere apaeagt Procedure de nserare de puncl a) pent fe pr ponte it n mol peut he (al deafipreavecontsi.. /) 0 itera posal principal prin care lian spouts apela procedure dma Su (Civtarea iniard atr-un vetoe sonst Dect eleneatele uael str Hnsare au si o organize Aids Aa] =< Alo suns seen informatie t plus poate i flostd pentru « mbar erfrmnene opsafel de chuare (Despre modaiie dea sora ‘soto un vt vm vor neu apt separ) Tse suivet of aver elmertel sit el mic ect Val a wim ile voi] > Val avers, fe elite, ec hua cu sc, Fe cgaiate set, dap care cosrunea parce mu i a sr cde Search Ord (A. 1, Val, Loc) ithe nthe EAI Valshen om uate sa sco} che (csr ir succes} ‘endproe( Search inOrd) Das, uml din avattajle majore ale suc de vector, sf amune ponte acess tn tnp Of) a oxcere componente, ie perme sh Frnt ma mult pefonoanj ewan pe un vector edonat, autores binara aipeans = 4 tori de has ven ee erm ie de mt Divi et ‘eee are ya prensa b ou obwobe tape Oe Pepa pe Yor ce vou cient @ i fees mel med dell ssl el ae seas TSSERIE Rtv dur pe vectra stg ch ma sou ate comma cuca pe otvewar cin ep. goer de tare bir are arnatoarea rust (iy Selmeepe ca sopntel defi deci efi 7 Rig= (G) Pea Recate stbveor4/Lef. Aig se epets (3) Scented mglcal cement id= (130 ~ Rich) di dnc Val «Af sere pl 2p [ef MOE 1) hack Vel» [i eves pal (2) pe (MAA) Uratares raced n eeudo-od implementers alg: Mids (Lat + igh ie Loe toile (Left <= Right) and (Val © AIMid]) do ‘Vaasa ten {secon pe sbieraa in tn Right Mie! clue (Vals AlMi se contin pe subir in deep Tete Bart Mal (Let Right v2 AIT eM {osu cu sees} ’ von [ela rd sees}lls —— es ee Fe Cin ara de compa ye cae neces crea ina pe un vedtor cu componente, Dupi ecare compare, dimesiunes penal pe eave chulim se a rede la jurist, Dich. pt Crh) ‘pr a lnchcit utr, stun aver Feit ound cin)» Loge Sot Desi, comnpleiten elu biare ested odin Oa), een ce reprennd 0 tnbuuttiesubeangl ah de Of). pesormaats cat tinaze "Se reat Tash ch doi au fox fAtort cae e- pre acer algo errr clementle er sort crestor, far operas de soca in sine ponte costo remtol ch arverr Kinard ein sles stated, dec permite acces in timg'O(f) lo junaates uur seement Am wlowt cl 0 asenenea Jn fi, Oto prvi penta unset date pear 2M # OETA FReeveote densest 9 ee, "Ah arctura de arbore‘bitar de-cluae eciibat AVL ne vt pero mpc simultan eee oat eee posmiaes eft Te daa amctanloe st sergeror ex pevfrmine de orn Utoxn peincoperia deca ernie 1a Struct tin ih, Lise simp nl ‘Am viet edict fos aloaea sated perry repezentarea ‘wei malin evo scr nerd ne abi de dou neajunsiss major, anu! ‘inutiea spat prealoct suet: Me va | numarat maxim de lence pe ee v2 pen 6 cond taf losare sa Mex cesatea esti de opera e uae la inset tree, in cuad eh semen stuctanoeus dese suceesive ir RAM. Tikal ar fee sve opera de sere st ple fe slocare de say peor foal elesoett 9364 ise tn start cu on num rR BE pera gi meringue sper refer, cin nou ca ak ame chen srs Hien pe elements mas, iar ‘etl lpr: de component ce fest seh le devia hatejee pocedurde pecam Passau C ne pun la disponitic ‘acid ance amid espa, prea vale de padres (poincer pena orl co varde dvamice Cel ma spl tp de (oo ear ar alone facile oft de laren diamied de seagate am pte pe are o prezei In continae, lin sp nap ext 0 sr de date anna i orine tinea Spee deoelre de vec, nde eden Tinea caclr ete lca ee ounce tncra pe emlinen incon x ele oct feterntueive tn mesons iatrofea snp tlh eriea linear (eset teceinld de ening ete uni pow, tn ease nod, ct no icin, noire Sviod acne cnet Ht MEME RR iucnpe scl e face avd adres prim od se AA) unt tesla flip va cone det (1) wn set de cimpei be ure se fepecin un elemental ulti, de cbicei vom ‘eaten clement ga values de pe un sings cimp, mit elmp (ete prt cve meas pute presupane ef element csp erage camp, inf @) co pom oie nodal unto, nex. De ecm, tn Foal pen ols! urmatoeele dela de tip pent © Tt de aes Ct‘ype pad = tna tod recor ‘info nope ond Tipu ad va pera nodule iste, far ipl pd pens aes, aid vatabie de ip putter etre not sta in integine va Ti da de un pointer cite pris nod (varia Start de tip pod Camp adres ma nod va set aa Lista Sian este vida dact‘mu conte at un element, suai ear 36 codified ps Str = Soo Petru struct de (1) flint vid = Oh ala ist de aclu tip de bazd, ume prin “up de beza” ne refer a ipl dete de pe cpl nf +H puter da 0 define ecusiv: 0 Hist ¢ de un Observatie: Liste simp inant se pot represen 9 in alate stich CCimpunte iso cept nuit loca se uci vecor a cSrparie nx! Socite vor sone dice element umatorAceata representa Se numeste eprstmure cu cursor Ist Fig .21, Repeoctarea cursor sie 1.2), ist inept 1 espa Tela Spre deoscire de stutuile linear fe alovare sticd unde steam posbilites eavastri Tales pen accu ul etree rim 4, Star nea no een paces ‘Stuctura proeduri de taverare este acceai ca. la siruciu Iinere in alocare sd, dst hold dasin ae ost au plu eum pote curt. procedure Trav Lista (Sun) = Stat (oalzares pointer cue pene ene} ‘while pal do (est pet adept) (iheara nodal) ABrPIne (oem compen wns} poe Teow_Lint} Example de pelts cae imple aves sunt afd Sin dar fconsolk sau ates aura de md iste Caucus nt sg ams Insta or ou pale da al Ni persis cau ie ad Leila iopoetibe LoelyoFal. Daca wo sctanen tl ‘i Seta Locomd proved Ser Lis (San, Va, Lo) Wile (Loec>mil and (LoeL.iooVs LoesLoel next entitle {aur ca succes) (Loe-nil ctr fr sess} Evident, vail Loc va ebul st fle tansnisd pent a vetron Potew seve alifel procedura de char, panind in evidsn tavcrare, cnet webmple nde process ete comparaprocedure Search is} (Stat, Val Le) sian Fie pon do (test de nedeptsiea stot) itt inkooVal then Leci-p Cor (Sarre cu suces a oie din procedur} chep=plat ena nde oem (cttare Be succes) enedproc(Seareh List) ‘Avaliza complet elusit pe o Tit simp flu se gemini Coe Ge a cts Tinea tn aloare static, Ea ete de ‘SSERE Gap fe mage rama! de code lsh _ADS UUs eet See cx ware eS ee mate nnd aaa climindn teal de redepie al sructani (cea ce m0 n= Sate din sees clas de complete). Anseratsn yin tea it simp alah “Ladngrasa up 08 elgpent inte hsm nia EBT cree a uno padana tnd ye cmp fe 3 eee era de aerate) ope Ue eB Doll ou i ne rene» nol nu ee og ct fcalocare inact Se apt Lreatx Selacg avind o valowe {ir ineagt solace uaesveia esea newtNou)(aoearen de spas pest nl nod) ‘Now amo (stare cep ino vaoare Sort} Noe Tater (eetutea cima de Tatura) ‘Eins posilitsts dpa “dinensioi” wi strate ore ee ee ack progam na alae Toca ies din cate sae eri dmc py ar mew) va stwna p= Fee re apt invocares i ew pei estat hm em a i face crearen nodule nou sepa i dah mau potion are (de ever dct sere 3 fe soi mn tem modular seoveay. de cree, de exemple ox autora ane fine out sexta runctia Now ere un nad nou cu aloe dls x pe elm i gf ari Sera ou et ae nod. Pines ele nodal nou crest enranmis ex parses une! proces deiner sv font ‘etn ope de iserare propa. In enum: spn de pebeme ei ope Sc ea pein de ceate tu se fac separa, cabin ‘ade sost momenta eset Tait, ey Oper ge isese opin tg Hs, simp ln ‘peta ca ipa crate cela aodun dn His, tan Sec ebule termina infec de stun problems Se aE in capa te ebae pita 9 aa separa care Goan de inert, deste Ta ace: ca shimbl aes od a le gua exp iesStor & dm et ‘en eta Non ca mat ss, © be ca see Nout west=Stat (2) Sanckoe up ca ewe iin fa rma insta ela est Du cae ee oun lpi. sags (2) ~ 18 cel wee et tedefine cap! se ST, s+ a In genral,dexeminsen Toc ier fn ithe face ob 0 cane cvenaal Tasompled «tel, co UR pole cack“Taverres va fl gierut de o condi de nteminare struct yo onde let deralur nou de izerat In func de veo = deus onde, tavernas ope in un ds uradtorele dot ai (bt) Nodal pe cae 2 opr p ese el duph ewe urea st se fc (Ga) Nodal pe cre opi peste ex nie cui webu sso fa (1) Dees pointer cient al uaverip se ope nnn lost {scr ate! nsrare fee Server de SUC ‘Novt noxtpt ext (1) pint=Now ) cae realizado gar a rapa) pasting 2), eupeu ete isin pre “See ogee Un everpu de icra tn care aveerea spouts ope ini de Iocal ner ese iocraven uel vai eg =r ls de Inve pe al lea pd alse, ude este tte, Pent a gsi locl ise se va fice otmerenre cu comonzars oda n opm cup eal tea od al liste (aed oust) nsec rou nod dup pt, ack isin mas cel ‘ulin nod, nase ce insraea, fa agree cu Fol este serra oapal lite. (62) tn cam tn care traveraren se oprese cu pointe arent p pe nodal Traine de eae volute af scrim, dieulatea const io ful ch seputind aces wl precede spate seta tate gat ces Difoulatn acess se" depijegte nd avecsarea cu dol pus sce oo de unl singu. Dick p ete pond care condice es (ie od alt pointer, cae urneast pep rEniadnd Tototesans ps in umn I pe nodal precedent [naa sess, a termine aver Toca ise ee ne nodule ol Wp, eh legate se fice dupa ca si cam am fi in cama (OF, dp eum osvest 9 Fis ya Unstares promi In pseudo-cod presupne nod reat dja facia Now fl isenah Sate de pm od in ists cu vane th procedu inet (Ste, . Fimscrare hs Nout fate Se imu p pentru care p.intom\ side pasar rea ncorpel) sip and (p nfo Val) do port nes nde tree, dad xe cazul TF p-lthen (tam git loca, eventual ma rece tle insecte ine old p) (legit a stings} ‘Fold he {inser capa iste Stat= Now lee fimerare dup ld) ‘lf nxt= Now eeell eel ell eee ell eel ell ell cool eee ell ee Aplicatie Tattogi Brocedurit de inserare la crearea unci liste simply crdonate Progamal intslizert lita eu lina vids gi conine un cite ‘spew cae cite cite un nteg dea consol il screen anc Test ondonatsptind posed Isersbeneeet Start al inatizarea ist cut vid} ‘we no cota reads) TeserttaOr(Startx) centwhite Procedure nerve It it ondonal ete tn exemple clase in 2 Procedure IsertistaOrd (Start, Val) {ineraze voi Ha rt it dete encdrpurs nf ordonnte {elas oct inser i > Ser ‘lift pata parcursere} ‘wile (p= it) an pf inio Val do p papracet cndwiie linseraren propria) BeweNou) Newt wnfo=Val (leprae eps) auf ne" (lees tng iold= i thea inser a cap istei) Siat= Nw se (ageare dup old} ‘ld nent Nou ceatit dpe Ise ste Procedra acopet a insert pe wil lc ip ~ mi) pec oh xn insert primero ita Sr = nd Observe: 0 ad solu care sar pea dopa fa cara (62) in cae Severe se trmind cup peu od tance Cus aha ea ie mats cara fn are pow af umttatenleceg {Bat pen ur va 04, cope Tae walaie in campane hoa aloara de inset punem pe empl inf al Iu, apa eae od aot p Exerc 1 Ua aversren cu dot pointer i scope insert, am putea face svamsul pointer eu amare seven epi next Sidolat next? Sis jastitioe tps | 2 i's sri In psudood, ait cod 0 poeta mera (aC insseaea un necnouc valoeas pecimpal neal Picgaciy | lise Star, duc este pei (reste taney 3. Sa se serie 9versane recurs proce e inser ito litt ron 4, SES sti, in peudocd si cod, o provedu de icserate tn cae fuer In cal (0D, der fem uaverars cu un sigu poet eee lind ides Otseritit de sri een ‘Storgersa wanna data st sing tga oe Te Re, atoGy Devtoarn de pai se fice a fl um, ie tempo vara de ck nodal de sre da st, Se reface struc de th pe Ue pee inse (esti fase aces dup cu vom voden In ele = aati ae eclonead™ saoares xcs, adel se pocescaztcimpel ware dal empl yes din tk. Dupa ce nea asgwat cf mu ere miles proceso luli spre I tempt se nvocd deportes). ‘fecnd este asta de a reuna locale Ge mero i care am awit “alte dn tmp i sta loa hive. CO EL esc, pout sodull de gets se else in arma 2a saPevenunl Incomplete a sel cu un pot cura P, ‘Merve vest de condipa de nodepsie a suctuni de Hao roar aie pecbleme. Acar = doun condi fe ca waversares hoc opectoedftvuna in uroatoie doo ita (A Serger se face daphne pT c0 care ars temimat taverns, ttca webu es nodal pe eee aces ever ae face cu un singur pointer. Presopunind <8 Niece cule gr exh fee ati panes? ral face tenp=p nea (salva acs nul in vviaila romp Prigeduprneet nee (rfacten srt de is nour nase] uth temp ce Thi vlonie dia wad exis) ena {Eepoeetemp) (deatcaren de spat} ‘observ ef refecere struct de Ist se fice cy scimbarea vali ‘ut sigs piste. 1 grocer care svagere trate adesa nol exis procedue Del (Startmp) Pesan ie (pn anaconda de opie ee fle} do Peptitert fedwle promt en "Genero termina; uebue fers nodal pf.next gi pt.aextonl} {Savin intewp des nodal extas) refceca setuid ist pe node amass} phot prneat seat end end pre (Oe. (92) pointer eurent pterminkuaveraea exact po nal ce tebui es. fir ddnt esa vom fem cu la isa, avetsara cu do pris ‘rsp ol ea ps in a tn pal a8 Pe B= dul de Gop ld plasind ne in cazul (a) Sc aoe Coe (© proved care serge an nod pe cae 32 tras deena xt in aflra lest ur procedute Del (Staten) p= sur Sigal ‘ile pai) and{condpa de wpe est fle} do fiat exile “(ealvdm in temp advesa nodal exmas} temp {feimntea struc de sth pe nodule rave {feta then fecal serge pul ne al ist) at =pf.oext ce ‘prt pine ont naif ercpos Del 2) ‘i obervitn ek obama separa eazal serge pul na a ist Ueorece varia Star pote sein valars, ex va Uebut {Se tanumicl pm adres. Tot pit aes weber variabla temp ce confine nod e=95.LN St mai ober ef Taine dea acta 0 procedurt de exragee inc tithe 8 ne asigurtm 8 teeta tu ce idl fee ne centages ae sre Observation In cae uebute see nodal» pe eee se trmind trverses, acest are siceeny, ach pheromone em ose aplicao med car nu impli tavesien cu doi piston care $amume dup ce se silvens cima pt de care aren mca eve, 2 mul fn cle campurtscoespunione le node renee inet, apse liming pt ead sere 1S a cio pelt eae exge valde dint lt sina Inlined (efile sets de Hs dons fe nee soar) 2 Sts eo vesune recu asetge um god ox alone dt iar ta splat orton 3. Sts ci versne ecw serge und od 6 alone daa sino ih sp lta 4 Ste seve o proceed de gegen eae sent cna (a), dae lien vest cu un sng pines spc era Oban de srg sent 5h cm ogi ca cme ite le te sings inte 4 Ss sn un prota cas renee ives leptin sin ng 7S se screw prowram cae St erg eel dns fit simpla ia 13. Altesipur dette pleat ale stor nope Listecu nod mareaj iste od mre soit snp nami cate confine un fed de tip special mani ed ary je prim nodal ist Clinger og ‘Sore ne conn tn gene val cu smumieeceag ea 2 vom vee ls So, ev nod mare), va confine in variabls Sar aden, Sesto i eet inc infest nod seem repress co emer al min de eat, Sern + Te-+ ., (Tee, FiBL, Lite pad mae, ist eu nod mej vid a coine dor nd! mars} san Te Fig13.2. List vid cu nad marca Inia uni semen Ise uta vid sev cee scve eosin) {slat de pane pet nl mata} Sanhneat=il finials itl ches Aral isser cx nod mare ihe cel fet mars pare a | ef eal inser in eapal tet a tebe tae separa i cod ck vara Serf ne oe ‘lou In primal rn, iniliareacler dol pine sucess arcupere eva fice ea old Stan P= Sur next2 sev ch old mai are valoarea ni ick cod sumer 8! seri nel, dst legis sing 1 sare fee instant ace rseri) ol nest = Now Liste tenare 1 atc ete list simp nut in i coi sen et eta 1 case chp are ‘Sires pram od al Shs. isn ovelart este deostt depen aia care ete neve oe na pecugen repr ole se Im loc st tad ner ropa ear te pea eo SE LCE Dac Pe sn pop apa Evie Pe ok NEMENES ro aoe de nedepue suc ava Dm Ups? Liste crelare co nod mares} Puen combina svanscle eelor dout puri de modiict exe ify etna oust ilare 6 08 MIE) isa conte nodal mazes) tn plus, et ous sodsl mares iat TES SRa cca x oda) ve coating “pe tena seta Str Wg eum asemenen ip de fit ptm flos! nods marca fm loc aie regen) eben linear pe sore eas fotos compe eennroduce vance tual oF pe cAmpat a soar sae sort = ol. Apo se cop cima i te oda rae na ene can nv cara sas Wi Valin Tle Set na Crmperce mung e nodal ac), ude gic De Vl fet QCA ches Tir sucms ie [peal tua Si hte pe serine li Dock Le «Sor chu ee ca Loe = lat exuare eB Sue iste dubla ila cinete dab late srt te le or nu a cmp de sehr Si ce url oe se it ees de peal wnt aeena isi cova UP dw Tomdccraie de pe pood 7 nd fod record a eee Fig 36 Nod je ita dbo ios nile de inseru i segs Toco eu un tp Boe 7. svca se ore dap Tosh cae en aoe andl reeds an liste de acest ip, neces ravers i scopl ps oeln 26 poate ‘Se ics uence fea Wa Stoner oa erp adsl dLip est ar i indicat este o lst pe eae seer tecven parcrgei ia ambele sensu vides, acest tip delist se poate combina cu cele tp ‘lina stl iste dbl ete er ates), elie et. Cid sleger ports o problem da ces tip de it baie +k tine contd fp ce adresle clive nodule pecedete cep $f cle atin lie ebsie st cnt det santlecompensete acest Exel: Sts arate eave set avaniajle feos wel itech aod mares) in cal operate de ylejere St ae see pooudodl ent eocedra de flere pent seep de Hits 2°Dact wer st facem 0 sings pacavgre « um iste eral, cae veel de neepinre eti? vedtnnestet se rst pen fr aod may 4. Putem adapta tehica comparentes aes) def etres pe rotor line in slcare sateh pont lace simple inne fds fos ‘verses ica lr? Este serie proce de insert gi de serge do no ai ists ‘bin iniqut Si se aplice la crearen wae Hite Guba ila ‘ordoate,precum sf evolu el drama (se cer dela consol inert ‘tere pleat ae isto abate im in cominuare cfteva exemple 8 probleme in care reprezntre tela nt-esracturh de List ligt ese ath, fed are in vr alates Val Inercare de nserare Fits sta pin ondace I supadepsie(Overow). “ont opera de exragere dingo va icon denamica og. Ppitack 1) expe nwa Sack alate pe creo dpe 0 ‘arial produce os ate are un elmer! ws: phn Evident este ‘suit incre sk exagem elment ni ve gol, ner ce ss denurien de abseptgire(Ondertowha ae ee aoe eo iva tn aloare sated Yom flo componente unui vector penta a meine 0st, fe cesta vector Sact//.Mat). Conveni st ump soa. cose erescir al indoor. Atin! sa exe sentfeat pr veetora Sc indicele Tap al lima element sntodus Gn nels timp, poral ce Bate fxs) Locale la Stok de lt Taps? pind ls Matsa lies, ‘esi putt inser Tn ele. Vor coc tte vids pin oped, la we pina ein Topstar iva loca iter Seat Po Top Ww Fig 142. Suva Sot i stocare atic 9 procslur de inserate a val Fa sia tt pin Stack Top, wocedr care fe testa de supadepyice fa cole, mt fe mater procedure Posh (Stach Top, Val) IF TopeMas then Overt cise Topo Stck{Fop=Vad ‘Analog, avem procedura de exttager in varia wel salon dia procedure Pop Sts, Top, 3) i€Top-0 ten Undertow ee XSttehTop) Top=top-t Ptem serie procedurite de inserare gi serge ast init tse de soradepisr, espeetivsubdepge ose fed fas los ih pest pean. Dac tescle se fe fn itera proce, sf may ‘eral lor tebuic ans proces apelante | t ‘Stiva tn soca dinamies Hele «8D eT Top Fig14.2 Seva Topi alcare diam, atid de inser serge se mplementexe dip cum umeaas: rocedusePashFop, Val) "ew Temp) ifTenpeni thn ‘rere Else Temp info = Val Tempi aes = Top Too" Temp endoroe procedure Por{Top, x) IF Top= ol then Unset se X= Toph fo Temp = Top Top = Topt net dspae( Temp) endoeConga Goats ese o struct liner in cae Snare se fae 1 un exp, ut patie sau frye con, capt pe eared yom tam) Reo. i ‘Serene elt capa, mit asad Input co, pein care ‘fle demunirea de Prot ‘Ponta eoul soma lone enumice lis FIFO, de tas Jn Fit Out i rere "primal stat, pmol ii» denumire cae tat modal soci de gestionare: cement suc eras process I ‘edna a ‘i pty acratt strat putem svea stale de supadepsie tncerare de feu element io coud pin, # subepgie InceteresJesextage ut element sito coud goal Coa loca tated In slcare stich o coudd 8 fi dat printvan vector Queue HLM regezentind fultaea spajlut visponbl_ penis coud Impreand cedar indi, Pron penta incepta eoz, capil din eae Fae rae oor pent gl cai capa cre ef inser Fig 4.3, Coad inalocre sate. In fg (a este seprecenst ‘coud nearer flest mama ise (assert element) Tig (aver o coud care sau ext inser Inseare une lr noi Val in cod de mai sus se fae ex tar ergs uel vals ex XenQuevef Fos} Froat=Prontet Asi, pin inser gel repetate, inte conn con svaseaza ‘sre capa dn dreapa a vector. Cl avem Rour=Mar ma putem fice ised Am pula gsi o meta de fle! locale ‘ecoral Guewe care sau liberal in urna serge Cusue Prot] Decrempla, st consider losis Quene/?) ea uted Ia Ques! $5 foloiu pons mere co if RearoMax then Rear= tse Roat=Rears1 exit ene acaai ler evs aduna | Is Kaw simtica modulo Rear “Rear mod Mist ‘Aver s fla aceta 0 coud exular, can Hgwra 14.4 fn ere loca ‘@atce Lurene ede. deine Mar loc ee eres ‘ua sergelr sunt uit pnt tin, ‘Coade vidh va endifeah eu Proneitor-0) Conds pin (pe ‘vsiunn cular) v6 cont cars [=F fa May. i alt cas ce uebule eae spat exe celal con eu wa sing cement, dnd indic Rear gi From Suet egal filer Ge earaFronta. Procedure Insert{Qssue Front, Rear, Vat) nsec valasea Va couda cea it pan vectorl Queene Front ear roca ser Quevs, Fron, Rest, Vl) $ Ret nod Mant I-Pont)then {(Overtow} ee fina) (cl coda em vi se madi indicts FontRES eee a= eet yt re st Franco then Front enti FRear=Reae mod Mac*1 Queve(Re] Val naif’ cree ear gf Rerdint Spa slement Fel Foon Fig 144, Cow cela tn alate Tic) Ingearen una ou clement ‘irostorea proce exrazeovaloare din conf vari X. procedure Delete (Queue, Fron, Rea, X) {EFront then (Undertow he (ens8=)| XimQveve font {refer eva {Frost then dock cond te un singur element} Front, Rear=0y ‘se Fron:~Front mot Max encit exit Srp | | Coad in alacare dinamiot Im alcare eiramit conda va fi reprezetath pesto Uist snp Intuit dat ptm oir Front lire pemal nodal Li care va tn ch tmp capil din ere ef lepers, inpcus ea un pointer [Rear pe eel vom menfne to timp pe wil mod al Tet aces Find capa cares serie ‘Gouda vide va dni de Pron=Rear-i ite pete coads cu i singar element vom avea Fron Rear ai. Cis ..- 7 Frnt Ties Procedure de inseae lege din coal ra nfl wma procedure Insert Fant, Rear, Val) ep) pra ten ovsron cle with tao "afe~Val nave ‘FRenrail then {cond em vit Fron=p Rear next=p ena Rear=p enti cntproe procedure Delete (Fron, Rear, epront= ai ten (Undertow)fextragerea valon cx elterarce spf cre a fos ocpat de not Front) So eo into po ont Froti= Fostex eps) if rent nites Tova sven vn sing clement iar au ei) Rese= enti nti dpe (Cael patiulare de oxi se nameste DEQUE (el Doale Ende Queue) osc tina ae aes ers se ot asa oar din cele du ape, thr nol al fe cnt re pon dela sau in odelaeaanumiter probleme poten satu de toi cu esti J pu ner pot feels un x i exvapente a amindoul re eeetan de coun ee coade cx prorat. ate 0 cond a coe an pe lings chee $10 plone Vor prasapune Tastes prorat exe rate 2 aga mas depre, Ordines tocar ee dat de repue Merce co acess price sunt extse (9) forest) Ia cine a; Toate clement cu prionae 4 11 (idel vor Benrse nares) (ett se ac tun sigur apt Cah pot pic regue deal ag a erage seen up tou lemon cx priori 4 vt ‘aod ta ce cone ate elamenile x pointe Coetry tn epreriae ca id, pose 1 concep cA find compas dn wl nite con! coven coda element ot Fito uml de cea a cemeteor ov poorate 2, ee, De Megane be fxn tn OY), inser sf i inp Of). Abia Sani secen 3 vor vod oreprecentane arbereseeat x coaor Seontay cre nse ect ump OF rane coor ou print Apc ale strcrri deta cond Tn primal nd aces pr de strstr st ost de sstemele de sperare Ream dont oes pe cae © ihc wtzares ‘Sous ar Gives put esos sum late de sstemele ral tasking, mulnuer ce ‘Apes a programa sunt extrem de merose. Cea mu simp aplicae snot de sv ete inverse ori noi set de elements GRE*O Suse iuengl de ope oles stature de sve penta Srakare cored unr expres, de exp ewlaaes orctind pratt espresior aimee cu operat bat In folujie infix; stlamea expresfor antmetee eu oferson bath Tn oubie posix (erere ploners inves). cu validren cree ‘Rralacoeie inaction floss sutra ve stv pent oaluarea ‘Srecutcin code Alle spicy vom vodca incall urior, a avenue rota elie Enersits TOSSa te sene un progr car incrarordneaun it de earctere tte dela o cosa losin 0 sa 2. Sse sen un program eae sete de aco 9 expe aiteten operon bia fa ote i, cu pratece.# ere aes etetadinen paranceats Grogaml tive va gi face elutes pe tsi ce ete expres, ct cuo singul prc Swe ce nar) 3. ‘Stes un progam cae ae ca date densa wn git de crete ce reper © expose aaimates eu pain bina (4"e1) ‘penne tte, In aoa posi: Fes secu de sv, cs 0 Sows porurgere expecta, ot 2 evere expres Sau #9 8 ‘ecidsncoreaines ©) 44 Shae sere prose de extagere gi insite de elements intro ont cu pia repezenas x st sl tll 4, Seidnu el sve Siw pons date de nae, care cone fn ore ‘rsetione Teg {Lely SOs pent igre Stu © sv Sixers 2 Ponta n=, putt saga un aod de usar a vor ne eet dacs nl avem coiguraia. (254 in SOM 38 Shrine onlgarin 5472? Daz conga 1324 by Patem 5 fli cele te sve pert» genera pe rnd in fae porte em lemons end Sin coniguaia 12)Capitotut 1 Structuri arboresceate Suture atboreserte sum ee mal simply tip de stem lini, Incepe in acest capil un studi al or. ere mec ree ‘pont exhastiv cada rests laa ist, Prenton oTeeputnebnes de arbor career, sabre tiscute eesre postiltmes reprezeman lor cu dea, tur a leet, ftedusem pe seu esteva pu pariulare de bon fee ols uteri pezsntam emnnolgi ald penis a es ‘Apoi ne concen esupn une cla specie importante de atbor, tbo! bina Preerdin pers acqie te deat pete Specie de raveri. Diss ocanceare mtcnmict pecs! sofas sinitrtate si echvalen,noiun eave scoped ele ntaee oe forma” a unl ore bir, modelnd seminare epihanes oo ‘malines aber bina (cast parcular de ator bina et recta In vecinen 4, sori bint de elute Dupaecum aa names acoso tee optine in anumite carat) pert opentia de chaare Meseslg igor species de inserare ft pare, const pee ie feet event, opener, ne yi comple ie Pour sds erformani peri de tare de Of) et era fa srt linear la Oftog) pezesim outa secfune ropes de ‘wore bina due eet AVE.2 Arto © print define «sucturi de arbor © putem a poring dela 6 ‘srt ml carplesd ces dra ‘Defi, Se mumete graf G ~ WY) 0 pereste formats din dows lin, sues Xs nogaie su far crf imines a ‘uchilor graf, unde 9 muchic + c ¥ ene potche erdorll de odun vfs). ‘Un gal ncotetl ete un graf incre pees hes (yee ew perches, Un gra fara eich este un gra i care, poring de aut edt pote aunge dia woul! folosind mach Defi Se tues arBore wn grat = (7) et este eae cones, fir cicln cur od proscar dsc ent once [Se exit un na fine vii x.y reese xno ‘escehdes decs oa 6) Pater 0 defi reckrsiv a rut se arbre: O struct do avbose, Tun stume tip de bara ese {hye sinc wa ates T= 0) (2) fl ene evi, det combine un od de ipa d baz, pe eae! yn ‘pum slicint $l vom to ro, pls un we Rit descr junc de arbor de acl tp). 7. Th num subarea la 7 fem fi root Covet tp de bar” ae refer a informatie de un sume prea nod (eicbetsnodul) gf numird maxim de descent od. ack naman asin de descendent eeu nod et un es ‘unc sputem ef ave un kbar Fig... Un arbor 7 ol din ro 9 it,i re cre Resmi deni recurs unt lt: © Ha dean ana tp bask ene (fe tists (=), (2) fi eat nevi tune confine wn nod nami apa tl, wat de Salts desc p de bass, ‘Goce sete apr ea caruripriculare de aor In care feae ron are a sing descendent pot considerate abo openers Pena epezentreaatror, cea mat eeveni ste repre ca graf inca lai tah =f dint wn nod escende Ta ech fete reper ea much sae. ‘Se mat pose flo reprezertzea cs expec prsnttia, care ‘et Find wate lita irs re paranieze (O-suectad aiborescent poate f folosid pesca 2 codifca © rmufitaine de relat seatce, im ea exempu dost vlapa de ‘eluant mulpn: daca Xeste alas a ate eperenae Xe fu al Iu Y.” Unversul ee cuprne toute multmle va f radicira arbor. ©) (ABER. AG.K40), DED) Fig212(@) Un sathore cepreeatat a gra () Acca 3-nhore eprenerat oie Fip2..3. Rei de ielunone modelate ev Shor or fice disinte nse erbotordonai, ator in care exit 0 ‘elie de ortine te deseendeai ect nox, mendonay nea ‘excendeptfomeaas omuline neordona i} Fig2.14, Arbor (a) ()suntidenis cx arbor ne-rdonai, dar tne ca tbon ondocah Terminolopin pe cae 0 vom fleet rmtioaea + Nom mun gael tbaciu ase ec repent mand ani de ‘ium ee Feil nd al rboreh i vo aoe un eT fll urtior. (9) rldicin se aa vel 0 (©) ied un pod seat Ie veld ant isnt a veal io? min tesa etncime una apbcesvela rani nadir mete ermal su fra un no Br descendent Sesumeje nod mere erce nd eat terialUn 2aypore ordonat se ume ardor bar. Abori bina ocupd act fa cara seucturioe horscete entry ez do fi a nul arborebinar + incejeaitdemumirea de fi sing, respect Gu sept “Tipor de ogiturt ponte reprezentarenaeborilor “Tipasile de lpi folote peat epezenareaatonior depind de nai mult fetone on tip de mulice de dale reprecin, c= ator, felapsebui pe tn eigen, = opera sat efectuate ma fre=ven, Reprenetaea ni arbore cu legtich loth = fly, Ise, tn pinepa, et din care nod, avem acs Ia occae Sine i Ea ext Potsvid pet rbortordonsy 1 pene cae accel la nods face aes ios" ‘Cu leptu op soa (ware nod “ge cine este al sit) se pot scprezeata font midomi Exe tn ip de legs Revert penis ‘robles tm care module aborels eresouelementle use! mul fame igre a lc oprah penn ae ea ‘Un alt np de reprecetae exe ex pd leat f= fate. cess Inseam ek pent fecare nodal bores avem aces pra suf Grin tapi sar (Nodunle de pe aowapi nivel se mame Hah 9 ani sth) Puiem uece i mod eanonic dela un karbore 7 (epreasniat cu togiturh tach fi) un afore bina cite sea tami arbore bar Conor cvit at wansorming “primal fu sng legit a fae fa dept o Fin 5 Fa vein ota sit none 22ers) ios ep pa pte agen gt pecan es yan rn wecerea In aborle bina eannic aoa ple wane probleme edt abo tar | Arbor complet pe nvelar 1 Temale probleme ne teresa saver irae minima pent on Acorbore pnts mart total de nod n fat Un tip de aor eae Indeplinegle acest deuderat ese edorele comple! pe meefart =u ke dardore eae are tate aiveluils pln, event cu exceyia im ive wd none pares a nes elGos tl eataome atbre et exalicn oseUn Zaybotsordnat se ume artorebiar Arbor bina oeupl loc inputs! fa cas stucturioe Storescete. Pentru cei do fi a ‘nut atbore iar £2 Tacejeattdenumira de fix sine, respec fu sept “Tiporidelgituri peat reprezentares abrir “Tipatie de legit folote peat epczenareaaboniordepind de mai pull ston on tip de mule ce date veprecina, = aor, ‘lap webu pose tn evden, = opera st efectaie ma event, Reprenentarea unui arbore cu legato flu, Ise, tn pwinepay et in csce nod, sve sess Ia occare Gin Oi Ea xt Potsvia pein soortordona pane cae accel la nods fe ess ins" ‘Cu leptun deepso (care no “ge cine este al ts) se pot epreccna ben meidonali Ese tn ip legis fecvent pen ‘robles in sere nodule arbres reresalelemertele weet mul 9 Snes interesa fem operat pe mul teste de apareneis 3 ‘eur de male. ‘Un alt up de eprezenar este ea Up delegate, Aces Inseam cd pet ecave nod aloo: svem acces primal su fi fin fapi su (Nodarle de pe acelaj nivel se mumese fa 91 Sania ost) ute dete in mod canonic de ls ut arbor: 7 (epreenat cu tegitrh tat fi) tun above bar cite tev mami arbor bina monte oat a7 tas "pr Ba tag leg fae infu dost o Fig! 5 Fragen toi st noe eign re ae ‘Sir bl detect tp tine hte ne dointogian ripe aupe serena omen rin wecre ln atborle bina capi asc ple wane probleme edt i atboe tra Arbor complet pe ntelaet Te mute probieme ne intereseaa st aver rie mii pentru Arbore pnt nuts total de oda n flat. Un tip d= atore eae indole aeest decider ene rdorele comple! pe mafart =u fe drhare ca afetcate vel plin, event ex excetia ul five wade nodule par ngs nsjnen uu atmens arbre este egal cu Hoss tiecc Petr o repeeriare fa alate diaamieS 2 unui store, i cae sunter imteresa si facer pareuper de lee in jos, am pees Tosi wmsiona tide nod pt Usp ee ee as Rect ad x ccauianaraag Jr sector de diensiane NP cu componente poten, ate Tot, ‘Silt et poiter ete Hull nod far 12, ‘Teaversaren unui arbore earscare Taayerarea ese accvaea ta vise feta nod a ti srborecene,o sing dt ‘Algortml de ravers are unnoaes soca 1 Seporcte de a sdtcinn. 21 La Bere od euear (ae paced {Oj ino to sracnek auton fi youl cwen veferes procein tence 3, Se erage dn seta atone un at nods ria dea pune 2 ‘Caseracur ajttore puter fos una din sich eae pe cae le mvs coud Sect Yon sn efnem manerara elie (rah f+ bor Daci folsim 0 svt bjiem ieversrea tx adéncine (pth ft)» stoi Frocedue de tavernas: Procedze TavLatoat) {teaver tn lime 2 aborlud Root, flosind 0 ceedk Queue si rocedunle OINSERT (Queve , ~] penn inser, respect ‘QDBLETE(Quee, pentru serge din coc | | Queve 0 inatizaea con IT Root © nithen INSERT (Que, Roo) cea CNSERT (ese Roo) wile Queve #0 do ‘QUELETE (Queue, Nasa) (procesest Nod i) for K= Tio Nod past do eg CERN, Node KI) cxtile endgroe Procedire TeavadRoot) Uraversare in adincime sun arbor, Root, losin’ o svt STACK, cu rocedule PUSH (STACK, }s POP (STACK, "} poner enone. "espetv extagen sve) STACK intslizare oa, "Root > wl thes PUSH (STACK, Root) nit ‘le STACK =0 do POP (STACK, Nod) {proceseani Nose taf for K=Nodcn tis donne t do PUSH (STACK, Nod *ik]) enor ceniile endoe Exerc | Sis sere un program care are oa dtd dentate un hasbore gi se ‘rere arborle ina eanoie soca I 2. $4 se serie un progam cave are cade de ina un etbre binar ‘onside aronic seit una arbor eae (a) deters pe (© consis Farborle 3. Saw implementeze operate de ravers ale uni arbre fiat).2.2, Aor binant ‘DeGnitie Us arbor dinar ese un 2ahoreordnat. Pent cei doi ‘al anal bore bon + Tcatant demain de fs sin, respecy Fide ‘Debi vectesivd a abort bar Un arbore bina Test: (ie wn ata vid (7-6) (Bie emer. tatunel eosin un aod muri cng, mpreunt cu {i subabor saat dipuse mum subarborle stig, respectv shaborle cept ute flo str de acbore bia peru a rerezata de exami I crbed peneaigis (pedigree) ecre nod va reyreazaa © persoan ‘suing. lil ep - mea epoctel penne, 2, awe ferize od repeat clpgior wns mec 9 ci oi eprint prspani la respect mech, 5, Spe entation cs penton bia O @ Q © QOD © OO O ig221 Arbor are eprint ‘arcs ane (nthe) EDD (© reyrezestredinamied 2 ayordor bmw In scl © pum fee co ‘enone ipa de cate vot [ia we ite Sil netmsecos vt vom ice soothe il ert ‘oh ee 1p per cae aor = rig pane le subarorele dept ‘Un subarore vid © marat prin valores i a pita roo! Ate radia “Travers de arbor bina eins twerace in jie fee fice fosind w cad) eis ‘ue pe specs de over jnagizaime ale abouor ina 17 Bigaetine sasr Spa 3 ere 3) farang SDR) Frcenuet RAT tela Geratne le attr aves Tose et osc poser cut, cure incepe aver aint (pRoan sia pets a pe mm noguriece mind proces ProcedusePreOrdineRoot) {RSD} ‘Sask. finfaliaonstiei Stack cu ss2 O) P= Root finfiizare poimerus at) trble p= nde (a) sept 1D tprcesent pr nfo} 3 Pppaigh = a en ‘PUSH (Stack, seh) soit 3 ate (@) iS 0 ten "POP (Sack, p) ent sane dpe(A) Penta fear od se reper psi 13 1) se proseseal eda 2) oct ae fs op nevis introdce fl dept tnt; 3) se merge un ms sng seria del), (B) Cin mai pt merge a stings 4) se extagen si un nod ise iad a (4) Procedure InOrdineRo0t; {SRD} Sick 0 b= Root & while p= ido Uinta cere nod ins gma de a tga, ina numa am unde cote Triad <0 then {extagen nod ia ta gl procsea} POPS p {crore in} eter ie ind pal en om pthc i (pat ta pial are are Gude) = i eh (mt dacun psf reap yen Cel Serpe (1) while pai ane pt et = mil do OSH (Stack, p) P=ptlet end (@) hile pric = nit do ‘eat Ipmceseazt pt. face © then Ola p POP (Stack p) tse eur ier in do rept) nai ssl Old pret xdtite (5) PUSH Suck p) (8) p= phi repent adproe 1a PoutOrdine spre o dictate io plu fh de cll ip {ind exag un nod din svi, nam vole stl prosaet docs aca (Siminn proceire filer, sng i dep, dacd cast Pesta ot Bevo Tne un pointes cwer, Ol, spre ode poecat sc cot Sag fe Bal sg (Old = pty, ffl dent (ON! = oe miss ON — A s YW @ or © m7 ND OS et e222 Tovesaea pont eon Cel do sui costes » 4 » Ps oeses id ia in de peo mc gata, a oi reg odors aoe inva), merge A PS (Stipe (i, ste elect. eps (eS ata ch vm peo amar esp aun mings 5 dp ea in stra (Svein repent uni ea )) a ih cou a epee na a whe ono Tulsi repeat — nil OH pet ena sea un in Saga) OV8~ pet st aden. 6h Doct un cont ac wanes ha wae, Dei, pe eam de sel Feo) ror cae ens in PES i (oat at fu rep ou ar. Dac sunt sain) Sul sng ori ene i, dee ria sowed neon dn ea) Oram de op (@) (oe Fig 222) proces. Seems to Tak repeat Oe pone osmal a tenia procesares lal Pt Proceduile reeusive de taverce 2 thon bina au o ford soars spl ile preset in ean. procedure Pron (pe) een “ep ai en bene Processes (9) Preoeacpt les Pers.) nd cad proce Tne (pes ‘asin Tepe nthen vesin owe (pte Proce ( Thord (>t end procedure Poston (pa) est Tipe on ean Posed (ptf Poston pt eX: a 1 comple pe avert ‘Um aboe timer complet pe nivel ete un rb bar eae ae toa athe line, eves ex exceyin Uma nve, we nade ato an sng Siymcn na shemenes abort eal (a ek fat are tine mari, vant eee eae pate repazeta nective fy alorare satek 6s abe cue mane cele foie dat Ge averse in eo creyererst 2) ® oO CeTETeTSTE LET! ig 223, Atborebinar complet pesivei, teprezaiat ca vete=Pe acct rereznt sai abiem gor epee fi stg, fu deep athe formule : “Ay 2) ete tt A ‘Ata exe satng tA) ‘ALK eel ee A] Arbor binaries Subarboi vai ai woul arbve bina (egtule dep ma) poe tempera facia efeemasea unor ope fresvene pe arbor Daet de Exempla ve safc epertia de traverse Tn inane, an tes face inailore in moraine a wn sbore ha, nfl! ume to Pointe if se esetesz8 ear nodule icceoare ia ior, acd sunt Ign de tip Gi ep, Prevecsnie in norte, dic sunt ep ep fi stg \Vaebuls2 mente near nod un cmp mata) ops eae st te spn dae lena tings sau deals su leptin i arborea leplter de incre Instilaren tevine practi Ie suprapneres une: ssuctr els sil flanuts pete srutua de arbre bina Anal: Spots fice ineilares in pending o % Fig22.4 bre bina isha fn nonin (Pointer care ven valoarea nn (a) a fst xa nfl unr teeta de tip de (i tng) ete nnd! proecesoria inode, ar lestunie dtp rig (fix dep) cite adel suecesor in indie Beers 1. Dips modelul de tn arorcle bar a se serie cum se expr leginsie fiw sting, fia deer sik pentru un Derbore connor pe ‘vel Dar pent un Rasbore? 2. Sonet un program eae prise c date dentate un ibre bins ‘rouse abort bina Inia ninordine. Sei ap: w proce ase ‘lzect gar de nel paver 3. Seo poste cae feat un bore bs coal, penielus, 4 Sse procedrt care nuit ine nui aber bra. 5 Transformayinprogarse Passa procedure eens cule pct deers nant le ur bere bas 6. Compan din pune de vedere al spa iat vesunt trative fu cle reeusivealeslgontmlor de traverse ado ale una ‘hor bina2.3, Arbor! bina — Si ate i exhvalectt Ne ccuplm fn acest parr ou formularea unos defini prec i cu carscterzarc matematied + unor nfl ietuave per arbor bn cum rofanea ea do abo. abt “acesai forms” (Similars) 3 ius ata “aera frm cee conginus(echivalens), Inna oto Baar 7 97 se soma soa ck sas acs font”, Mal pes, tem spupe ch exis o Bie ee fd I eee ll 7 asl nt ca duty apni’ TR Te corspund nodule” eparinind Tat 7. ate! acd my aarti au vor ae i aparie Tp) ar ac ac aarti uid fu) vor avea opal dr fy) Ci ale eure, {Sigs i ae pr esd i pont pn sn borle ‘Dot sibori bina sunt echmate da sunt sick in po nodule ee ctespund pn ecie comin asin nfm to de © o @ Fig23.1. Aron (5 () sat simi, 9h (sunt simian, (b) exe cf de) a) (@ san eciveen Pate sa ir te defini le aor de silane chia ‘pate pe dei eeusiv bors bia, pe creo eatin Define P32 ums arore bnar Gack {a} fe Festevd =O) () fe Teste nevid (7 + 0) dei conn: un pod muni dei soa oo, mp x do acon bia p= (1 ni Fil fing. especty Bu pt alu ot Be taza ei putem defied fomal simlanata si ehivalens dp cum ‘meas Deft Do ator bina 7° se names sami, oti aceasta es Tat ack (a) fe sunt ambi via aia T= y= 0. (fe sunt ambi neva, ake T# Oy "4 0s) aune vem g (0 = sig (1) Ging i csr sunt le) de T= de) ‘tesa adsl susan) Definite Doi arbor bis 1g 7° mumese cohefow 6 natn gceasacu Ta dock (a) fiesuit amb a ach = Oy F< 0 (Poe sum ambi nevi ied 7 yi Te O i aun’ ase nfo trom Thing vo 1) 8g (0) = mg) de = ah OE) Fie = uy wy tam afore bar dt pi sa nodal sate It cures in preerine (RSD) Flectrra vm soca tei valos Pye (al repeerente informa it modal, silly = ofa) alone fnfiloe rf nol Func 1 (Ge I et) + (dex ih) st font marca) penta cee fortis, respec rep, etn fun nod dip un Ti £ daca wae fs evi ahe #0) {oye wn te i sng mei os) = Os sain rid =[i, duck) * 2 deck dr = 0 ‘Aun aforee P= my uy ay eaacteiat prin valor tel {econ eum components, ect ayo (ulna 6! avnd ea vlor poste doar pe 1tae i ino Ta wt ie) He _ Ee into [ATIC 1 2 thetrteted ste] fig Vir vce if rpm tot (a) aco)ainFig2.3. 1. ‘8 defini ot pe maul wl mbar ina feta prin Tyra tse oy 1 stoteenam [ede riy 1 ai wae 1 Faia tint 0 |e a et cw ig indie {de = ry @ aden wm ae Funetiaf define a sus, ascii eu prcurgere in preordine 2 uni tnbore bina re dt extrem de mull informatie dxpre arbore dp cur Sow ven din enue umeazl Lema Fie P= up __ wy unarbre bia parcusn preortine ‘Sune rial en Sut aevarate fea) = fag2pensorice ben) (ay fou) + fad (i) Dah fiu)et stun exist ming / fl «+ fa A= me I Aiede reste oun dened din al sting al ba 7 emenstrayic vem face pi nui dit nol, T ae umsingur od Pw dei fay )= 0, desi fled - (in ole ei reli in acest ca a mine dott ea (0) ear se ede It fii! pcx toca am demonstra adevasatd} Fie n>/.Ipter de nde ente ot pesipner lems adevrat petra feeb in ae mn ie acum un reaecte gi Toy ty tw thor bisa prea fecal eu nod” Avem doar dows salar pose pent fu), ‘Fe 1} (cei fl)-1 ste eats ns! ces oe coace poten) ‘Starl-zim perce dou cau (@)fluj~O Rez cd wy rca lal Tare um sing Bia nevi dee fete set Od 2 cn coe cae f= sirfed= o(2)'se/ Doi rT~C exon ce ene coialet eu I)! Sirf) Rsienament exe asa pen ore in zr (a) a <2) Presupaner ef sure eal (o1, aesngurul fu nevi at Teste ce dept Atunet oh) wy mj ty repreid.prcargerea La Te porting, dr) ate w+ nod i pute spin poten ee induce onda ela] peneu a7) (flay > ~fug20, petra onie Rel 9 a Stud = fag a necte elai puter. adua iy cave ae valores 0 9 aug 9 seljia ff) oid Bly fed-ffo)~ = f)20, pnts orice em) ‘ela (a) pent F ftajet ‘i s)= = ft) fl) sam cheat demonstra incaal (a. {ay jfa=1. Rem c& Pare ambi i evih. Dac met nun de dat din Gal sting a ui Tron node de In vy lay,» Sunt nodule i st()pucursin preoring, adelante ‘ai ee(7) paar In preordne, Cu ate ewe din parcurgrea in ‘prerdine @ it T-abinam parcurgerile tn prordine ale Tir 88 p(T any eC yt He Subaiborior se he pute slca pte de indie{i calealam scum sumele parle din ent leme pena arbre le evauin ket stun too olan fad flr +f) fags + fd? 0 emu ch fliy)> _* fla) 20d ela) pete) mie fla fa » fing)” 1 fla) = fly -= 10 penued fll fon, Jno ia relia (8) pres 67) (cu acest tn demon lai (i pens 1) Segara) i= fa) > = fly pf ~~ fa fn, ~ fd pons ces ese ep) pentru (cu aceadn am neni demonrtares tlie: 0) peri 7) Fo fle)fi) oo fit ~Mlng od =f flay“ pir este reais (3) penta dr (cutest am demonstra lag (0) pet 7) aed, “Teorema de caracerizare a sn wi rita eclvaentel a eoremd Fie T= 0) uy tg T’=u'y yoy od atbon bias da fn parcrgeietor a preordine’ Umatoree firma sunt devia My Pa sk ima (PT) ack mama acd aver eae (8) fap ~109 pentronce api ite (1 rode) peu oes taparinnd interval fm) (Fs T" bu ookoaen (F-=7) eae yuma cd vem reaile (©) adler) penn orize apart interval n) adenine oie! pari itera (1m daft) infu) pnts cee api ines 1] Demonsraje Este evident che suficint st demesstm pant (8, (9) tuomind vedi dia dfn ee de eevee ‘Yom face demonstra pr induce dupa mount Ge nod ale n=O Dect Ti 7'sun sila cum T= 2 vom avea gi" O's 0. evi n= m (nga tla in sel (S) cae este e demonstrat in acest en) Per implicating sons cont, din n=l ge eal dec suis elt T sat vis, de similar (prima al defi, 0) ipoeea de indie» presiqunem, pity bor eu nod inc, duct sat s,s ave elle (8) ptr nodule oe. is cum fi simian, Tea bodun 1°. Avast sean ct a0 dei 7'00.i np ave. (srg (62) dremaer) Fie mt mudd de nou ng) rapes), 5, analog W's undone dn ig’) spect dr(P'). Aver Din flap desire (01, aici yoteza de induct (ete) inde nda) obsam relaile thay pent orice spre terval 2, 1? taj uy ents ce sprint 2m Din latin de simiartate (02), apledad patra de tric one rele ti’ pees oie ‘apatni neal fis 2.) rhi= iy ent one aparuaan eral fn 2 nf funind cap esp scene Joh seat de re obinem pe de pe inom pede lp este eal dort ae funetile marc, futinel peatra primal nod | Shdemensvay eh fa) ly. Daed d0. une me ei se, del tuep= 0 $i svem pala doi. Dae fa) P ne! Ino, darn, desi wy» 0, dei fr) fs din aou ave epee (Gori Analog se demonatears ey)” Wy coca co chs Semoastaia ne implica entry implenpia tn sens aves st presupunem a ites. de ‘indie, ac ela de tip (S) sume aerate uns aboot 7 5 ‘ntl unde are nod “Si pesupanem acum ca aves. fbori 7s) Yet Tn ema, Fea m k,l (8) pee su aerate ‘Ele suftlent 6 demonsrim eb avem 2-0 lnradevr dacs cust eae eadevirals, stuns rer ser da wn” ch mm’Apo, calle fneilor marca = impa indouk supe: penta init fe (201 Ampreundcu nny, conde, conform ipotets de eduehe t sHe(trste 7); eats petting 1c fs 2m). mpreend co mon conduc, to prin aplcarea ipoteai de indie la sonelusie rei) Deunde, picid detnia recurve a simular rent St demonstsimepalfttes n=. Aver te eau (1 fa)=0. Atrium O i'r 0, dune tzu = 2) ttad=t si ru)0. Dar atu i riu')=0, deck wn 9 sed, de len ns deel 2) Had=1" 9 rf) 1. Bes feud, Conform rele (i) din Lem xi minh fig) fh) =e Pete at pane peru avem ft')=1 9 fu’), doi fv, dee conform lati i) din Lem exists maf fr) fir pedro {Gum incite mars / yi sunt eale pe nodule corspnehoare din T 7” vom avea yf) fu) pers oie tan), de sual pile 2 dot weber coined, dei Ya coincide qi tndete pe cae alee rung ose, adie vom aves m= m1. de unde yn! OED. “Teorsna ne spune et nformatia complet despre srt, ot fwbore Dinar este euprinst ie wectock iyO[Tonf, lem) 4 Hf of ‘mention a incepta secu. Cu alte eunne, din velo acestor ‘veer se poate reonstru arbors. Mai ml ver ciao metosd Se onsrui, are se pate tasforma ugr in alginate fey Penis care nod. apod sumele Fane pe rind, la prima eae se ‘snuleed am alt ce nur conine barborle sting, ec ‘Dacd am avea doar sul cimpunlor iyo" de le parcrgere ssboreut binarIn preotdine,informaia nu af sficone pare + ‘eeonstitu struct arborescen®. Lucrunle se seb Inst Qed amt fea glist cimpusior to ale prcurgent ia inane cn condita ok Atbosce stn cowl che multiple ercitt {Seve un program care areca date de inte vec yf, 1418 sonst atboree bie corespinaioe 2 Sect un progam care ate ea te de intrare un aibre binae i ‘onset vector inf, si 3, Demorsaji cd di pareurgerile fe preordine gi inordine ale un arbor bina epost rect strctira bores 4. Sere un progrars care are ea date de intae pareurgeie in rerdine # fnordine ale una atbore binar si consruste whorl bine orespunzton 24. Arbor bine deelatare Aor bina sunt fecvent os lt epezetaen une mula de dite le cari lemente st ideatsewte prnt-o chee ani Deck sceas chi ia valor de un sp tial erdonat, de ext Tce sae {aac pos st inboptim” stuctra rborscent ey tli Se ovdne ie ce Dien npn an ret a Sah Sr he cies Se Ss Soe Tge Sum oe ek inet Tatas tore agereny oe smear Smeemreewaaenceteet, wc es eke 8 pea sohtorearserts Leeoes Weenaete Sa aaa eee a ee ee ea cae a ce i ty rma cae Acero as ee ice Sangre wana tat oe aye poem) Gena mem ere ae eT TEE al ach ni ape ea Ses Seen SS ene (WL) infofu) > infofrootttefful)) meen sams ol BS EE ee il oa ‘Si mai observim cf, din pri inegaliilor rete de mass, nr mabore bina de eftare aja cur 3 fot efi pt eam pot Sta ‘hel mulupe, cual coins, pot exit dal rout eae al a ees vloaes cimpulu io. Vows nami un aserenen arbre un more Dar declare sre Problena chile mtg e pote tenia tat tate modun. Dae che sunt insofite de alte die sennifiatne, sunciam pte conor pur simp nected urd de aprhe repecived ciel Dash inst chile sunt fsoie de alte dite ie ave don srerezntim fect eee raul nator seein atunel pte fle ue in ele dou rut de arbre bar de eave sect ‘Naim abore bina de eure msi fa sting un bore bier 7 ce popiemts ein eer od wal su vem relaile (G)influl » infor. centr orice vee) (@) otal < iol) peta oie we roku ‘Azalog. definate roan de abo bina de etre nest Ia creopta, exile (5) inole) > ofl eats oie vel (Bmpoted = fo. pen once we righ Q © Q® Q &™ KN OOD OO OO ® ® @® (a) bore bina de eauae strict (b)Atbre bina de eure nest Iateaptn, Chale 22944 sunt he rtp Fig241, Exemple de arbor bina de cure In stp, © lt propriate important a shorn ina de care ete acaca cl pccugere in incdine (SAD) a mi asec Sore prodoc ost dedi crestor a cheUor. De seen src de fibers binard stare ete pits pera seul de dite pe cate, pe Tigh insets lerpe, 20 care dest de fecvent odonaen toa a cheer, (Chutarenne-onarboreblaar de chute Ian abote bina de cuz operas de chute a une che se desfjord fll unto poe def atc jos pe un dm are Ste_deerinat in feere nod pl aegeren ramurt sng su ‘hous depe in func de recall compari valent ebusc 2 ‘hela nodal respec. ‘Sr presopurem cl avom arborle bar de ele rprezenat Pascal cuter ipurdonde date ‘ype prod tod, od record tnfineger, et ih : pod ed, ‘0 fui Pseal care implementers opera de ctu un ator Yan bre bia estae dt pom over) Root ee "cia est rma function Loe (Va: integer; Root ood not ‘Youn boolean, vesin found fe ‘hile (oot nil) ant not found do bee Root? info Va hen ‘und = te lee if Root info Val ben Root Hoot lef che Root Root ght ead, toes Rect nd. {incom Loe) Funeja Loe (Val, ot) va ttura valores ml daca che Halo 5 (arp plete nodule eborlu anu un potter ue nodal In ere Popo ral to cua cute cu snes, (Sh obvar i ost inrd ez program ftumesst pms spare « valcit ciate.) (Chto erat cx a2 deafgoart fecal whe este eseminitoare ust de Ia Hine fldapute Ea este guvemath de doo! condi anda de neterminare « saci (porter or cu cae fem prrculgten a fe df de mi) condi ea pst ie valeares hath font cy ajar vibe! boolenre found. SB ne ‘eam foul eX ls stricta lineore avesm tees componets: fmaea} care ne pemitea recucees la jmdate = noraruha d= Comperaji in cute etivd O tehnicd smart se pat plc Ta ‘zl arbenor, Palen completa un arbor bina de elute cu un rod ‘marca git nod fa care Be lege oat aru arbotl. {Complete = ponte fase pur sma locind spay pert acest sou ‘om 9 ind of poner a arborea ga cu mind Fig 242. Adore linae de eiutare completa nod mars iit 1s cluare, se pune valowen eau in nodul mares) Procedure modifi declare art in fell utr. fection Loe (Val ieteger: Root: pad): pad, eg ‘mind aft Val (se pune vloares ctu nod mare} Inile Root info Val do {€ Val pt ino then Delete (i i lsc begin (ergo pt} a=p igre = al then pematet eg ~ ten Bmgtright tse Del ie) ond O vacant trav» chuii cu serge «uni nod dines ahote binar de clutare cate implements de procera Searched. ailarieh rocedunle Delete si Delete? eae tte ted cu fis, respecte oe ot rocede Seach Del (ites; eg Yar pl p,fiseroot lg: (1, F2 pointer eae fssoot pears no als nine de Adin} procedure Delete(vr peg) (Sterge um od pt eu ce mut un suceso) ein Ip let i hen Pim ptr sep “pret ed (Delete 1, reese tre (som tote cut) (nu predecesral In iorcine el filo mrp ut ps gs, spoil dept cit et poute.Pacurgeten se fice cut qetae | Weqeleg — (di=si r= af ng) tein @ a-p Po prtee aoa lle ght it do test erties dint td (©) prin tinfo; (Se copiaat nt vals iat) phecntor= ort, (6) {Se eng det, ,sbarorte ting a ie ‘fale then arden =r en ese qheght = let nd [Dele 2) begin [Seach Det) ne falseoot falasroot ght = ror; fedaugie ned macs)pl: roo, 2 = sero at found: = se tal ple ai) and ot Found do eo pst Fa ptt inf thon bein Bicol pi: pl tet ge ext seii> pitino ten begin rnp pln pit eft Gal ond lee found = woe oe sft found nen “uam gist” ae [found = re tebe erg nodal ptt} See itcpttteten) or ptt gt =i ben Delete! (ol) (serge az It else Delete 2(pl) tree eae 2} (lepace nou nod pI dea p21) ieee dea at igh pt ise pales pl ond en, (procedure Seachel} (Ceri Nod eee! af oa tt un fa “Nout” 08 returned Dee, va sant ea ach este). (Can 2 Nodal de esp, ar oi ic pocedur Deere? (o) cath predecesna a ion al Ta ayo aed merge ust Ling api apn cit ponte cu doi pain cer eifat penta cole daca fut esting su rer () congas in tte ciple Ii pl, eo ecepia cimpaslor poimer ete fi, alot (Gh eagh pe al a rf, gf de ll sting ook (chiar ac © rin in ieee ast Tod La opin din Deleted saw Dafete2, nodal pit ste “nou” nod bjnu pin loca ceive dup ca. El webu legs de als, oh ty fae de vane Sse xge 60, Una stu fiu devine Se gg 30. (Gy Se ent preteeesoa in noe la Sia bore Haste, (8) Se leg prodecsorl, he ae cel mat un fing whidvagetoe ‘Srartste foc 5 ou feng 70Pi Se stege 30 Setnlocuiese'ca —_arboreie eztiatin uona Dredeceorlninordine, 20. eer pe end chat 60, 50,30. Fig 244 Stenger de noi din ran arbor inate etree Complesitates opecatitor pe un sxbore binar de cdtare pert de inert i tergee de nou inten abot bina de ‘futur depind tn mod eae de operand etute, Chats ne atcurperea, eventual incompet, 2 une rman de la tdacind pats {88 od incerir in azul clus eu wicca, stu png pital he at Tot ncaa Aut fk sices (a inser Perfomana cata (spd de tugimea ramusior pe cate 2 eat, media ea ft dad Fmgimen medi «rm, iar dimensiones maim de lunge cele: ‘mal ng rama asics de alien abortus, Forme sebuels ac ‘sdlocen depid, eu algoritmt dai, de orn introducer halon ‘tem aver cal el na nefvorail in eae sincanes sore ee esi perforant opera de cauare ests de acl ent om ora de ‘srt linear, sane Oy). 'n capittel 1V vom estima tungimes medics drumalui de Is fdicnd pint a o franz gi adincines unui arbre bina, Antcpind ‘jn avem oli inferioart peat anime de orn i logon cere fe Isc ed peonmanja operat de eda ma poate cbr ke "Ne pun problem dat pute ating aceasa lat open 25, Arbor i i de eutare echt rai AVL, Procedeulelasic de contre a afore bina de cute ne bores cn fom depnde fone mult de ordinance sunt furcatt Valosile nodule fe eal eel mat genera! su einen tm arbre de “nahi minis. {Carl cel ma favor, nae ober indie mins, est x! a care ise urmiearh pe rind malaacleinterlcler(editeraelon) Sector sot Carl eel mai neivoatl exe oa fn care valorie vin ta ordine rescore (sa deserescttonte),caz In cae sibel bina e cht int exte depenerat (echo is lu cu leptaiedate de ‘rp, cei ung ind top nf (es vale vin tn ndineeecoaro, Problem: cum modifi algwitml de coasrsic stl ett st tin fete rim pena above, perry bustin de che? SS observa of a iserres unui nou element crest cu 1 fshimea seberboreli in cae safes inser. Ne propane, pet nua meted 4 construct, umdiorl eer: dfrenia ane Tile Rll stg eel dep stm depigetst pe 1 Definite. Se sumepe arbore bnor de cdulre ecilrat AF. (Chdelion-Velki-Lands) un arbre eae in fieate rod are propriate 5 Intpmie sutarboer sting dept fer ex ee mt Petra un nod dt, yf ini sberboeu tng respects sept Avem te sta poste in acest nod cies Cu walle arable ol == he pe ere tim fator de cia, tf deh balm 4 0, hohe hw hel Informayia despre valorea fitout de ech in Recare nd pe ‘oui arborea vor sre int-annow edn al ui pcp al ‘isn continaze 0 preacre a movi Inte eu joan wor oper syptimentare aut reeciivri, vor putea face lnsertea odin noi Inteun arbor Ima de clare pitino acca! Gap propsetates ea aborele fie "eclivat in Sate no, adie vasa al 8 mn n demenl 17 Cele tls dence plecn suntcaptaist oymtao ears ce inn acum va now clement In subabore sting, fc i csr) (0) eats psi Ge), 69 soe out bet ‘Ober ch cance (9 (0 prota de eis in pdt PR hn a ca Zoe (0 na ore de cna pu ma ete ehliba, webwe eee pence seas ate tm ma le Sc ng ni pos ecb vem wmole Ars dosfdqat subarborle Sing presopanem cre rin Bw Se am atie, Pet ay: Pao rechten bork, fied din B cna pe A iu cpr o Barfal depe a ha B sh devin fu sting alia A, ee eeE gt onan pvnon, ia resctn lepine (1,23) Secvena de insu cane realizar rcece del(A) (A troste Execs aust rie S5(Stngrtnes) oe {iy phleh= ghee (atage-s. FB arent pcalelém nou ctor cde eto A} pr bal=o Opa seep anata de caesar acto de clin pei ool abot: Piao. "Cada (Ay No pte fos mag proces ca a (A), dour an Stone onechbn, Deter stool dep am en din opus (2), nde nou hd insect este fe ¥ Xt tan (A) deve Goat) Reeiiorin Mend pe C ein, ex fasting Bf set Aw wechal ia sng ahs © vie nal fu det au B, Sef op a ha C devine noo Bu tne al A. Ress de Jom ar reac ool legion (1YC2NO).(0 sa ‘ah qhaghiere @)rrien= pret. Orewepi moe {eainte de renizrar ui pete nous sci ebuies calelim not factor de ech in nodule (pt) s B (gt) le fcc de ee ane ‘timers adh sau nodal case ier bale then fa iseat exin ght, praai=t cn {lead a nse ‘epin qf b= prbalmo es £9) p> (casgnatea pointers ce rtcina} (Gross soi elell factor de ecilospeney abort dia gue (8°) rechlbrar ibal=0 Teese dela arborcle de tp (3) la (8°) pore numete de rote SP (Stines-Dreaps) Cele spe mai sus se api i pentru ean tn cae sensed ua ‘od nou pe subrborete dept al unui sbore de reat p7, Vom aves mei ‘net ook cizut in care webu st fieem seccateers, smetiele cami (A) si (B), care se tated amog Sinead ‘aula (A) vaconduce i retarie BD, eral anu (8) sone Be Proce reursiva Starch p) care au rental insereasd un nod nou. + In aboree de siicins p?'se va movies. Tn tate acest ra pate o vrabia poled, ce as tannic peice ‘pelo eusemaiicapa ‘~ f rer, dact sa modictinajmen adorei deAdtcina pf folie, eas eonrar Obeervim ~pt if (iaseraes cu receipe pe rar tng} rep then ‘Sear (x pith Fiitsen fa ceca ntumes ces dere case pt balof Re dou rman pau event eae begat bal. Bofave: end 0 ramura dea ems Tung) rbot (hesmine ve 1: (ecb am opt cht Gf al then (ena siti a A bev rome DD} prnght oP et ate prbald. pra ont cee bapa (aie BSE oat et ahletragie Vea, ph righ? le: Fretion ‘tet ba +1 shen begn pt bal=tqt bal=Dend tee (gh al =-1} beg gh balm; pt bal =0 end: a ptibal= 0; hase, nt enifene) ent cise =p inf increment comoral,er m— es ein Bh conon=p coor 1 flee end(seachy ils tn coniuare constrtia unui arbre bir de futare ecist AVE Pin inser tenet d hc. orn insera posi ‘ureschitare dct cnul she: 50, 40,30,98°57,99, or Pas ‘Seinsreara $0 Se insrcast 40 Seineresoh 30. Enevoie de resclibare i 50 Rote $5, Se inser 45155. Apoi se incerezt 42. E newie de Seinsersea 35 Seinserezt 37. Enevoie de reece teetilibare in #0 Rete DS 130. Rotape DD.ie eeupln tn aces capt de gresenaan wor algal secure stu ene abguitul de sree pip meres 1 a ee rane tan act capt doe cae mune essa ere rope ito as fae tac in acl Loa incre 2 fst ddr vee iat Din acest mot algal laste um mand ni So ar (leu pre ce alg co pny oct snl, ceva ma pei sors Shell esa Suck se $e eon we tarczh po compara ie che, of /< 6 2) aor care te pre cn ace clasts alk tyro ck! So (are stn Baza wrt lowrafis), Ves eo rac pi nur, soa pin ils 6 silt, st Pl alg rect Ce scien sei a aa masta) pn stench Abn ect aa tnt ie eva anole (ie agente Cerne Es Tot enh lst de se Ou Pezertim qi cxeva inna ae Fr, Sat Semple Ce ne act dn esas cast ore iar ma sez sun ov perforant, Fear ine nee ol dnt got sci Sri Shel apch dine se bared ging perforant"), Soraren cu ansanble * ie ner eg gratatamsxmals ftenind pen sees cee ecg (aiorle ina pats) ono «eam scr amen) dpe care exageen minimal 86 iecars ai Amora HeapSon.ajngs atl yrformari Of O11 AegickSort) ne bazeaa pe inten ee UP Sorcerer pind tt pal vecol = soa i sbyeeon Dit a independent Cu pet wy i, ne tt ened mdi errant O(n og) 1 ee prea opera. de inercasare 2 di vet oxdosh be yom vamp peated combiaare do a Er poi in ela posse, soriaen baat DS Sa densi Set opt suplomentr de nests si PETTY mecca ec ier epee. de bari sont smutiis, Matnall een sees $ calls urnStr3 Sortaree prin insert irect 1 pri psi a algo ea components 42) {esr lel iin vector sat large 1 4)) oe e ‘ectr sont lapis? In gee ps irl loi, veal et np in aout boca 47 = Af) exe Soa eri a ee ait AU. de tk mace an sen oe in pia compen diss, fs aude et io i fs dein. Chuan tcl Miva] te dese oe ecg dein dei ropa lst med send as Dodie x dea componeas ere ent at man est toa oe scp ed isin eal ao sre] y 6 ae eae gecusutsaceei"opent omens amid, ft incase Lainie eg cu rr srt sede ce eens seco a patrol etn fem oa ane Algoritmal se serie fla umn: procedure neDir(A) fori? tonde =A {se cau lea vals in deni) ject ‘wile (> Obandcx< A) do Auer aul endive {inser x ul a) agell=s nator ender,Fig 311. La paula elgorimuti pin inserze divest, pri 0 “Fea ungime 1 Se nsceaa x Ge pe pri components sun! Tal i esti, evescdad densione desta c | ‘Ne ruin de la eSusara secre cd se pate elimina est de nedepige a diners pin inode une components mars) if Farge puss valor cltate pe aceasta component mare, Vor eo cmponena 4/0) pe care 0 vom felox dept component mare) pers puck ce parcurgdesirain. Progam modifica art 6 {elo umar: procedure inDiel(A) fori Ziondo iaintoducevlouca in components mars} Aol At) {Ge cau lel valor n destinaie) Eid, aio) ail nerehimbn. Dap efetuarca ute semenes ‘pase pe integuyeteral 4/7 vom aea pe component 4 sul in vecor De oe? Pen cd nim di veer e iit f un moment ‘at de pareargeresitrschirbat cu vec stdin oes ty ie in uradioaea compara e din nu interchenb, 9a mat dear. fn {elu cesta psa impinge pint la local li fal, pe eorporena 4/1). Patem acum telus operas pe 4/2.) ein ua elect une pe, niu din acest subvetr va plat pe components -2/ Tn general la paso Vera al algonlur ave subvecioral ‘Altati} gata sort st confining cele mat mit VTealon din 4. Acest Sulvector se va num desta. ecm ops dla dreap Ia tings pe suze afin), ir rezataal va F. hmpiagerea minimal: din acest estor pe pov. Crete In ful acest dsensiusea dosnt eu Uae ca a suse scade corespuncator Dap mf past eran ftegul ‘esto ete sorta Algontmi mat nummfterorare cu bule (Bubble Sor), denuniren fine imepras de azaloga dine bulee une but ‘hamise care sede la supra elementele mine sl vetorl fare acl lot or procedure IerschDin A) focj=2 ton do rio daw j 0 WAQIT> Ald then terschimba (AQ), ALS) nit’ edn endfor endpree. eestnjie Fig 33.1 Dua pup tera destin ae densi Pasele se ae pe sis den dean ban Si observ c4, doc face pate de In sting Ia create la sees gor, ate am pune maxime Toe lo fia in vector toe de ‘minime Cu ate cuviete am constrains spe cellat capt eee pte Goats Fig 332 Algriimal de sonae pin inerschimbare dct, cape de sen a deep, dep mk pai era. Si obeorvim c, pein fg ef fee pate pe sue 3 nu pe destnaie, ty prin fp ed pane ur mnie Seu mein) a Tost i algerie Seandnd cu cel de sorte pen elie deca minim (espectiv maximal) Ins, spe deosbire de aceta din ung, care se miumeste 5 pasar miaiml lass pe loe tate cleat component, ou exconfia ‘cli cu care minimal ese itrschimtay, algo de nteschimbare Greet fee gable modificdn insist sue, depend 9 maxime, cite © componend, spe lsu! lor fil Assure eifenth lportmal ne permite st aducem bunt Una din ied se rele tn poise reducer ari de si teat, lr cali Ta Seurares lenin psa, abele posi de eterna orate prin Slee cot Le den In comin, ‘Obserati pe ear se baeass pine imbue alg este rmiintea: ack a past se face ito inerechimtare, tne se te sorta i, cam sdestnai ese, inseam ef Integul vector 4 este Sorat geste nui i mat relube pele Siro lgorimmul se Schirbt. Vora meine o vara supieatr, Se, tafe comriath Intershinbiie fective de Ino past. Se wee Ia paca uroitonre numa ach a prosdentn Soha fst et de 0. Cillrespectiv exterior for in romam antrcr devine asim un whe eave depunde de acsasth fara procedueIntershDit (A) 1253 imhiizaren eat din tags al sue) Seho=T, (ast lava corel whe |a pia past} while sn )ané(Seh<0) 9{orien downto do Ae] Al then Iatesinba (Alt), Al) Sebel exit, nlor inet cendutile endproe Si observim ef, la sccasth versa, ciel for interior a sins aproape tests! (eu excep contrat inerenbanon Ia nee ‘cy, amas de aoca angie, fing, eae este langinea seh Aj- 9), fatseade doar cu de taunt sa. 0 ahi idee ext sa fine mine, mu numa fp & sau feut sfoctv iteschimbtr, ar qi loca” wade a fecal {cerschinbare. Din acs loc, pst la desinaji, aver doa fe cu 0 ‘cata sous, dec e sfc sa elu pasa umotone de am pn aici Daca ultima intachimbure ea flout ine 4/e-1) 34/2), anh saa peng pasul amor va fk -m] Se sokimba dai Iga Suelo. Codul ear implersutae aunt modfcare ee: procedzeimerschDi2(A) 2: iniaizara capt din eal sre!) whe (=) do vile 3) do at At then Tiers (At), A) Ini (ftem mint foe terse} naif endile {=k}; (nou caps in tings sae) cade endpoe him inteshimbare os [_Teilket 7) a Fig 3.3.3 Dimensunea nll sure fue de loca time intercarbe Dap cum absercam mai dover, pale de a reap la stag salon misime i Fea ly, lar valotle musime avansena cu [oes spre teal Toe Gaal Pas ses ives, de a stings In drenpt Trpig valor racine Ia focal al fae ca miimele at avanseze ct 0 Dae O idee ee ot alter directa passer. nell cet destoio f= consuese fs ambele extort le weston, din nine Imsxime pe Ia ool Sara valet rg, vient, vom ie font de mbuneien peecedet cae Mucyren suisa in facie de Soca! unde leat ule erschinbate 1 Jett on desta urs esate Fig 534, ta algo! SbakeSon, ex eietia aes a ele, desta te consist a anbelecapete ale vectona procedure StakeSord) fomt=2; ight fipalizarca ssi) kn, ‘pes (att timp et aver srs, ile igh) (past dela eeapaa a stinge) {iri eit doom oh do f alll» AG] then intesehinba (AL. kr cenit +1 teefnven ememel sting a sri)t - ce (paste sting reap) Fork IeRtorigit do ALP Ab then Intersil (AQ, A); tn cenaié aioe "igh kel, (edefinien extreme’ cepa suse} st (eta) cndroe CComplesitavea sortie prin interschimbaredireta Cala sores prin see deta spre deseice de insenia izee), sumac de compara pe ear face agonal le Fecare os ecm (ete determina de langiea subvectonlt suet. pe ere 4 face @ past si exe independent de orinea chlor a pas | algorimul face C; *"n-F-eomparatTnsumind penta ecm) pas Cx ln rin 2 44 = » ithe In ceca ce privestemumtrl de mut, sce depinds de odinca ‘oil volonitor dn wetter Metin srt dte de ntsc fe oua componcnte alate, cae fe dack ela de orine dine ee ese cea doit. Numa mie de min un os tert ete a0 9 58 ange dict mi se face nit o inttsehimtare, Iara ear se Temp dacs subvestonl suri la acel par erat este total grdonst, Dac ‘sector era iil sort crestor, tune! nme! mined met 3 sting la fieare ps itera gi (sum pe Ode on) einem mama ‘ini fot de me Man=B. Pe deat pate, ruminal maine mur In pas # se obine dae se ‘fected cite 'ointerschimbur Ia Geeare compare, luru cae se Insp doch (Ret pase de Ta dreapt I stip) pit semen este {era to compara, ofa. este minim de pe suet dfn) 9 Toc final este pe components fi. Namal maxim de mut Ix paul a © dh de) 3 Tsing dp cot pleat abner Maa sma 34-2936 Pda MED 3 NNumfrl media de it a pulse atingedact doar penis junit din sundial de comperi facem iterchinbar del va Gone formula 7-1) 2/2. nsumdnd pent ce n/p tes aac ae Ma=Deay gt 3 ete SH oentm of te venice inbutia ShateSot, eae ‘hint despa psi 2 tinge in no Sa a Coun ™ a carl In care vector este gata sort eresottor[34 Sortarea prin fosertle cw alcjoraren incremental (Sortare Shap 1 1959 DA, Shela props lgorim de sorte bazat pe meta win ine dec, algeon eu 0 petfomanft imbundlsith deosrece ‘le comput ate che ai isarate din vector Algol srea2s feel indi pn smueie subvetor' objngy din vector inal prin ‘Chropeen fmporritelor uf a 9 dant uma de cea, Gisan hres numete neement Repetin peoedeul per nsremet: dn = fc mal mot in ina, peu incrementl/, obi vertorl sort, ‘Mai pests s consider un ir desctesetor de rmere eur, urls increment dine cre ultima, yet Ene > AnD he E ‘Algoritnal are umafoarea svt (Se pore eu inerementl (2) La pan feratv m3 onside incremental i» Se seach prin Ieee directs subvectori bing din vectorl inal lng elemente flat edt ada suber AI, Alef. Aha" Th ABB, Atte 2 Alba. al. Apel Sia sul 2) pot ineemenl i Deoarece wim increment ete A, him ps iterate «58 rece sora pein sere del, even va 8 ora Serine nin iene a et 1 ‘Yom face sore prin sere dre flosind componente hm a pal vom ava Ge svat Mi) saver sm ten dso ‘parla pus de mente #1 wort 4 a spa petra lomentete componentelemara) desorat ia 341, Aloare spatula sorarea Stell, procedure StelSor (AB: form=tt0td0 Eo in) (sabilin ncemental) st riko wondo ac Att as fan O then sk cnt Alh=§ Mile AG) 82 ‘Aue ADL nde Apex ah comand instemens btn cu formule eursv aaaiat ety t= (ig,m)~1.avem 14,1340, oe Ioynthy the ‘Ei exinate «comple ase algorn coed sez te elas 3) dn pant Se ode a mdr 6 compara, de a Bn pant veer a po, vate ees aa aaa: neaynie wacom ese car Sabla mandrel ecomparatmM i l 35. Sortaren prin seleeieftosind structurtarborescene (sortarea ceansamble ‘Reamiatin ef sortase pin selec directa avexm de select a Secare pus, mini dn vector Aft.) Caton minim eos sccvenil, dai numa de compari ero smal asi, independent 4 ondines iil a cei: ele hingimea vesonu OEE ei a ee tt a. weno strc ede pe care evrageren minimal (respect maximal) sts faci api, det se poate chiar gyri. Ine nu ce Inseam optim, dv vor vedeac8 va f de ont Offogn),Intasers In acess seine o snutrdstborescen ene optimizes open de fexrager: 4 maximal (Sau minimal) 3) arame srbercle repel ‘ordonar fi complet neni Arbor’ partial ordonati si ansamble Definite. Se mumegt artare pari! mas-ordonat wn aoe bat ‘che de un ipa ondonat cu pepsin ons Rod va st sve elle infu) © mfwoutep? aca tif exe nevid ‘nfofel > iforoontahu, does righ fuente nei Se vede imei! ef putem carcteron un arbors paral max ordonat stn modi wanttor: penta eice nod vem eas adie nfs > info), petra ricare nod ve efi) ‘efole) > mgs), pentrw orate nod we rsh, © consent iment 4 defiiiet de mai sus este ek tran adore partial mcordonat elemental eu chein msn ss 49 Af Th ‘dicing ‘Se poste dao definite analog nou de arore pat min ondonat, tun serene arbor elemental eu cela minivesva a trader, amit in capt tse mest arbre (ina) complet, ‘Pe niet’ un arbor (bina) eae ae tonte nels lie, event ‘Abort bist compli pe nivel am sannjal ek poe ‘epeset meambigu eestor! eat vesor in ce att espe fell vt date in crea prcurper abe jie. pe aa {smponenl cin, ap cones dep vellum a rd de 1nsunga a ats, a. eet peer e perme exesn tates tbe fl saegy ed se eral ‘ste vecord care mesine um antes affere ata Tope Feejonte ot dt deol Aaa gpa ‘ia ca a et pe A294 17 Seay esw bear ‘De veme eae legit de ip "aise vom pen fsa, pe nga dram de adit asta wate a del nou che ‘adic afb ura p ct vr expat rele ce umes Th plas, ns lt pe components 4 St eonbinn scum ele dou propria leavbotor bin Definite, Se nue ensombla (msi presis mater) wa abo bint macotdorat coms pe nivel epost a estar {Denaniea inline nae exe Heap) ‘oul posted defi aisle miner ince ce umes se vom orp de st sue de mane snsambla cu ope seiee la ier, pe eae ae basa opened eae mses persia e seragete a maximal mot { deapte, dew, maxinal indi ea, ecepte ‘evel enrpee ica Taserarea inten ansssnli ee interac {i} 5s paw oda deft od) peu ve wore lic ce oat een pesca aes spl rel pa haa) nd JI p< nn sl emi a a Scissors suf ca ms ved sag ae aos(2b) ect nu ines nace ano ela de a (23) ‘upd cum sc ede inseraze implied parcurgere event incomplet «| nui drum de i ullmal vel pla fa dicing, te ace nama de Compara va f propia ex fingmes drum. Numirl de mush poste fi flet aprospe egal eu nam de eompurapi dnd incearea ‘ropiuisa chel aia Cup ce ram gist leu ial ‘stan fn guile umstore ieeraren unt ci cu valuta 70 {team ans, und in evden dor ramra pe ere chia cad locul (a compara eu cheia 38 nu se mal continu cruel ts, eh ‘og-a gist oou al. (0 jrocedurt ewe implementa lgoriuns de inserae al vloit Yat i andunbal Anal) ese resnats nconinnre. Ea parce 6 ti indice erent po raart ns, Sutin Jou! Fo procedure tnseaptArs,m, Vl) Tin esambll n/n} nseeas Ye) n-ne (cree dimensinenansamblll a) Dom (pide pet nodal cress inline) Mile po do (est Bmp a jus iii) "Tampa ie Vare~AnaTat] ten “Ral ineren (cal) eke Ansp}Ans(T33) (eobout ti! in oes fa] la (nodal ewe seventalzez) enti endle ‘Rs{=Val{incrarea in icin enna () edo Cbservai: nsertea popu zie a vali se face dar dup ce am (iar wa, ie tmvan od inoor caul (a) en ein cal), ‘Consiruises val ansemblu, Asamblarea peeia de consstie + unui ansanbla se fice, o tate copeatile pe smaimi inamice seu pli acim, pein inser reyetste "SES vam cel pin cei, atu case wn scr In cin (te iubore eo un odes anal) ‘Phas fecerevalore opus psear algoimal de inseraefeeap “6 operas species ete consrurea nt snub di ise repetate de cel eae seals deen loci eu vector. Ea se muvee [Dumbare ese implements de alata arnstor: Saft ene ssanbia Ti Recep ten j a pelos procedua ds inserare tn ansambta Aft) aan peo femoceduce Asembaze (A 2) epi ml do TrsHleap (Aj, AUD) endpree str fn continue costes ena naam din unnitoarele bei ite giserate e ne 44, 30, 50,22, 60, Un vloare inert (60 trebuie sweep rsdn, vaieas vairs0 ‘Extragerea maximulul sas deeapitarea unui ans Evideot pe lng eumgetes proprivst, ne otereeard ‘efacerea stuido ansmbls. Algol de extagee ar stuns (1) Se extrape valores dn racnd nvr ct (2)'e Tnecuicjte ridcin cu ultima! nod (arbor Biter rime complet de evento aie max-ordamat) (©) Se “eobout™ nous rien In loc el Fn compari cu cl mai rae dire Procedure Delleap (As, al) \Val=Ans(t] (exsagecen din) (Laseulimel element din ansible treble imran Acid soi trebute st eit foal a} Last=Ansfo) tl (Scud dinentanes ast) {uti focal a Last a snambl, ep nce nod eae, petra fi ting reget de Bet, Lo2.r ntalzare indir eaten deen) ‘while (ccna) do (es de neepaire a dimes anseaialy) ‘fcLast>-Ansl) and (Last>-Anst) then ‘pL (nas ex iT Ansl>-Ans{i] then (omens pe rau sting ‘nsip|=ans() reacraiares hp) se {comimutm pe ramura dea} ‘Alo) Ans] vr (eactaniaes hi py coi Is2tp; rete; (excite filer ip) exdutule if (ln) and (Lascaas( hen ‘Ass(ph~Ansi) Pt eit Ans(p “Las: inserrea propia Last a ol si eadproe(Detteap}Fig551. Decpitses unt arsambl Se exage mani 9S din icing se plea ulti aoa, 2, in Veal a Se coboaes 2 Ta loca final i amsmnbla pete comarai cu cl msi mare dine fi Complestatea operator fates ansamibia ‘Alls opera de insert, eit opera de decapitare implica paveurgece eu compara wei ramus sibore, dec fae, chr Ez el mal nefavoral, un pune e compares cpl cu adocimes boreal Pent un abore bar complet pe ivelur cu modu Adineimss ext flog. Desi compexiatea algoctmul de inserare In fruamblu 9 al eel de exragere de maim cu resablare ese oe ‘ral Oda Sortares cv nnsamble ‘Se poste fos stuctra de ansamblu inpreun cu operate pe snsambli) Feria see un algoritm de sovtae ined earn Ge perma HeaySon, Sten Hee rors (pase 0) Se ssambleash vectoral 4ff.nf Maxi va placate po components 4/1) (gavel Se deesptes ansamblol Aff), cu seosimblres lah “Afioel} se pe ximulexas pe component A(pasul/) Se decapteazA ansmblol Amy 1] , eu resamblares tui Afton] pune mexiul extas pe eompanets An = 1] ‘Dipset pap trv vector A ese sort Procedura cae implements acest lgorin se serie foute simplu in fll rmdir ocedureHespSort (An) (sorares cu ansamble} (sortim vst Altaf) ‘Asamblare (A, 9) sslens1 do Dellfeap (A, Val) Alnely=Vab nde endgeoe CComplevitataalgoritmalei de sortare eu ansamble Pent ecre dn cole » component ale veto aves de ut © operate de reasunbare al cael cost th. finctie de. numirl de ‘compari este de ona fs Tor Deet eos oa al sIgormil ese ‘ordi! Os ogy perfoneani are te atinge atin sul mei et {1 ineaza a! mai neivorbi, in ccs ce priveste spa algoriunul mu neces esi 0 locaie Impl, eet ea slp avec de sora, rere 1 Definijin dat masansambli ne permite existence mie Datio nou define cae st permit soca 2 Este sotres cu ansamble © metoda sabia de sonare? Justia! ‘apansul 3. Sei un algoran de sonarbazat pe scar de min-ssembl ‘36, Sortares prin intersehimbare olosind pati (QuekSort) Yor dsc seum un sep de sorare baat po opera de imschinbar. Arm donb imbusiinperformans SOP ee inlenchintae dre conpend ifrhnbtd Tate lade can componcie wands a a over, Agena ce rms se drecl IC. AR. Howe pound ram owen, rapt (Quek Sa) Comat & hot» ct apr se inate ope ce Dportnare xu vector Ain} cv tn sel al aus Sieceser in conse ° i “Algorma de portonar a ein Af) (0 Setiegeo lowes dn vecuntaen) (2) (a) Se parupe dee wng in eedpes vector ated pe toe amon pices ik rl ess (©) Se area de ta despa a singn vector, ake Ioe orponenie Cu popes Af) lad la primi no: Penge seein (9) Dae sua se nese A) co A si aves in pen pacargen (oer ej Se pea a 23 pt ne Cle out praesent eum opi gris de mais vector 4 ee scum ‘mpi f dt saeco nul cone talon a atc dct aleces vot ela dar valor ms mat ct Ma recs ve ‘Mal ss per onee [1-17 Ait) © pace kf) si, deasemenen tell cre eal dnc precedente “ib)~ 2 pe oi el). ‘resupunem dt oprocedur cae iterscimb dout valor dt,» procedure lntrchimbt(e), var (ace tipcau $v foes splimenta) erin endProcedura de pate eave impleheneantegoraaal de pare desert foal sus pesubvectorl A/a Right ete emtoxcs: procedure Partion(Le, Right: inte) {itetmindicel erent pznir pacers (2)) {iRighesedcete cuent pers parurgiea(20)) {intulzare inlrcorent pnt parcureEn) Let=Lete ghr-Righ, {algetea poll n ome nian) EPACets Rieke 2, {pariah "soe (Ga)yile Abe] xo ‘Ripe it = nde 9) FPiten & igh hen interes, A(RIBMD: em Lett, {Ripe gh nai ant (Le > Right) ‘dproe (Pastas) a valor x ig 361, Procedure prions Deoureca valour pvatxaaetionat ca un separa, pute cum st sortiem rth nod indopeadert eet dot sbvecte! bm pein aninnere se satan Tor nu se fai amestec, ar coneaenaen renluidor va dace obese ves A stat Cs mato st ‘Ghai even papi pee? Pum apa Seca sol Pau pl bed lah bern faa ae a Fee te eco de ange tres uh See Te et pala wear cv lot sans ‘Pentfom avea mai multe versiuni ale algorimul de sortace rapid tn ne ges sl fine te mea de pee + Aa aan ps Income vee epee vl an ete clone alm pe component Det © Bet ee, adnan epee in component 0 vane cee eee Me ecemisie vectra Pron encamdah "isl ‘Saat pe angu valor medane ce prot Scinbl ar rt Reds: paper ane pes Ft 9 Te ce pve moda de rele a bec si er esol op ane) # in fru cin le geri aren See ela (2 vernon rat we ok aa nt caule mbox an de oc) ‘een ise peuct iamive peri cu os ear conta rer lat donde de coaeenc ae Tat ane cen pesto exit i pO Teoma conn de reat ccna opt seat, © $0 ci Sa tp dso ce whi al income Se conmue'e ocedea Gul cate elon 10a areal a ins procera See TESERE Se sunecionl aL so lose lon ae fc atc bavi ems col pros) ‘Sores ues sem war ape, rR \ procedure QuickSorRec(), powedure QSartRex(e, Right ni) “parti Col din cpl pocedur Prt La Rig SOAC eR Rigo 2, pea wile Afi) x30) 1 fv then UatestimbaAly. A)e ink nit ni >) (apelun ecursive pany subvetorrezutat) ‘Eo <) then QSoaRecLet), ‘ti-< Right then QSorRec, Right, sproe(QSores) ‘ewin {corpul principals lu QuickSortRee(A)} ‘QSortkec 8) endiroct QuckSonRee } am in continure, schematic, stctura nel vesun tertive & staoriemulu de sorare rapid. Presppanem dt sv Sac, capa Menod pescehi de capete de intrals, npreunt en prsedutie Puck Lo) care induce perches (27) te stv Sock PopSteck 7), cate exrape din sea Stack perches de val fr Presupunen de aseinenea eh procedura de pine este modhlanrath adic Partontay, gh, Lat iRigl face parts pe names Alejt,Rgh 1 retweneanh espe subvectrior ce tain de proce Un vanabiele eg, procedure QuckSorter) Push(Stck 0) {iar sive} repeat Pontiac, Lot, Rh Partionen, Right, tLe, Rigby, Unraducem in sth capetientervallor se rads de pretucrat) IeLan < aii then Push(Stck, Left, Right) {iL < Rh then PeshSiaok, Le, Rig), endif nt Stack = 0 cendprae {QuiekSortter) 5 obscrvim ean aceasta versune efectutm mate ogerai in pus po stivd nraducrea tv sv lassi cull reper, ween ime feluares cc de expert din Sv, Am putes elimina acete opera fe pls, prin introduce,» fc gr cic rep, cae 8 rein be prelurare dizi, o parte din terol Nous versie etn, cae are [ne aan pe acl une mens ma eat use, ath feu uma ‘ocedare Quicksoriteri(A), Pasha, 1,9) repeat Pop(Stack, Left, Rig) sepeat {rou ict epetitn care sb epics pra pe AL. Right} Parton Rip) (inodueer esta Sik intervals din dea) Heighten Prsh(Stack, i Rig): nit (fedetinim crroma cape interval din stings cae este reloat la petusrrefea) Rigke i | ust Le > Rit asi Stack = @ endpros (QuekSontert) xercit \ Tr Sise sei In cod o roceduet Parton(Lef, Rgh 1) aes ou fi apes de procedure Osortee (@ versknca in text ‘te dt codl pear pari), QuckSorer i QuckSarr. 2. Sh se modiice prosnure GhctSerer! ass act iteriele lea lungs 5 fe depuse tn std, iy eels mak scat we ‘lotsa pelcere dee 3. Sise-sece in cod procedasle QuctSorer 44 QuiekSontter, modulate, cu Sha Sock in alocere sated represent ‘ineean vecar eu componanie dep N ine ~ ited 7 ‘eft, right: indici: aO alt alegeve a pivotulei pentewsortaren rapid tng acu am aes ca pivot valoses mdind din vectra pe care fucem pina Cove hls dich slegem 0 lowe stun ts a cxremi? SE preupunem cf, pers parioara vector A/C. Right) loge Seafeef] AoE pas Ga) dn agri de pariorae ce dling n ap er pl ru eas i] > 3) uo ra re sen, ce nes nce eae hit La Ect) ait pc op gr sr ul ie pentru cae AQ) <= FasulG)dene dict Lef tunel ntescambs Aft} ov AU (tuervn ck alan pivot = Af] a prsipa i terete, SO'smm acum pase Ur exemin cap & subveciors AV Cef Rela cum scarps dep 2a) dea sings It dept, Pascargeea de tip 2) ta mal te tem La slit tench. Obsevim cd ‘alares pvt paripl din ou ts sescnbare. Proceéed contin int clot cele dout parcegert se ines adie eta tmp clk a Etta eamponente In seetor care nu ai int compartz cu pv La Sf oben valoaen pve = lsat leu Balin vector. Fe Joc Jodie ceva cone pez Aver alr At] peu oie ke [1 lo) ‘= pseu ones Re (le) eo subntervane ce eb proces I contre sunt AV alo 8 Soci ‘an ajo oun procodrk de pai Lx parce a asa pe le tle cue cpt, ounce fe mn np oenpooera pe care se Ad valores plot, aris sat 0 tase proces spsknc. peat = putea calculate noe capete ale veto arent procedure Paton? (Left, Right indie, vr toe indce) {lowes iel pe ate eva pasa final valoareas = (Le) (inibates indir 1 pon pucurgerle ds lasing La reaps, respect dela capi in siiga) imen j= Rip, foci= Let (iaialzare indice Toc} while i=} do ipsrcurgersa des despa stings, una de interes) tile (Aloe) = Al) ad > hs) do inv cndwle FPalloe > AUI hen Tntenehimbi(lloc), AU) oes ent (Gatcsgeeade a stings Ia deat rat de inteschimbare} swe (Als) => Aloe) and @-— Tos) do end wile HAGL> Alle) hen Tesi (Alor), Al) wees endif snd wile fd {Patio} (© vesiune retunih a orn rapide = foloseje provedora Partin’ araloagh at QSertRe, este rea Procedure SorRec2(Leh, Right) Pationb(Le gh oe). ‘FL lo} then QSoriec2 (Let, le), it (aeri) Raph thea QSortResd (01 Right) cendproe(QSorRe=2} Pentru a som veto se fae pul Sorte? Bsercii 1 Stes sre versie ertive ae sori rapide ce flosseprocedara Perttin’ Complestatea sori apie ‘Vor: evalua complexities aces got f fnstie de vinpl de rulae tae depinde in mol tenia Ge bunrul de compara gf 10 Fane ce necesita de spose las Peszu fect alegee ne! valor pitt « ficem la procdsre de peste ut name de corpari. Narfralscestn rife eons Isa ficcae past algoitouli, Mai departe performanya tui depinds de ‘moira ce subvrtervale pe cae genereat partie, ‘Daedecre purified ier pe cre se fhe (cal (eee dow! pacuge ss nit) Als) 5, pete vice As) 2 penis oe > ‘Aver ei cazus posible pet indiwe# in apt eu nd i ( jsick (lsh tart + Paes limi nde eerie dl par ex sgn (i eau cd vows pot oat ch dell ‘sows cust) Se foe pariape seco ALi Right}. a ksici at ttt (Cuz set li (1). Limit unde a eis partie ste In dreapia Tul Se rein prin pe sbvectond Meh} ick Lift Valoores de pe components £ cite con chat, eoueee acim in stags aver 1 valet tal mich lectern reap val ss mai Proce de prio se tia pe sbineralle ce contin inicle k pnt ind se ange tn carl (2). Procol Pind implemeneast Egoromul sens mal sus, pesupuniad ok procera Parton (Loft, Fight 1) exe complet modalanats gi fancfonead ca cen deceit Ia sores pi sikaieleedeaansiasAli Parton (Le Right i ips k ben uate contin pe subvectn din apt) iret the Right=, (ee comimd pe sebvetoral i sags) cod endpoe (Fins) (© mokicae w algoriomulst de mai sus se poste fice in felul uaitor in loc st atti ca cele dou parcugen st se Inneasck (ops vee clad un in parergert deplgee ticle kgs ea fia pe aubinervalel corspunaior ex moua valowe pivot 2-4/8). Mai pees Tr ac k< danB » 2, ste cu eel we tiveni care ae singe daca ultimele componente ale suselor Tihote ate comaprte tire ele, del ach Adina) i Bd] vot eal mar element din. td com el tai favorabil, co mum minim de comer Can = nmin ding), tz care 2¢ ange clad vector! sust de Gereridne mat mich ne nae componentle mai mick dee ee din & Soa acd de exempta dimd? © ie 9 8(dimB) SALI, ae St {he dou dond? compara, (dnd ~ minima, dim), ar tate Comporeic dine mutt in fr compa "reece prveste namie de mdr el ete oc unpuleonsit sega ot = dial» did. 3 Gennics tmporaott a acest algoron, caret plaseazt nvr lah tint fat de to xl agri dieu Tn. aes cat! Exe ual ea are neve despots ta ps, C[f odd = dim]. onl Tiecelttces sppel eeenar datelor de sovare Cu alte coir, fat de ea alge, pail wilizat este dba, ‘xigontmel we ponte imbunit cst flosased. doar mini don) oat plas, Presupinem dnd ~ m,dimB = m 3in>m. Alec senta sam une de lca, curs din ordnath crestor d= Pay ts APT psc rate itertast tm eapal ber al I 4 ‘dedarace dare Ine pena cele mt componente ale Tat 8) La matt de (GetNete dn sea eliteread loca, Destinjia ese 4 dont de ‘mem to A01 A Sortares prin intereasare te eines ety sre Algor {OSs pine ev sive de Hangs 1 ai A (cau sora) See te Rie ce 4 pe ‘ten spine 2 oo esto. GUT put a nvtclos de lmgne foros gests. Se (Reriscut ed objnied sven mgine 27 oto Sst (eam opie se name pat i ene implemen Ge tei shane ea pl) pnd wom SCE igre! ese implemexat de procs MereSor prercad tm conan En sional espa 6a vec 4B de axons age died, i wode eror ta pel (0) 4 ene sus tr 2 cage pen erase Le pas wma, Bete snk 3 A Sesinage gan procedure Merge (dim, dim, dC, $A, 8,5, A, B.C) {intecasena (actea Merpne) ubvectorl dfs. ~ dnd « 1) Gitsbvectorl Bf38.-, 12 dmb) pane ez pe sbvecto face se inl ~ dnd 1 bean Th = 94-1 injaizares nde areca a A) {B+ sD- 1, (nvimliorea icelleaen i: B) iC s¢=1;linilorea indict exes fC} hile GA.¢ dima + 50-1) and (13 €BG8+ 1 then ben TA:iA+ Chic] = Ata nd ce bee BoniBe t ric] = BL) ox end:A> dima + 5A. 1 the (+ ermiat vectra A) (conpletim eC cu 3), fork: 1todim +8-iB-1do Chics m= Bia +8 dsc (5. erin vetorl B) {completim 5e Cex A) fock'=1odimA+sA-iA-1do lice ky = AEA? nd; (procedure Merge} a aa ‘dina aa dinAsdinB Procedure MergePas (21, Bi {Sect vector 4 de denser, mpi in ubvector de vector’ de lunge (eventual ea exces ulimit care poate na seu) sa Fear preci de svecton exe oon pila food ose ge Renal deamon) A/C sh; (q= mumarl acer de subvetn ine) i= (1*q)shl i fs=1"q*2= numa de elemeate ince perch) reas ‘pete (ineetasre slr perch de ubvectos tte} forts= Tago ‘ein unde de element rae dup inreaserea clot aAS= (<1) DH +I indie det caeincepe a Hea sestor de nest) ‘Merge (.th,sA+ 138, A,A,B) nt (2 facem ev ret componensoe?) \f re Than (casa cae mis ras un sng subvecton} fori at tor do Bee) A+ i) tbe (cual e care mas ras 2subvecio ltl icomptt) Mage(relet acl lst LAAB) ed; (procedure MergePs) procedure MergeSor (tim, A) ‘MergePasinA, A BY MergePastasA,1°3, 8 fe cnt nd: (pocedae MergeSon) ‘Complestatea sorta Dace esr uu vet ca comments com ert pn hung i sot i regime, scar cte 1 era 2 in 2 eande emit fig Doors eri (eae coos din cite e past pe revert) sue) feo Eproximatv w2 compara, rerut alpaca ine clea de enmpeaate Of Tog) 84 ou lan Ina ee eubleaza dimersines Spl einer Exerc T'S reo versune recursiv a sri pin incase 2 Pe vectra 4 pe cae vrem 5 sor pi inteacate pute dept ‘ubvesor de fngime mai mae deeit tata vedomaeescitr gm pes Tncepe pina inerelsn pe aati S00 formulez un algoit| pre vrean un veco peeling subrule oswre edorae 8 ssc procedua asc I ,Capitotut ry ‘Studien in acest capitol o cles pacar de arbor! bina, 6 nue aston bina step. Ei sunt tbo bina cu propia fica nod ae exact fe zr, fe dof. Din aur chore dre bie Se pate exinde print-un pocedeu canons lst bore bint sae, asa aestor din urd se covedete a ou ft fost “pecan fapor cu ext a acon bina, dee renutaie bjs pent tor Dinan see sunt alate per rb bina Ja prima sete din dina, uma de exemple, Demons 1 contmusre propre imporart se or, care expel ela oe urinal de not st addneime, si fate Tang mem, exer ‘edi) snail de nod, Tose cet rela sun apical ebro Sina Jn setiunes «dou fos acest poprict pests a stabi un ‘ezulst extrem de impor, num et ia iferoal corp goronilor de sora inst bazati pe compart Inue, Chet este ‘proxiath de nog Rezalatal completa preeeninea chs actor lpontmt dca pecan Invobicem apoi nojunea de whom bina sit eu pond sou asocnt de lngie exer ponent. Pectin algorien Huliran ds constie a unui arbre bine atict eu langme exer poodera mining Tn ineledout secu pomet splicai practice ale nest lao: alia econ, care ne cons In gern 6 co binaze de mgime varibils, cod opcime pent minimised Fangimen messelor sf apa in nterelsrca at ltr gi, care rminmizeas mom de mt4.1, Arbor bina sti Definite. Propriet Thar-un arbor bina Onecare wn nod poste aves Zo, unl S88 oi Defiiie: Un artore bina avcr_ este ware Bina Jn ere fsare noe are cl un i, exact df, Coals cove, nian semenenarboce pre deosbie de ‘ina oarcare nu vr exsta nods eu un sigur i "Nocurle cu dl epi se Wor muni Rode infer, ar ele a opi sa vor huni nadir! eatorne ea frac. Ee ptf de it ip dott ours. Oo i Fig... (2) Un abore bina eset. (0) Aor ines J mules atorior bina, els aos bia si jon ws rol important, Un in motive ests acla et ree abore bias poate tind (comple) In mod anomie pa Ta un sore ia si. ‘Gompletarea eanonies 8 usu arbors boar eaceare 78 wal sire se ow in fell umtor se alociete cae fi vid al noanlor| tin cu an od de Bp spell, Nodurlessbrelu iil T vor devens {outs nines ia esl apt anon or ues. Convesim 3 eprecentr gafie cu cera nade ime ge repens tir nodule enero. 7"arn mai jos procedeul complet earonee al arbre bia 3 a QO DO M ® o Co} Fig 41.2.Unatbore bina (a) completatl stu canoe la ‘an arbore bint stk) “ © 4.13. Un are binar () i complettl stu eanonie op cam vom vedes din exemple de mai os, distingetca clot out ipa de nod interne sau fanze next importa dor ‘ena souctua de arbre, ci) pent tpul de informatie pe cate ‘mente ia fear nod Bxempe de aplicaialestractridearbore bar strict (0) Reprerentzs exprsir armed eu opto bina) ‘Vrem sh cepezeriim expres artmetice e contin opetor boa, (de exempts (*. 1 operons de adnate, stds, tame 9 Imp) 9 operanei(He coe, de piesa fal evar ec clement de up ease pst nar ase) Yor reprerenia operat ta faze, iar operator th nad Fig 41.4 Expresia(aebytees Fig 4.15, Expesa(S+t1)*7 ea bore bina set sore binar set, (©) Reprezensea proven. la mare, o procedri de decisis bazeas pe esto una ctor se decide asupra ur ain Dack tele sunt ev rez! binar (de DUN) le putem rerezenta in nodule interiors al und arbor Bia sti ar acjoue fa nae. (6) Reprnenaea algoititr Un algorim, cas prosdur de desni descr Ia() const in fects anor teste eu reat iar, din fetta ura\ i 1 ' \ Pent ononaes mull 05 2) pe ba de compari tne ehet vom ses artorale [aa Teal) [lomt) (awl) [om ig 4.1.6 bore bina sre ase sons multi f2, a5 a (@) Aplicatiacaditcare binars rem sf codiicm un afi, de exempls = (adc df eu ‘gjutorl caracerelo Oi 1 din sive bir Repeceate In trunze feared earacterele IV consum: un arbore bin snct eu aceste ‘in! frnae Asst iueta poate # eu in ma multe modu, ipl cum ihaseam mt jon Fie 47 roxy ng ne cit nd 0 ao eu RESETS tice onde im i ewe Pasaemetea we coop nem nO gf Aca Ae ef re Mined Seana dn tuna Se emp ee Shar st rps mer rope a] co Fig 19 Codie binare peste afar fa bee) asocite foros din fig 41.7 expec fig 41.8Propritat Datorit sructuri sate deosebite nan arbre bina srt avem ‘ie prope speciale expnmate pri relat fate diverse arcs ale sae, propieti pe cae le vom prezena i demons n contre [Nowin eu Ne musra ‘nodular ‘exter sh c1N) mundial nodunor ster le una arbore bins Avem tor eon Propocta 1. lowsun arbore binar strict, nude nodusior ‘eee at celor inte sunt egntepin et New the Demonarai, Vor nunttaT dout modus diferite mame ti de are le unui asemenea arbore. Pe de opt, fn tnt de foe ok in feeare nod mtr peach dul ace, ple expr aorta ea de wee ea flnd 2 * Med alld pane, tial cot de fal ef tn Recare od al abort, cu excep seni fd he un ae poten ene tundra tol de are ca find Ny Ne'=1: Egan eee dod eee bine IN N= Ned Ree 2-85 = Ni~ J ceca cene conduce ext a elatia dn en 6 Yor sum: fnmime extend 4 uma atbore bina set sume lungimilr drwmuror de Ia rici pis i Geeare nod crcm, Decne ea eddacina ts rumet se masoarh in num de ane Non ce ‘mules mason em des! de ee i af» a sot agin ums de “si ml, invoee npen define hr arbre Sinus fi an naar Sue ee rode inne. Nound cs? mines nalts Sees Se boule anges tera Zien us © rela imporani tare eee out pur detain 9h nuded ‘de nour le uni shore iar suet ete dit e ute ei Propozita 2. nian avbore bina sit sealer ean Lew le 2¥p Demonsraje, Flas induc matemates,dupt n = aur ‘otal de nodule un arborea sic (Sin ene poste lar ee valoar dn muljinesnumersormatule} sae) Cel ma simp tp de arbre biar set ete cel eu un sing nd, ec pen cae m1. Aces rod va fo tah pent toes shore vem urmiteele valor al carsterisielor le a Ment teed srowvmewioa IZ IfTp Tnlocuite in formula din coun le day o tela advert, deci peste afrmata ete demons One ‘8s scar celia spl ip ator bina sit care sa gi un ood itn: acest a wil aod ter a tess ea sven doi cop une (de unden =), Carers a saat ees Aceste valor, tnlocuite in formula din enn} dau o elie advan, deci am demonstat aia penta n°) (e) Presupunem cx poet de induce ed eltia Le = Ly = 28) este ‘deviatd pent once arbore bisa suet cae ae un numa ith co dari mai mic dest un mms natural m otFi un abore bia sre Ten mamara ns de ror mn > Arboree Pete compas din-in aod rdieing, inter, fi 8 sting ‘deep 7 f cae sunt a andl Tor subarbor bina ic, Nid MPO Ne of tg garacenstele fei Tales NE NE LF Le ‘arcensiie it puts exprima carctersle ui To foncbe de tracert filpe a pin umtoare reli Gaya eats 0) Nea ene, ) lend ne + if one bate wis Pent ‘Utimele dou reli rez din fp cd drumel to pin Ia un sod.x dence papain de exemple egal cu uml Se {ean a pod as, lca s adaugh areal det eaccin [a Ta ‘tena 7 Sububori 7* Ta un aumar toa de nod set mai mic cat 7 es or le pum spleniptems de Snare gi aver reli soe 6) tea l= 20, (6 Ue oce oan Ceteuen acum lunges ener a a 7, pled dela lain sialic na (5) 91(6, Ave bebe Ne ~ bet = Nel = Lf NP = NE = Lf NP a NE - MP - MP = = NF LP NP = NPI) NF = ts tne, pect tina egal, am grupe ems am apis aa Sabi poms ator #9 ind coe de re {aims pete pute apg () saver: etn coma: La= Ly = 20M) + NE * y= La 2M nde, pets ha eau pat laa) hcata ache amos pr ndace oma! dn en aed Proporta 3, Int-an arbor bina stict de adinime d avem eta ieplte Demonsrese. mealies in count revise Ia demonsrrea urmioseor afeai (a) Dine fof arbor Nina srt de adios dats, d, cel ex umnar 1 ionde eae este el erat ote rane alia ive (ais) () Unasboreca tui onl a ivlal fare ect tanze, aca Meo? ‘Aira (0) ete medi. Bemonstasy (0) pan induce dup valor ald. Penta d = 0 avem uml afotle eu ns nog, dep Sanz ein se veri, Posiud = Tove un arbore barat cy un sngur no intro, cia coud fran anno elise verifies. ssuner ef pnt d= A mumdra de unas (at toate la nivel) eae = 2 Pete cons in-unasermenes arbors tn mod fate simp coc, bove bin st care are aieime d= = opiate ‘tome frau sun la vel f+ 1. Se folocuet fecare Franch debe Sch cu an nod intr, Se acess se get ete dod fanz, procede cate preauee un arbre eu de dout sal multe fuze dest recede Det pent arborledesduseime ! ~/ gi touefunzle bt Rietinnel sem Apr? *? = 2 vcceace chic demorsiaia ged ‘ncorlar ene de ua reat recta est urstrs CCorstar. fatran bore time stet de sdinvime ¢ vem inealtatea apse Dewuratraye, Tavtith ain tla sbi propor sett, aye! cscia 1 aplick finn oresetoue log ir ap funcia pst nbsp Supsnoar i obpoem (lege st care ela relia dn emt. ged— aa oamne r rien i contin site retite ‘stints lenges exert mining Henin Sune gi ou Y wt ny a Wincented Bt dde ceeetat oop 41 ace ll Furr rut, maeat ot 9 marca ote “ @ “Tapas Gengine xen a oy lungie extems AMAT Lehn d E a d hae ee in ela Phe Ot Ys Bees ys tan yy i a tinp cat iain icp SE safc ome ples (oo Pera tt8 lcm pene PE seats ella ge Pe cuit, wets fe ope Grin mel al aorta, case . seen ted mitnenss eee ‘uber at ciror fue Nesfua ees ml do elrada re eit Langs extent mini an bor bine see frame et de fon [ 2 — gt} - 2p, crt Atco drat dtc peng a se atinge lungimes exert ming cg te fee sc te ion) veh Ania ft AS felons es aap tem taza 2}, ‘Nona gine cmt ee ak pe? tentegaisne 4=Tetlside t= ball Fors is ent cst denonted drag MalemCin caleultm Ze, ajungem ia nivelal d ~ Psi yuma tanginitr zurilor plat aclo s¢exprind pn fd ~ 1). Penns nodule la ces nivel, care sunt fanz, call sa temusat’ Mal tebule sk fstimars acum numa! de rans de a ivelld, eoaece ‘Le =ild1) + wamial de fe dela nivel Dar, umd de funze dele veal este dbl mira de ‘oda iniioare de ta uivlul ~ ur worn din umn este egal co =" Inlocund in exeesia de mit, objet. tenld-s 20-2) exact cean ce eebin demons ged ‘Unmitorreruut 3e at 9 maine infect pent: Ingines ‘rte tee @ une arbore bine set In finch do andra otal de trace, Proposta 6 fran arbor bina snl avem utr inealiate: i) Demonstrase Prin lungine medic ijeegem media report a ruminal de fuze. Deoarece am estima In Proponia § ungimes ‘minima, ptem esa acum media ei obinem ues eA 2 et abit, [tim teanen al sume este un num pri, subuntar save sin de nega wee > Let > Ul (nde pra ingaiate ete evides), ces een conde la negate inenany gee 4.2. Lima infeviar a algoritailordesortare bani pe compara inte chet Compiexiaen um algo de sortie ined este 9 miss a ‘impala de ular i elgontmatu tn foncpe de, mara elementlor ecto de sort Alpi de rorare tema dite cre ceri sonar directa pi inserie 2 setaze direct prin selec rin sau asim) sense dest ps nrschimbare 1 sere mpi (QuickSor) 4 serares ev antmbl eapSert) fectuetra compnai tere che, itech de cel stoperai de Ssigare de valor Ulsmels dovi opeais tears evaluat in foie do humdiul de mutt. Nudral musirlor depnde Ta med eset de ‘uma: compara, dot eompleiatenalgotlar sete fy ‘od een Ta fnsie srr de orpara. ‘Stim cf prumi tel algontm: de mat sus au © complete de cotdinal st n* Sant algontms dec simpli, dar flav aepertonmsn, ‘Uon doi, sraren rapid gi srasea cu ansmble au perform sul ma ne amume ordi mop ‘Yom demons in continare un ezlat care ath eS pum bor sulin ngs eu ale eve, cb plc i slit Sora in casa coor bai pe compara ine i, a prZoman ‘Tearemi. Once algoritn de sortae a 1 che, got basa pe ‘compari iirc va face el puto 8) og compari n cam se ma efor 1) log compara in cam mei Demonstrate. Chis demons aces raat ese situ de bore sa etc prope sale Presupuner cer cu algo peau ee dtl de nace sunt vector Gs Iungime n, (2u #2... a), cu componentele presupce istncte Reams cram eu algo’ bao pe compa ti 4x <3, Uni asercnsa algontim |se weiss in arbre de dese ‘mod wor 2) ourtucte deep va fo fun ce contne veto sotat a i an pd t 1) compari ~ v6 un no inti, clr sg ete wn Sib wot scpunorcese ecu dah <3 eve ete, it epee abort soi anrtinior o eect ack. peste st «Bates espn cl acest bore xe bina si, dese, dct un fod motor an sapu hi pun Inet hot cw et Shin te ia Si tn a pn ene cl iat ‘Mia ol al ismucanor de iit dot lamer va 6 rural wi ed pst pe vestry 20,0» eur st prt de cae de intr are lg ote cehslent cu prurpere mt drm de odes pn a fan ee CSufne rape sete da drat Numan de compas eects Scat cu amit de od ner peat ry ae ee os Tanpinc sca du toad nw (Ver 418 pence) ud vem acm ur Ge compar peer W ce slow! col med, esa vie aetna mantn medi Sun imconre pe tnt drama sy ae vt lange evra Inf ctr siete dei rose Decl veces ccinum mdr de camper cl el sefavoa acent jevne exe ml or sear Pe mel lng pod lo Fre eel veal Std ound compa in cal ol ma favor, est rcne aetna de woe econ pe femal ete seu nan Team ch ature nos de decir xe in arrest os stare Din Prom 6 avem ch lunges eer med unl semenes arbors est mee ett logy tea meu goin Se terare buat pe compan face ct pun [log] comps coe ce incei demons fai (6) Fonuu sdomonate aor (9) ne reamiin ch dramicil cole eu tps oft seta en foe sete nil nie, (Tose bert ar Coane Propeeie3 bee a2 floes cosa cence accra eimai). QED. ca 43, Arbor! bar sti eu pouder. Algortet fo Huftnan, Fie un aioe binae stick, 7; eu mujimes frunzslor = fayay ay) 1h se va mim cu ponder ch ex foie eb valor feale wok’ Ry cu ale evi, deo Tecare fun re ait uh ‘umd real w nimt pondere i, Reva ef angen exter ai Peste tex Sheen. de cn aoa = Mr 2) Mngien drm a inal 7, frunm a, ach T este ponder, putem considera lanyinee exiemd ponder, uae Yea exist pin ta Enda Lmtd Peat ator bina sch rk ponder, spun Ie iebarea evi care in se miumuataah lngimen exerat a fost ft Th Proportie + In un amir sat d= ume, hunginea exter se Iimizeazd petra tia cae a funele repaiate pe eel lt eat vein acacene ‘Ne punem 0 inebare simiteh pei sont binant cu ponders anume: petra un nunar fbat de func, cu pode dst, Tixate ile (tay nm). pene are arbor ang ngimes, extre poderall mia? thstrin vara lungimi eer ponders, pe en exempla co sata uze cu ponder a2 (3) 3). Prezenti tn fire ‘de mai jos uel afbri bina sty ce comin dow acete frame, ct Fungal emtere pnderate aoe (aiseObserim, de exemplu arbre (A) care are fel ote pe ‘acca nivel iar avealngime exer risa dc a aven pode, ‘ue acum o lunge exert ponderalé = #2, ear enteral ate dol ¢ bore (} Un tsps construc Ia inaharen pei cre arbor se ating ungimen exci poderat mini ee dat ih paral urns Algorcna ta tutte Problema de reaoivat este wtoaes: dae in n ponder, ntate ts wa ow sks gsease pine toh bo bina seh cu » Cee ‘ln nebpat nie, care sf aba esa mai mcd. luge exert ponderatt Oto de consi unl asemenea arte este euoss Sub sumele de algorma aHan. a = of i 8) pentru n= {solu va arbor bar snct cu un singur nod ds tip Sune, cv unica ponderew, Lungimen iui exten ponserald a, >) Breapune ct n= 1 ponder a, pute ons! un rte nar Sire cu ingine een ponderil mits ) He acum m pone date, ny. Ws 4 presupane ew Sunteelerma mii dine neste ponder Sa conieram teu pal Se "n= L poo, ~ wa wa wr Conform puneta (0 puters de {duct pte conus adore iar tT asoll tease pode ze fe souie a probe! meas, adh sab lungime exert Ponrath minima, 258 Iloouim seam Ta sible Te fs ot onder w= w; cv un sbatbore deforma, we) Le bind in ell west un abore binge etrict 7: Arbol T'va f slic tra pondenile ws. ws, ws. wo ei langimea I ener ponders a Bosc t= bi w, + wa iat Leto mining 9h ny tt 9 ele eae ‘ac ponder din ‘Algoroml tei Hoffa =| rain Presipunem oh elem ponder st arnt In ori desersetoare Port! Algoritol formeash ter bina sti ccze de ip rs, ‘elo ponder m soci ch Avem 0 pide arb Pasal 2 Se leaga™ dor subwrboe cu poaden misime din pie, ox ator nt ood rsror pot eae el devin ot do fiir aes bone ‘a arbre tas suct cu ponderes aso cpa cma ponder "sore pe af vam lega,podere pe caso Vor soon dl ner, ‘Am red a eal sata ou? numa de suburbor din re Se psu! etiv 2) png cd oie en ing arbre Inger, la pasa teat f, algorimal are. — k + 7 bor bina strict cu ponden. Leap” dav etn eu ponent cle mat ic ‘onfonm procedeulutdecris anterior, producing In fll asst = ston binant ste cx pence, ‘Algona se terminal (n~ caps teat, end produce un sngurabore, ele, din pure ial den arbor, Te Geeae ps itera sunil de abo deers out Un attore tna snet bit prin sparen algoitmul de i 50556 ya mum arbor ffm aso pone i Peary siplicaren prezerta ae ena in mad ltrs alts ‘informapice ar putea castnue Tyas Asse ate ifort srt ale peru diverse aplicafaeslgntn up cur vom vdeo Sectale ueadlwe, dar, perry connareaefeaivs 0am arbore ‘finan, son suftente ponders ‘Nespas aor Hunan ‘pliearealgoritmuls sa econduee fo general In ur arbors Husinan une. Unal din moniele acest fap este 6, ln Aeeare Jeg” ot atbor 7 Ty, de ponden nine, mi, rspectv wy, em do Postblitdstince (Ty devine fu sting wi T> fio sop sab vice), goriuosl efi infuenat declt de ponderaa wy ~ wy a arboreal 8 m LX LX LNne St ‘Accathambiguiste a putes fi eliminatl stabilind © convene porvit Geis, de exemply,aborele cu pondera cea mai mich se deviad ‘Bing, Evident sceasa convene poate fnjions dose ck cake dou ponder in dscae st siete, ale wr « W2 [racns or ret fe flip la flecore pas erty a algo ‘Arn pus asl even nal dole moi pent seunicanes arbor ‘tna i anaes existent mal mltor ponder minime,cple tne ee. ‘Aou pus, de osemenn, fm evden cord care arborele Pffnan ele ti, anume dc 1 fondente ile au atemenes valor, fet a ecare ps erty al Elpontnslas ponder arbor poday san dsinte, ‘bse tblcyte conventie de epare™ a ceor doi abort cu ele mai ‘hie ponder de exempl cel cy pondeea ea mal mich devine fis ‘Hg tr convey se cespeet a feeare pas iteaiv St ne reinturem acum pin a prim exempls din acest capitol, care fonstraia un abore bina st: din muljienea de fanze ponerate (0,2 (org) te 3) fd 11)} 98 observa e& arbocele din fgua (C) este on fore Hainan, dei L = 36 exe lungimen extern pondered it ‘tion mai ows ali ston finan seo sestr ponder Q iS BHA BE Le (ois Exerc T'Ste constrict arbor Huflman pest umatorul st de fru oo ponders ad 4, (22). (2), (02). 4) gh se ealalere angina ‘xtert pomdera ina S'Stue sen n prose 9 sod peecedtcare constuose un Hatn ginm-un se cat_de Gonz cn ponder (verte tea Sersiune recass) 4.4. Aplicati ale arbordr bianl stele ediiare. Cod Hution, Fle # un abet rit Nein cu 7* noid liber generat de asic males "ewvinlor” (gun de eaactere) frmaze peste afibenl ‘te carenesaup cov Vid oe nu coi nl un carat. ‘Ge nota de mai sus, pan (2. 1)* vom ilelege mules sirator ce comin de carcle 0 si 1 sia pulem iectfies eu rules tre irate de ‘Numim cad binar per albeal Vo Tune injective 2 ¥ 90, 1)" Codi sock unl liere a ¥ va fw st cf) ce onjne don carci 0 | Proprsaien de ijectviate ae asigut ek ‘foul lnee dstincte 0 # bin voravesseoeite cola distin, acd ety + eh O fins € :¥ > 0, 17° ca mai sus se preluogeie Un mod rata a mule cwitlor ete Yad leo fancpe¥* 2,1), pia formula Flas 1g = lapel. fod ‘Aces Insemat col asocat cwistelii ajey 2, se obtine Conestadnd cour Hectic Ure npr, evident in ding in cat le pa in evant §;fneisextins & ae peopriestes de injective gi 0 ‘om mun od bina pee 7 Te catia, prt cod binar vo ieelege ecole peste F, fe ‘eens ui cenonet ¢ Is ¥*, ln Sunejie de cortex, xi we vom refer ma la asl od, Spine eb un cod (bin) are proprictaen prefs du pent care dou tere xy © Vf aueste prefix al ie “Ata bar pot ffl In mod natural a epezentara sau chine genertea coder Bina eu propriate pein. Fiche | rele rboreli bina eu conver um are da ip iu sting are eicheta 0 far un are de tp fu dep we ebcbea I. Pacem eancterele din 7 tn Ffuele unui semenea aor reo 79 0, 1/*ascit va & dt fd fa) = sind de ecete a rua (ane) del inn arbors a furan ince este epreretat career a « V. Un aerenen od exe injecty peut ek dou Iitere siete din V ecu fuze diets | tin cod eu propcetten rePx ets ebm reprezesim earacere Ts dare itenoareSpine lu od ete de gine fd dk at ee dase sedi ug de bi ec eiging oe tack a} = 6) pentwonsoa be ude ria [ttm angie pnd de bit ef Un od care uv ar seth popritte se suneye me verti ae Ne Probleme pe carne pune sunt (9) De contrat a cod far cu popes prefix peste un be it Sys Denis nrc econo patente al cat asp Selects ne esata Ine Sass aaa eae $m re nate epi ts spi LOM tae i na cig cone aeraeaenae oe pence coon eee Te mene cee ate ae SAO reg ect re Dact vero gener tha acu codu define thd, va {rb scant tort in sic ou frmaie pega 4 plc, ve ecu adh face ae oe oes ‘oui caster din Yast Pe ory ezaes coli agin varia, ne « neoie st ‘pune nto wei ase lace a ali unas gk ‘a neu agi fuze ta plas Wve Ince alo fs 4 split gine cols eel carnal nope (Patea exploiaioteligeat sect uti propictte tn fal ‘Un deiderat general al ort! probleme de coifeace ee cx ‘nngimes mesjlor codifeat tfc minkna. Avex deedemt ene pee

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi

• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  D'Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (5820)
• The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

  

  D'Everand

  The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

  Stephen R. Covey

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (353)
• The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Personal Workbook

  

  D'Everand

  The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Personal Workbook

  Stephen R. Covey

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (2515)
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Partition
• The Art of War: A New Translation

  

  D'Everand

  The Art of War: A New Translation

  Sun Tzu

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (3045)
• The Iliad: The Fitzgerald Translation

  

  D'Everand

  The Iliad: The Fitzgerald Translation

  Robert Fitzgerald

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (5646)
• The Odyssey: (The Stephen Mitchell Translation)

  

  D'Everand

  The Odyssey: (The Stephen Mitchell Translation)

  Stephen Mitchell

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (7770)
• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  D'Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Évaluation : 4.5 sur 5 étoiles

  4.5/5 (20112)
• How to Win Friends and Influence People: Updated For the Next Generation of Leaders

  

  D'Everand

  How to Win Friends and Influence People: Updated For the Next Generation of Leaders

  Dale Carnegie

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (2340)
• The Handmaid's Tale

  

  D'Everand

  The Handmaid's Tale

  Margaret Atwood

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (13282)
• Pride and Prejudice: Bestsellers and famous Books

  

  D'Everand

  Pride and Prejudice: Bestsellers and famous Books

  Jane Austen

  Évaluation : 4.5 sur 5 étoiles

  4.5/5 (20479)
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  D'Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Évaluation : 4.5 sur 5 étoiles

  4.5/5 (3313)
• Wuthering Heights Complete Text with Extras

  

  D'Everand

  Wuthering Heights Complete Text with Extras

  Emily Brontë

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (9991)
• The Picture of Dorian Gray (The Original 1890 Uncensored Edition + The Expanded and Revised 1891 Edition)

  

  D'Everand

  The Picture of Dorian Gray (The Original 1890 Uncensored Edition + The Expanded and Revised 1891 Edition)

  Oscar Wilde

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (9054)
• Art of War: The Definitive Interpretation of Sun Tzu's Classic Book of Strategy

  

  D'Everand

  Art of War: The Definitive Interpretation of Sun Tzu's Classic Book of Strategy

  Stephen F. Kaufman

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (3321)
• Oscar Wilde: The Unrepentant Years

  

  D'Everand

  Oscar Wilde: The Unrepentant Years

  Nicholas Frankel

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (10370)
• Anna Karenina: Bestsellers and famous Books

  

  D'Everand

  Anna Karenina: Bestsellers and famous Books

  Leo Tolstoy

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (7503)
• The Hobbit

  

  D'Everand

  The Hobbit

  J. R. R. Tolkien

  Évaluation : 4.5 sur 5 étoiles

  4.5/5 (25894)
• Freakonomics Rev Ed

  

  D'Everand

  Freakonomics Rev Ed

  Steven D. Levitt

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (7879)
• Orgueil et Préjugés - Edition illustrée: Pride and Prejudice

  

  D'Everand

  Orgueil et Préjugés - Edition illustrée: Pride and Prejudice

  Jane Austen

  Évaluation : 4.5 sur 5 étoiles

  4.5/5 (20391)
• Habit 3 Put First Things First: The Habit of Integrity and Execution

  

  D'Everand

  Habit 3 Put First Things First: The Habit of Integrity and Execution

  Stephen R. Covey

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (2508)
• Habit 1 Be Proactive: The Habit of Choice

  

  D'Everand

  Habit 1 Be Proactive: The Habit of Choice

  Stephen R. Covey

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (2559)
• How To Win Friends And Influence People

  

  D'Everand

  How To Win Friends And Influence People

  Dale Carnegie

  Évaluation : 4.5 sur 5 étoiles

  4.5/5 (6703)
• Wuthering Heights (Seasons Edition -- Winter)

  

  D'Everand

  Wuthering Heights (Seasons Edition -- Winter)

  Emily Brontë

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (9975)
• The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

  

  D'Everand

  The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

  Stephen R. Covey

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (2572)
• American Gods: The Tenth Anniversary Edition

  

  D'Everand

  American Gods: The Tenth Anniversary Edition

  Neil Gaiman

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (12957)
• Habit 6 Synergize: The Habit of Creative Cooperation

  

  D'Everand

  Habit 6 Synergize: The Habit of Creative Cooperation

  Stephen R. Covey

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (2499)
• The Iliad: A New Translation by Caroline Alexander

  

  D'Everand

  The Iliad: A New Translation by Caroline Alexander

  Homer

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (5734)
• The Picture of Dorian Gray: Classic Tales Edition

  

  D'Everand

  The Picture of Dorian Gray: Classic Tales Edition

  Oscar Wilde

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (9765)
• Life of Pi: A Novel

  

  D'Everand

  Life of Pi: A Novel

  Yann Martel

  Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

  4/5 (13495)