Womans 20 Rights 20 in 20 Islam

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In the Name of Allah,

the Most Gracious,
the Most Merciful.
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www.irf.net
bmomjyefqdkol
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;
B.A(Geo;), B. Ed, M.Ed, Ph.D (Edn)
(Tsukuba University, Janpan),
Diploma in Daiyah (Al-Azahar), Yangon.
hf a&;
Woman's Rights
in
Islam
Edited by
Maulawi Muhammad Yasinn Bin Badi-ul-Huseinn
Author
Dr. Zakir Naik
President, Islamic Research Foundation
Mumbai, India
www.irf.net
Translated by
Dr. Hla Hla Win
B.A(Geo;), B.Ed, MEd, Ph.D (Edn)
(Tsukuba University, Japan),
Diploma in Daiyah (Al-Azahar, Yangon)
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Woman's Rights in Islam

MODERNISING OR OUTDATED?
PART I
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wdusrSefuefonfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk bufrvdkufbJ? bufaygif;pHkrS
hf a&;
oH;k oyfa0zefomG ;rnf jzpfonf/
uREykf w
f tYkd aejzifh trSew f &m;ESihf qefu Y siaf om awG;awmqifjcifrrI sm;udk
ppfaq;Munfyh gu uREykf w f \ Ykd todÓPf\jzpfpOfonf trSew f &m;rS aoGznfcJh
aom tcsd e f r sm;pG m &S d c J h N yD u d k o d E d k i f y gonf / wpf c sd e f u tBuD ; us,f q H k ;
ÓPfBu;D &SiBf u;D rsm;uyif urÇmBu;D jym;onf[k ,HMk unfcMhJ uonfrmS oufao
yifjzpfonf/
tu,fí uREykf w f oYkd nf ,aeY taemufwikd ;f rD', D mrS yHak zmfjyoaeaom
trsKd ;orD;rsm; tajctaeESihf tpövmrfv h al erIpepftwGi;f rS trsKd ;orD;rsm;\
tcG i f h t a&;ud k EI d i f ; ,S O f v uf c H y gu tpö v mrf r S ay;aom trsd K ;orD ;
tcGit hf a&;onf acwfaemufusaeonf [laomtcsut f wGuf jiif;y,fp&m
r&Syd g/
taemufwidk ;f rS ajymqdak eMuaom ]]trsKd ;orD; vGwv f yfciG [
hf o
l nfrmS
trsKd ;orD;\ cE¨mud,
k u f kd acgif;yHjk zwfjcif; ?olr\ *kPo
f u
d m© udk uif;rJah pjcif;
ESifh olr\ 0dÓOfudk tqifhtwef; edrfhapatmif yHkazmfxm;aomt&m}} om
jzpfonf/
tpövmrfhabmiftwGif;rS trsdK;orD;rsm;\ tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;ap
jcif;[laom udpEö iS yhf wfoufí taemufwikd ;f \ ajymqdrk rI sm;rSm trSew
f u,f
olr\ tqifhtwef;udk atmufazmfjyyg edrfhusaom tajctaeodkY a&muf
apjcif;omjzpfonf/ taemufwdkif;\ trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;ESifh vGwfvyfrI
jr§ifhwifa&;aMumifh trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; udk,fvkyfawmf? ti,ftaESmif;rsm;?
vlYtzGJUtpnf;\ vdyfjymi,frsm;tjzpf vdifrIqdkif&m aps;uGuf&Sifrsm;ESifh
taysmftyg;&SmazGvdkolrsm;\ vuf0,ftEkynmESifh ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m
a&mifpjkH zmaeaom pm&if;ay:0,f toH;k awmfcaH pjcif;rQomjzpfonf/
tpövmrf\ tajccHtusq;kH aom jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;qdik &f m axmufyrhH I
rsm;u trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; trsKd ;om;rsm;u vspvf sL½Ixm;cJMh uonfh vGecf ahJ om
ESpfaygif; (1400)ausmfuwnf;u ¤if;wdkYESifh xkdufwefaom &ydkifcGifh
(tcGithf a&;)rsm;ESihf tqift
h wef;rsm;udk ay;tyfcohJ nf/
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f o
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tcGifhta&;udk qufvufí uREfkyfwdkY\ awG;ac:rIrsm;? aexkdifrIpepfrsm;?
½IjrifoHk;oyfrIrsm;? Mum;emrIrsm;? cHpm;rIrsm;ukd acwfrDatmifjyKí trsdK;orD;
rsm;\ b0jr§ifhwifa&;?vGwfajrmufa&;udpöudk ½kef;uefajz&Sif;jcif; jzpfonf/
þudpu ö kd tao;pdwf wifjy&ef tcsuu f av;rsm; cGí J wifjyoGm;ygrnf/
yxrajrmuftcsurf mS a,bk,s rSe;f qcsut f m;jzifh urÇmv
h Ol ;D a&\ 5
yHk (1) yHkrSm rGwfpvifrfrsm; jzpfygonf/rGwfpvifrf vlYtzGJUtpnf;? *dkPf;*P
rsdK;pHk&Sdygonf/tcsdKUrSm tpövmrfESifh eD;pyfí tcsdKUrSm tpövmrfESifh a0;uGm
aeygonf/
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taxmuftxm;,lí qHk;jzwfrnf jzpfonf/ rGwfpvifrfwpfOD;csif;om
vkyaf qmifaeonfh rGwpf vifrf vlt Y zGUJ tpnf;rsm; rnfonft h &mrsm;udk jyKusihf
aeonfudk rMunfhyg/tpövmrf\ ppfrSefaom t&if;tjrpffrsm;rSm usrf;jrwf
uk&ftmefESifh ppfrSefaom pGEéofvrf;pOffjzpfonf/ usrf;awmfjrwfuk&ftmefrSm
uREykf w f \ Ydk ud;k uG,&f mt&Si\
f rkcyf gXfawmfrsm;jzpfNy;D ? pGE[
é [
f o l nf uREykf w
f \
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cspv f meftm; vufawGY
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av;csuaf jrmuftcsujf zpfaom usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonfvnf;aumif;?
qG[D;[f ['D;qfawmfrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh qG[D;[f
['D;qfrsm;onfvnf;aumif; ? wpfcEk iS w
hf pfcak omfvnf;aumif;? tcsi;f csi;f onf
vnf;aumif;? 0da&m"djzpfrnfr[kw/f
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ynm&Sifrsm;Mum;ü uGJjym;jcm;em;aom tqdkrsm; &Sdaumif;&SdEkdifaomfvnf;
,if;tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ oufqikd &f m usr;f yd'k w
f pfcw
k nf;udk
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tqdkrsm;udk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwpftkyfvHk;wGif avhvmqef;ppfjcif;jzifh
tajzrSef &&SEd ikd o
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tcsKd Uaom tm,ofawmf (usr;f yd'k )f rsm;rSmteuft"dygÜ ,fjym;aom ? qifw½l ;kd rSm;
hf a&;
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tjcm; tm,ofawmfrsm;wGif wpfzef jyefvnfazmfjyxm;wwfaomaMumihf
jzpfonf/ tcsKd Uaom vly*k Kd¾ vrf sm;rSm t&if;tjrpfwpfcu k okd m qkyu
f ikd x
f m;Ny;D
tjcm;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk vspv f sL½Ixm;wwfjcif;aMumifvh nf; jzpfonf/
aemufqHk;tcsufrSm ]rGwfpvifrf trsdK;orD;jzpfap? trsdK;om;jzpfap?
rGwfpvifrfwdkif;\ wm0efrSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf()\ ESpfoufrI&&efESifh
t&Sijf rwftay:ü ,Hyk t Hk yfEiS ;f rI&&dS ef ta&;Bu;D ygonf/ rdr\
d pdwq
f E´ jynf0h rI
ESihf ausmMf um;rI &SmazG&efrmS ta&;rBu;D yg/}
a,musmf ;ESihf rde;f r\ ]]wef;wlnjD cif;}} oabmw&m;udk tpövmrfrS
vufcx
H m;onf/ þae&mwGif ]]xyfwlnDjcif;}} [krqdkEdkifyg/
tpövmrfwiG f a,musmf ;ESihf rde;f r\ tcef;u@onf wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D
aygif;pyfjcif;jzifh Ny;D jynfph akH omoabmudak qmifNy;D ? 0da&m"doabmudk raqmif
acs/ ¤if;onf tusKd ;wly;l aygif;rI oabmudak qmifNy;D ? qefUusiaf omoabmudk
raqmif/ xkdYaMumifh a,mufsm;u rdef;rxufomonf(0g) rdef;ru a,mufsm;
xufomonf [laom omvGefrItwGuf &nf&G,fí BudK;pm;NyD; tjiif;tckH
rjyKyg/
tpövmrft h rsKd ;orD;tcGit
hf a&;(0g) &ydik cf iG hf ESihf ywfoufí us,jf yefaY om
u@Bu;D (6)ckcí
JG wifjyoGm;ygrnf/
¤if;u@Bu;D rsm;rSm -
(1) ]emrfyikd ;f }(0dnmOfyikd ;f )qdik &f m tcGit
hf a&;
(2) pD;yGm;a&;qdik &f m tcGit
hf a&;?
(3) vlraI &;qdik &f m tcGit
hf a&;?
(4) ynma&;qkid &f m tcGit
hf a&;?
(5) w&m;Oya'qkid &f m tcGit
hf a&;ESihf
(6) Edik if aH &;qdik &f m tcGit
hf a&;rsm;[lí cGjJ cm;xm;Edik o
f nf/
trsKd ;orD;rsm;\ 0dnmOfyidk ;f qkid &f m tcGit
hf a&;
yxrOD;qH;k taeESihf trsKd ;orD;rsm;\ 0dnmOfyikd ;f qdik &f m (emrfyikd ;f qdik &f m)
tcGit
hf a&;taMumif;udk tao;pdww f ifjyoGm;ygrnf/
taemufwidk ;f om;rsm;taeESihf tpövmrfbmomudk em;vnfrt I vGq
J ;kH
udp&ö yfrmS tpövmrf\ trwokcbH(k *sEo é )f qdo
k nfrmS a,musmf ;rsm;twGuo
f m
jzpfonf/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;twGuf r[kw[ f k ,lqaejcif;jzpfonf/
þrSm;,Gif;aom ,lqcsufudk trsKd;orD;u@? usrf;ydk'f(124)tm;jzifh
y,fzsuEf ikd o
f nf/
]]odkY&mwGif rnfolrqdk a,musfm;jzpfap? rdef;rjzpfap? aumif;jrwfaom
usifh0wfwdkYudkusifhrltHh? 4if;jyif xdkol onf ]rktfrifef} ouf0if,HkMunfolvnf;
jzpfthH? odkYjzpfvQif xdkuJYodkYaomolwdkYonf ]*sEéwf} trw okcbHkodkY 0if
a&muf(pHjref;)Mu&rnfhtjyif xdkolwdkYonf ESdyfpufn§if;yrf ;jcif ; ud k v nf ;
pd;k pOf;rQcHMu&rnfr[kwaf y/}} ( 4;1 24)
xkjYd yif ysm;ydwek ;f aumifu@? usr;f yd'k f (97)wGif

]]rnfolrqkd a,musfm;jzpfap? rdef;rjzpfap (rktfrifeftjzpfESifh) aumif;
jrwfaomtusifhoDvukd usifhrlaqmufwnfcJhaomf? 4if;jyif xkdolonf rktfrifef
ouf0if,HkMunfol(vnf;) jzpfcJhaomf rvGJ{uef igt&Sifjrwfonf xkdoltm;
oefY&Sif; pifMu,faomtouf&Sifjcif;rsKd;jzifh touf&Sifapawmfrlayrnf/
xkrd w
S yg; rkcspifppf igt&Sijf rwfonf xko
d w
l t
Ydk m; i¤ ;f wd\
Yk tusKd;ukd 4if;wdk Y usifrh l
aqmufwnfvsuf&cdS MhJ uukeaf om aumif;jrwfaom tusifo h v
D ESihf avsmfnpD mG
ay;qyfawmfrl ayrnf/}} (16 ; 97 )
xkaYd Mumifh tpövmrfwiG f vdit f rsKd ;tpm;onf (*sEo é )f trwokcbHo
k Ykd
0ifa&muf&ef pHEeI ;f r[kw/f þuJo h aYkd om tpövmrf\ tcGit hf a&; acwfro
D nf[k
qdEk idk yf govm;/ (od)Yk acwfaemufusomG ;onf[q k Ekd ikd yf govm;/
rde;f rwGif 0dnmOfr&S[
d al om . . .
taemufwidk ;f rD',
D mrsm;\ tjcm;aom rSm;,Gi;f pGmem;vnfxm;onfh
hf a&;
todynmwpfckrSm rdef;rwGif 0dnmOfr&Sd[laom t,ltqjzpfonf/ þ
,lqcsufrSm ](17)&mpkESpfwGif a&mrEdkifiHü wpfpkwpfa0;wnf; pkpnf;cJhaom
ynm&SdBuD;rsm;\aumifpDrS wnDwñTwfwnf; oabmwlqHk;jzwfcsufrSm
rde;f rwGif 0dnmOfr&S[
d al om} ,lqcsujf zpfonf/
usm;?r ESprf sKd ;pvH;k wGif wlnaD om 0dnmOfobm0&Sd
tpövmrfwGif a,musfm;ESifhrdef;r ESpfrsdK;pvHk;wGif wlnDaom0dnmOf
obm0&SdaomaMumifh usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? trsKd;orD;u@? usrf;ydk'f (1)wGif
atmufygtwdkif; wifjyxm;onf/
]]tkd-rEkóvlom;taygif;wkdY? toifwkdYonf rdrdwkdYtm; zefqif;arG;jrL
awmfrlaom t½Sifjrwfukd aMumuf&GHU(½kdao) Mu ukefavmh/ xkdt½Sifjrwfonf
toifwkdYtm; toufwpfacsmif;wnf;rS zefqif;awmfrlcJhavonf/ 4if;jyif
xkdt½Sifjrwfonf xkdtoufwpfacsmif; wnf;rSyif 4if;\ Muif&mMuifbufukd
vnf; zefqif;awmfrcl ahJ v\/}} (4 ; 1 )
tvm;wl ysm;ydwkef;aumifu@? usrf;ydk'f (72) wGifvnf; ...
]]xdkrSwyg; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf toifwdkYtzdkY toifwdkY (trsdK;tpm;xJ)
rSyif ZeD;Muif&mrsm;udk jyKvkyaf wmfrcl ahJ vonf/}} (16;72)
xdjYk yif aqG;aEG;wdik yf ifjcif;u@? usr;f yd'k f (11)wGiv
f nf;-
]](xdkt&Sifjrwfonfyif) rdk;aumif;uifrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? urÇmajrudk
vnf;aumif;? zefqif; awmfrlaomt&Sif jzpfawmfrl\/xdkt&Sifjrwfonfyif
toif w d k Y t zk d Y toif w d k Y \ trsKd ; tpm;xJ r S yif M uif & mMuif z uf r sm;ud k
zefqif;awmfrcl \ hJ /}} (42 ; 11)
a,mufsm;ESirhf ed ;f r\ emrf0n
d mOf obm0wlnaD ejcif;udk toift
h aeESihf
tpövmrf\ xkt d cGit
hf a&;rsm;udk acwfrjD cif;[kac:rnfavm (ok)Yd acwfaemuf
usaeNy[
D k ajymrnfavm/
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f &Si;f vif;pGm wifjyxm;onft
h csurf mS - tv’m[f
t&Sijf rwf()onf ol\ (zefqif;xm;aom ½l[)f 0dnmOfukd vlom;\cE¨mud, k f
twGi;f rIwo
f iG ;f onf[k azmfjyxm;onf/
[*sjf yKjcif;u@? usr;f yd'k f (29)wGi-f
]]wpfzef igt&Sifjrwfonf (vlom;\) xdkajr½kyfudk pepfwus NyD;pD;atmif
jyKvkyf(zefqif;)awmfrlí ,if;(ajr½kyfwGif;)ü rdrd txHawmfrS toufZD0defudk
rIwof iG ;f awmfrv
l u
kd af omtcg toif wdo
Yk nf xdv
k o
l m;\ a&SUarSmufwiG f ysyf0yf
OD;csMuavuke/f }} ( 15 ; 29 )
tvm;wl azmfjycsurf sKd ;udk ysy0f yfO;D csjcif;u@? usr;f yd'k f (9) wGif ..
]]xdkYaemuf xdkt&Sifjrwfonf ¤if;tm; aexm;usepGm jyKvkyf awmfrlí 4if;(\
cE¨mud, k f twGi;f )ü rdrt
d xHawmfrS toufZ0D ed u
f kd rIwf oGi;f awmfrcl \
hJ / }}
( 32 ; 9)
þae&mwGit f v’m[ft&Sijf rwf()onf rdr\ d xHawmfrS toufZ0D efukd
rIwof iG ;f awmfrcl o
hJ nf[k rdeaYf wmfrjl cif;rSm jrm;ajrmifaom bk&m;udk todtrSwf
jyKudk;uG,faom 0g'rsm;rS ,HkMunfaom ]vl0ifpm;jcif;} wpfrsdK; r[kwfyg/
þusrf;ydk'frS qdkvkdcsufrSm- teEÅbkef;awmf&Sif tv’m[ft&Sif()\
t<uif;rJh ÓPfawmftm;jzifh t&Sijf rwf\ zefqif;xm;aom 0dnmOfobm0udk
vlom;tm; ¤if;ESiehf ;D pyfvmatmif jyKvyk af y;vdu
k o
f nf[k qdv
k o
kd nf/
þae&mwGit f m'rf()ESih f a[mif0g()ESpOf ;D pvH;k udk qdv
k o
kd nf/ ¤if;wkYd
ESpfOD;pvHk;tm; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf()\ ½l[f(0dnmOf)udk xnfhoGif;ay;cJhjcif;
jzpfonf/
wpfzef usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf() onfvo l m;tm;
¤if;\ ud,k pf m;vS,?f ,Hyk t
kH yfEiS ;f jcif;cH&oljzpfaMumif; nOfch &D;u@? usr;f yd'k f
(70)wGi.f .
]]{uefrvJG igt&Sifjrwfonf tm'rf\om; orD;rsm;ukd *kPfodefxl;uJ
jrifjh rwfapawmfrcl hJ avonf/}} (17;70)
0rf;enf;ygw,f/ þae&mwGif tm'rf()\ uav; (rsdK;quf)[k
qd&k mwGif trsK;d om;ESihf trsK;d orD; ESpOf ;D pvk;H udq
k v
kd o
kd nf/
hf a&;
tcsdKUaom bmoma&;qdkif&m usrf;*efrsm;? Oyrm-or®musrf;wGif
tm'rf()\ZeD; a[mif0g()tm; vlom;rsdK;EG,frsm;\ usqHk;jcif;ESifh
ywfoufí jypfwif½UHI csxm;onfukd awGUEdik o
f nf/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif MuiSef;rsm;u@? usrf;ydk'f (19 rS 27)ü
tm'rf()ESiahf [mif0g () \tjzpftysuu f kd tBurd (f 12)Burd x
f ufrenf;
rdeMYf um;xm;onfukd awGUEdik o
f nf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t f meft& tm'rf()ESiahf [mif0g ()ESpOf ;D pvH;k onf
tv’m[ft&Si(f )\ trdeaYf wmfukd em;raxmif? rvdu k ef mchjJ cif;jzpfNy;D ? aemifw
&Ny;D ESpOf ;D pvH;k u r*fazG&wf vGwNf ird ;f csr;f omcGihf awmif;cHcMhJ uNy;D ? ESpOf ;D pvH;k
cGiv
hf w
T jf cif;cHc&hJ jcif; jzpfaMumif; twdt d vif; azmfjyxm;onf/
y#doaEäqmifjcif; om;zGm;jcif;aMumifh trsK;d orD;*kP&f nfrao;odrf
or®musr;f wGif Genesis ac: urÇmOD;usr;f \ tcef;(3)wGirf l a[mif0g
() wpfO;D wnf;uom vlom;\ usq;kH jcif;tay: wm0ef&o dS a,mif a&;om;
xm;jcif; jzpfonf/
a[mif0g() \ trSm;aMumifh "The Original Sin" ac: ]rlvyxrtjypf}
aMumifh vlom;xkwpf&yfvHk;onf tjypfom; (jypfrIom;aumif)rsm;tjzpf
arG;zGm;jcif;cHcMhJ u &onf[k ,HMk unfaeMuonf/ or®musr;f \ urÇmOD;usr;f (3
; 16)wGif ...
]] rdef;rudkvnf; oifüudk,f0efaqmifjcif; a0'emudk igtvGerf sm;jym;aprnf/
yifyef;pGmaom a0'emudck í H om;zGm;&rnf/ud, k chf ifyeG ;f \ tvdo
k v
Ykd u
kd í
f ol\
tkypf ;k d jcif; udkvnf; cH&rnf[k rdefYawmfrl\/}} (urÇmOD;usrf;? u@ (3)? tydk'f -
16)
txufazmfjyyg or®musrf;\ usrf;ydk'frS qdkvdkonfrSm rdef;rrsm;\
oaEäqmifjcif;?uav;arG;jcif;onf rde;f r\*kPt f &nftaoG;udk tqift
h wef;
edru
hf sapouJo
h Ykd wpfzufwiG f uav;arG;zGm;cgeD; cHpm;&aoma0'em (tma0#du
a0'em)onf rde;f rtm; a[mif0g() \ rlvyxr tjypfusL;vGecf rhJ aI Mumifh
ay;jcif;cH&aom tjypf'Pf[k qdv
k jkd cif;jzpfonf/
trSepf ifppf usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefwiG rf l y#doaEäqmifjcif;? om;zGm;jcif;jzifh
rdef;rrsm;\ *kPfodu©m? t&nftaoG;udk tqifhtwef;jrifhay;xm;onfudk
awGU&\/
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef? trsK;d orD;rsm;u@? usr;f yd'k f (1)wGif
]]oifwo Ydk nf oifwt
Ydk m; arG;zGm;ay;cJah om om;tdr&f iS frsm;tm; ½kad oav;pm;?
wefb;kd xm;Mu}} [kred qYf x
kd m;onf/
xdjYk yif vGurf mefock rdeu
f @? usr;f yd'k f (14)wGif
]]xdrk wS yg; ig(tv’m[f)t&Sijf rwfonf ]rEkó}vlom;tm; 4if;\rdbESpyf g; ESihf
ywf o uf í (þod k Y ) av;euf p G m trd e f Y a y;awmf r l c J h \ / 4if ; \rd c if r S m
tm;tifcsnfeh rYJ tI ay:ü tm;tifcsnfeh rYJ u
I kd cHpm;vsuf 4if;tm; (rdr0d rf;wGi;f )
vG,fydkufcJhav\/ xdkrSwyg; ESpfESpfajrmufaomtcgomvQif 4if;tm;
EdjYk zwfav\/}} (31 ;14)
tvm;wl azmfjycsufrsdK;udk oJawmifydkYrsm;u@? usrf;ydk'f(15)wGif
vnf;azmfjyxm;onf/
]]pif p pf a omf u m; igt&S i f j rwf o nf ]rEl ó } vl o m;tm; 4if ; \rd b
ESpyf g;ESiyhf wfoufí aumif; pGmjyKpk&ef av;eufpmG trdeaYf y;awmfrcl \
hJ /}}
(46 ; 15)
rdbrsm;tm; MuifempGmqufqH&eftwGuf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf()rS
rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm ]]rdcifrsm;onf olrwdkY\ om;orD;rsm;udk arG;zGm;
ay;cJ h p Of emusif c H p m;cJ h & aom emusif r I a 0'emaMumif h ¤if ; wk d Y t m;
MuifempGm qufqHMu}} [krdefYawmfrlxm;onfudk Munfhjcif;jzifh usrf;jrwf
uk&ftmefrS rdef;rrsm;\ oaEäqmifjcif;ESifh rD;zGm;jcif;udk taMumif;jyKvQuf
rde;f rom;rsm;\ *kPo f u d m© ESihf tqift
h wef;udk rESrd chf sbJ jri§ w
hf ifxm;ayonf/
tpövmrfrS rdef;rrsm;\ oaEäqmifjcif;ESifhywfoufí *kPfodu©m
jri§ w
hf ifxm;jcif;udk toift
h aeESihf þtcGit
hf a&;onfacwfro
D nf[k ,lqrnf
hf a&;
avm? acwfaemufusaeNyD pGypf rJG nfavm/
ouú0g[fw&m;onfomvQif . . .
tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf( )xHawmfyg;wGifum; ]ouú0g[f} (tv’m[f
t&Sifjrwf( )tm; cspfaMumuf½dkao cefYjim;vQuf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf
rdefYawmfrlxm;onfh trdefYawmfrsm;udk vdkufemusifhrlí wm;jrpfxm;aom
vkyf&yfrsm;rS a&SmifMuOfjcif;) onfomvQif ta&;BuD;qHk;aom pHEIef;jzpfonf/
twGi;f aqmifrsm;u@? usr;f yd'k f (13)wGif ..
]]tdk-vlcyfodrf;wdkY/ {uefrvJG igt&Sifjrwfonf toifwkdYtm; a,musfm;
wpf a ,muf ? rd e f ; r wpf a ,muf r S (pwif ) zef q if ; awmf r l c J h \ / xd k Y j yif
igt&Sifjrwfonf toifwdkYtcsif;csif; wpfOD;udkwpfOD; cJGjcm;odjrifrSwfrdMutHh
aomiSm vlrsdK;pk toD;oD;? rsdK;EG,ftoG,foG,f jyKvkyfawmfrlcJh\/ {uefpifppf
toifwt Ykd euf (tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf tm;) taMumuf&UHG qk;H ? tjypfrsm;rS trsm;qk;H
MuOfa&Smifaom olonfomvQif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf txHawmfü tjrifhjrwf
qk;H aomoljzpf\/}} (49 ; 13)
tpövmrfomoem\ pHEIef;wGif vdiftrsdK;tpm;? tom;ta&mif?
ZmwftedrfhtjrifhESifh <u,f0csrf;omr?I tqifhtwef;rsm;onf ta&;BuD;
aom pHñTef;rsm; r[kwfyg/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf () a&SUawmfarSmufwGif
]ouú0g[f}onfomvQif vlom;wpfOD;tm; aumif;usdK; qdk;jypfay;jcif;wGif
t"dupHEIef; jzpfonf/ xkv d o
l m;\ vditf rsKd ;tpm;onfaomfvnf;aumif;?
tjcm;pHEeI ;f rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? ta&;rBu;D yg/tifr&m;rfrsKd ;EG,u
f @? usr;f yd'k f
(195)wGif ...
]]taMumif ; aomf u m; igtoQif j rwf o nf toif w k d Y t euf r S rnf o nf h
aumif;rIjyKaomol\ aumif;rIukdrQ tv[ó tcsnf;ESD; jzpfap awmfrlonf
r[kwaf omaMumifw h nf;/ xkad umif;rIjyKolonf a,mufsm;jzpfap? rde;f rjzpfap?
toifwkdY tnrn tcsif;csif; wpfOD;onfwpfOD;\ tpdwftykdif;(jzpfay&m
trdeaYf wmfvnf; wpfrsKd;wpfpm;wnf;yif) jzpfacsonf/}} (3 ; 195)
wzef r[mrdwfrsm;u@? usrf;ydk'f (35)wGif
]]rkcs{uef ]rkpfvifrf} a,musfm;rsm;onf vnf;aumif;? ]rkpfvifrf} rdef;rrsm;
onfvnf;aumif;? ]rktfrifef} a,musfm;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? ]rktfrifef}
rde;f rrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? trdeaYf wmfukd vdu k ef mnMuonfh a,musfm;rsm;onf
vnf;aumif;? trdefYawmfudk vdkufemonfh rdef;rrsm;onfvnf;aumif;?
opö m 0g'D a ,musf m ; rsm;onf v nf ; aumif ; ? opö m 0g'D rd e f ; rrsm;onf
vnf ; aumif ; ? onf ; cH M uuk e f a om a,musf m ;rsm;onf v nf ; aumif ; ?
onf;cHMuukef aom rdef;rrsm;onfvnf;aumif;?ed0gww&m;xm;&SdMuaom
a,musfm;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? ed0gww&m;xm;&SdMuaom rdef;rrsm; onf
vnf;aumif;? tvSL'gejyKMuukefaom a,musfm;rsm;onf vnf;aumif;?
tvSL'gejyKMuukefaom rdef;rrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? qGd,mrf OykofoDv
aqmufwnfMuukeaf om a,mufsm;rsm;onf vnf;aumif;? qG, d mrf Oykoo f v D
aqmufwnfMuukeaf om rde;f rrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? rdrw d \Ykd t&Suf t*Fgrsm;udk
apmifhxdef;Muukefaom a,musfm;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkY\t&Suf
t*Fgrsm;udk apmifhxdef;Muukefaomrdef;rrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? tv’m[f
t&Sijf rwftm; rsm;pGm atmufarYwo? owd&Muukeaf om a,musfm;rsm;onf
vnf; aumif;? atmufarYwo owd&Muukeaf om rde;f rrsm;onf vnf; aumif;?
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf xdo k w
l (Ykd tm;vH;k wd)Yk tzkYd (tjypfr)S vGwNf ird ;f csrf;omcGiEhf iS hf
BuD;us,fvSpGmaomtusKd;udk tqifoifh jyKvkyfpDrHí xm;&SdNyD; jzpfawmfrlay
ownf;/}} ( 33 ; 35 )
txufyg tm,ofawmf\ ñTe;f qdck sut
f & tpövmrfomoemwGif usm;?r
ESpfOD;pvHk;twGuf tDrmef (,HkMunfrIo'´gw&m;)xm;&Sd&ef vdktyfouJhokdY
qGvm;of wnfaqmufjcif;? qGD,mrf Oykofwnfaqmufjcif;? Zum;of
(qif;&Jom;'geaMu;)ay;jcif; ponfwm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif&ef twlwlyif
jzpfonf/
odkYaomf tpövmrfwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf tcsdKUaom vdkufavsmrI
rsm;vnf; &Sod nf/ Oyrm- trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D onf ud,
k 0f efaqmifaeaom tcsed f
umv (odkY) rD;,yfaoG;ay:aeaom umvwGif ?olronf qGD,mrfOykof
apmifhxdef;&ef rvdkyg/ aemifolr ydkí usef;rmvmaomtcsdefwGif tpm;xkd;í
hf a&;
Oykoo f v D apmifxh ed ;f Edik af yonf/xkjYd yif rD;,yfaoG;ay:aepOfumvESifh uav;
rD;zGm;NyD;p umvrsm;wGif olrtaeESifh qGvm;wfwnfaqmuf&efvnf; rvdk
tyfyg/ olrtm; olr\ usef;rma&; tajctaet& tavQmhay;xm;NyD;?
aemifwiG v f nf; tpm;jznfah y;&ef rvdak y/
udk,fusifhodu©mydkif;qdkif&m wm0efrsm;rSm a,musfm;ESifh rdef;ronf
twlwyl ifjzpf&m þuJo
h aYkd om tpövmrf\ tcGit hf a&;onf acwfryD goavm/
acwfaemufusaeygNyaD vm/
trsKd ;orD;rsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;qdik &f m tcGit
hf a&;
,ckwpfzef uREfkyfwkdYonf tpövmrfrSay;xm;aom pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m
tcGit
hf vrf;rsm;udk qef;ppfMunfMh uygpd/Yk
tpövmrfwiG f pD;yGm;a&;qdik &f m tcGit
hf vrf;rsm;udk vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygif;
rsm;pGmuwnf;u ay;cJyh gonf/ txl;ojzifh taemufwidk ;f xuftvQif ESpaf ygif;
(1300) ausmuf wnf;u tcGit hf a&;ay;xm;Ny;D jzpfonf/
t&G,af &muf rGwpf vifrt f rsKd ;orD;wpfO;D taeESihf olronf tysKd jzpfap?
tdrfaxmifusNyD;jzpfap? olronf olrydkif Opömypönf;rsm;udk rnfolwpfOD;
wpfa,mufEiS rhf Qrwdik yf ifbJ rdrBd uKd uo f vkd pDpOfEidk o
f nf? (odrYk [kw)f pGev
Yf w
T f
Edik o
f nf/
taemufwkdif;wGif vufxyfxm;onfh trsdK;orD;tm; olrydkifqdkif
oifoh nfh Opömypön;f rsm;udk ydik q f ikd cf iG ahf y;&rnfavm/ Opömypön;f rsm;udk rnfoEl iS rhf Q
rwdik yf ifbJ pGev
Yf w
T cf iG jhfyK&rnfavm[laomtcsuu f kd (1870)ckEpS w
f iG f yxrOD;qH;k
taeESihf t*FvefEikd if w H iG f todtrSwpf jyKco hJ nf/
trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygif;(1300) uwnf;u tcGit
hf a&;
ay;xm;onft h csuu f kd uREykf v
f ;kH 0 oabmwlygonf/ þonfrmS a&S;a[mif;
tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonf/ uREfkyfrS ar;vdkonfhtcsufrSm þtcGifhta&;rSm
acwfryD gao;vm;/ acwfaemufusaeygNyv D m;/
tpövmrfwGif trsdK;orD;wpfOD;onf tvkyfvkyfvdkaom qE´&Sdygu
vkyfEdkifygonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif vnf;aumif;? cdkifvHkaom rnfonfh
Mo0g'awmfwGif vnf;aumif;? trsdK;orD;tm; tvkyfvkyfjcif;rS wm;jrpfjcif;?
[efYwm;jcif; r&Sdyg/ xkdokdY r[efYwm;rIonf ¤if;\ vkyf&yfonf w&m;r0if
pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; rvkyo
f a&GU ¤if;onf tpövmrfwh &m;Oya'udk razmufzsuf
oa&GU xkdokYd tvkyf vkyfjcif;udk [efYwm;rnf r[kwfyg/
odkYaomf olrwkdYtaeESifh olrwdkY\ tvStyESifh udk,fcE¨mudk jyoNyD;?
pD;yGm;&Sm&aom tvkyrf sKd ;? Oyrm- ½ky&f iS o
f ½kyaf qmifrsm;tjzpf? armf',fvyk if ef;
vkyfjcif;rsdK;udk cGifhrjyKonfrSm obm0usonf/ trsdK;orD;rsm; rvkyf&[k
wm;jrpfxm;aom oufarG;0rf;aMumif;vkyfief;ESifh tvkyftudkifrsm;onf
trsKd ;om;rsm;twGuf vky&f ef roifah vsmaf y/ Oyrm-t&ufEiS hf tazsm, f rum
vkyif ef;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifjcif;/
Oyrm- avmif;upm;0dkif;rsm;wGif avmif;upm;rItrsdK;rsdK;? usifh0wf
oDvESifh rudkufnDaom? r½dk;om;aomvkyfief;rsm;tm;vHk;onf a,musfm;ESifh
rde;f r ESprf sKd ;pvH;k twGuf wm;jrpfxm;onf/ ppfreS af om tpövmrfv
h t
Yl zGUJ tpnf;
onf rdef;r(trsdK;orD;)rsm;tm; q&m0efuJhokdYaom oufarG;0rf;aMumif;rI
vkyfief;rsdK;vkyf&ef awmif;qkdayonf/ tvm;wl om;zGm;rD;,yf txl;ukrsm;?
trsKd ;orD;olemjyK? trsKd ;orD; q&mrrsm; ponfjzifh vkyif ef;rsm;vdt k yfonf/
tpövmrfwiG f rdom;pktwGuf aiGa&;aMu;a&; wm0efonf trsKd ;orD;ü
r&Sd? trsdK;om;rsm;\ ycHk;ay:wGifom wm0ef&Sdonf/ olrwdkYtaeESifh olr\
pm;0wfaea&;twGuf tvkyv f yk &f ef rvd/k
vufawGY taetxm;t& tcsKd Uaom tajctaersm;wGif ESpOf ;D pvH;k rS
rdom;pk vdt
k yfcsuu
f kd rjynfrh ED ikd af omtcg trsKd ;orD;tvkyv
f yk &f ef wm0ef&dS
vmayonf/
þae&mwGivf nf; olrtm; tvkyv
f yk &f ef rnfou
l rQ wGe;f tm;ray;&/
olr\ vGwfvyfaom qE´t&om vkyfap&rnf/
txufwGif azmfjyxm;aom oufarG;0rf;aMumif;tvkyfrsm;tjyif
trsKd ;orD;rsm;taeESihf tdrw f iG af exkid Nf y;D vkyu
f ikd Ef ikd af om tvkyrf sm; ?tyfcsKyf
twwfynm? pufcsKyfjcif;? t0wfESifh tvSty 'DZdkifemvkyfjcif;? tdk;zkwfjcif;?
tdro
f ;kH ypön;f rsm;? (jcif;?yvH;k ) ponfwYkd ,ufvyk jf cif;wdYk jyKvyk Ef ikd of nf/ xkt Yd jyif
hf a&;
olrwdkYtaeESifh puf½Hkrsm;ESifh tdrfwGif;pufrI vkyfief;rsm;uJhodkY trsdK;orD;rsm;
vkyEf ikd &f ef oifah vsmaf om tao;pm;tvkyrf sm; vkyEf ikd o
f nf/
tpövmrfrS a,musfm;ESifhrdef;r twlwuG a&maESmaexkdifjcif;udk
cGirhf jyKaomaMumifh a,musmf ;ESihf rde;f roD;oefcY í
JG vkyEf ikd af omtvkyrf sKd ;udk vkyEf ikd f
onf/ vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf o
dS nf/ olrwdt
Yk aeESihf olr\trsKd ; r[kwaf om?wpfenf;qdak omf
vufxyfyikd cf iG &hf adS om a,mufsm;rsm;ESifhtwl a&maESmvkyfydkifcGifh r&Sd/ odkYaomf
olr\zcif? tpfu?kd olr\ cifyeG ;f wdEYk iS hf a&maESm vkyEf ikd cf iG &hf o
dS nf/ þudpt
ö wGuf
taumif;qkH;OyrmrSm uREfkyfwdkY\ r[mwrefawmfjrwf( )\ ZeD;cwD*sm
ocifrBu;D (g) yifjzpfonf/
ocifrBu;D onf olracwf olrtcgwGif tatmifjrifq;kH aom vkyif ef;&Sif
trsdK;orD;rsm;wGif wpfOD;tygt0if jzpfonf/ olronf olr\Muif,mawmf
(cifyeG ;f ) jrwfwrefawmf()rS wpfqift
h a&mif;t0,f vkyif ef;udk uRr;f usipf mG
vkyaf qmifco hJ nf/
trsKd ;om;ESi, hf OS v
f Qif trsKd ;orD;rsm;wGif aiGa&;?aMu;a&; vkNH cKH ryI &kd o
dS nf/
uREfkyfa&SUydkif;wGif aqG;aEG;oGm;cJhonfhtwkdif;? rdom;pkwpfcktwGif;ü aiGa&;
aMu;a&; wm0efonf trsdK;orD;\ykcHk;ay:wGif r&SdbJ trsdK;om;\ycHk;ay:
wGio
f m vH;k 0&Sad yonf/
rdef;rwpfOD;onf olrvufrxyfrD tysdKpifb0wGif olr\ pm;0wf
aea&;twGuf zcifjzpfoEl iS hf tpfu?kd armifrsm;wGif wm0ef&o
dS vkd olrvufxyf
Ny;D aomtcgwGif olr\cifyeG ;f ESihf om;wdu
Yk olr\aiGa&;aMu;a&; wm0eft00udk
,l&efvkdayonf/olr tdrfaxmif&ufom;usaomtcg vufcH&&Sdaom0ifaiG
tay:üom rDcS &kd ayonf/ olrtaeESihf vufaqmiftjzpf vufc&H &SEd ikd o f nf/
Oyrm-olrtaeESihf vufxyfaomtcg ]r[m&f} ac: ]r*Fvmcef;0ifvufaqmif}
tm; vufccH iG &hf o
dS nf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef? trsK;d orD;rsm;u@? usr;f yd'k f (4)wGi-f
]]xkdYjyifw0 toifwkdYonf (rdrdwkdY\) ZeD; rdef;rwkdYtm; 4if;wkdY\]r[&f} ukd
MunfjzLpGm ay;Muukeaf vmh/}} ( 4 ; 4)
tpövmrfw h &m;awmfEiS t
hf nD jyKvyk of nfh vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;aom r*FvmyGJ
twGuf ]r[&f} ay;jcif;onf 0g*spAf f rjyKrae&wm0efwpf&yf jzpfayonf/
rGwpf vifrv f t
Yl zGUJ tpnf;wGif usr;f jrwfu&k tf mefwiG f azmfjyxm;aom
r[m&f (r*Fvmcef;0ifaMu;)twGuf tcsKd Uolrsm;u 151 ½lyD ? 786 ½lyo D may;Ny;D ?
r*Fvm {nfch yH tJG wGuf ode;f aygif;rsm;pGmaom ½lyrD sm;oH;k pGMJ uonfuakd wGU&\/
Oyrm-{nfch yH t
JG wGuf tcif;tusi;f ? yef;yGirhf sm;tvSqifjcif;? aeYvnfpm ESihf
npmpm;yJrG sm;twGuf ½lyo D ed ;f aygif;rsm;pGm tuketf uscx H m;ayonf/
tpövmrfwiG f r[m&ftwGuf tenf;qH;k (od)Ydk tjrifq h ;kH ?trsm;qH;k rnfrQ
jzpf&rnf[k uefo Y wfxm;jcif; r&Sad y/ vly*k Kd¾ vw
f pfO;D taeESihf r*Fvm{nfch yH JG
twGuf ajrmufrsm;pGmaom ½lyDrsm;oHk;pGJvQif r[m&faMu;onfvnf; {nfhcHyGJ
wGiof ;kH ouJo
h Ykd ydí
k rsm;rsm; jzpfoifo
h nf/
tpövmrfh,Ofaus;rItwGif;odkY rodrom 0yfwGm; 0ifa&mufvmaom
,Ofaus;rIrsm; &Sdayonf/ txl;ojzifh tdE´d,wkdufi,fESifh teD;wpf0dkuf
{&d,mrsm;wGijf zpfonf/
tdE,
´d wku
d if ,fwiG f owdo
Yk m;rS owdo
Yk rD;twGuf ]a'gif&}D tenf;i,f
om ay;aomfvnf;? owdkYorD;rS a&cJaowåmwpfvHk;? w,fvDADG;&Sif; wpfvkH;?
tdrfcef;wpfcef; ? um;wpfpD;ponfjzifh tvdk&SdwwfMuonf/ owkdYom;\
aiGaMu;ajyvnfrI tqifah y:rlwnfí ]a'gif&}D rsm;pGm wifoifyh gonf/
tu,fí owdkYom;jzpfolonf bGJU&wpfOD; jzpfyg u owdkYorD;zufrS
wpfodef;cefY arQmfvifhEdkifovdk ? tif*sifeD,mwpfOD;jzpfygu oHk;odef;cefY
arQmv
f ifEh ikd o
f nf/ a'gufwmwpfO;D jzpfygu ig;ode;f cefY arQmv
f ifEh ikd cf iG hf &So
d nf/
a'gif&D} awmif;qkdjcif;ESifhywfoufí a,musfm;wpfOD;onf rdef;r
wpfO;D xHrS (owdoYk m;onf owdo Yk rD;xHr)S oG,0f u
dk af omfvnf;aumif;? wku
d ½f u
dk f
aomfvnf;aumif; a'gif&aD wmif;qdjk cif;udk tpövmrfrS wm;jrpfonf/
orD;ysdK\ rdbrsm;rS ¤if;wdkY\ vGwfvyfaomqE´t& wpfpHkwpf&m
ypön;f Opömrsm; ay;urf;ygu vufcH Edik cf iG &hf adS omfvnf; orD;ysKd \ rdbrsm;xHrS
oG,0f ukd í
f aomfvnf;aumif;? wku d ½f ukd af omfvnf;aumif;? ypön;f wpfpw kH pf&m
hf a&;
awmif;qdck iG hf r&Syd g/
trsK;d orD;wpfO;D tvkyv f yk yf gu (rvkyrf jzpf vkypf &mrvdak omfvnf;)
0ifaiGyrmP rnfrQyif &apumrl xkad iGonf olrydik af om aiGaMu;omjzpfonf/
olrtaeESifh tdrfp&dwftwGuf wpfjym;wpfcsyfrS oHk;pGJ&ef rvdkacs/ odkYaomf
olrbufrS qE´&ydS gu oH;k pGv
J ykd gu oH;k pGEJ ikd o
f nf/
ZeD;jzpfolonf rnfrQ aiGaMu;csrf;omoljzpfapumrl olrtwGuf
pm;a&;aomufa&;? aea&;xkdifa&; ESifh 0wfpm;qif,ifa&;twGuf aiGaMu;
ukeu
f sp&m u@tm;vH;k udk cifyeG ;f jzpforl S wm0ef,&l ygrnf/
tu,fí ZeD;ESifhcifyGef; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; uGm&Sif;jywfpJ&mwGif vnf;
aumif;? rkqdk;r jzpfoGm;vQifvnf;aumif;? tpf''fumvtwGif; olrtwGuf
aiGaMu;wm0ef,l&rnfjzpfovkd ?uav;&Sdygu uav;twGufvnf; pm;&dwf
usc&H rnf jzpfonf/
trsKd ;orD;rsm; tarGqufcyH ikd cf iG hf
tpövmrfrS trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf tarGqufcHydkifcGifhudk vGefcJhaom
ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm (&mpkEpS rf sm;pGm) uwnf;u tcGiahf y;Ny;D jzpfonf/
toifonf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd zwf½aI vhvmMunfyh gu trsK;d orD;
u@? *g0Du@? cJz, G af bmZOfu@wd\ Yk rsm;pGmaomusr;f yd'k rf sm;wGif trsKd ;orD;
rsm;tm; ZeD;r,m;(od)Yk rdcif (ok)Yd nDr^tpfr(od)Yk orD;rsm;taeESihf tarGqufcH
ydik cf iG &hf adS Mumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ trsKd ;orD;rsm; tarGqufcyH ikd cf iG u
hf kd tv’m[f
t&Sijf rwfrS pepfwus owfrw S af y;xm;Ny;D jzpfonf/
uREfkyfodxm;onfrSm trsKd;orD;tarGqufcHcGifhESifh ywfoufí
w&m;rQwrI r&SdaMumif;? ar;xm;aom ar;cGef;rsm;vnf; &Sdayonf/ tv’m[f
t&Sijf rwf()tvdak wmf&ydS gu þjyóemESihf ywfoufí tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;
&ef BuKd ;pm;ygrnf/
trsKd ;orD;rsm;\ vlraI &;qkid &f m tcGit
hf a&;
,ckqufvufí trsdK;orD;rsm;\ vlrIa&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
aqG;aEG;oGm;ygrnf/ þu@ESifh ywfoufí orD;ESifhqdkifaom tcGifhta&;?
ZeD;ESifhqdkifaomtcGifhta&;? rdcifESifhqdkifaomtcGifhta&;ESifh tpfr^nDrESifh
qdik af om tcGit hf a&;[lí u@rsm; cGjJ cm;wifjyoGm;ygrnf/
orD;ESiq
hf ikd af om vlraI &;qdik &f m tcGit
hf a&;rsm;
orD;ESiq
hf ikd af om vlraI &;qdik &f m tcGit
hf a&;rsm;u@ESihf ywfoufí
txl; wifjyvdkonfhtcsufrSm rdef;uav;y#doaE¨ zsufqD;jcif;jzpfonf/
orD;rde;f uav; oaEöm;zsucf sjcif;udk tpövmrfrS wm;jrpfxm;onf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef? acGvyd x
f m;jcif;u@? usr;f yd'k f (8-9)wGif
]]4if;jyif t&Sifvwfvwf jr§KyfESHjcif;udk cHchJ&aom orD; rdef;uav;onf
ar;jref;jcif;udk cH&aomtcg? 4if;jyif rnf onft
h jypfaMumifh owfjzwfjcif;udk cHc&Jh
oenf;([k)? } ( 81 ; 8- 9)
(rS w f c suf / / y#d o aE¨ z suf p D ; jcif ; ud k a,musf m ;av;jzpf a p?
rdef;uav;jzpfap vHk;0cGifhrjyKyg/)
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef? MuiSe;f rsm;u@? usr;f yd'k f (151) wGif
]]4if ; jyif (toif w k d Y o nf ) rd r d w k d Y \ om;orD ; rsm;uk d qif ; &J r I a Mumif h
rowfjzwfMuukefvifh/igtoQifjrwfonf toifwkdYukdvnf;aumif;? xkdolrsm;
ukvd nf;aumif; ? pm;eyf&u d m© ay;awmfro l nf/} ( 6; 151)
tvm;wl nOfch &D;u@? usr;f yd'k f (31)wGif
]]4if;jyif toifwdkYonf pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;rIudk pdk;&drfaomaMumifh rdrd
wd\Yk om;orD;rsm;tm; rowfjzwfMuukev f if/h (pifppf)igt&Sijf rwf onfyifvQif
,if;wdkYtm;vnf;aumif;? toifwdkYtm;vnf;aumif;? pm;eyf&du©m csD;jr§ifh
ay;oem;awmfrlayonf/ {uefrvGJ 4if;wdkYtm; owf jzwf jcif;um;
tvGeBf uD;av;aom jypfryI if jzpfacs ownf;/}} ( 17 ; 31)
tpövmrfjyefvnfrxGef;um;rD tma&Asa'owGif rdef;uav;wpfOD;
arG;zGm;vmygu t&Sifvwfvwf ajrjr§yfoN*KØ[fjcif;ukd (xkdvlrr,f arG;uif;p
uav;onf) cH&avonf/
hf a&;
cs;D rGr;f jcif;taygif;wko
Yd nf tv’m[f[tk &Sijf rwf ()twGuo f mvQif
jzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf() tvdak wmfEiS hf tpövmrfah y:xGe;f ysUEH NYHS y;D aemuf
þuJo h Ykd qd;k 0g;aomtusirhf sm; qufvufusio hf ;kH jcif; r&Sad wmhyg/
uHraumif;axmufrpGmESihf txufyg tusiq hf ;kd Bu;D udk tdE,
d´ Edik if w
H iG f
qufvufusio hf ;kH vQuf &Sad eygonf/ BBC rS tpD&ifcpH mwpf&yfwiG f "Let Her
Die" ]olrudk aoapawmhrSmvm;} [laom acgif;pOfatmufü tdrvD
buf(cf)eif(ef) (Emily Becknen) [laom NAw d od Qowif;axmuf\ wifjyrIt&
rdef;uav;oaEöm; zsufcsrIpm&if; twdtustwGuf enf;vrf;rsdK;pHkudk
pkaqmif;&&Sad pcJoh nf/
þtpDtpOfrSm Star - TV wGif vGefcJhaom wpfESpfu vTifhxkwfwifjy
cJ h a om tpD t pOf j zpf N yD ; ,ck t cg vpOf j yef v nf vT i f h x k w f a eaom
tpDtpOfwpfcjk zpfyg onf/ vGecf aJh om &uftenf;i,fuyif jyefvnfviT x hf w
k f
wifjycJyh gonf/ xkt d pDtpOfwiG f aeYpOf(3000)ausmaf om oaEöm;rsm;onf
zsuf q D ; cH a e&ygonf / taMumif ; t&if ; rS m ¤if ; wd k Y o nf rd e f ; uav;
oaEöm;avmif;rsm; jzpfjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ xku d ed ;f *Pef;udk (365)&ufEiS hf
ajr§mufygu (1)ESpftwGuf rdef;uav;aygif; oef;csDí towfcHae&onfudk
awGU&ayrnf/
wrD;vfem'l;ESifh &m*swfpfoef(ef) uJhodkYaom jynfe,fBuD;rsm;wGif
qdkif;bkwfBuD;rsm;ESifh aMumfjimxm;onfrSm ½lyD(500)oHk;NyD;? ½lyD(5)odef;udk
xdef;odrf;xm;yg/ þonfrSm b,ft&mudk &nfñTef;ygoenf;/ qdkvdkcsufrSm
½ly(D 500)tukecf NH y;D ? Ultra Sonography ½duk jf cif;jzifh oaEöm;wGiyf g0ifaom
trdkifEdkyg0ifEIef;udk ppfaq;NyD;? a,mufsm;av;? rdef;uav; oaEöm;vm;[k
ppfaq;jcif; jzpfonf/ rdef;uav; oaEöm;qdkvQif udk,f0efaqmif rdcifrS
udk,f0efzsufcsEdkifNyD; þae&mwGif ½lyD; (5)odef;udk rnfou Ykd muG,yf goenf;/
xkud av;ruav;udk arGzmG ;Ny;D ? auR;arG;jyKpk xde;f odr;f apmifah &SmufNy;D ? tdraf xmifcs
ay;ygu a'gif&DcaiGtwGufyg ukefusrnfjzpfí ode;f aygif;rsm;pGmudak cRwm
xde;f odr;f &ma&mufaMumif;qdv k o
kd nf/
rde;f uav;oaEöm; zsucf srrI mS tdE,
d́ Ekid if w
H iG ?f &mpkEpS af ygif;rsm;pGm
qufwu kd jf zpfay:cJah omjyóem wpfcjk zpfonfukd awGUEkid o f nf/ (1901)pm&if;
t& a,musmf ;av;ESihf rde;f uav;tcsKd ;rSm (1000 ;972) rS (1981) wGif (1000
;934) ç (1991) wGif (1000 ;927) jzpf&m rdef;uav;tcsdK;tpm;rSm
(10)pkESpftvdkuf usqif;aeonfudkawGUEkdifonf/ aq;ynmESifh odyÜHynm
wkd;wufvmonfESifhtrQ þqdk;0g;aom tavhtusifhBuD;udk aysmufoGm;&ef
ulnED ikd rf nf[k ,lq&onf/
tpövmrfrS oif\uav;onf a,musfm;uav; jzpfap? rdef;uav;
jzpfap? oif rowfoifhaMumif;ñTefMum;xm;onf/ þtcGifhta&;onf
acwfaemufusaeonfavm ?acwfrv D oS nfh tcGit
hf a&;jzpfyg\avm/
oifonf usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef ysm;ydwkef;aumifu@? usrf;ydk'f (58-
59)udzk wfvQif
]]pifppfaomfum; 4if;wdkYteuf wpfpHkwpfa,mufonf orD; rdef;uav;ESifh
ywfoufí owif;aumif;ay;jcif;udk cH&avaomtcg 4if;\rsufESmonf
(½kww f &ufcsufcsif;) ndKrnf;í oGm;avawmh\/ xkrd w
S yg; 4if;onf Budwí
f
ylaqG;vQuf&adS yonf/}} (16;58)
]]4if;onf rdrdudk raumif;owif;ay;jcif;udk cH&aomaMumifh vlrsm;xHrS
rjrifEkdifMuavatmif ykef;uG,favonf/ (xkdYjyif) ,if;onf xdk rdef;uav;udk
,kwfnHhaomtajctaeESifh xdef;odrf; íxm;&ygrnfavm/ okdYwnf;r[kwf
4if;tm; ajrBu;D xJü jrK§ yf&yg rnfavm[k (okaYd vm? odaYk vm jzpfíaeayonf)/
owdjyKMuavuke/f 4if;wd\ Yk qH;k jzwfcsufonf tvGe,
f w k n
f v
Hh aS y ownf;/}}
(16;59)
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefrS rde;f uav;oaEöm; zsucf s jcif;udk wm;jrpfouJo
h Ydk
a,musmf ;uav; arG;zGm;vm aomtcg tvGet f rif; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfrEI iS hf
rde;f uav;arG;vmaomtcg 0rf;enf;ylaqG;rIrsKd ;udv k nf; wm;jrpfxm;onf/
tpövmrfhtvdkt& orD;rdef;uav;wpfa,mufudk rSefrSefuefuef
arG;zGm;oifo
h nf/
hf a&;
wrefawmfjrwfBuD;()rS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm
]]orD;rde;f uav;ESpOf ;D udk auR;arG;apmifah &Smufygu au,mrof aemufqHk;w&m;
pD&ifrnfah eYwiG f uREyfk Ef iS t
hf wl&adS yvdrrhf nf/ qdv
k o
kd nfrmS xko
d ol nf au,mrof
aeYü uREykf Ef iS hf eD;uyfpmG &Sifjyefxajrmuf&rnf/}} (rkpfe'ft[fr'fusrf;)
tjcm;['D;pfawmfwpfy'k w
f iG f
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vlvm;ajrmuf t&G,af &mufonfw h idk af tmif auR;arG; apmifah &SmufjyKpck rhJ nfqydk gu
xk(d rdbESpyf g; pvH;k onf)*sEéoo
f ck bHo k 0Ydk ifa&mufpjH ref;&ayrnf/}}
tpövmrfwGif a,musfm;av;udkjzpfap? rdef;uav;udk jzpfap? wlnDpGm
wefbdk;xm;í auR;arG;jyKpk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&rnfjzpfNyD;? bufvdkufí
OD;pm;ay; pepfrsKd ; vH;k 0vufrcHyg/
uREfkyfwdkY\ cspfvSpGmaom r[mwrefawmfjrwfBuD;( )\ ['D;qf
Mo0g'awmfwpf&yfwiG f atmufyg twdik ;f rdeq
Yf ckd o
Jh nfukd awUGEidk o
f nf/
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erf;vdkufNyD; aygifay:wGif wifí csDxm;vdkufonf/ olonftvm;wl tjyKtrl
udk rdrdorD;i,ftwGuf rvkyfcJh/ xkdtcg wrefawmfjrwf( )rS ]]oifonf
xko
d jYkd yKvky&f ef roifah vsmfyg/ oif\ orD;udv k nf; om;uJoh Ykd *½kpu
kd í
f tMuifem
ay;onft h aeESihf olrudv
k nf;erf;Ny;D tjcm;aygif wpfzufay:wGif wifxm;yg} [k
ajymcJo h nf/
k r®'f()onf w&m;rQwrItaMumif;udk ajym,Hak jym
wrefawmfjrwfr[
onfom r[kwf? vufawGU usifhoHk;olvnf;jzpfonf/
ZeD;onfwpfO;D \ tcGit
hf a&;rsm;
,ckwpfzef uREfkyfwdkYtaeESifh ZeD;onfwpfOD;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
qef;ppfMunfMh uygOD;pk/Yd
a&S;vGeaf vNy;D aom tm;vH;k aom ,Ofaus;rIpepfBu;D rsm;wGif trsKd ;orD;
tm;raumif;rI'pk ½du
k \
f vufuikd f ud&,
d mtjzpf ,lqcJMh uonf/
f mefwiG f trsKd ;orD;rsm;ud(k èß³ Š
odaYk omf usr;f jrwfu&k t þ ³v
þ ³ Úþ ) ]rk[pf ed [f}[k
oHk;xm;NyD;? raumif;rI'kp½kdufrsm;udk qefYusifonfh cdkifrmaomcHwyfozG,f[k
t"dygÜ ,f&onf/
tu,fí aumif;aom trsdK;orD;wpfa,muf (trsdK;aumif;orD;
wpfa,muf) onf trsdK;om;wpfOD;tm; vufxyfNyD;? ,if;trsKd;om;tm;
raumif;aomvky&f yfEiS hf vrf;pOfrS vGaJ csmu
f if;a0;atmif [efw
Y m;í olt Y m;
]ajzmifrh wf rSeu
f efaom w&m;vrf;aMumif;udk a&mufatmif ykaYd qmifxed ;f odr;f
Ekid af yrnf/
wrefawmfjrwfBu;D ()\['D;qfMo0g'awmfwpf&yfwiG f vm&So
d nfrmS
wrefawmfjrwf()u rdefYMum;awmfrlcJhonfrSm ]]tpövmrfwGif bkef;BuD;?
r,fov
D &Si0f g'
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l nfrmS -
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rsm;tm;vH;k onf rdrw d w
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tajctae aumif;rGefygu)vufxyf&ef wdkufwGef;onf/ tb,fh
aMumifq h akd omf edum[fjyKvyk jf cif; jzifh xko
d w l Ykd onf rdrw
d t
Ykd MunfEh iS hf
(rsupf )d tdaÈu ´ kd xde;f Edik Mf urnf}}[k qdv
k okd nf/
(qG[;D [kvAf ck g&Dusr;f ? twG(J 7)? tcef; (3)? ['D;qf trSw-f 4)
tewfpf() ocifrS qifhjyefonfh ['D;qfawmfwpfckwGif wrefawmf
jrwf()rS rdeaYf wmfro
l nfrmS -
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omoemhta&;udk NyD;jynfph akH tmif wpf0ufcefY aqmif&u
G Nf yD; jzpfonf}} [kq\
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Edik Nf yaD vm} [k jzpfonf/ xko l nf jrwfwrefawmf()\ rdeq
d o Yf ckd suu
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wrefawmfjrwf()rS rdeafY wmfro
l nfrmS
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vufxyfvu kd af omtcg oift h m; vltrsm;ESihf vdif qufqjH cif;? w&m;r0if umr
vdu
k pf m;jcif;? vdiw f l qufqjH cif; ponfh raumif;rIrsm;rS [efw Y m;vdu
k af yonf/
xkaYd Mumifh oift h m; 'D;efomoem ukd NyD;jynfh pHak tmif jyKvkyo
f nf[k qdv
k u kd jf cif;
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raumif;rI(tjypf*ekd m[f)rsm;\ xuf0ufEiS hf nDrQaomaMumifh jzpfonf/}}
oifonf wpfpHkwpfa,mufESifh w&m;0ifvufxyf xdrf;jrm;ygrS ZeD;
(od)Yk cifyeG ;f jzpfvmEdik o
f nf/ wpfzef taz (od)Yk rdcif [líjzpfvmEdik rf nf/
rdcif ?zcif\ 0wå&m;? cifyGef;? ZeD;onfwdkY\ wm0ef 0wå&m;rsm;rSm
tpövmrfwiG f txl;ta&;Bu;D aomu@rS yg0ifvQu&f ydS gonf/
xkaYd Mumifh a,musmf ;wpfO;D taeESihf wpfBurd ?f ESpBf urd ?f oH;k Burd ?f av;Burd f
vufxyfojzifh ol\'D;ef omoemudk Ny;D jynfph akH pjcif;rSm rnforYdk Q roufqikd /f
olonf ol\'D;efomoem\ xuf0ufudkom jynfhpHk aprnfjzpfonf/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf() rS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm-
]igt&Sifjrwfonf cifyGef;onf ESifhZeD;? rdef;rwdkYtMum; olwdkY\ ESvHk;om;
rsm;wGif tcspf? arwåmudk xnfhoGif;ay;xm;awmfrlonf/}
toifonf bdik Zf ifwikd v f rl sK;d u@? usr;f yd'k f (21) udk zwfygu
xked nf;wlpmG (þonfvnf;) xkt d &Sijf rwf\ oufaovu©Pm awmfrsm;wGif
tygt0if jzpf a yonf / xk d t &S i f j rwf o nf toif w k d Y t zk d Y toif w k d Y \
trsKd;tpm;teufryS if Muif&mMuifzufrsm;ukd 4if;wkx Yd H wGif toifwYdk tem;,l
pdwcf srf; omrI &&SMd utHah omiSm zefqif;awmf rlc\ hJ / xkrd wS yg; xkt
d &Sijf rwfonf
toifwkdYpyfMum;ü cspfjcif;arwåmukdvnf;aumif;? tMuifemw&m;ukd
vnf;aumif;? pDrjH yKvkyí f ay; oem;awmfrcl \ hJ / (30;21)
wpfzef trsK;d orD;rsm;u@? usr;f yd'k f (21)wGif
]] wpfzef toifwdkYonf Opömypönf;rsm;udk tb,fuJYokdY jyefí ,lMurnfenf;/
{uef p if p pf toif w d k Y o nf wpf O D ; ES i f h w pf O D ; (tMuif ZeD ; armif E S H t jzpf
aygif;oif;qufqH) a&maESm pyf,SufNyD; jzpfMu onfhjyif? ,if;ZedD;rdef;rwdkYonf
(rdrdwkdY\tcGifhta&;rsm; ESifhpyfvsOf; í) toifwdkYxHrS cdkifrmaom uwdopöm
y#dnmOf 0efccH sufukd ,lxm;NyD; vnf; jzpfMuavownf;/ }} ( 4; 21)
wpfzef trsK;d orD;u@? usr;f yd'k f (19)wGif
]] toifwt
Ykd zkYd rde;f rwdt
Yk m; t"r®enf;jzifh tarG (ypön;f )tjzpf odr;f ydu
k jf cif;onf
w&m;ouf0if onfr[kwaf y/}} ( 4 ;19)
tpö v mrf h t vk d t & vuf x yf x d r f ; jrm;rnf h a,muf s m;ES i f h r d e f ; r
ESpfOD;ESpfzufpvHk;rS rdrdwdkYoabmwlnDcsuft&om vufxyfxdrf;jrm;&rnf
jzpfonf/ owko Yd rD;avmif;\ rdcif?zcif ESpOf ;D pvH;k \ wku d w
f eG ;f csuu
f ykd if olr
oabmrwlnyD gu jiif;y,fEikd cf iG &fh o
dS nf/
]]rdef;uav; wpfa,mufonf olr\qEúdk qefYusifNyD;? olr\ zcif\
twif;tMuyf zdtm;ay;NyD;? vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;udk wrefawmfjrwf()xH
oGm;a&mufwikd Mf um;&m? wrefawmfjrwf()rS xkd xdr;f jrm;vufxyfjcif;trIukd
ysufapcJo
h nf/}} (qG[;D [kvAf ckd g&Dusrf; twG(J 7)? tcef;(43)? ['D;qftrSwf -69)
]]orD;rdef;uav; wpfa,mufonf zcifrS vufxyfxdrf;jrm;&ef zdtm;ay;
jcif;cH&onf/ xkrd ed ;f uav;onf wrefawmf() xH oGm;a&muf avQmufxm;
aomtcg wrefawmf()rS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm-]oifronf oifrESpfoufygu
vufxyf xdrf;jrm;a&;udpöudk qufEdkifrnf (odkYr[kwfygu) zsufodrf;vdku
zsufodrf;Edkifonf}} [k rdeYfawmfrlcJh\/ (rkpfe'f t[fr'f?['D;qftrSwf 2469 )
þonf vufxyfxdrf;jrm;a&;twGuf a,musfm; ESifhrdef;r (owdkYom;
avmif;ESihf owko
Yd rD;avmif;) ESpOf ;D pvH;k \ oabmwlncD suf vdt
k yfonf/
tpövmrfwiG f trsKd ;orD;rsm;udk 'home-maker' tdrfudkjyKvkyfaomol?
tdrfudk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufaomo omol [k,lqNyD;?'house-wife' td r f \
ZeD ; r,m;}} [kr,lqyg/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf trsdK;orD;onf tdrfESifh
hf a&;
vufxyfxm;jcif;r[kwf/ vltrsm;pkonf house-wife [laom a0g[m&
pum;vkH;udk t"dyÜg,fem;rvnfbJESifh ac:a0:oHk;pGJaeMujcif;yif jzpfonf/
xkaYd Mumifh uREykf t
f BuaH y;vdo
k nfrmS - "house-wife" [laom pum;vk;H tpm;?
"home-maker" [laompum;vHk;udkom oHk;pGJoifhygonf/ olrwdkYonf
tdrw f iG t
f aersm;Ny;D ? tdr\
f wm0efuykd íkd ,lxm;&aomaMumifh jzpfonf/
tpö v mrf t ,l t qt& trsd K ;orD ; onf ocif w pf a ,muf t m;
vufxyfxm;jcif; r[kwaf omaMumif?h ¤if;wdrYk mS aus;uRejf zpfvmp&mtaMumif;
r&Sad y/ olrrS vufxyfxm;olEiS hf wlnaD omtcGit hf a&;&Sod nf/
]]tDrmefouf0if,Mku H nforl sm;teuf taumif; qHk;aomolrSm udk,fusifhodu©m
apmifx h ed ;f olrsm;? aumif;aom tjyKtrludk usifBh uaH omolrsm; jzpfMu onft
h jyif
olw\ Ykd rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESihf ZeD; rde;f rrsm;udk aumif;rGepf mG qufqMH uaomolrsm;
jzpfonf/}} (rkpfe'f t[fr'f ? ['D;qftrSwf 736 ?7396)
tpövmrfrS a,mufsm;ESifh rdef;rudk wlnDaomtcGifhta&; tyfESif;
xm;onfhtaMumif; av;pm;avmufaom M.M Kazi rS azmfñTef;xm;NyD;
jzpfygonf/ olrS &Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,foGm;aom tm,ofawmft& rdom;pkudk
acgif;aqmifwm0ef,l&jcif;rSvGJí tm;vHk;aomu@rsm;twGuf a,musfm;
rsm;ESifh rdef;rrsm;? vifa,musfm;ESifh ZeD;rdef;rrsm;wGif wlnDaom tcGifhta&;
&SMd uonf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef? *g0Du@? usr;f yd'k f (228)wGif -
]]xkjYd yif xkZd eD;rde;f rrsm;tay:0,f wm0efrsm;&So
d uJoh Ydk xkZd eD; rde;f rrsm;tzkv
Yd nf;
w&m;pnf;urf;rsm; twkid ;f tcGit hf a&;rsm;vnf; &SMd uayonf/}} (2;228)
uREykf o
f nf w&m;olBu;D M.M Kazi ESihf oabmwl ygonf/ rsm;pGmaom
rGwfpvifrfrsm;rS þtm,of\ qdkvdk&if;t"dyÜg,fudk vGJrSm;pGm oabmayguf
aeMuyg onf/ ]]a,musfm;rsm;wGif jrifhrm;aom tqifhtwef; &SdMuonf}}
[laompum;pkESifh ywfoufí uGJvGJaeMuonf/ þudpöESifh ywfoufí
uREyfk w
f o
Ydk nf usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef wpfcv
k ;kH udk NcKH io
kH ;kH oyfzYkd vdyk gonf/
trsK;d orD;u@? usr;f yd'k f (34)wGi-f
]]tv’ m [f t &S i f j rwf o nf (a,musf m ;ES i f h rd e f ; rwd k Y t euf ) tcsKd U ud k
(a,musfm;rsm;ud)k tcsKdUxuf (rde;f rrsm;xuf)yif t&nftjcif;? tqift h wef;?
omvGefapawmfrlcJYaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? a,musfm;rsm; onf rdrdwdkY\
Opömypönf;rsm;udk (rdef;rwdkYtm; auR;arG;axmufyHh&m wGif) oHk;pGJ aomaMumifh
vnf;aumif;? a,musfm;rsm;onf rdef;rwdkYtay:ü BuD;Muyftkyfxdef;olrsm;
jzpfMuonf/}} (4; 34)
vlwu Ydk ajymMuonfrmS - ]aumif00f grf kawwam [laom pum;vk;H onf
a,musmf ;rsm;u ydík jrwfonf/ omvGe[ f \ l / trSepf ifppf aumif00f grf [laom
pum;vkH;onf ]tdur[f} [laompum;vHk;rS qif;oufvmonf}
]tdur[f}[lonf qGvm;ofwnfaqmufrI rwdik rf D ]x&yf}&ef trdeaYf y;
vkdufaomtcg oHk;aompum;vHk; jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh ]tdur[f} [lonf
]x&yf&ef} [kt"dyÜg,f&onf/ aumif0f0grf[lonf jrifhjrwfrIwGif wpfqifhom
onf[k rqdkvdkyg/ wm0ef0wå&m;wGif wpfqifhomonf[k qdkvdkonf/
tu,fí oifonf tv’mrm[ftdAfaeYuqD;&f(&[)zGifhqdkaom
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef\ ozfq;D &f (tus,zf iG u ]aumif0f0grf
hf sr;f )udk zwfMunfyh gu]aumif
[l o nf jrif h j rwf r I w G i f wpf q if h o monf r [k w f b J wm0ef 0 wå & m;wG i f
wpfqifhomonf}[k qdx k m;aMumif; awGU&ayrnf/ þwm0ef 0wå&m;[lonf
ZeD;ESifh cifyGef;tMum; tjyeftvSef oabmwlnDrI? cGifjhyKvkdufavsmrIrsm;
ay:rlwnfí aqmif&u G o f ifo
h nf/
*g0Du@? usr;f yd'k f (187)wGif
]],if;ZeD;rde;f rrsm;onf toifwt
Ykd zd&Yk m (t&Sut
f ad Èu
´ kd vHjk cKH pGm zH;k uG,af om)
0wfpm;wefqmrsm;(uJYodkY) jzpfMu\/ xdkenf;wlpGm toifwdkYonfvnf;
xd k Z eD ; rd e f ; rrsm;tbk d Y t &m (t&S u f td a È´ u d k vH k j cH K pG m zH k ; uG , f a om)
0wfpm;wefqmrsm;(uJo Y )Ykd yif jzpfMuavonf/}} (2 ;187)
t0wftpm;wefqm\ &nf&,
G cf surf mS t&Suu
f kd zH;k tky&f efEiS hf tvSqif
&efjzpfonf/
hf a&;
cifyGef;ESifh ZeD;onfwdkYonf wpfOD;\ trSm;rsm;? csdKU,Gif;csufrsm;udk
wpfOD;u jyifqifí vSyatmif vkyfay;&ef tjyeftvSef 0wå&m;&Sdonf/
Oyrmaqmif&vQif vufacsmif;rsm;ESihf vuftw d Ef iS o
hf @mef wlonf/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm- tu,fíoifonf
oif\ZeD;tm; rBuKd uEf pS o
f ufcv
hJ Qiaf wmifrS olrtm; MuifempGm qH;k rowday;
qufqoH ifo
h nf/ trsK;d orD;u@? usr;f yd'k f (19) wGif
]]4if;jyif toifwo Ykd nf ,if;rde;f rwdEYk iS hf aumif;rGepf mG qufqMH u avuke?f wzef
tu,fí toifwo Ykd nf xdrk ed ;f rwdu
Yk kd rESpNf cdKufMuygrl (cEDw
Å &m;xm;&SMd uum
onf ; cH M uavuk e f ) / taMumif ; aomf u m; toif w d k Y o nf wpH k w &mud k
rESpNf cdKufMujim;vnf; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf ,if;t&mrsm;ü rsm;pGmaom
aumif;jrwfjcif;udk jyKvkyaf wmf rlwef&m\/}} (4 ; 19)
oifonf oif\ZeD;onfudk rBudKufESpfoufvQifawmifrS ¤if;tm;
MuifempGm w&m;rQwpGm qufq&H ef wm0ef&adS yonf/
tpövmrfwGif cifyGef;onf\ tcGifhta&;rsm;onf ZeD;rdef;r\
tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh twlwlyif jzpfonf/ þodkYaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
toifhtaeESifh acwfrDonf[k qdkygrnfavm (odkY) acwfaemufusaeNyD
[kqykd grnfavm/
rmwmrdcifaus;Zl;&Sifrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom tcGifhta&;rsm;
,ckwpfzef rdcif\ tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd qef;ppf MunfhMuygpkdY/ rdcifukd
½kdaoav;pm;rI\ txuf0,f tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf()tm; atAg'g[f
(c0yfukd;uG,fjcif;) jyKjcif;omjzpfaMumif; usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? nOfhc&D;u@?
usr;f yd'k f (23)wGi-f
]]pifppf toifhtm; zefqif;arG;jrLawmfrl aomt&Sifjrwfonf (þodkY)
trdeaYf wmfp&D ifcsrSwfjy|mef;awmfrcl ahJ vonf/ toifwo Ykd nf xdt
k &Sifjrwfrw S yg;
tjcm;udk c0yfu;kd uG,f &Scd ;kd ylaZmfjcif; tvQif; rjyKMu&ay/ 4if;jyif rdbESpyf g;tm;
aumif;pGm jyKpk oN*dK[faxmufyMhH u&rnf/}} ( 17 ;23)
trsK;d orD;u@? usr;f yd'k f (1)wGif -
]]oifwt
Ydk m; arG;zGm;ay;aom om;tdr&f iS rf sm;tm; av;pm;Muavmh/}}
om;aumifrsm;u@? usr;f yd'k f (151)wGif
]]4if;jyif (toifwo
Ydk nf) rdbESpyf g;ESihf aumif;pGmqufqjH cif; (jyKMuuke)f /}}
( 6 ; 151)
vGw(f uf)rmefock rdeu
f @? usr;f yd'k f (14)wGi-f
]]xdrk w
S yg; ig(tv’m[f)t&Sijf rwfonf ]]rEkó}} vlom;tm; 4if;\rdbESpyf g;ESihf
ywf o uf í (þod k Y ) av;euf p G m trd e f Y a y;awmf rl c J h \ / 4if ; \rd c if r S m
tm;tifcsnfheJYrItay:ü tm;tifcsnfheJYrIudk cHpm;vsuf 4if;tm; (rdrd
0rf;wGif;ü) vG,fydkufcJhav\/ xdkrSwyg; ESpfESpfajrmufaomtcgüomvQif
4if;tm; EdjYk zwfav\/ (odjYk zpfay&m) toifonf igt&Sijf rwftm;vnf;aumif;?
toif\rdbESpyf g; wdt Yk m;vnf;aumif;? aus;Zl;wifavmh/}} (31;14)
wpfzef oJawmifyrYkd sm;u@? usr;f yd'k f (15)wGi-f
]]pifppfaomfum; igt&Sifjrwfonf ]rEló} vlom;tm; 4if;\rdbESpfyg;
ESiyhf wfoufí aumif;pGmjyKpk&ef av;eufpmG trdeaYf y;awmfrcl \ hJ / 4if;\ rdcifrmS
4if;tm; qif;&J'u k © yifyef;Bu;D pGmESihf (rdrd 0rf;wGi;f 0,f) o,fy;kd vG,yf u
kd cf \
hJ / xkjYd yif
qif;&J'u k y© ifyef;BuD;pGmESiyhf if 4if;tm; arG;zGm;cJ\ h /}} (46 ; 15)
]]rdcif\ ajcz0g;atmufwGif *sEéof (trw okcbH)k &So
d nf}} (rkpef 'f t[fr'fusr;f ?
tAfaeYrm*s[u f sr;f )
þonfrmS rdcifjzpfool nf vrf;ay:wGif avQmufvrS ;f oGm;onf/ tnpf
taMu; (EGm;acs;)rsm;ay:wGif avQmufvrS ;f aeygu xkt d npftaMu;rsm;onf
okcbHk jzpfomG ;rnf[rk qk/d qkv
d o
dk nfrmS oifonf oif\rdciftwGuf tajccH
tusq;kH wm0ef0wå&m;rsm; ausyeG Nf y;D ? rdciftm; ½kad oav;pm;pGmqufqyH g/
rdcifudk Muifem oem;yg/ oif\ rdcifudk av;pm;jrwfE;dk wefz;dk xm;vQif tv’m[f
t&Sifjrwftvkdawmfjzifh oifonf *sEéof okcbHkodkY 0ifoGm;&rnf/ 0ifEkdifrnf
hf a&;
jzpfonf[k qkv
d jdk cif; jzpfonf/
]]vlwpfO;D rS wrefawmfjrwf rk[r®'(f )tm; ar;avQmufonfrmS ]tk-d wrefawmf
þavmuwGif uREkyf rf t S cspfoifq
h ;kH ?tMuifemoifq
h ;kH ? u½kPm txm;oifq h ;kH
vly*k Kd¾ vfrmS rnfoel nf;[k ar;jref;&m wrefawmf(f )rS rdeaYf wmfro l nfrmS ]oif\
rd c if } k j zpf o nf / wpf z ef x yf í rd c if aemuf rnfol jzpfygao;oenf;[k
ar;avQmufjyef&m ]oif\rdcif}[k ajzjyefonf/ wpfzefxyfí ]rdci}f \aemuf
rnfolYukd cspfjrwfEkd; wefzkd;xm;&ygrnfenf;[k xyfí ar; avQmuf&m ]oif\
rdcif} [kyif ajzMum;awmfrlonf/ xkdtcg xkda,mufsm;rS pwkw¬ajrmuf
tBudraf jrmuf rdcif\aemuf rnfoUl tm; cspfcifjrwfE;dk wefz;dk xm;&ygrnfenf;
ar;avQmufjyef&m? wrefawmfjrwfBu;D ()rS ]oif\zcif} [k ajzMum; cJah vonf/
}} (qG [ D [ k v f A d k c g&D u srf ; twG J ( 8)? tcef ; (2)? ['D ; qf t rS w f ( 2)?
qG[[ D v k rf w
G pf vifrf usrf; )
cspfarwåmESifh ½kdaoav;pm;rI\ 75%ukd rdcif twGufxm;NyD;
use2f 5%rSm zciftwGujf zpfonf/ twkcd sKyaf jym&aomf a&Twq H yd ?f aiGwqH yd Ef iS hf
aMu;wHqyd f wko
Yd nf rdciftwGuo
f mjzpfNy;D ? zciftwGurf mS ESpo
f rd q
hf o k mjzpfonf/
uREf k y f \ aemif a wmf n D a wmf r sm;rS þtcsuf u k d oabmayguf
em;vnfMuí aysmf&Tifygonf/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh þtcsufonf aemifawmf?
nDtpfuadk wmfrsm;\ cHpm; csuu f dk xdcudk af prnfjzpfí awmif;yef&rnfjzpfonf/
uREykf 0f rf;enf;ygonf/ tpövmrfrS uREyfk w f t
Ykd m; oifMum;ay;aomt&m jzpfyg
onf/
csD;rGrf;jcif;taygif;wkdYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf ()twGufom
jzpfygonf/ þae&mwGif a&muf&dS aeMuaom nDaemiftaygif;rSm tpövmrfudk
em;vnf oabmayguf Muolrsm;jzpfMuí uREyfk 0f rf;omMunfE;l rdygonf/
tpfr^nDrrsm;\ tcGit
hf a&;
,ck w pf z ef tpö v mrf r S tyf E S i f ; xm;aom tpf r ^ nD r rsm;\
tcGit
hf a&;ukd cGjJ cm;pdwjf zmavhvmMunfMh uygOD;pk/Yd
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef? aemifw&jcif;u@? usr;f yd'k f (71)wGif
]]xked nf;wlpmG ]]rktrf ife}f } ouf0if,MkH unfaomol a,musfm;? rde;f r wkUd onfvnf;
(omoema&;wG i f ) tcsif ; csif ; wpf O D ; ES i f h w pf O D ; taqG cif y G e f ; rsm;yif
jzpfMuuke\ f /}} (9 ;71)
þusr;f yk'd af wmfvm ]]atmifv,
D m}}qko d nfrmS ]axmufyHhol? xdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smufol}[k teuf t"dyÜg,f&onf/ twkdcsKyfajym&aomf olwdkYonf
wpfO;D ESihf wpfO;D tjyeftvSef nDtpfurdk sm;? armifErS rsm;jzpfMuonf/
trsKd ;orD;rsm;\ ynma&;qkid &f m tcGit
hf a&;
,ckwpfzef uREkfyfwkdYtaeESifh tpövmrfrS trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf
tyf E S i f ; xm;aom ynma&;qk d i f & m tcG i f h t a&;rsm;uk d cG J j crf ; pd w f j zm
avhvmMunfMh uygpk/Yd usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef? zwf½w
G af vmhu@? usr;f yd'k f (1-5)wGi-f
]](tkd-eADwrefawmf) toifonf rdrd t&Sif jrwf\emrHawmfjzifh (tpjyKí)
zwf y gav/xk d t&S i f j rwf o nf (ouf & S d o uf r J h t&mcyf o d r f ; wk d Y uk d )
zefqif;awmfrcl \ hJ /xkt
d &Sijf rwfonf vlom;ukd aoG;cJjzifh zefqif;awmf rlc\ hJ /
(tk-d eADwrefawmf) toifonf zwfygav/ pifppf toift h m; zefqif;awmfral om
t&Sifjrwfonf tvGef&ufa&mpGm ay;urf;csD;jr§ifh awmfrlaom t&Sifjrwfyif
jzpfawmfrl\/tMuift&Sifjrwfonf uavmifjzifh oifMum;ay;awmfrlcJh\/
xkdt&Sifjrwfonf vlom;wkdYtm; 4if;wkdY rodcJhaomt&mrsm;ukd oifMum;
ay;awmfrcl ahJ y ownf;/}} ( 96 ; 1- 5)
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefrS vlom;rsKd;EG,fwpf&yfvHk;tm; yxrOD;qHk;
ay;xm;aom vrf;ñTefcsufrSm 0wfjyK qkawmif;&efvnf;r[kwf/ Oykof
oDvaqmufwnf&ef vnf;r[kwf/ vSL'gef;ay;urf;&efvnf;r[kwf/ zwf½I
avhvm&efjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh tpövmrfonf ynma&;ukd ta&;BuD;qHk;
ae&mwGix
f m;onf/
wrefawmfjrwfBu;D ()rS rdcifEiS hf zcifEpS Of ;D pvH;k onf ¤if;wk\ Yd orD;jzpfol
ukd bmoma&; ynmoifMum;ay;&ef txl;wku d w f eG ;f \/ xko
d aYdk om rdbrsm;ukd
vnf; txl;ESpfoufawmfrl\/
wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'f()rS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm trsKd;orD;rsm;onf
hf a&;
nD r ^tpf r rsm;jzpf M uonf / wpf z ef xk d p um;vH k ; rS m wpf 0 uf [ k v nf ;
t"dygÜ ,f&onf/ uREyfk w f Ydk vlom;rsK;d EG,rf sm;ukd xuf0uf 0ufygu a,mufsm;
wpf0uf? rde;f rwpf0ufjzpfí nDtpfrrsm;jzpfaeonf/
trsdK;orD;wpfOD;vufxyfNyD;aomtcg olr\ cifyGef;rS olrtm;
bmoma&; ynmoifMum;a&;twGuf aqmif½u G af y;&ef wm0ef½o
dS nf/ xdo
k Ykd
ynmoif ay;&eftwGuf cifyGef;onfudk,fwdkif rwwfpGrf;Edkifygu olr
ynmvSnv
hf nfoifMum;Edik &f ef cGijhf yK&rnf/ pDpOf ay;&rnfjzpfonf/
]]trsdK;orD;rsm;onf ynmA[kokw ½SmrSD;&ef tvGefpdwftm;xufoef
aeMuaMumif; od&onf/ wpfaeYwiG f trsdK;orD;rsm;rS wrefawmfjrwfBu;D ()tm;
avQmufxm;onfrSm ]]tdk-jrwfwrefawmf? wrefawmf( )\teD;wGif
tNrJ w rf ; vd k v d k a,muf s m;rsm;om 0ef ; &H v Quf ½ S d y gonf / uRef r wd k Y
trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf wpf&ufrQtcsdeaf y;Ny;D ynmoifMum;ay;ygvm;/ odrYk o S m
uRefrwdv Yk nf; trsdK;rsdK;aom ar;cGe;f rsm; ar;jref; avQmufxm;Edik yf grnf/} xdt
k cg
wref a wmf ( )u oabmuscJ h y gonf / xd k Y a Mumif h wref a wmf j rwf ( r)
ud,
k af wmfwikd f oGm;í oifMum;rI jyKcJo h nfth jyif tjcm;aomqG[mAg[f om0u
rsm;udvk nf; trsdK;orD;rsm;udk ynmoifay;apcJo h nf/}}
(qG[;D [kvf Adck g&D usrf;? ynmu@)
pOf;pm;awG;awmMunfhyg/ vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; (1400)u urÇmh
a'otoD;oD;½Sd ,Ofaus;rIBu;D rsm; xGe;f um;&m wdik ;f ? Edik if rH sm;wGif trsKd ;orD;
rsm;tm; toH;k awmfcrH sm;tjzpf &ufpuf ESrd chf squfqcH MhJ uaomfvnf; tpövmrfu
trsKd ;orD;rsm;udk ynmoifMum;ay;&ef awmif;qdck o hJ nfuakd wGU&ayrnf/
rGwpf vifrt
f rsKd ;orD; ynm&SiBf u;D rsm;
uREfkyfwdkYwGif rGwfpvifrftrsdK;orD; pmayynm½Sifrsm;pGm ay:xGef;cJh
ygonf / oif w d k Y t m;uREf k y f r S ay;Ed k i f a om taumif ; qH k ; OyrmrS m
bDbDtmtd&S[f(g) jzpfygonf/ olronf [Z&oftblbuú&f ()\
orD;awmf jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwdkY wrefawmfjrwfBuD;()\ Muif,mawmfvnf;
jzpfonf/
ocifrBu;D onf qGm[mAmBu;D rsm;?cvDzmG Bu;D rsm;udyk if vrf;ñTef oifMum;
rIjyKco hJ nf/ ocifrBu;D \ ausmMf um;aomwynfw h pfO;D rSm tk&0f g[f-tpfAaf eY-
ZkAikd &f f (g)jzpfonf/
tk&0f g[f-tpfAaf eY-ZkAikd &f f (g) ocifrrS ajymMum; cJo h nfrmS - ]uRerf onf
usrf;jrwf uk&ftmef\ todynmwGifvnf;aumif;? jyKydkifcGifh&Sdaom? jyKykdifcGifh
r&Sdaom "r®owfe,fy,füvnf;aumif;? pmayESifh uAsm ynm&yfe,fy,fü
vnf;aumif;? tm&Aforkid ;f e,fy,fü vnf;aumif;? tmtd&mS [focifrBu;D (g)
xuf BuD;us,faom ynm&Sif wpfOD;wpfa,mufudkrQ rawGU rjrifcJhbl;yg/}
ocif rBuD ; onf bmoma&;wG i f uRrf;usifonfomru aq;0g;
twwf y nmvnf ; uRrf ; usif o nf / wpf p H k wpf a ,muf r S v ma&muf í
wrefawmfjrwf()tm; aq;0g;ukoonfh enf;vrf;rsm; ar;jref;avQmufxm;
onfhtcg wrefawmf()ajymonfh aq;ukoenf;rsm;udk ocifru tvGwf
usufrSwfxm;vdkufonf/
ocifrBu;D (g)onfocsmF ynm&yfwiG v f nf; uRr;f usio
f l wpfO;D jzpfNy;D
]]Mirath} ac: tarGqufcHjcif;qdkif&m jyoemrsm;udk tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm
ar;jref;jcif;cHcJh &onf/ ocifrBuD;(g)rS wpfa,mufjcif;twGuf &oifh
&xdkufaom a0yHka0pkudk twdtuswGufcsuf ay;EdkifcJhonf/ ocifrBu;D onf
cvDzGgBuD;rsm;tygt0if tm;vHk;aom qG[mAmBuD;rsm;udk vrf;ñTefoifMum;
ay;cJah om pmayynm½Sif q&morm;wpfO;D vnf;jzpfonf/ ocifrBuD;onf
tAl[k½dkif&m[f() ocifudk vrf;ñTef oifMum;ay;oljzpfNyD; olrudk,fwdkif
['D;qfawmfaygif; (2210)udk qifjh yefcohJ l wpfO;D vnf;jzpfonf/ tAlteG ;f (rf)ESihf
tAlrlqm()(w&m;olBuD;)wdkY\ qifhjyefcsuft& uREfkyfwdkY qG[mAmrsm;
()onf wpfpw kH pf&m (taMumif;t&mwpfc)k ESihf ywfoufí rdrw d w
Ykd iG f tod?
ynm? A[kokwr½SdaomtcgwGif tNrJwrf; tmtd½Sm[focifr(g )xH
oGm;a&mufar;jref;cJhonf/xdktcgrsdK;wdkif; olrwGif oufqdkif&m taMumif;
t&mES i f h ywf o uf í wd u saomtod y nm½S d o nf c snf ; om jzpf o nf /
ocifrBuD;(g)onf ynm½Sifaygif; (88)OD;udk oifMum;arG;xkwfay;cJhaom
ynm½Sirf sm;\q&m ynm½Siw f pfO;D jzpfonf/
tjcm;aomynm½Sif trsdK;orD;aygif; ajrmufrsm;pGm ½SdcJhygonf/
4if;wdkYteuf aemufxyfOyrmwpfOD;rSm qGzD,m(g )ocifrjzpfonf/
hf a&;
ocifrBu;D onfvnf; wrefawmfjrw(f )\ Muif,mawmfZeD;wpfO;D jzpfonf/
ocifrBu;D onf zdu[fEiS hf tpövmrf"h r®owfqikd &f mwGif uRr;f usio
f yl nm½SiBf u;D
wpfO;D jzpfygonf/
tDrmrfaemif0f0D(&[)\qifhjyefcsuft& qGzD,mocifr(g)onf
xdt
k csed x
f u
kd mvwGif todOmPftm; taumif;qH;k aom(OmPftxufq;kH aom)
trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D jzpfonf/
tjcm;aomOyrmwpf&yfrmS tGe;f arh pvrm (g) jzpfonf/ ocifrBu;D
onfvnf; wrefawmfjrwfBuD; () \ ZeD;wpfOD;jzpfonf/
[mzdZftdAfaeY[*sm&f(&[)\ qifhjyefcsuf t& ]]ocif r BuD ; onf
trsdK;rsdK;aomynm½Sif (32)OD;udk oifMum;arG;xkwfay;cJholjzpfonf/}}
xdt
Yk jyif tjcm;aomOyrmwif&rnfh trsKd ;orD; ynm½Sirf sm;½Scd o hJ nf/
zmwDrm[f(Aif;efaoh udik ;f pf)(g) onf [Z&of tmtd½mS [focifr (g)Bu;D ESihf
[Z&of tkrm&f()wdEYk iS hf tpövmrfzh u
d [fEiS hf ywfoufí pum; ppfx;kd aqG;aEG;yJG
jyK&mwGif olwdkYESpfOD;rSm zmwDrm[f ocifr (g)\ trSm;udk½Smí r&cJh[k
tqd½k o
dS nf/
tDrmrfaemif00f \
D tqdt ]olronf tapmydkif; umvuwnf;u
k & ]]ol
[d*s&ofvkyfcJhaomaMumifh ocifrBuD;onf todynmA[kokw ajrmufrsm;
pGm½Sdxm;onf}} [kqdkonf/
tjcm;aom Oyrmwpf&yfrSm tewfpfocif () \ rdcifjzpfol
tGe;f rDqvif;rf(g) jzpfNy;D ocifrBu;D onf 'tf0g[fu@wGif tvGeaf usmMf um;
aomynm½Siw f pfO;D jzpfcohJ nf/
tjcm;aomOyrmwpf & yf r S m qtD ' gezD q mocif r ( g )jzpf N yD ;
olronfajr;awmf[mqefocifBuD;\ ajr;rwpfOD;jzpfNyD; tDrmrf½SmzD(&[)\
q&mrvnf; jzpfonf/ tDrmrf½SmzD(&[)onf tpövmrfhqdkif&m rZf[Afrsm;
teuf ½SmzDrZf[Afudk xlaxmifcJholjzpfonf/ ,cktcgwGif rZf[AfBuD;
av;ckteuf ½SmzD rZf[AfrmS vnf; wpfct
k ygt0if jzpfonf/
tjcm;aomOyrmwpf&yfrSm tbl'g&f'gtf () \ ZeD;tGef;ar
tuf('f)'g&f'g(g) jzpfco
hJ nf/ odyHÜ ynm½Sif wpfO;D vnf;jzpfco
hJ nf/
tDrmrf Adck g&D (&[) (qG[;D [kvf Adck g&D ['D;qfusr;f awmfujkd yKpo
k )l rSyif
rSwfcsufcscJhonfrSm ]ocif r BuD ; onf o d y Ü H y nme,f y ,f w G i f uRrf ; usif
ynm½Sif wpfOD;jzpfcJhonf/}
xdkYtjyif trsdK;orD;ynm½Sifrsm; ajrmufrsm;pGm ½SdcJhonf/ xdkacwf
xd k u mv(vG e f c J h a omES p f a ygif ; (1400) ausmf ? tpö v mrf jyef v nf
ay:
ay:xG xGef;ump umv)u rde;f uav; arG;zGm;vmonfESifh t½Sifvwfvwf
umpumv)u
ajrjr§KyfNyD;? rdef;uav;rsm;udk &ufpufqdk;0g;pGm zdESdyf qufqHjcif;cHcJh&aom
umvwGifyif odyÜHynm? aq;ynmESifh bmoma&;ponfh e,fy,ftrsdK;rsdK;
ü ynm½SiftoD;oD; ay:xGef;apcJhonf/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf tpövmrfrSajymcJhonfrSm trsdK;orD;wdkif;udk
ynmoifMum;ay;&rnf/ þodkYaom tpövmrfhtrsdK;orD;rsm;tcGifhta&;udk
acwfrrDaS wmhyg? acwfaemufusaeNyD [kqEkd ikd yf govm;/
tpövmrfw
h &m;Oya'rS cGijhf yKxm;aom trsKd ;orD;rsm;\ tcGit
hf a&;rsm;
,cktcg tpövmrfrSjyqdkaom? w&m;Oya'u cG i f h j yKxm;onf h
trsdK;orD;rsm;\tcGifhta&;rsm; taMumif; aqG;aEG;wifjyygrnf/
tpövmrfhw&m;Oya't& trsdK;om;ESifh trsdK;orD;onf twlwlyif
jzpfonf/ ½S&t D ofw&m;Oya'rSm trsKd ;orD;ESit
hf rsKd ;om;ESpOf ;D pvH;k \ toufcE¨m
ESiphf nf;pdru
f kd umuG,af y;onf/
tu,fí a,mufsm;wpfa,mufonf rde;f rwpfa,mufukd owfjzwfchJ
ygu ao'Pftjypfay;cH& rnfjzpfonf/ þonfrmS tajccHtusq;kH ]]Kisas}}
tjypf'Pfyifjzpfonf/*g0Du@? usr;f yd'k f (178-179)---
]olonfvnf;yJ owfjcif;cH&rnf/}
rdef;rwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf a,mufsm;wpfOD;udkowfygu? olronf
vnf; ao'Pftjypfay;cH&rnf jzpfonf/ (aopm;aoap tjypf'Pfay;jcif;
jzpfonf)
hf a&;
uDqgG wf(pf)[laom tpövmrfwh &m;Oya't& a,mufsm;jzpfap? rde;f r
jzpfap wpfpHkwpfa,muf\ rsufvHk;? ESmacgif;? em;½Guf ponfjzifh udk,ft*Fg
tpdwftydkif;wpfckckudk xdcdkuf'Pf&m&apygu wlnDaomtjypffay;rIrsdK;cH
&rnfjzpfonf/
tu,fí towfc&H aomol\ oufqikd &f m use&f pfoo l nf rde;f ryif
jzpfygap olr\oabmxm; (xifjrifcsuf)udk wpfzufrS vdkufavsm&rnf
jzpf o nf / ol r u ouf q d k i f & mvl o wf o rm;ud k cG i f h v T w f r nf q d k y gu
xdkvlowform;onf towfcH&rnfhtpm; ]'PfaqmifrI} udkvufcHap &rnf
jzpfonf/
towfc&H ol\aqGrsKd ;rsm;Mum;wGif vlowform;tm; tjypf'Pfay;rIEiS hf
ywfoufí oabmuJG vJrG ½I adS eygu atmufygtwdik ;f ajz½Si;f ay;&rnfjzpfonf/
]aool\ aqGrsdK;rsm;Mum;wGif tcsdKUu vlowform;tm; owfypf&rnf?
tcsd K Uuol tm; 'Pfa Mu; ay;aqmif a p&rnf [ k oabmuJ G v J G a eygu
'Pf a Mu;aiG vuf c H a p&rnf / vl t rsm;u? aool \ aqG r sd K ;rsm;u
vlowform;tm;owfjcif;rS wm;qD;&rnfjzpfonf/}
oufaowpfO;D onf a,mufsm;jzpfap? rde;f rjzpfap xdo
k \
l oabmxm;
xifjrifcsuu
f kd tav;xm;&rnfjzpfonf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef? cJb,
G af bmZOfrsm;u@? usr;f yd'k f (38) wGif
]]4if;tjyif (td-k w&m;olBu;D taygif;wd)Yk cd;k ol a,mufsm;yif jzpfap? cd;k olred ;f ryif
jzpfap? toifwdkYonf 4if;wdkYESpfOD;vkH;\ vufrsm;udk jzwfawmufMuavukef/
(þonf) xdkolwdkYESpfOD; jyKrlchJMuaom jyKrl csuf\ jypf'Pfvnf;jzpf\/
tv’m[ft&SifjrwftxHawmfrS (tjcm;olrsm;) owd oHa0*&ap&ef qkH;rcsuf
w&yfvnf; jzpf\/}} (5; 38)
]]vlwpfa,mufonf "g;jywdkuf vk,ufygu xdkolonfa,mufsm;
jzpfap? rde;f rjzpfap olr\vufukd jzwfypfoifo
h nf/ þtrIwiG f jypf'Pfonf
twlwl yifjzpfonf/}} a&mifjcnfawmfu@? usr;f yd'k f (2)wGif
]]umarokrdpämpm&uH usL;vGefaom rdef;ronfvnf;aumif;? umarok
rdpämpm&uH usL;vGefaom a,musfm;onfvnf;aumif;? toifwdkYonf
4if;wdEYk pS Of ;D teuf wpfO;D pDukd Budr'f Pftcsufaygif; wpf&mpD ½du
k Mf u avuke/f }}
( 24 ; 2)
trsKd ;orD;oufaocHciG hf
tpövmrfwGif trsdK;orD;udk oufaocHcGifhjyKonf/pOf;pm;Munfhyg/
tpövmrfwiG f vGecf ahJ omESpaf ygif; (1400)uwnf;u oufaocHciG ahf y;xm;onf/
,ckacwfopf (1980) ckESpfwGif *sL;bmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm;rS
trsKd ;orD;rsm;oufaocHciG ahf y;oif?h ray;oifu h kd pOf;pm;aeMuwke;f jzpfonf/
tpö v mrf u vG e f c J h a omES p f a ygif ; (1400)ausmf u wnf ; u trsd K ;orD ;
oufaocHciG hf tcGithf a&;udak y;cJNh y;D jzpfonf/a&mifjcnfawmfu@ ? usr;f yd'k f
(4) wGi-f
]]4if ; jyif tjypf u if ; pif a om trsKd ; orD ; rsm;tm; (umarok r d p ä m
pm&usL;vGeo f nf[)k pGypf NJG yD;aemuf oufaoav;a,muf wifrjy Edik cf MhJ uaom
olwt Ykd m; toifwo
Ykd nf Budr'f Pftcsufaygif; &Spq
f ,f ½du
k Mf uavuke/f }}
( 24 ; 4)
tpö v mrf w G i f ao;i,f a omjypf r I t wG u f ouf a oES p f a ,muf ?
Bu;D av;aomjypfrtI wGuf oufaoav;a,mufvt kd yfonf/ trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D udk
rrSefruef pGyfpJGajymqdkygu? ,if;onf BuD;av;aomjypfrIjzpfjcif;aMumifh
oufaoav;OD; vdktyfonf/
,ckacwftcsed t
f cgwGif a,mufsm;rsm;onf rde;f rrsm;udk enf;rsKd ;pHEk iS hf
pGyfpJGNyD; apmfum;ajymqdkaeMuonfudk awGY&ayrnf/ olwdkYonf trSefwu,f
rvkyf aqmifygbJEiS hf ]zgonfr} ]rde;f r½Tirf } ponfjzifh qJqakd eMuonf/
tpövmrfEikd if aH wmfwpfcw k iG f a,mufsm;wpfO;D u rde;f rwpfO;D udk ]zgonfr}
]rde;f r½Tirf }[k ac:ygu? xdk rde;f rrSxakd ,mufsm;udk w&m;½H;k odaYk c:,lNy;D w&m;pJG
qdEk ikd of nf/ xdo k rl S pGypf aGJ jymqdck &H aom rde;f ronf trSew f u,f ]raumif;onfh
rd e f ; r} jzpf a Mumif ; ouf a o(4)OD ; wif j y&rnf / 4if ; ouf a orsm;xJ r S
wpfa,mufonf trSm;oufaoxGuq f ykd gu? xdo
k ufao(4)OD;vH;k udk Burd 'f Pf
hf a&;
(80)pDay;rnfjzpfNyD;? aemiftem*wfwGifvnf; olwdkY\oufaoxGufqdkrIudk
vH;k 0vufcaH wmhrnf r[kwyf g/
]tpö v mrf r S trsd K ;orD ; wpf O D ; \ umtd a È´ (td a È´ o d u © m )ud k
ta&;BuD;qHk;t&mtjzpf wefbdk;xm;onf/}
tpövmrfü arG;&mygtrnf xde;f odr;f cGi&hf jdS cif;
taemufwikd ;f ESihf tcsKd Uaomta½SUwdik ;f Edik if rH sm;wGif rde;f rwpfa,muf
onf vufxyfaomtcg olr\trnfukd ajymif;vJ&onfrmS obm0jzpfonf/
tpövmrfwiG t f rsKd ;orD;wpfO;D vufxyfygu olronf vifa,mufsm;\
trnfukd qufcEH ikd o f vdk olr\trnfukd vifa,mufsm;trnfEiS hf vdu
k af vsm
nDaxG aygif;pyfí cH,lEdkifonf/ odkYwnf;r[kwf olr\ arG;&mygtrnfudkyif
qufvufc, H l usio hf ;kH Edik o
f nf/
rsm;pGmaom tpövmrfh vlYtzJGYtpnf;rsm;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;onf
vufxyfNyD;onfh aemufwGifyif olrwdkY\ arG;&mygtrnfrsm;udkyif qufí
cH,lMuonfudkawGY&\/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf tpövmrfwGif a,mufsm;ESifh
rde;f ronftwlwyl if jzpfaomaMumifyh if...
tpövmrfwGif rdrd\ arG;&mygtrnfxdef;odrf;jcif;udk vufcHygonf/
þodaYk om tcGit hf a&;rsKd ;udk acwfryD gonf (od)Yk acwfaemufusaeygonf[k
oifajymEdik yf goavm/
trsKd ;orD;rsm;\ Edik if aH &;qdik &f m tcGit
hf a&;rsm;
,ckwpfzefEdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udk qef;ppfMuygOD;pdkY/
aemifw&jcif; u@? usr;f yd'k f (71)wGif
]]xked nf;wlpmG ]]rktrf ife}f } ouf0if,MkH unfaomol a,musfm;? rde;f r wkUd onfvnf;
(omoema&;wG i f ) tcsif ; csif ; wpf O D ; ES i f h w pf O D ; taqG cif y G e f ; rsm;yif
jzpfMuuke\ f /}} (9 ; 71 )
¤if;tm,ofawmft& ]]a,musfm;rsm;ESifh rdef;rrsm;onf wpfOD;ESifh
wpfOD; tjyeftvSef ulnDyHhydk;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/}} þae&mwGif tjyeftvSef
ulnyD yhH ;kd ol[k qd&k mwGif ]vlrIa&;twGufom r[kwfbJ EdkifiH a&;twGufyg
tusHK;0ifavonf/}
trsKd ;orD;rsm; rJay;ydik cf iG hf
tpövmrfwGif trsdK;orD;tm; rJay;ykdifcGifhay;xm;onf/usrf;jrwf
uk&t
f mef? ppfaq;pD&ifjcif;cH&aomrde;f ru@? usr;f yd'k f (12)wGi?f
]]tdk-eADwrefawmf? ]]rktfrifef}} ouf0if,kHMunfMuaom rdef;r rsm;onf
toifhxHvmí rdrdwdkYrSm rnfonfh wpfpkHwpf&mudkrQyif tv’m[f t&SifjrwfESifh
wJzG ufEiId ;f ,SOf (qnf;uyfu;kd uG,)f Murnf r[kwyf g [lívnf;aumif;? cd;k 0Surf u I kd
vnf; usL;vGeMf urnfr[kwyf g [lívnf;aumif;? olwpfyg;\ ZeD;r,m;tm;
jypfrmS ;aom trIukd vnf;usL;vGeMf urnfr[kwyf g[lívnf;aumif;/ rdrw d \ Ykd
om;orD; rsm;udkvnf; owfjzwfMurnf r[kwfyg[lívnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkY\
vufrsm;ESifh ajcrsm;\tMum;ü rkom;wpfpkHwpf&mudkvnf; vDqnf
zef w D ; Murnf r[k w f y g[l í vnf ; aumif ; ? aumif ; jrwf a om trI u d p ö
wpfpkHwpf&mESifh pyfvsOf;í toif\trdefYudkvnf; zDqefMurnf r[kwfyg[lí
vnf;aumif;? ]]Adkiftwf}} jyKMuaomtcg toif onf 4if;wdkYtm; Adkiftwf
jyKygav/}} ( 60 ; 12)
þae&mwGif tm&ADpum;vH;k ]]Akid t
f wf}}[laompum;onf ,ckacwf
uREfkyfwdkYem;vnfxm;Muaom ]]a½G;aumufyGJ}} xufydkíus,f0ef;ygonf/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf uREfkyfwdkY\ aus;Zl;½Sif wrefawmfjrwfBuD;()onf
tv’m[ft½Sifjrwf()\ &plvfwrefawmf jzpfonfomru Edik if aH wmf\
tBu;D tuJx#G af cgifvnf; jzpfonf/
trsdK;orD;rsm;onf wrefawmfjrwfBuD;() xH vmMuNyD; 4if;wdkYonf
wref a wmf j rwf B uD ; ( ) rS ]]Ed k i f i H a wmf t BuD ; tuJ } } jzpf a ejcif ; tay:
oabmwlMuonf/ xdaYk Mumifh tpövmrfrS trsKd ;orD;udk tcGit hf a&;ay;&mwGif
rJay;cGiyhf g yg0ifonf/
Oya'jyK&mwGif trsKd ;orD;rsm; yg0ifaqmif&u
G Ef ikd cf iG hf
trsKd ;orD;onf Oya'jyK&mwGiv
f nf; yg0ifciG hf ½So
d nf/ ausmMf um;aom
hf a&;
['D;qfawmfwpfckt& ]]tkrm&f ocif()onf qGm[AgBuD;rsm;ESifh r[m&f
(r*Fvm cef;0ifaMu;)udpaö qG;aEG;aecJo h nf/ r*Fvm cef;0ifaMu; (r[m&f)onf
qif;&Jom;rGwfpvifrf a,mufsm;vli,frsm;tm; vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;trIrS
[efYwm;aeonf/ xdkY twGufaMumifh r[m&fESifhywfoufí tjrifhqHk; rnfrQ
ay;vQif jzpfrnf[laomtcsufudk qHk;jzwf&ef aqG;aEG;aepOf xdktkyfpkxJwGif
xdkifaeaom aemufwef;rS trsdK;orD;wpfOD;rS rwfwyf&yfí uefYuGufonf/
usr;f jrwf uk&t f mef(4;20) wGif r[m&fonf wwfEikd o f jl zpfygu ]]&wemypön;f
tyHwk pfykH (od)Yk a½Twpfy}kH } ay;Edik uf ay;&ef ñTeMf um;xm;Ny;D jzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh
tkrm&f ()rSaeí ,if;udk uefo Y wfay;jcif;rSm roif[
h ak xmufjy ajymqdck o hJ nf/
xdktcgtkrm&focif()rScsufjcif;yif tkrm&f ()rSm rSm;ygonf?
xdktrsdK;orD;rSm rSefygonf [k wkefYjyef ajymMum;cJhonf/ pOf;pm;Munfhyg.../
tu,f í xd k a jymqd k a xmuf j yaom trsd K ;orD ; onf emrnf B uD ; aom
trsKd ;orD;jzpfygu? olr\trnfukd xnfo h iG ;f azmfjyrnfjzpfonf/ olr\trnf
azmfjyxm;jcif;r½SdaomaMumifh olronf ]]omreftrsdK;orD;}} omjzpfonfrSm
xif½Sm;\/ þonf\ qdkvdk&if;rSm omref trsdK;orD;wpfOD;onfyifvQif
EdkifiHawmftBuD;tuJwpfOD;\ vkyf&yfudk rSm;aeygu ]]y,fzsufydkifcGifh? a0zef
ajymqdyk ikd cf iG }hf } ½So
d nf/
]ynm&yfa0g[m& t"dyÜg,ft&? þodkYjyKvkyf jcif;udk zGJYpnf;yHk
tajccH O ya' csd K ;azguf j cif ; ud k jiif ; y,f j cif ; } [k a c:qd k E d k i f o nf /
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefonf rGwfpvifrsm;twGuf zJGYpnf;
yHktajccHOya' jzpfonf/ txufygjzpf&yfrS xif[yfaeonfhtcsufrSm
trsKd ;orD;rsm;onfyifvQif zJpYG nf;yHk tajccHOya'jyKvyk &f mwGif yg0ifEikd o f nf?
yg0ifcohJ nf[k qdv
k o
kd nf/
trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf ppfajrjyifwiG f yg0ifEikd o
f nf qG[;D [kvf Akcd g&Dusr;f wGif
tcef;wpfcef;vH;k tjynfh (Chapter wpfc)k ? trsKd ;orD;rsm;ppfajrjyifwiG f yg0if
qifEGJcJhaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ trsdK;orD;rsm;onf wdkufyJG0ifppfonfrsm;
twGuf a&ulo,fay;Muonf/ xdkYtwl a½S;OD;olemjyKtwwfjzifh 'Pf&m&
ppfonfrsm;udk jyKpu k ok ay;jcif;rsm; jyKvyk cf o
hJ nf/
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jcif;cH&ol tenf;i,fteuf? eqDbm(g )qdkol trsdK;orD;wpfOD;vnf;
yg0ifco hJ nf/ olronf td[ k 'k pf pfyw
GJ iG f uREykf w
f \ Ykd wrefawmfBu;D tm; umuG,cf hJ
olwpfO;D jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f ]a,mufsm;
ESifh rdef;rwdkYonf tjyeftvSef apmifha½Smufolrsm;jzpfMuonf/} omref
tajctaewGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf ppfajrjyifoYkd oGm;&ef rvdt k yfay/ ppfajrjyifoYdk
oGm;&efwm0efrmS trsK;d om;rsm;\ wm0efomjzpfonf/ vdt k yfonfh tajctaewGif
trsKd ;orD; rsm; ppfajrjyifodkY oGm;cGifh½Sdonf/ rjzpfrae tajctaersdK;rS vGJí
roGm;oifyh g/ (odrYk [kwv f Qi)f U.S.A wGif ½So d uJo h Ykd tajctaersKd ;rsm;jzpfvmrnf/
tar&duef jynfaxmifpw k iG f 1901ckEpS u f wnf;utrsKd ;orD;rsm; ppfajrjyifoYkd
oGm;cGi½hf o dS nf/ odaYk omforl wdo Yk nf ppfyw JG iG (f ppfwu kd &f mwGi)f yg0ifciG hfr½Sad y/
olrwdt Yk aeESihf olemjyKtjzpfom wm0ef xrf;aqmif&m\/
(1973)wGif tpjyKcahJ om trsKd ;orD;tcGit hf a&; (usm;?r tcGit hf a&;
wef;wl &½Sad tmifvyI ½f mS ;jcif;) vIy½f mS ;rI aemufyikd ;f rSpí ]]trsdK;orD;rsm;tm;
tb,f h a Mumif h p pf y G J r sm;wG i f wuf < upG m yg0if aqmif ½ G u f c G i f h rjyKyg
oenf;}}}}[k awmif;qdv k mcJo h nf/ xdaYk Mumifh tar&dueftpd;k &rS trsKd ;orD;rsm;
ppfwu
kd cf iG u
hf kd (1976) ckEpS w f iG f cGijhf yKco
hJ nf/
tar&duef umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme\ NyD;cJhaomESpfu xkwfjyefcsuf
t& (1993ckESpf{NyDv? 23 &ufaeY) pkpnf;rIwpfck(tpnf;ta0;wpfck)wGif
vl ( 90)ausmf vd i f t m;jzif h usL;ausmf a pmf u m;cH c J h & NyD ; ? ,if ; wd k Y t euf
(83)OD ; rS m trsd K ;orD ; rsm;jzpf c J h o nf / xd k u d p ö t wG u f ( 117)OD ; aom
t&m½Sdrsm;rSm pnf;urf; Oya't& ta&;,ljcif;cHcJh&onf/ tpkta0;
wpf c k w nf ; wG i f trsd K ;orD ; (83)OD ; onf vd i f y d k i f ; qd k i f & m usL;ausmf
apmfum;jcif; cH&onf/ xdk (117) OD;aom t&m½Sdrsm;\ jypfrIrSm tb,f
enf;/
xdkt&m½Sdrsm;onf? xdk trsdK;orD;ppfonfrsm;udk ajy;apNyD;? 4if;wdkY
\ t0wftpm;rsm;udk cRwfcJhonf/ 4if;wdkYudk udk,fvHk;wD; taetxm;
(4if ; wd k Y \ rsd K ;yG m ;t*F g rsm;ud k y if rzk H ; tk y f a pbJ ) wef ; pD vS n f h v nf
jyoapcJ h o nf / 4if ; wd k Y t m; vl t rsm;a½S U 0,f vd i f quf q H E d k i f a p&ef
hf a&;
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tcGifhta&;rsm;udk oifudk,fwdkifom xdef;odrf;Edkifrnfjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwdkY
taeESifh uREfkyfwdkY\ nDr? tpfrrsm;? orD;rsm;ESifh rdcifrsm;\ vdifydkif;
qdkif&m usL;ausmfapmfum;rIrS uif;a0;apcsifygonf/
txufygjzpf&yfaMumifh ygvDrefwGif jyif;xef pGm *,uf½dkufNyD;
or®wBuD; ab;vfuvifwef (Bill Clinton))udk,fwdkif xdkjyoemtwGuf
awmif;yefcJh&NyD; vdktyfonfh ta&;,lrIjyKvkyfygrnf[k uwdjyKcJh&onf/
oifwdkYodMuaomtwdkif;yif EdkifiHa&;orm;rS ay;cJhonfh uwdjzpfonfh
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ppf a jrjyif o d k Y oG m ;a&muf c G i f h ay;xm;jcif ; jzpf o nf / xdkodkYppfajrjyifodkY
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uREfkyf\pum;udk ed*Hk;rcsKyfrD Oyrmwpfckay;csifygonf/ uREfkyf\
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twef;wpfwef;wGif ausmif;om;]u}ESifh ]c} &Sdonf qdkygpkdY/ pmar;yGJ
wpfcw k iG f ]u}ESi]hf c} ESpOf ;D pvH;k rSm trSw(f 100)wGif (80)&Ny;D ? yxr pGo
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]c} ESpfOD;pvHk;rSm (100)tay:ü (80)&&Sdonf/ tcsKyftm;jzifhqdk&aomf
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f wlwl &l onf[k qdEk ikd o
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&Muojzifh wwfuRr;f rItwlwyl ifjzpfonf[k aumufcsuf csEikd o
f nf/
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oifonf OD;pm;ay;í vTwfrnfr[kwf/ oif udk,fwkdifom xGufí
t&ifqHk; olcdk;zrf;ygvQif vdktyfvmvQif oif\rdom;pk0iftrsdK;orD;rsm;url
0ifa&mufun l D ygvdrrhf nf/ omreftajctaewGif tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf ()onf
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tjcm; OyrmjyK&vQif uav;rsm;tm; rdbESihf ywfoufí wav;wpm;
jyK&rnfqdkvQif rdcifjzpfoludk oHk;q?zcifjzpfoludk wpfq tav;xm;&rnf[k
tqdk&Sdonf/ þae&mwGif trsdK;orD;rS trsdK;om;xuf ydkíomaomfvnf;
tm;vH;k twGuf ta&;ygrIrmS twlwyl ifjzpfonf/
xkdYaMumifh tpövmrfrS omwlnDrQrI ?wef;wlnDrIudk vufcHaomfvnf;
xyfwlnDjcif;udk vufrcHyg/ tpövmrfwGif rdef;rESifha,musfm;onf tm;vHk;
twGuf twlwyl if jzpfonf/ odaYk omf rGwpf vifrf vlt Y zGUJ tpnf;rSmrS aqmif
&Guaf erIrmS uGjJ ym;jcm;em;aeygvdrrhf nf/ rGwpf vifrf vlt
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xku
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avonf/
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oHk;oyfqifjcifMuyg/ oifwdkYtaeESifh tpövmrfrSay;xm;aom trsdK;orD;
tcGifhta&;rsm;onf acwfrDaMumif; ?acwfaemufrusaMumif; em;vnf
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d wGJ
Woman's Rights in Islam

MODERNISING OR OUTDATED?
PART II
hf a&;
plvfwefcgrD / / oufaocH&mü trsK;d orD;qkv d Qif tb,faMumifh ESpOf ;D jzpf
&NyD; trsKd;om;qdkvQif wpfOD;wnf;ESihf tb,faMumifh vHkavmuf&ygoenf;/
a'gufwmZmud&fEkduf(cf)/ / nDtpfuadk wmfonf uREyfk t f m; tvGet f a&;
Bu;D aom ar;cGe;f ukd ar;vku
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trsK;d orD;oufao(2)OD;onf trsK;d om;oufao(1)OD;ESihf rwlnyD g/ tcsKUd aom
trIrsm;twGuo f m trsK;d om;oufao(1)OD;twGuf trsK;d orD;oufao (2)OD;ESihf
wlEidk yf gonf/
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f mefwiG f tenf;qH;k (5)ae&mü
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trsK;d orD;oufao(2)OD;onf trsK;d om;oufaowpfO;D ESihf nDaMumif; *g0Du@?
usr;f yd'k f (282)ü azmfjyxm;ygonf/ ¤if;onf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ t&Snq f ;kH
tm,ofawmf (usr;f yd'k )f vnf;jzpfygonf/
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oabmwlnED pS f oufMuavaomoufaorsm;teufrS a,musfm;wpfO;D ESihf rde;f r
ESpOf ;D wdoYk nfyifvQif vkaH vmufMuayonf/ taMumif;aomfum; ,if;rde;f rESpOf ;D
teufrw S a,mufonf arhavsmhcyhJ grl ,if;rde;f r ESpaf ,mufteuf wpfa,muf
onf usefred ;f r wpfa,mufudk owd &apEdik jf cif;aMumifw h nf;/}} (2;282)
txufazmfjyyg tm,ofawmf (2;282) onf aiGa&;aMu;a&;udpöESifh
ywfoufayonf/ ,if;udpöESifh ywfoufí oufaocHtwGuf a,musfm;
oufaoESpOf ;D &Smoifyh gonf/ oift
h aeESihf a,musmf ;oufaoESpOf ;D r&&SEd ikd f
aomtcgrsKd ;ü a,musmf ;oufaowpfO;D ESihf trsKd ;orD;oufaoESpOf ;D &So
d ifyh g
onf[k qdkvdkygonf/
txufyg udpu ö kd ydrk ekd m;vnfap&ef &nf&, G í
f uREykf tf m; Oyrmwpfck
ay;cGijhf yKyg/ vlwpfa,mufonf cGpJ w d uf o
k rIc,
H rl nf[k qdMk uygpd/Yk obm0us
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tBuaH y;csuu f kd &,lvrkd nfjzpfonf/ tu,fí olt Y aeESifh cGpJ w d yf g&*l ESpOf ;D \
tBuHÓPfudk r&Ekdifygu xl;cRefajymifajrmufonfh cJGpdwfq&m0efwpfOD;ESifh
M.B.B.SbGJU& taxGaxGa&m*guk q&m0efESpfOD;\ tBuHay;csuftay:wGif
rlwnfí ñ§Ed idI ;f aqmif&u G o
f ifo
h nf/ tb,fah Mumifq
h akd omf cGpJ w
d uf o k rIü cGpJ w d f
orm;awmfonf M.B.B.S bGJU& ½dk;½dk;q&m0efxufydkí wwfuRrf;aom
aMumifjh zpfonf/
txufazmjyf yg OyrmuJo h Ydk aiGa&;aMu;a&;ESihf ywfoufaom wm0ef
0wå&m;rsm;rSm ydkíav;yif?wm0ef BuD;aomaMumifh xkdwm0efudk a,musfm;\
yck;H ay:wGif vTaJ jymif;ay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tb,fah Mumifq h adk omf tpövmrfwiG f
aiGa&;aMu;a&;wm0efrSm a,mufsm;om;rsm;\ wm0efomjzpfaomaMumifh
rde;f rrsm;xufyí dk &nfñeT ;f jcif;cH&jcif;jzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifah iGa&;aMu;a&;ESihf
ywf o uf a om jyóem&yf r sm;twG u f trsKd ; om; ouf a oES p f O D ; onf
tckid rf mqk;H jzpfNy;D ? okrYd &Ekid yf gu trsK;d om;wpfO;D ? trsKo d rD;ESpOf ;D ukd oufao
tjzpfjyK vkyo f ifo h nf[k qkv d &dk if;jzpfonf/
xyfrw H ifjy&rnfqadk omf? oifonf usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef\ cJz,
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u@? usr;f yd'k f (106)wGif
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k o
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w&m;rQwrI&dS aomolEpS af ,muf tm; oufaotjzpf &SMd u&ayrnf/ }} (5;106)
txuf a zmf j yygtm,of a wmf t & tarG q uf c H r I E S i f h q k d i f a om
]]aowrf;pm}} a&;vkd?rSmMum;vkdaomtcgrsKd;wGifvnf; a,mufusm;oufao
ESpfOD;xm;&ef vkdtyfaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ tcsKdUaom w&m;olBuD;rsm;u
ajymqkdMuonfrSm vlowfrIwpfcktwGuf oufaocH&mwGifvnf; trsKd;orD;
rsm;\ rde;f robm0 vefw Y wf? aMumufwwfMuonfrmS "r®wmjzpfí xdak Mumuf
wwfru I olrwkt Yd m; trSex f uG q f &kd ef t[eft
Y wm; jzpfapwwfaomaMumif?h
trsKd ;orD;oufaoESpOf ;D rSm trsKd ;om;oufaowpfO;D ESihf twlwyl ifjzpfonf/
xdaYk Mumifh tajctaeESp&f yfjzpfonfh aiGa&;? aMu;a&;udpEö iS hf vlowfrI
udpt
ö wGuo f mvQif trsKd ;orD; oufao (2)OD;onf trsKd ;om;oufao wpfO;D ESihf
wlonf[k qdv k &kd if;jzpfygonf/
hf a&;
tcsKd Uaom tpövmrfh ynm&Sirf sm;u qdMk uonfrmS -]usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef
wGif rdef;roufao (2)OD;onf a,musfm;oufao(1)OD;ESifhwlonf[laom
u@rSm *g0Du@? usrf;ydk'f (282)wpfckwnf;üomjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh
xkdtm,ofawmf\ tvkdt& tm;vHk;aom udpö&yfrsm;twGuf oufao
a,musmf ; (1)a,mufonf oufao rde;f r(2) a,mufEiS w hf \l [k r,lqMuacs/
uREfkyfwkdYtaeESifh usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwpftkyfvHk;udk cJGjcrf;pdwfjzm
avhvmMunfyh gpd/Yk a&mifjcnfawmfu@? usr;f yd'k f (6)wGi-f
]]xdkYjyif rdrdwdkY\ZeD;Muif&mrsm;tm; (umarok rdpämpm&rI usL;vGefygonf[k)
pG y f p J G a omol w d k Y o nf ¤ i f ; wd k Y ü rd r d w d k Y tjyif ouf a orsm;r&S d M uvQif
xdkpGyfpJGolwdkYteuf wpfOD; onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; wdkifwnfí rdrdonf
opöm0g'D jzpfaMumif; av;Budrw f ikd w
f ikd f oufaoxGuq f kd &rnf/}} (24;6)
tu,fí cifyeG ;f jzpforl jS zpfap? ZeD;jzpforl jS zpfap? rdr\
d ZeD;? cifyeG ;f udk
pGypf v
JG ykd gu oufao&S&d ef vdt k yfonf/ tu,fí ¤if;wkt Yd aeESihf oufaor&Edik f
yguvnf; ¤if;wdkY\ ckdifrmaom taxmuftxm;onf trsdK;orD;(1)OD; (0g)
trsKd ;om;(1)OD;yifvQif vHak vmuf\/ þtm,ofawmf\ tvdt k &? trsKd ;orD;
oufaowpfO;D ESihf trsKd ;om;oufaowpfO;D onf twlwyl if vHak vmufaom
oufaojzpfaMumif;qdv k o kd nf/
tpövmrfhOya'ynm&Sifrsm;u vufcHMuonfrSm vjrifonfhudpöESifh
ywfoufonfh trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D yif vHak vmufaomoufaojzpfonf/ tcsKUd aom
Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;u vufcHMuonfrSm &rfoGmefv\tpwGif oufao
wpfa,mufomvkt d yfNy;D 0gxGuaf om (&rfomG efv\ tqH;k wGi)f oufao (2)OD;
vkt
d yfonf/ þudprö sm;ESihf ywfoufí trsK;d om;ESihf trsK;d orD;uGjJ ym;jcm;em;aprI
r&Sdyg/ xkdYtwl tcsKdUaom ta&;udpörsm;twGuf trsKd;om;oufaoukd
vufrcHEkdifaom (trsKd;orD;oufaoukdom vufcHaom) tajctaersm;
vnf;&Sdonf/ trsKd;orD;oufaoukdom tav;xm;onfhudpö qkdonfrSm
rnfonfhudpöjzpfaMumif; tm;vHk;rS pdwf0ifpm;pGm apmifhqkdif;aeMurnf[k
uREykf x
f ifygonf/
rdef;rwpfOD;aoqHk;oGm;í rkdif,ofa&csKd;ay;&eftwGuf trsKd;orD;
oufaowpfa,mufom vHkavmufayonf/ cRif;csuftaeESifh oifonf
trsKd;orD;oufao r&EkdifaomtcgwGif aoqHk;ol\ a,mufsm;onfom
vQifvHkavmufaom oufaojzpfonf/ þudpötwGufrSm trsKd;orD;omvQif
ykí
d jzpfoifo
h nf/
&SDvm[f/ / tpövmrfbmomonf a,mufsm;wpfa,muftm; rde;f rtrsm;
ESiv
hf ufxufciG hf "Polygamy"udk tb,faMumifh cGijhf yK&ygoenf;/
a'gufwmZmud&f/ / trSefpifppf "Polygamy" qkdonfrSm vlyk*¾dKvf
wpfa,mufwiG f wpfa,mufxufyadk om Muifazmfrsm;&Sjd cif;jzpfonf/ þudpö
wGif trsKd;tpm;ESpfrsKd;cGJjcm;Ekid o
f nf/ "Polygeny"ac: r,m;NyKd ix
f m;jcif;
(trsdK;om;wpfa,mufwiG f ZeD;r,m;wpfa,mufxuf ykdí&Sdjcif;)ESihf "Poly -
endry"ac: vifNydKifxm;jcif; (trsdK;orD;wpfa,mufwGif vifa,mufsm;
wpfa,mufxuf ykdí&Sdjcif;) [líjzpfonf/ rsm;pGmaom vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;rS 'Po-
lygamy' [l a om pum;&yftwGuf ]]a,mufsm;wpfa,mufrS ZeD ;r,m;
ompum;&yf
wpfOD;xufykdí vufxyfEkdifjcif; (0g)r,m;NydKifxm;jcif
xm;jcif;[lí xifjrifae
Muonf/ trSepf ifppf xkod abmomru trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D wGif wpfO;D xufyadk om
vifa,musmf ; Muifazmfrsm;&Sjd cif;onfvnf; tusK;H 0if\/
a,mufsm;wpfOD;onf ZeD;wpfOD;xufykdí vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;ukd
"Polygeny"[kac:Ny;D rde;f rwpfO;D wGif cifye
G ;f wpfO;D xufyí
dk vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;
jcif;ukd "Polyendry"[k ac:onf/ nDrawmfrS ar;aomar;cGe;f rSm t"dutm;jzifh
]]a,mufsm;wpfa,mufukd tb,faMumifh ZeD;wpfOD;xufykdí vufxyfcGifhjyK
&ygoenf;/}} wpfenf;qkdaomf r,m;NydKifxm;jcif; (Polygeny)ukd bmaMumifh
tpövmrfrS cGijhf yKxm;&ygoenf;[laom tar;jzpfonf/ uREyfk rf S þar;cGe;f ukd
ajzygrnf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefonf urÇmajray:&Sd bmoma&; usr;f *efrsm;teuf
]]ZeD;wpfOD;wnf;om vufxyfyg}}[k azmfjyxm;aom wpftkyfwnf;aom
pmtkyfjzpfygonf/ oifonf *Dwusrf;? a0'usrf;? &mr,eusrf;? r[m
bm&wusrf;? or®musrf; tm;vHk;ukd zwfMunfhyg/ ]]wpfOD;wnf;ukdom
vuf x yf y g}}[l í azmf j yxm;aom ae&mwpf a e&mrQr&S d y g/ uk & f t mef
usrf;wpftkyfwnf;wGif om ]]wpfOD;wnf;ukdom vufxyfyg}}[k azmfjyxm;
hf a&;
onfukd awGUEkdifonf/
trSefpifppf oifonf [dE´Lusrf;*efrsm;ukd zwf½Iavhvmygu rsm;pGm
aombk&ifrsm;wGif ZeD;trsm;&So d nfudk awGUEkid o
f nf/ Oyrm- bk&if'g&S&wfwiG f
ZeD;wpfO;D xufyí dk &So
d nf/ c&pf&eS mwGiv f nf; ZeD;wpfO;D xuf ykíd &So
d nf/ oifonf
*sL;usr;f *efrsm;ukd zwf½MI unfyh gu *sL;Oya'\ (11)&mpkwiG f "Polygeny" ac:
ZeD;wpfOD;xuf ykdívufxyfxdrf;jrm;cGifhjyKxm;aMumif; awGU&ayrnf/
&mbD*gwf'&f eT (f rf) bif*sm[l'g (Gurdshom Benjahuda)u Signord tm; wifjyNyD;
ZeD;wpfO;D xufyí dk vufxyfjcif;cGirhf jyKoifah Mumif; wifjycJo h nf/ okw Yd idk f atmif
rGwpf v
f ifrf Ekid if rH sm;wGi&f adS om puf(yf)x&mepf *sL;vlUtzGUJ tpnf; (Septranic Jewish
Community)) wGif (1950)wkdifatmif usifhoHk;rI&SdcJhonf/ tpöa&;EkdifiH\
tBu;D tuJjzpforl S þoku Yd sio
hf ;kH rItay: wm;jrpfywd yf if cJo
h nf/
c&pf,mefvlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGifvnf; vGefcJhaom ESpf&mpkcefYxd (18
&mpk)xd "Polygeny"ac: ]]r,m;NyKd ix f m;jcif;}}ukd cGijhf yKaMumif; or®musr;f wGif
awGUEkid o
f nf/ xk&d mpkaemufyidk ;f wGif ]]c&pf,meftoif;awmf}}rS wm;jrpfco hJ nf/
tdE´d,EkdifiH\ w&m;a&; (Oya'a&;&m)ukd avhvmygu tdEd´,EkdifiH\ w&m;
Oya'onf [dEL´ trsK;d om;rsm;tm; ZeD;wpfa,mufxufyí dk vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;
cGifhjyKxm;aMumif;awGU&onf/ (1954)ckESpfwGifrS [dE´Lvufxyfxdrf;jrm;rI
tufOya'jy|mef;cJNh y;D ? ¤if;wGif pnf;urf;owfrw S cf suw f pfck yg0ifonf/ ,if;rSm
[dE´La,mufsm;rsm;onf ZeD;wpfOD;xufykdí vufxyfcGifhrjyK[laomtcsuf
jzpfonf/
]]tpövmrfwiG &f adS om trsK;d orD;rsm;\ tqift h wef;}}ESihf ywfoufí
wifjyaomaumfrwD\ (1975) ckEpS f pm&if;Z,m;t&? pmrsuEf mS (66? 67)wGif
ZeD; wpfa,mufxufyí dk vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;aom &mckid Ef eI ;f ukd wifjyxm;onf/
,if;xkwfjyefxm;aom pm&if;? Z,m;t&? [dE´Lbmom0ifrsm;twGif; wpfOD;
xufyadk om vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;rI&mckid Ef eI ;f rSm (5.06)jzpfNy;D ? tpövmrfbmom0if
rsm;twGi;f &mckid Ef eI ;f rSm(4.31)jzpfonf/ þpm&if;Z,m;rsm;ukx d m;Ny;D uREyfk w
f \
Ydk
t"dutcsujf zpfaom ]]tpövmrfrS ZeD;wpfO;D xufyadk om vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;jcif;
(0g) r,m;NyKd ix
f m;jcif;ukd tb,faMumifh cGijhf yKxm;&ygoenf;}}[laomtcsuf
udk aqG;aEG;Muygpk/Yd
uREykf w
f pfcgwifjyxm;Ny;D jzpfygonf/ trsK;d orD;u@? usr;f yd'k f (3) wGif
]]rdrdwkdYESpfNcdKuf aom (tjcm;) trsKd;orD;rsm;teuf (a,mufsm; wpfOD;vQif)
rdef;rESpfa,mufpDESifhjzpfap? okdYr[kwf rdef;r oHk;a,muf pDEiS jhf zpfap? okrYd [kwf
rde;f rav;a,mufpED iS jhf zpfap xdr;f jrm;Muuke/f wzef tu,fí toifwo Ydk nf (rde;f r
wpfa,mufxufykdí xdrf;jrm; &mwGi)f w&m;rQwrIudk jyKEkid Mf urnfr[kw[ f k
pk;d &drrf uif; jzpfMujyef aomf (ZeD;rde;f r) wpfO;D wnf;ESiyhf if (wif;wdrMf u&rnf)/}}
(4;3)
xkdYaMumifh ]]wpfOD;wnf;ukdomvufxyfyg}} [laom pum;onf
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef wpftyk w
f nf;wGio
f m azmfjyxm;aom azmfjycsujf zpfonf/
tjcm;rnfonfh bmoma&;usr;f *efwiG rf S ñTeMf um;xm;jcif;r&Syd g/
tpövmrfray:xGe;f rD tcsed u f mvu tma&;AD;,m;uRef;qG,f&Sd tm&Af
vlrsK;d a,mufsm;rsm;onf ZeD; trsm;tjym; ,lavh&o dS nf/ tcsKUd aomolrsm;wGif
ZeD;OD;a& &mcsDíyif &Sdwwfonf/ tpövmrfrS ZeD;rsm;,ljcif;ESifh ywfoufí
tjrifq h ;kH uefo
Y wfcsujf zpfaom ]](4) OD;}}ukd owfrw S cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf/ oift
h aeESihf
ZeD;wpfO;D xufy, dk yl gu xkEd pS Of ;D ? xkod ;kH OD;? xkad v;OD;tMum;wGif w&m;rQwrIEiS hf
qufpyfrjI yK&rnfjzpfonf/ xko d rYdk qufqEH idk yf gu wpfO;D xJom vufxyfyg/
xkd trsK;d orD;u@? usr;f yd'k f (129)ü xyfí ñTejf yxm;onf/
]] xkrd w
S yg;wHk toifwo Ykd nf (rnfrQyif w&m;rQwap&ef) qE´xm; &SMd uaomfvnf;
(rd r d w d k Y \ wOD ; xuf y d k a om) ZeD ; rd e f ; rwd k Y \ pyf M um;0,f(tbufbufrS)
w&m;rQwatmif tvsi;f jyKEikd Mf urnf r[kwaf y/}} (4;129)
xkdYaMumifh ZeD;wpfOD;xufykdí ,lckdif;jcif;udpörSm cRif;csufjzpfonf/
¤if;onf pnf;rsOf; Oya'or[kwf/ rsm;pGmaom vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;rS ]]tpövmrfrS
a,mufsm;rsm;ukd ZeD; wpfO;D xufyNdk y;D ZeD;av;OD;xd rjzpfrae,l&rnf[k owfrw
S f
xm;onf}}[k xifjrifaeMuonf/
tpövmrfw
f iG f vky&f efEiS hf rvky&f ef trsK;d tpm; (5)rsK;d owfrw
S x
f m;onf/
(1) ( ]]rvkyfrae&wm0ef}}

hf a&;
(2) (! ]] axmufcHonf/ tm;ay;onf/}}
(3) )* ]]cGifhjyKcsuf&Sdonf/}}
(4) '+ ]]raxmufcH tm;ray;yg/}}
(5) ]]wm;jrpfydwfyifonf/}} wkdYjzpfonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef?
wrefawmfjrwf( )\ ['D;qfMo0g'rsm;\ rnfonfh ae&mwGifrS ]]ZeD;
wpfa,mufxufykdí vufxyfxdrf;jrm;olonf ZeD;wpfOD;wnf; vufxyf
ol x uf y k d í omvG e f a umif ; rG e f a om rG w f p f v if j zpf o nf } }[k a&;om;
azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Syd g/
uREkfyfwkdYtaeESifh tpövmrfrS tb,faMumifh ZeD; wpfO;D xufyí dk
vufxyfciG jhf yK&onfudk ,kwadå A'enf;usus qef;ppf a0zefMunfhMuygpkdY/
obm0w&m;t& a,mufsm;uav;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;rsm;onf wlnDaom
tcsK;d tpm; ESihf arG;zGm;vmcJMh uonf/ okaYd omf aq;odyrHÜ S ajymMum;onft h csurf mS
oaEöm;tqifw h iG yf if rde;f uav;oaEöm;onf a,mufsm;av;oaEöm;
xufyí dk cHEidk &f nf&í dS ykíd tm;aumif;oefrmonf/ uav;rsm;\ use;f rma&;ESihf
ywfoufí txl;jyKavhvmxm;aom todynmA[kokwt& rdef;uav;
rsm;onf a,mufsm;av;rsm;xufyí dk ckct
H m;aumif;Ny;D ? a&m*grsm;ESihf yk;d rTm;rsm;ukd
ykí
d ckcEH idk pf rG ;f &So
d nf/ xkaYd Mumifh uav;t&G,w f iG yf if a,mufsm;av; tcsK;d onf
rde;f uav; tcsK;d xufyí dk enf;onf/ uav;tqifw h iG yf if a,mufsm;rsm;xuf
rde;f uav;rsm;\ use;f rma&; tqift h wef;ykíd jrifrh m;onfuadk wGU&\/
ppfjzpfymG ;aomumvüqkv d Qif a,mufsm;rsm;onf rdef;rrsm;xufykdí
towftjzwfcH&ygonf/ ,ck avmavmq,f urÇmwGif jzpfyGm;aeaom
ppfyGJrsm; txl;ojzifh tmz*efepöwefwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaomppfyGJwGif vlaygif;
(1.5)oef;ausmf aoqH;k cJ&h Ny;D ¤if;wkt
Yd euf trsm;pkrmS a,mufsm;rsm;jzpfonf/
pm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& rawmfwqxdcu dk 'f Pf&m&rIEiS hf pD;u&ufaomufraI Mumifh
aoqHk;olrsm;wGif a,mufsm;OD;a&rSm rdef;rOD;a& xufykdrsm;onfukd awGU&\/
xkaYd Mumifh urÇmay:wGif rde;f uav;OD;a&rSm a,mufsm;OD;a&xufyrdk sm;onfudk
awGUEkid o
f nf/
tm&SEiS hf tmz&duEkid if t
H csKUd tjyif tdE,
d´ Ekid if o
H nf a,mufsm;uav;
OD;a&onf rde;f uav;OD;xuf ykrd sm;aom Ekid if w
H pfEidk if H jzpfonf/
tb,faMumifq h adk omf rde;f uav;oaEöm; zsucf srrI mS ESppf OfEpS w
f idk ;f
wpfoef;ausmf txufü&So d nf/ rde;f uav;ukd y#doaEäqmifonf[o k o
d nfEiS hf
wpfNydKifeuf oaEöm;zsufcswwfaom rdpäm"avhqkd;BuD;aMumifh rdef;uav;
OD;a&rSm wpfjznf;jznf;enf;yg;vm&NyD;? usm;OD;a&rsm;vm&jcif;jzpfonf/
(okrYd [kw)f rde;f uav; oaEöm;ukd zsucf swwfonfh "avhq;dk Bu;D ukd y,fzsuf
ypfEkdifygu tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;rSmuJhokdYyif a,mufsm;av;OD;a&rSm rdef;uav;
OD;a&xuf yked nf;aeOD;rSmjzpfonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif rdef;rOD;a&onf a,mufsm;OD;a&xuf
(7.8)oef;ykdaeygonf/ e,l;a,mufNrdKUwpfNrdKUwnf;üyif a,mufsm;av;
ta&twGufESifh,SOfvQif rdef;uav;ta&twGufonf wpfoef;ausmf ykdae
ygonf/ e,l;a,mufNrdKUwGif aexkdifvQuf&SdMuaom a,mufsm;OD;a&\ oHk;yHk
wpfyHkrSm rdef;rvQmrsm;jzpfaeMuonf/ tar&duefwpfEkdifiHvHk;rSm vdifwl
qufqHolOD;a&rSm ESpfq,fhig;oef;ru &Sdaeygonf/ NAdwdefEkdifiHwGifrl rdef;r
OD;a&onf a,mufsm;OD;a&xuf (4)oef;ausmfykdaeNyD;? *smreDEkdifiHwGifrl
(5)oef;ausm?f ½k&mS ;Ekid if t
H wGurf l (7)oef;ausmf ykrd sm;aeonfudk awGU&ygonf/
wpfurÇmvH;k ü&SMd uonfh a,mufsm;ESihf rde;f rOD;a&ukd EdiI ;f ,SOMf unfv
h Qif rde;f rOD;a&
oef;aygif;rnfrQ ykrd sm;aernfudk tv’m[ft&Sif wpfyg;wnf;om od&adS wmfrEl idk f
rnfjzpfonf/
tu,fí uREyfk \ f nDronf tar&duefjynfaxmifpük &Sad om tysKBd u;D
awGxJrS wpfa,muf[k qkdMuygpkdY/ tu,fí a,mufsm;wkdif;rSm ZeD;r,m;
wpfOD;uspD &SdaevQifawmif? tar&duefjynf wpfjynfwnf;wGif a,mufsm;
&p&mvrf;r&Sdrnfh rdef;rom;OD;a&onf oef;oHk;q,fausmfaeygonf/
olrwktYd wGuf a&G;cs,pf &mvrf;ESpof ,
G o
f mvQif useyf gawmhonf/ rde;f r&SNd y;D
om;a,mufsm;wpfa,mufEiS hf vufxyfvQif vufxyf? 'grSr[kwv f Qif trsm;ydik f
ypönf;vkyfcsifvkyf ponfh þvrf;ESpfoG,fomvQif &Sdygawmhonf/ wwd,
a&G;cs,pf &m vrf;aMumif;r&Sad cs/
uREkfyfukd,Hkyg/ txufazmfjyyg jyóemukd rGwfpfvifrfr[kwfol
hf a&;
a,mufsm;om;rsm;ukw d ifjyí ¤if;wk\ Yd tysKBd u;D nDr? tpfrrsm;twGuf b,fuo hJ Ydk
jyKvkyfMurnfenf;[k ar;cGef;ar;Munfhyg/ rnfolwpfOD; wpfa,mufurQ
trsm;ydkifypönf;vkyfzdkYukd vkdvm;Muvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ tcsKdUawmfaom yk*¾dKvf
rsm;uawmh ¤if;wk\ Yd nDr? tpfrrsm;ukd tysKpd if (tysKBd u;D )tjzpf aeaprnf[k
qkMd uygonf/ uREyfk u f ,
dk ykH g/ aq;ody\ HÜ awGU&Scd sut f & a,mufsm;wpfa,muf
(od)Yk rde;f rwpfa,mufonf olw&Ydk UJ b0wpfavQmufv;kH tysKpd if? vlysKpd iftjzpf
raeEkdifyg/ tb,fhaMumihfqkdaomf olwdkY\ cE¨mukd,fxJrS a[mfrkef;rsm;onf
aeYpOfeJYtrQ vIHYaqmfaeygonf/ ,if;uJhokdY vIHUaqmfrIaMumifh w&m;r0ifaom
vdiq f ufqrH I (ok)Yd vdiaf zmufjyefrrI sm; usL;vGe&f ef? vdiEf iS hf Zdrcf rH jI yKvyk af umif;
jyKvyk Ef idk yf gonf/ w&m;usi&hf ef [dr0EÅmawmtwGi;f okY d 0ifomG ;Muaom olawmfpif?
olawmfaumif; tcsKUd uvGí J useaf omvlrsm;onf rnfonft h &mrsm;udk jyKusihf
Muygoenf;/ oifonf azmufjyefol rsm;rS tb,foYdk aexkid o f mG ;Muygoenf;/
rnfonfht&mrsm; jyKvkyfMuygoenf;/ qkdonfhtcsufukd awGU&Sd& ayrnf/
tpD&ifcpH mwpfct k & t*FvefEidk if &H dS c&pf,meftoif;awmfwpfc\ k vufatmuf
ü&Sad om r,fov D &Sirf sm;ESihf bke;f awmfBu;D rsm;twGi;f rS trsm;pkonf w&m;r0if
vdifqufqHjcif;ESifh vdifwlqufqHjcif;qkdaomvkyf&yfudk jyKvyk af eMuaMumif;
azmfjyxm;ygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh tysKBd u;D ? vlysKdBuD;tjzpf aexkdifrnfqkdonfum;
rjzpfEkdifacs/ (rSwfcsuf- vlrsKd;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIt& rdrdwkdYukd,fukd tysKdpif?
vlysKdpifrsm;tjzpf xdef;odrf;EkdifMuaom olrsm;vnf; &SdEkdifygonf/) xkdYaMumifh
jzpfEkdifaomvrf;aMumif;rSm oifonf ZeD;&SdNyD;om;a,mufsm;wpfOD;ukd
vufxyfzkdYomjzpfonf/ odkYr[kwfvQif ¤if;wkdYonf trsm;ydkifypönf;tjzpf
oufqif;&ayrnf/
&SmrDem/ / ]]wpfOD;xufydkaom MuifazmfMuifzufxm;jcif;}}ukd cGifhjyKEkdif
onfh tajctaetrsK;d rsK;d ukd pm&if;jyKpEk idk yf grnfavm/
a'gufwmZmud&fEkduf(cf)/ / a,mufsm;wpfa,mufrS wpfOD;xufykdaom
MuifazmfMuifzufxm;&Sjd cif;(0g) r,m;NyKd i,
f jl cif;ukd cGijhf yKEidk o
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qufqHjyKrlEkdifaom tajctaer&Sdygu olYtaeESifh ZeD;wpfOD;wnf;ukdom
vufxyfoifh ygonf/ okaYd omf a,mufsm;wpfa,muftaeESihf ZeD;wpfO;D xuf
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wifjycJah om OyrmuJo h Ydk vifa,mufsm;r&Ekid af om vlt Y zGUJ tpnf;twGi;f &Sd ykad e
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xkjYd yif ]]r,m;NyKd i0f g'}}ukd cGijhf yKaom tjcm;aom tajctaersm;vnf;
&Sad yonf/ Oyrm - rde;f ri,fwpfa,mufonf vufxyfNy;D vtenf;i,ftwGi;f
xdckduf'Pf&m&NyD; olronf olrvifa,mufsm;\ vkdtifqEúdk rjznfph rG ;f
Ekid af omtcgrsK;d wGif olr\ vifa,mufsm;tm; r,m;NyKd i, f cl iG jhf yK&rnf jzpfonf/
a,mufsm;wpfa,muftwGuf ol\rdef;rjzpfolrSm xdckduf'Pf&maMumifh rpGr;f
roefjzpfomG ;vQif vifa,mufsm;jzpfot l wGuf a&G;cs,fp&mwpfckwnf;aom
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vufxyfapvko d avm/
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jyif;xefpmG emruse;f jzpfaeonf/ olr\ a&m*ga0'emrSm jyif;xefí uav;
rsm;ESihf vifa,mufsm;ukd rapmifah &SmufEidk af wmhaomtcg olrtaeESihf tjcm;
rdef;rwpfOD;tm;rdrdvifa,mufsm;ukd xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufapjcif;iSm cGifhrjyK
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xGe;f um;&ef tcGit hf a&; r&SMd uawmhyg/
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taMumif;jycsufrsm;onf vHkavmufaom taMumif;jycsufrsm;jzpfrnf[k
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rjzpfoifh[laomtcsufESifh ywfoufí cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmMunfhMuygpkdY/
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trsK;d rsK;d aom taetxm;rsm;twkid ;f jyKrv l yI &f mS ;&ef vkt
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0ifcGifhjyKrnfr[kwf/ tpövmrfwGif trsKd;orD;wpfOD;tm; "Na.Mehram"
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ukd cGifhrjyK/
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wwfMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh acgif;aqmif trsKd;orD;wpfO;D tm; "r®wmumvwGif
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ta&;Bu;D ygonf/
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tem;,l&rnfjzpfonf/ xkdvrsm;twGuf rnfolu wkdif;jynftwGuf wm0ef
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rdcifwm0efonf ta&;BuD;vmayrnf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf rdcifwm0efESifh
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trsKd;om;rsm;rSmrlum; zcifwm0efESifh EkdifihHwm0efukd xrf;aqmifEkdifjcif;wGif
Ekid ef if;Ekid ,
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ae&mwGif r,loifh? r&Sdoifh[laom azmfjyyg ynm&Sifrsm;t,ltqbufokdY
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olrwkdYwGif rJay;ykdifcGifh? Oya'jyKykdifcGifhrsm;&Sdygonf/ [l'kdifAD,mpmcsKyf csKyf
pOfumvu rGwpf v f ifrv f t Yl zGUJ tpnf;wpfcv k ;kH aESmif,
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tcsed w
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jyKvkyfcJhonf/ oifodNyD;onfhtwkdif; rsm;pGmaomEkdifiHrsm;wGif EkdifiHawmf
or®w(okdY) 0efBuD;csKyfrsm;onf EkdifiH\ tBuD;tuJacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfMu
aomfvnf; ¤if;wkdY\ P.A ESifh twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;uom qHk;jzwfcsufcsonfu
rsm;ygonf/ xkdYaMumifh trsKd;orD;onf EkdifiHhta&;udpörsm;ESifh ywfoufaom
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;cs&mwGif ulnDEkdifayonf/ þajz&Sif;csufrSm nDaemifrS
ar;aomar;cGe;f twGuf tajzjzpfonf[k uREyfk f xifygonf/
bif;rfvm'gvmvf/ / tpövmrfrS trsKd;om;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;
tcGifhta&; twlwlyifjzpfonf[k a[majymaeygvQuf tb,faMumifh
trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; ]]y&'g[f}}0wfqif&ef vko d nf[k qkyd goenf;/ tb,faMumifh
trsK;d om;ESihf trsK;d orD;rsm; awGUqHck sed w
f iG f oD;oefcY jJG cm;aeapygoenf;/
a'gufwm Zmud&fEkduf(cf)/ //nD r awmf r S a r;aom ar;cG e f ; rS m tvG e f
aumif;aom ar;cGe;f jzpfygonf/tpövmrfrS usm;? ra&maESmaexkid jf cif;? yl;wGJ
aexkdifjcif;ukd vufrcHyg/ tpövmrfrS ][d*smAf} (zHk;uG,fjcif;? zHk;tkyfjcif;)ukd
tb,faMumifh txl;jyKajymae&ygoenf; qdkonfhtcsufudk wkdawmif;aom
tcsdefumvtwGif;ü &Sif;jyygrnf/ uREkfyftaeESifh ,ckvkdar;wJhtwGuf
nDrawmfudk aus;Zl;wifygonf/ tb,faMumifq h adk omf uREyfk rf mS [d*smAf (hijab)
taMumif;ukd oD;oefaY jymqk&d ef tcsed rf &onfh twGuaf Mumifyh if/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefukd zwf½IMunfhrnfqkdvQif trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf
[d*smAfukdrazmfjyrD? trsKd;om;rsm;twGuf [d*smAftwkdif;twmtm; azmfjy
hf a&;
xm;onfudk awGUEkdifygonf/ a&mifjcnfawmfu@? usrf;ydk'f (30 )ü
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d \Ydk
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d \
Ydk t&Sut f *Fgrsm;ukd
xde;f odr;f Mu&rnf[í l vnf;aumif;? ajymMum;ygav/}} (24;30)
wzef a&mifjcnfawmfu@? usrf;ydk'f (31)wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf
[d*smAf twdik ;f twmukad zmfjyxm;ygonf/
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hf pku
d í f
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rd p ä m pm&rI usL;vG e f j cif ; rS ) xd e f ; od r f ; Mu&rnf / xk d r S w yg;4if ; wk d Y o nf
ay:íaewwfaom rdrw d \Ydk tvSrS wyg; useftvStywku Yd dk ray:Muap&/ xkjYd yif
4if;wkdYonf rdrdwkdY\tay:½Hkrsm; (OD;acgif;NcHKvTmrsm;)ukd rdrdwkdY\&ifbwfrsm;
tay:okYd csxm;Mu&rnf/
xkdrSwyg; 4if;wkdYonf rdrdwkdY\tvSukd rdrdwkdY\ vifa,mufsm;rsm;? okdYr[kwf
rdrwd \
Ydk zcif rsm;? okrYd [kwf rdrw
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Ydk vifa,mufsm;rsm;\ zcif rsm;? okrYd [kwf
rdrdwkdY\om;rsm;? okdYr[kwf rdrd wkdY\vifa,mufsm;rsm; \om;rsm;? okdYr[kwf
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zkH;tkyfxm;Ekdifygonf/ (tcsKdUtpövmrfokawoDrsm;u rsufESmESifhvufwkdY
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ckESpfpm&if;t& (1.3)rdepftwGif; trsKd;orD; (15)OD;onf rk'def;usifh
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ulnD apmifrrnfo h [l íl um; wpfpw kH pfa,mufrQ &Sv d rd rhf nfr[kwaf y/}}( 5; 72)
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xkdrdef;rrsm;onf xkdvifa,musfm;wpfOD;wnf;ESifhom aygif;oif;aexkdifygu
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qdkaomf rnfonfh aq;q&m0efrS a,mufsm;onf &mckdifEIef;jynfh NrHKonf[k
tmr rcHEidk í f jzpfygonf/
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tdy,f mxJwiG f emwm&Snf vlrrm jzpfaeygu xkrd ed ;f rrS aemufxyf vifa,musmf ;
,lí r&/ þudpEö iS yhf wfoufí pOf;pm;qifjcif MunfMh uygpk/Yd xdo k o
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'kwd,tcsufrSm olonf olYZeD;onf\ qEúkd jznfhpGrf;Edkifrnfr[kwf/ yxr
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jzpfonf/ olrtaeeJY Zum;of pm;ydik cf iG hf ,lyikd cf iG &hf o
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tcsurf sm;xuf ykíd ta&;Bu;D ygayonf/
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,if;tcsufudkum; uREfkyftaeESifh oabmrwlyg/ ]]tpövmrfESifh tjcm;
bmomw&m;rsm;rS jyqdkonfh trsdK;orD;orD;\ tqifhtwef;}}[laom
acgif;pOfEiS hf uREykf af [majym wifjycJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ uREyfk t f aeESihf [dEL´ bmom?
c&pf,mefbmom? *sL;bmomwdkYESifh EIdif;,SOfí tpövmrfbmomrSjyqdkaom
trsKd ;orD;wk\ Yd tqift h wef;udk EIid ;f ,SOw
f ifjycJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ toift h aeESihf
uREyfk \f EIid ;f ,SOwf ifjyrIukd wufa&mufí em;qifEidk cf o hJ nfqvkd Qif ]]rnfonfh
bmomw&m;onf trsd K ;orD ; rsm;tm; tjrif h r m;qH k ; tcG i f h t a&;rsm;?
(tqifhtwef;? *kPfodu©m rsm;) csD;jr§ifhxm;onf}} qdkonfhtcsufukd oif
ud,
k w f idk f w&m;rQwpGmjzifh qH;k jzwfEidk yf gonf/
tu,f í toif h t aeES i f h tpö v mrf o nf trsd K ;orD ; rsm;tm;
tjrifrh m;qH;k tcGit hf a&; (tqift h wef;? *kPo f u d m© )rsm;udk cs;D jri§ x
hf m;aMumif;
oDt&kd t D & oabm wlno D nfqv kd Qif uREyfk w f t Ydk aeESihf ,if;oabmw&m;rsm;udk
vufawGU taumiftxnfazmf vku d ef musio fh ;kH &efom vdak yonf/ vlwo Ydk nf
tcsKd Uaom taMumif;t&if;rsm;udk wduspmG vku d ef musio fh ;kH Muaomfvnf; tcsKd U
udrk u l m; vdu k ef musio fh ;kH rI r&Sad o;acs/ Oyrmtm;jzifh --- tpövmrfw h &m;Oya'rS
qif;oufvmaom &mZ0wfrIqdkif&mjypfrIrsm;ESifh wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;\
tcGifhta&;udk aqmf't D pd;k &rS usio fh ;kH vQu&f ydS gonf/ (tvf[rf;'kvv d m’ [f)
cs;D rGr;f jcif;taygif;wdo Yk nf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwftzdo Yk mwnf;/
,if;uJhodkY usifhoHk;aeaom olwdkYonfyifvQif tcsdKUaomtcsufrsm;ü
usr;f jrwf uk&t f mefrS a0;uGmvQuf wdr;f ,dr;f rIrsm; &Sad eygonf/ uREyfk w f Ykd taeESihf
bmvkyo f ifo h enf;/ aqmf't D pd;k &rS pHerlemtaeESihf usio hf ;kH aeaom &mZ0wf
jypfrqI ikd &f m tpövmrfh Oya'udk urÇmwpf0rS ;f vdu k ef musio hf ;kH Ekid &f ef BuKd ;yrf;jzefcY sd
oifah yonf/ xkjYd yif toift h aeESihf vlraI &;qdik &f m udp&ö yfrsm;wGif tpövmrfh
Oya'udk vufawGUvdu k ef musio hf ;kH jcif;aMumifh taumif;qH;k jzpfaeonfqv kd Qif
tjcm;urÇmwpf0rS ;f &Sd Edik if rH sm;wGif vku d ef musio
hf ;kH oifah yonf/ ,ck þae&mwGif
tb,fhaMumifh uREfkyfwdkY pkpnf;a&muf&Sd aeMu&oenf;/ nDaemifhtaeESifh
tpövmrfh w&m;Oya'tm; taumif;qHk; ,lqxm;vQif xkduJhodkYom jyKoifh
ygonf/ tu,fí uRekfyfwkdYtaeESifh vufawGU vdkufem usifhoHk;rIr&SdvQif
bmomw&m;onf rsufuef; rjzpfbJ uREkfyfwkdYom rsufuef;jzpfoGm;
hf a&;
Muayrnf/ þtwGuaf Mumifyh if uREyfk w f o
Ykd nf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf ['D;qf
awmfrsm;udk rSeu f efpmG em;vnf oabmaygufNy;D ? rSeu
f efpmG vkud ef musio hf ;kH Ekid &f ef
vlrsm;udk zdwaf c:aejcif; jzpfygonf/ olwo Ydk nf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf ['D;qf
awmfrsm;udk rSefuefpGm em;vnfoabmaygufro S mvQif vufawGU vdu k ef m
usiohf ;kH Edik af yrnf/
pkdifrmum'f&D/ / twfpv
f mrkt
Yd vkid ;f uGe;f rf/ tpövmrfü trsK;d orD;wrefawmf
(Prophets)rsm; tb,faMumifh r&S&
d ygoenf;/
a'gufwmZmud&f/ / ESrawmfrS ar;cGef;wpfck ar;jref;vmygonf/ ,if;rSm
tpövmrfü trsK;d orD;wrefawmfrsm; (Prophets)tb,faMumifh r&S&d ygoenf;/
toifhtaeESifh (Prophet)\ t"dyÜg,ftm; ]]vl o m;wpf O D ; onf 0[D
Asm'dwfawmftm; vufcH&&Sdonf/ xkdYjyif vlom;rsm;ü OD;pD;acgif;aqmif
tjzpf vrf;ñTefrI jyKavonf}}}[kqv dk v
dk Qif uREykf rf S tpövmrfonf rnfonfh
trsKd;orD;wpfOD;wpfa,mufukdrQ wrefawmf (Prophets) rsm;tjzpf rcsD;jr§ifh
xm;yg[k tckid t
f rmajymEkid yf gonf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f a,mufsm;(trsK;d om;)onf rdom;pk\ tdraf xmif
OD;pD;jzpfonf[k &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; azmfjyxm;ayonf/ xkaYd Mumifh rdom;pkwpfck
wGiaf wmif trsK;d om;rsm;onfom tdraf xmifO;D pD;jzpfaomaMumifh trsK;d orD;
wpfa,muftaeESihf vlom;rsm;tm; tb,fuo hJ Ydk OD;pD;OD;aqmifjyKEidk rf nfenf;/
'kwd,tykdif;ukdqkd&aomf (Prophets) wrefawmfwpfyg;onf rjyKrae&
z&foGfqGvmwfrsm;ukd OD;aqmif0wfjyK&ayrnf/ xkdYaMumifh uREkfyfta&SUykdif;ü
a[majymwifjycJo h uJo h Ydk trsK;d orD;wrefawmfrsm;onf ud,rf(rwfwyf&yfjcif;)?
½lul (OD;ñGwfjcif;)? pk*sL'f(ysy0f yfO;D csjcif;)wku
Yd dk a&SUrSaeí jyKrrl nfqydk gu aemuf
zufü qGvmwf0wfjyKaqmufwnforl sm;wGif taESmift h ,Sujf zpfomG ;ayvdrrhf nf/
wrefawmfrsm;taeESihf tajctae t&yf&yfaMumifh trsK;d om;rsm;ESihf
awGUqHk&ayrnf/ tu,fí trsKd;orD;wpfOD;onf wrefawmfjzpfrnfqkdygu
(tb,fuo hJ Ydk wpfprd ;f trsK;d om;rsm;ESihf a&maESm qufqEH idk rf nfenf;/) taMumif;
rlum; tpövmrfü usm;?r a&maESmaexkid rf u I dk cGirhf jyKay/ wrefawmfrsm;onf
trsK;d orD;wpfO;D jzpfrnfqv dk Qif tu,fí ,if;trsK;d orD;ü trsK;d orD;obm0
ukd,f0ef&Sdaernfqkdygu ¤if;onf ]v}tenf;i,f ¤if;\ wm0efrsm;ukd
xrf;aqmifEkdifvdrfhrnfr[kwf/ xkdYjyif ,if;trsKd;orD;ü om;orD;rsm;&Sdae
rnfqkdvQif ¤if;onf rdcifwpfa,muf\ wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmif&ouJo h Ydk
wrefawmfrsm;\ wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmif&ef cJ,Of;ayvdrfhrnf/ trsKd;orD;
wpfa,mufü rdcifwm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmif&if; wrefawmf\ wm0efrsm;ukd
xrf;aqmif&ef cJ,Of;aomfvnf; trsKd;om;wpfa,mufrSmrl ¤if;\ zcif
wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmifvsuf wrefawmfwpfyg;\ wm0efrsm;ukdvnf;
xrf;aqmifEidk af yonf/
okdYaomf toifhtaeESifh Prophet \ t"dyÜg,ftm; a&G;cs,fjcif;
cH&aomol? jrifjh rwfoef&Y iS ;f ol[k qkv
d ydk gvQif tpövmrfwiG f trsK;d orD; wrefawmf
Oyrmrsm;pGm&Sdygonf/ uREkfyftaeESifh ñTef;qkdvkdonfh taumif;qHk; OyrmrSm
bDbrD &f,mrfyifjzpfygonf/ tDr&f mrfrsK;d EG,u f @? usr;f yd'k f (42)wGif
]wzef (owd&Muavuke)f w&Ha&mtcg? rvmtdu[f aumif;uif apwrefrsm;u
(r&f,rf ocifrtm;) tdk-]]r&f,rf}} rkcs{uef tv’m[ftoQifjrwfonf
toift h m; a&G;cs,fajr§mufpm;awmf rlchJ avNyD/ rESpNf rdKUbG,&f maom tMumif;
t&mrsm;rSvnf; uif;&Si;f ap awmfrcl ahJ vNyD/ 4if;tjyif (,ckwzef) toift h m;
pMum0|m taygif;&Sd trsdK;orD;rsm;wGiv f nf; a&G;cs,fajrm§ ufpm;awmfrcl hJ avNyD
[k ajymMum;cJMh uavonf/} (3;42)
toift h aeESihf Prophet\ t"dygÜ ,ftm; a&G;cs,jf cif;cH&aomol? jrifjh rwf

oef&Y iS ;f ol[ek m;vnfxm;vQif uREyfk w Ydk iG f wrefawmf tDqm()\ r,fawmf
f w
bDbrD &f,mrf ()\ Oyrm&Syd gonf/ toifonf jrpfwm;jcif;u@? usr;f yd'k f
(11)ukd zwf½I Munfrh nfqv dk Qif
]] xdkenf;wlpGm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ]]rktfrifef}} ouf0if ,kHMunfMu
ukeaf omolw\ Ykd tusKd;iSm ]zpf&af tmife}f \ ZeD;Muif&mudk Oyrmtjzpf cdkif;EdIif;
rdefYMum;awmfrlcJh\/ wpf&Ha&mtcg0,f xdk ]zpf&f atmifef}\ ZeD;Muif&monf
(þod)Yk avQmufxm;yefMum;cJah v\/ td-k uRefawmfrsKd;rtm; zefqif;arG;jrLawmf
rlaomt&Si?f t&Sijf rwf onf rdrx
d aH wmfyg;ü ]*sEéw}f okcbkw
H iG f uRefawmfrsKd;rtzdYk
aetdrf wpfvkH;udk jyKvkyfí ay;oem;awmfrlyg/ 4if;jyif t&Sifjrwfonf
uRefawmfrsKd;rtm; ]zpf&fatmifef} ESifh 4if;\tusifhtrlwdkYrS vGwfajrmuf
apawmfrlyg/ xdkrSwpfyg; t&Sifjrwfonf uRefawmfrsKd;rtm; rw&m;aom
hf a&;
trsKd;om;wdrYk v
S nf; vGwaf jrmufapawmfryl g/ (66;11)
pOf;pm;Munfhprf;yg/ ocifrBuD;onf ,if;acwf ,if;tcgü tiftm;
tBu;D rm;qH;k bk&ifwpfyg;\ Muif,mawmf ZeD;jzpfco hJ nf/ xkjYd yif ocifrBu;D onf
(avmu\) pnf;pdrfcsrf;omrsm;jzifh ZdrfcHrIukd jiif;y,fpGefYvTwfí tv’m[f
t&Sijf rwf\ xHawmfyg;ü *sEo é o
f ck bHw
k iG f aetdrw f pfv;kH ukd &&S&d ef qkawmif;
ywåemjyKcahJ vonf/ tpövmrfü ,if;uJo h Ykd rGejf rwfoef&Y iS ;f aom a&G;cs,jf cif;
cH&aom trsKd;orD;(4)OD;&Sdonf/ ¤if;wkdYrSm (1) bDbDr&f,rf ( )(2)
bDbDtmpD,m() (3) bDbDzmwdrm[f(g) (4)bDbD tmtd&Sm[f (g)wkdY
jzpfonf/
prm&f(ausmif;om;)/ /tpövmrfomoemwGif ta&twGut f m;jzifh a,mufsm;
wpfa,muftwGuf trsKd;orD;(4)OD;ukdom vufxyfxdrf;jrm;&ef tjrifhqHk;
owfrSwfxm;ygonf/ okdYaomf wrefawmfjrwf rk[r®'focif()wGif tb,f
aMumifh Muif,mawmf (11)yg;&Sdaeygoenf;/ (tcsKdUvlUAmvrsm;u) jrwf
wrefawmf()onf tvGefwPSmBuD;onf[k apmif;ajrmif;ajymqkdaeMu
ayonf/
a'gufwmZmud&fEkduf(cf) / / nDaemifrS ar;onfh ar;cGef;rSm - tpövmrf
omoemwGif a,mufsm;wpfOD;tm; trsm;qHk;ZeD;(4)OD;txdom vufxyf
xdrf;jrm;EkdifcGifh ay;xm;ayonf/ rnfonfhtaMumif;aMumifh jrwfwrefawmf
rk[r®'f()ü Muif,mawmf(11)yg; &SdaecJhygoenf;/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef?
trsK;d orD;u@? usr;f yd'k f (3)wGif ]]oifonf ZeD;(4)a,muftxd vufxyfEid k o
f nf}}
[kazmfjyyg&SdaomaMumifh tpövmrfomoemwGif tjrifhqkH; vufxyfxdrf;jrm;
Edkifonfh trsKd;orD;ta&twGufrSm(4)a,mufomjzpfíazmfjyygpum;ESifh
ywfoufí toifEiS hf uREyfk o f abmcsi;f wku d q f idk yf gonf/
okaYd omf usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef ? r[mrdwrf sm;u@? usr;f yd'k f (52)wGi-f
]] þonfhaemufwGif (txuf azmfjyyg t*Fg&yfrsm;ESifhrnDaom) tjcm;
trsKd;orD;rsm;onf toifhtzkdY w&m;r0ifawmhNyD/ xdkenf;wlpGm vuf&Sd
Muif&mrsm;\tpm; tjcm; trsKd;orD;rsm;udk 4if;wdkY\vSyrIonf toifhtm;
ESpo
f ufapcJah omfvnf; toifonf ajymif;vJ(xdr;f jrm;) Edik cf iG rhf &Sad cs/ od&Yk mwGif
toifyikd q
f idk af omuRefrrsm;udrk u
l m; (ajymif;vJ Edik cf iG ^hf ,lyikd cf iG &hf \
dS )/
(33;52)
txufyg usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef? r[mrdwfrsm;u@? usrf;ydk'f (52)t&
þtm,ofawmfusa&mufonfh tcsdefxd vufxyfxdrf;jrm;NyD;cJhaom ZeD;
Muif,mawmfrsm;rS vGJí tjcm;trsKd;orD;rsm;ukd vufrxyfEkdifay/ okdYaomf
wrefawmfjrwf()ykid q f idk af om uRerf rsm;ukrd l ajymif;vJ ,lyidk cf iG &hf \
dS / tu,fí
jrwfwrefawmfrk[r®'f()tm; tb,faMumifh tjcm;trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifhxyfí
vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;cGihf ray;jcif;taMumif;t&if;ukd toift h aeESihf cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm
avhvmMunfhrnfqkdvQif jrwfwrefawmf(f )taeESifh ,if;ZeD;Muif,mrsm;ukd
uGm&Sif;jywfpJjcif;rjyKEkdifaMumif; awGU&ayrnf/ taMumif;rlum; usrf;jrwf
uk&ftmefü tm,ofawmfwpfykd'fxufykdí azmfjyyg&SdonfrSm jrwfwrefawmf
()\ ZeD;Muif,mrsm;tm; ¤if;wkdYonf uGm&Sif;jywfpJjcif; cHcJh&onfjzpfap?
rkqkd;rrsm; jzpfoGm;cJhMuonfjzpfap? rnfolwpfOD; wpfa,mufrS (,if;wref
awmfjrwf ()\ ZeD;Muif,mawmfrsm;ukd vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;rjyKEkdifacs/
taMumif;rlum; ,if;ZeD;Muif,mawmfrsm;onf rktfrifef ouf0if,HkMunfol
rsm;\ rdcifrsm;yifjzpfMuuke\ f [k azmfjyxm;ygonf/
xkdYaMumifh jrwfwrefawmf()\ ZeD;Muif,mrsm;ukd rnfolrQxyfNyD;
xdrf;jrm;ykdifcGifhr&Sdacs/ obm0w&m;t&vnf; jrwfwrefawmf()onf
ZeD;Muif,mawmfrsm;ukd uGm&Sif;jywfpJEkdifjcif; r&SdcJhacs/ tu,fí toifh
taeES i f h jrwf w ref a wm wmf()onf ZeD ; Muif , mawmf ( 1)yg;jcif ; tm;
vufxyfxdrf;jrm;cJh&jcif;\ taMumif;t&if;ukd cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm avhvm
Munf h r nf q k d v Qif xd r f ; jrm;vuf x yf c J h r I tm;vH k ; onf vl r I a &; jyKjyif
ajymif ;vJrI(okdY) EkdifiHa&; toGifo@mef jyKjyif ajymif;vJrIwnf;[laom
taMumif ; t&if ; rsm;aMumif h jzpf a Mumif ; uk d toif h t aeES i f h avh v m
awGU&SdEkdifayonf/ jrwfwrefawmf()\ vdifpdwfrjynfh0rIaMumifh tvsOf;
r[kwfay/
yxrOD;qH;k bDbcD wD*sm[f(g)ocifrBu;D ESih f vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;cJah vonf/
xkdtcsdefwGif ocifrBuD;\ oufawmfrSm (40)&Sdí ukd,fawmfjrwf()\
oufawmfrSmum;(25)ESpfom &Sdayao;onf/ xkdYjyif ocifrBuD;onf ESpfBudrf
hf a&;
wkid af tmif rkq;dk rjzpfcNhJ y;D jzpfonf/ pOf;pm;Munfh prf;yg/ tu,fí oift
h aeESihf
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmí avhvmMunfhvQif jrwfwrefawmf rdk[r®'f()onf bDbD
cwD*sm[f (g)ocifrBu;D toufxif&mS ;&Sad epOf oufwrf; wpfavQmufv;kH ü
rnfonfh tjcm;Muif,mawmf wpfOD;ukdrQ vufxyfxdrf;jrm;cJhjcif;r&Sdacs/
uk, d af wmfjrwf()\ oufawmf(50)ESpaf &muf&adS omtcg bDbcD wD*sm[f (g)
ocifrBuD;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf()\ trdefYawmf cH,loGm;cJhavonf/
uk, d af wmfjrwf()\ oufawmf (50)ausmrf o S mvQif tjcm;Muif,mawmfrsm;ESihf
vufxyf xdr;f jrm;cJah yonf/
pOf;pm;Munfhprf;yg/ tu,fí jrwfwrefawmf()ü vdifpdwfjyif;jy
aeonfqkdvQif ukd,fawmfonf EkysKdaom touft&G,ftcsdefwGif vufxyf
xdrf;jrm;cJhayvdrfhrnf/ odyyHÜ nmrS uREyfk w f tYdk m;ajymqkad eonfrmS ]]vlwpf
a,mufonf o nf touf t &G , f B uD ; &if h v maom maomtcg tcg ol \ vd i f p d w f o nf
avsmeh nf;vmonf/}} ,if;pum;&yfrsm;onf jrwfwrefawmf()tay:ü (vDqnf
zefwD;í) apmif;ajrmif;ajymqkdjcif; jzpfayonf/ ukd,fawmfjrwf( )\
vufxyfxdrf;jrm;rIrsm;teuf bDbDcwD*sm[f (g)ESifh bDbDtmtd&Sm[f(g)
ocifrBu;D wkYd (2)OD;ESihf omvQif omreftajctaet& vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;cJah v
onf/ tjcm;vufxyfxdrf;jrm;rIrsm;tm;vHk;onf vlrIa&;qkdif&m jyKjyif
ajymif;vJr(I ok)Yd Ekid if aH &;aumif;usK;d twGuof mvQif tajctaet& vufxyf
xdr;f jrm;cJ&h ayonf/
tu,fí toifhtaeESifh cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm avhvmMunfhrnfqkdvQif
Muif,mawmf(2)OD;omvQif touf (36)ESpf atmufi,fonfudk awGU&ayrnf/
usef&Sdaom Muif,mawmfrsm;tm;vHk;onf touf (36)ESpfrS (50) twGif;&Sd
ayonf/ uREkfyftaeESifh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;rItoD;oD;ü taMumif;&if;rsm;
&Sad Mumif; oift
h m; Oyrm ay;Ekid yf gonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh bDb*D sK0d idk &f ,
D m(g) ocifrBu;D ESihf vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ ocifrBuD;onf tvGef tiftm;Bu;D rm;aom AEkrw G q
f w fG v G pfuf
rsK;d EG,rf jS zpfonf/ tpövmrfay:xGef;vmNyD; tcsdefumvwpfck Mumvwfaomf
tpövmrhfwyfrawmfrS ¤if;rsKd;EG,frsm;ukd wkdufckduf acsrIef;cJhonf/ xkdYaemuf
jrwfwrefawmf() onf (bDbD *sKd0kdif&D,m(g)) ocifrBuD;tm; vufxyf
xdrf;jrm; cJhonf/ ,if;okdY vufxyfxdrf;jrm;NyD;aemuf qG[mAm[f ()rsm;u
ajymMum;cJhonfrSm ]]uREkfyfwkdYonf r[mwrefawmfjrwfBu;D ()\ aqGrsK;d
om;csi;f rsm;tm;uRerf sm;tjzpf tb,fuJhodkY xm;&Sd&ygrnfenf;}}[k ajymqkdNyD;
,if;rsKd;EG,f0if yk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; uRefb0rS vGwfajrmufapcJhonf/ ,if;uJhokdY
uReb f 0rS vTwaf jrmufNy;D onfah emuf ¤if;rsKd ;EG,0f ifrsm;onf rGwpf v
f ifrrf sm;ESihf
rdwaf qG&if;rsm; jzpfvmcJo h nf/
tjcm;Oyrmwpfcu k m; e*s'rf sK;d EG,f tBu;D tuJ\ ZeD;\ nDtpfrawmf
jzpfol bDbrD idk rf eG ef [f(g) ocifrBu;D tm; vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;cJjh cif;yifjzpfonf/
,if;e*s'rf sK;d EG,o f nf tpövmrfhukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJU0if yk*¾dKvf(70)ausmftm;
owf j zwf c J h a vonf / jrwf w ref a wmf r k [ r® ' f ( ) rS ocif r BuD ;
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vkid ;f rsm;\ Oya'ukd taotcsmodrnfqv dk Qif txdwt f vefjY zpfomG ;ayrnf/
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Yd Oya'wGif
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onf qGJaqmifrIukd a&&SnfrjyKEkdifaomaMumifhyif/ toifhtaeESihf ,if;
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wuúokdvfwkdYwGif usm;? r twlwuG ynmoifMum;jcif;[k t"dyÜg,f&Ekdifyg
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tpD&ifcHpm pmrsufESm (50)wGif ]]wuúokdvfrsm;ü&SdMuaom trsKd;orD;rsm;\
vdifrIqkdif&m jyif;jyif;xefxef ukd,fxdvufa&muf usL;vGefcH&rIukd a&;om;
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jzpf&yfrsm; jzpfymG ;cJah yonf/ obm0t& toifonf vdirf q I id k &f m ajzazsmufrrI sm;
jyKvyk Nf y;D onfah emuf oif\ynma&;wGif tm½Hkpl;pkdufrIenf;yg;vmNyD; BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfrIrSmvnf; avsmhyg;oGm;ayrnf/ vGefcJhaom ESpfwGif owif;pm\
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ausmif;rsm;ESifh wuúokdvfrsm;ü wufa&mufaeaom ausmif;ol (25%)rSm
rk'drf;usifhcHae&ayonf/ uREkfyf\ tajccHusaomar;cGef;uawmh ]]toifh
taeESifh toif\ om;orD;rsm;tm; ynmoifMum;&ef ausmif;okdYapvTwfvkd
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om;orD;rsm;ukd usm;^r cGjJ cm;ausmif;(Unisex)ausmif;rsm; wGif xm;oifyh gonf/
NrdKUrsm;ü ,if;uJhokdYaom usm;^r cGJjcm;ausmif; (Unisex)ausmif; tajrmuf
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ajymEkid yf govm;/ trsK;d orD;wpfO;D rS uGm&Si;f jywfprJ I (ok)Yd oGmvm;ufjyKvyk &f ef
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trsK;d orD;wpfO;D tm; uGm&Si;f jywfpEJ idk yf govm;/ ESrawmftaeESihf oH;k oGvm;ufEiS hf
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okaYd omf (olr\) t"duar;cGe;f rSm cifyeG ;f onfwpfO;D onf uGm&Si;f jywfprJ jI yKEidk f
ouJhokdY trsKd;orD;wpfa,muftaeESifha&m oGvm;uf uGm&Sif;jywfpJrIjyKEkdifyg
ovm;/ trsKd;orD;wpfa,muftaeESihf oGvm;ufray;Ekid af cs/ taMumif;rlum;
]]oGvm;ufqkdaom tm&ADpum;vHk;onf cifyGef;onfrS ¤if;\ZeD;tm;
uGm&Sif;jywfpJ&mwGifoHk;aompum;vHk;jzpfonf/}}okdYaomf trsKd;orD;wpfOD;
taeESifhrlum; uGm&Sif;jywfpJykdifcGifh&Sdonf/ tpövmrfwGif uGm&Sif;jywfpJrI
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ay;cJNh y;D aom vufaqmifrsm;onfvnf; pGev Yf w
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tu,fí aeum[femrm[f (vufxyfpmcsKyf)wGif ]]olr\ oabm
qE´t& uGm&Si;f jywfpcJ iG &hf o
dS nf/}}[k a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygu olrtaeESifh
hf a&;
uGm&Sif;jywfpJ ykdifcGifh&Sdonf/ ,if;okdYaom uGm&Sif;jywfpJrIukd tpfrm(Isma)
[kac:onf/ uREkfyf taeESifh tpfrm (Isma)uGm&Sif;jywfpJrI ykHo@mefukd
rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,muf\ ajymqkdcsufukdrQ rMum;cJhbl;acs/ trsKd;orD;
wpfa,mufonfyifvQif tpfrm (Isma)[kac:aom uGm&Sif;jywfpJrIukd jyKEkdif
ayonf/
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jywfpjJ cif;
tu,fí cifyeG ;f onf olrtm; ESyd pf uf n§i;f yrf;ygvQif (ok)Yd olrtm;
xkdufwefaom wlnDaom tcGifhta&;rsm;ukdray;ygu olrtaeESifh umoGD
(w&m;olBu;D )qDoYdk oGm;a&mufí vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;rIudk csK;d zsuEf idk o
f nf/ ,if;ukd
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w&m;olBu;D rS vifa,mufsm;tm; r[&ftjynf(h ok)Yd r[&f wpf0ufudk awmif;qkí d
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wpfa,mufjzpfonfomru ZeD;r,m;\ qefYusifbuf rnfonfhvyk &f yf
ukrd Qvnf; jyKvyk cf jhJ cif;r&S/d okaYd omf trsK;d orD;taeESifh olr\ yk*¾vqE´t&
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rsm;rSm tenf;i,fom&Sdavonf/ tkdvrm omoemhynm&SiftcsKdUonf
,if;uJo h Ydk uGm&Si;f jywfprJ I yHo
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wifjyMuayonf/ okdYaomf tpövmrfwGif tus,ftm;jzifh þuJhokdY uGm&Sif;
jywfprJ yI o
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0wfjyKjcif;ukd tb,faMumifh cGirhf jyK&ygoenf;/
a'gufwm Zmud&f/ / tckar;jref;aom ar;cGe;f rSm awmh trsK;d orD;rsm;tm;
AvD0wfausmif;awmfwiG f tb,faMumifh wufa&muf 0wfjyKciG hf ray;&ygoenf;/
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uk&ftmef(okdY) wdusckdifrmaom qG[D['D;qfawmfrsm;wGif rnfonfhae&mürQ
AvD(ok)Yd 0wfausmif;awmfoYdk trsK;d orD;rsm; 0ifa&mufjcif;ukd rwm;jrpfxm;ay/
tcsKUd aomvlrsm;u wrefawmfjrwf()rS rdeaYf wmfrx l m;onfrmS ]]trsK;d orD;rsm;
twGuf tdrfü qGvm;wf0wfjyKjcif;onf AvD0wfausmif;awmfü 0wfjyKjcif;
xufyí dk aumif;avonf/ xkjYd yif tdrüf qGvm;wf0wfjyKjcif;xuf olr\tdr&f dS
twGi;f cef;ü 0wfjyKjcif;onf ykrd adk umif;rGeaf vonf/}}[laom ['D;qfawmfudk
ukd;um;ajymqkdMuayonf/ olwkdYonf t&if;tjrpfwpfckukdom qGJukdifxm;í
t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm;vH;k ukrd l vspv f sL½I pGev
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taeESifh AvD0wfausmif;awmfü z&foGfqGvm;wf0wfjyKjcif;jzifh tusKd; p0g;Af
(27)q yk&d &Sad vonf/ xkt d cg trsK;d orD;wpfO;D rS eADwref awmfjrwf rk[r®'f
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f av;rsm;ESifh
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0wfausmif;awmfokdY tb,fuJhodkY oGm;a&mufEkdifygrnfenf;/ ]]xkdYaMumifh
wrefawmfjrwf()rS jyefvnfí ajzMum;cJhonfrSm okdYjzpfvQif trsKd;orD;
wpfOD;onf tdrfü qGvm;wf0wfjyKjcif;onf AvDü qGvm;wf 0wfjyKjcif;xuf
ykad umif;avonf/ tdrüf 0wfjyKjcif;xuf rdr\ d uk, d yf idk t
f cef;twGi;f 0wfjyKjcif;
uom ykí d aumif;jrwfavonf/ olrü EkpYd t Ydk &G,u f av;rsm;? jyóemrsm;&Sd
aevQif wlnaD omtusK;d p0g;Af&ayrnf/}}
ajrmufrsm;pGmaom ['D;qfawmfrsm;wGif trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; AvDokdY
wufa&mufciG jhf yKjcif;ukd wm;jrpfaomt&dyt f a&mifyif rnfonft h cgrQ rawGU
&ay/ ['D;qfawmfwpfckwGif ]]toifwkdYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ AEé[f
trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; AvDokdY 0ifa&mufjcif;ukd rwm;jrpfMuukefvifh/}} tjcm;
['D;qfawmfwpfckwGif ]]wrefawmfjrwf ()rS cifyGef;onf a,mufsm;rsm;tm;
rd e f Y a wmf r l o nf r S m ]]toif w k d Y o nf rd r d w k d Y \ ZeD ; rd e f ; rrsm;tm; AvD
0wfausmif;awmfokdY wufa&muf0wfjyKjcif;rS rwm;jrpfMuukev f if/h }} ajrmufjrm;
pG m aom ['D ; qf a wmf r sm;&S d a eaomf v nf ; uREk f y f t aeES i f h tao;pdwf
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rwifjyawmhacs/ okaYd omf tpövmrfwiG f trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; AvD0wfausmif;awmf
twGi;f wufa&muf0wfjyKjcif;ukd cGijhf yKxm;ayonf/
okaYd omf trsK;d orDrsm;twGuf oD;jcm; taqmufttHu k dk trsKo d m;rsm;ESihf
wef;wlaqmifay;oifhayonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtaeESifh vdifrwlolrsm; a&maESm
qufqHjcif;ukdrlum; vufrcHacs/ tb,faMumifh uREkfyfwkdY oabmrwl
vufrcH&ygoenf;/ tu,fí uREkfyfwkdYtaeESifh vdifrwlolrsm; a&maESm
qufqjH cif; vufcyH gu tjcm;bmomw&m;rsm;ESihf oufqidk af omae&mrsm;wGif
jzpfysufaerIrsm;ukd toifwkdY od&SdMuonfhtwkdif; jzpfvmEkdifaomaMumifhyif/
vlrsm;onf qkawmif;0wfjyKjcif;xuf tBuKd aemufajymifjcif;ESihf iSuMf unfjh cif;
rsm;wGifom ykdrsm;vmMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh tpövmrfwGif vdifrwlolrsm;tm;
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awmfwkdYwGifvnf; trsKd;orD;rsm;0ifa&muf0wfjyKjcif;ukd cGifhjyKxm;avonf/
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0wfausmif;awmf twGi;f okYd 0ifa&muf0wfjyKjcif;ukd pwifícGijhf yKaeayonf/
a'gufwm rk[r®'f/ / 'kwd,ajrmuf vufrxyfrD vifa,mufsm;taeESifh
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d yf
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usrf;jrwf uk&ftmefwGif ]]tu,fí vlyk*¾dKvfwpfa,muftaeESifh ¤if;\ ZeD;
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wpfOD;xufykdí vufxyfEkdifonf/}} okdYaomfvnf; ¤if;taeESifh ]]cGifhjyKcsuf}}
awmif;oifhygonf/ tpövmrfwGif ]]toifhü wpfa,mufxufykdí ZeD;r,m;
&Sdygu toifhtaeESifh w&m;rQwpGm qufqH&ayrnf}}[k oifMum;xm;
aomaMumifh ol\ vufxyfxdrf;jrm;vkdufjcif;ukd ¤if;\ yxrZeD;r,m;ukd
today;&ef wm0ef&adS yonf/
xkjYd yif obm0t& yxrZeD;r,m;\ cGijhf yKcsuu f dk &&Sx
d m;onfqv dk Qif
tjcm;ZeD;onfrsm;ESihf cifyeG ;f onfw\ Ydk Mum;wGif vdu I v
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]]toiftaeESifh uREkfyfESifh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;NyD;onfhaemuf tjcm;rnfonfh
ZeD;rde;f rwpfa,mufurdk Q vufxufxrd ;f jrm;jcif;ukd uREyfk t f aeESihf tvkrd &Syd g}}
[k a &;om;csKyf q d k x m;aom tajctaerS w pf y g; rd r d \ ZeD ; rd e f ; rtm;
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vifa,mufsm;taeESihf ZeD;rde;f r\cGijhf yKru I dk &,l&ef ta&;Bu;D aomwm0efjzpfí
hf a&;
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aom wm0efr[kwaf y/
,m0g&f[lpkdif(ef)/ / trsKd;om;ESifh trsKd;orD;a&maESmjcif;ukd cGifhrjyKyg[k
qkdvQif vGefcJhaomumvrsm;ü ppfajrjyifwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; a&maESm
yg0ifciG u hf dk tb,faMumifh cGijhf yKxm;cJyh goenf;/
a'gufwmZmud&f/ / nDaemifraS r;aom ar;cGe;f rSm ]]tpövmrfrS vdirf wlol
rsm;tm; a&maESmaexkdifcGifhukd cGifhrjyKyg[kqkdvQif olwkdYonf tb,faMumifh
wkud yf pJG pfajrjyifwiG f a&maESmaexkid cf yhJ goenf;/}} tu,fí nDaemifh taeESihf
]]¤if ; wk d Y o nf wk d u f y G J p pf a jrjyif w G i f a wmif r S ¤if ; wk d Y t aeES i f h [d * smAf
0wfqifxm;ayonf}} [k uREkfyf ajymqkdcJhaompum;rsm;ukd rSeu f efpmG Mum;cJh
onf[q k v dk Qif þae&mwGif vG,u f al csmarGUapaomtcsuu f dk cGijhf yKxm;aMumif;
oift h aeESihf od&EdS idk af yrnf/
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]]trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ajcaxmufrsm; (ajcovHk;rsm;)ukdyif jrif&ayonf}}[k
azmfjyxm;onfukd awGU&ayrnf/ omrmeftm;jzifh ajcaxmuf(ajcovHk;rsm;)
onf zH;k tkyx f m;ayrnf/ xkaYd Mumifh tpövmrfrS wku d yf pJG pfajrjyifwiG f trsK;d orD;
rsm;onf jrif;rsm;ukd pD;eif;rIaMumifh olrwkdY\ ajcovHk;rsm;ukd jrif&jcif;ukd
vkdufavsmrIjyKxm;ayonf/ xkdYaMumifh tpövmrfrS tenf;i,f oufn§mrI
jyKxm;ayonf/ okaYd omf tar&duef ppfwyftwGi;f ü usm;?r a&maESmqufqrH I
ukrd u
l m; cGirhf jyKxm;ay/ ,if; tar&duef ppfwyfrsm;taeESihf tpövmrf0wfpkH
ukwt f usu Ð ohJ aYdk om tpövmrfu h , dk uf sihf odum© rsm;ukd xde;f odr;f xm;&Sad eayonf/
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;
B.A(Geo) ,B.Ed, M.Ed, Ph.D,(Edn)
Diploma in Diyah(Al-Azahar, Yangon)
tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *½kPmawmfjzifh [pf*s&Douú&mZf (1428)ckESpf?

&rfomG rfvjrwf? (19) &uf/ c&pfouú&mZf (2007) ckEpS ?f pufwifbmv (30)&uf?
we*FaEGaeY ? n (11)em&Dcefw Y iG f jrefrmjyefqNkd y;D pD;ygonf/
udk;um;aom tm&ADusrf;rsm;
(1) usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef
(2) ozfp;D a&U tAfaeY uqD;&f
(3) qG[;D [f Akcg&D
(4) qG[;D [f rGwpf v
f ifrf
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(6) rGwpf ef of t[fr'f
(7) t&f&[D;ukvf rcfo;l rf
udk;um;aom t*Fvdyfusrf;rsm;
1. The Holy Quran,Text,Translation and Commentary by
Abdullah Yusuf Ali
2. Oxford Dictionary
3. Webster's Distionary
4. Transalation of the Noble Quran
By Muhammad Asad
5. Report By the FBI in 1990
6. Report of 'New Week' which was published on 17th of March
1980.
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(1) usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t f mef (jrefrmbmomjyef) yxrwG^J 'kw, d wG?J (z[f'f
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or®musr;f pmtoif;? &efuek ?f 1965/
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1/ usr;f jrwfu&k tf mefEiS ahf cwfopfoyd HÜ 2004
2/ urÇmt"dubmomw&m;rsm;ESihf
udk;uG,f&mt&Sift,ltq 2005
3/ tpövmrfEiS ahf cwfopfb0 2006
4/ tpövmrfv h al erIpepftwGi;f rS
trsKd;om;ESifhtrsKd;orD; 2007
5/ tpövmrfrjS yqdak omtrsK;d orD;tcGit hf a&; 2008
qufvufxw k af 0jzefcY sdrnfph mtkyf

6/ usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef ESihf acwfopfoyd HÜ
0da&m"djzpfjcif;avm? o[Zmwjzpfjcif;avm

Womans 20 Rights 20 in 20 Islam

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Womans 20 Rights 20 in 20 Islam

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tpövmrfrjS yqdak om trsKd;orD;tcGit

In the Name of Allah,

þpmwrf;yg taMumif;t&mrsm;ESihf ywfoufí tBujH yKvo kd nfjzpfap?

Year, Math)? armifwif0if;wdt Yk m; vnf;aumif;? tjcm; aus;Zl;wifxu dk af om

Woman's Rights in Islam

xkjYd yif ysm;ydwek ;f aumifu@? usr;f yd'k f (97)wGif

om;aumifrsm;u@? usr;f yd'k f (151)wGif

Woman's Rights in Islam

(1) ( ]]rvkyfrae&wm0ef}}

toift h aeESihf Prophet\ t"dygÜ ,ftm; a&G;cs,jf cif;cH&aomol? jrifjh rwf

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ ½kPmawmfjzifh [pfs&Douú&mZf (1428)ckESpf?

qufvufxw k af 0jzefcY sdrnfph mtkyf

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Womans 20 Rights 20 in 20 Islam

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Copyright

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Womans 20 Rights 20 in 20 Islam

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tpövmrfrjS yqdak om trsKd;orD;tcGit

In the Name of Allah,

þpmwrf;yg taMumif;t&mrsm;ESihf ywfoufí tBujH yKvo kd nfjzpfap?

Year, Math)? armifwif0if;wdt Yk m; vnf;aumif;? tjcm; aus;Zl;wifxu dk af om

Woman's Rights in Islam

xkjYd yif ysm;ydwek ;f aumifu@? usr;f yd'k f (97)wGif

om;aumifrsm;u@? usr;f yd'k f (151)wGif

Woman's Rights in Islam

(1) ( ]]rvkyfrae&wm0ef}}

toift h aeESihf Prophet\ t"dygÜ ,ftm; a&G;cs,jf cif;cH&aomol? jrifjh rwf

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *½kPmawmfjzifh [pf*s&Douú&mZf (1428)ckESpf?

qufvufxw k af 0jzefcY sdrnfph mtkyf

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi

(1) ( ]]rvkyfrae&wm0ef}}

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ ½kPmawmfjzifh [pfs&Douú&mZf (1428)ckESpf?