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1.0 Statistics
Mode
Mean
xi
(1.1a)
x=
xi
(1.4)
(1.1b)
N
n
= population mean
x = sample mean
xi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3, )
N = size of population
n = size of sample
Median
(1.2)
N = size of population
Range (1.5)
Range = xmax - xmin
(1.3)
s=
xi -
N
xi - x
(Population)
(1.5a)
(Sample)
(1.5b)
n 1
2.0 Probability
Independent Events
P (A and B and C) = PAPBPC
Frequency
fx =
nx
(2.1)
n!(pk )(qn-k )
k!(n-k)!
(2.2)
Conditional Probability
(2.5)
+ ~ ~
IED POE
(2.4)
Binomial Probability
(order doesnt matter)
Pk =
(2.3)
DE
CEA
AE
BE
CIM EDD
Ellipse
Circle
Rectangle
2b
Perimeter = 2a + 2b (3.9)
2a
Area = a b (3.8)
Area = ab
(3.10)
Circumference =2 r (3.1)
Area = r2
(3.2)
Triangle (3.6)
Parallelogram
Area = bh
h
Area = bh
a = b + c 2bccosA
2
2
2
b = a + c 2accosB
2
2
2
c = a + b 2abcosC
2
(3.3)
c =a +b
sin =
tan =
Area = n
(3.4)
(3.12)
(3.13)
(3.14)
ns2
tan(
1
n
(3.15)
n = number of sides
(3.6)
a
b
s(12 f)
(3.5)
cos =
Regular Polygons
Right Triangle
2
(3.11)
(3.7)
a
h
Trapezoid
Area = (a + b)h
h
h
(3.16)
b
h
Sphere
Volume = s
Surface Area = 6s
(4.1)
2
Volume = r
(4.2)
Surface Area = 4 r
(4.8)
2
(4.9)
Rectangular Prism
Cylinder
Volume = wdh
(4.3)
Volume = r h
(4.10)
(4.11)
r2 h
Irregular Prism
(4.5)
(4.6)
Volume = Ah
(4.12)
A = area of base
Pyramid
Volume =
Ah
3
(4.7)
A = area of base
5.0 Constants
2
DE
CEA
AE
BE
CIM EDD
6.0 Conversions
Mass/Weight (6.1)
1 kg
1 slug
1 ton
1 lb
Area (6.4)
2
1 acre = 4047 m
2
= 43,560 ft
2
= 0.00156 mi
= 2.205 lbm
= 32.2 lbm
= 2000 lb
= 16 oz
1N
1 kip
1J
1 atm
Volume (6.5)
1L
= 3.28 ft
= 0.621 mi
= 2.54 cm
= 5280 ft
= 3 ft
1mL
= 0.264 gal
3
= 0.0353 ft
= 33.8 fl oz
3
= 1 cm = 1 cc
1psi
Time (6.3)
1d
1h
1 min
1 yr
Energy (6.10)
= 0.225 lb
= 1,000 lb
= 0.239 cal
-4
= 9.48 x 10 Btu
= 0.7376 ftlbf
1kW h = 3,600,000 J
Pressure (6.8)
Length (6.2)
1m
1 km
1 in.
1 mi
1 yd
Force (6.7)
= 24 h
= 60 min
= 60 s
= 365 d
= 1.01325 bar
= 33.9 ft H2O
= 29.92 in. Hg
= 760 mm Hg
= 101,325 Pa
= 14.7 psi
= 2.31 ft of H2O
Temperature Unit
Equivalents (6.6)
Power (6.9)
1K
1W
= 1 C
= 1.8 F
= 1.8 R
1 hp
= 3.412 Btu/h
= 0.00134 hp
= 14.34 cal/min
= 0.7376 ftlbf/s
= 55 ftlb/sec
= 1 Nm
= 1 kgm / s2
= 1 N / m2
=1W/A
=1J/s
=1V/A
= 1 s-1
= 1 As / V
= 1 Vs / V
8.0 SI Prefixes
Numbers Less Than One
Power of 10
Prefix
Abbreviation
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
10-18
10-21
10-24
decicentimillimicronanopicofemtoattozeptoyocto-
9.0 Equations
d
c
m
n
p
f
a
z
y
Temperature
F = ma
Mass and Weight
TK = TC + 273
(9.4)
m = VDm
(9.1)
TR = TF + 460
(9.5)
W = mg
(9.2)
TF =
(9.6)
W = VDw
(9.3)
V = volume
Dm = mass density
m = mass
Dw = weight density
W = weight
g = acceleration due to gravity
2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
PLTW Engineering Formula Sheet 2014
Tc + 32
da
h
k
M
G
T
P
E
Z
Y
TK = temperature in Kelvin
TC = temperature in Celsius
TR = temperature in Rankin
TF = temperature in Fahrenheit
M = Fd (9.7b)
(9.7a)
F = force
m = mass
a = acceleration
M = moment
d= perpendicular distance
Equations of Static Equilibrium
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
MP = 0 (9.8)
DE
CEA
AE
BE
CIM EDD
= F d
(9.9)
W = work
F = force parallel to direction of
displacement
d = displacement
p=
V1
T1
p1
T1
(9.16)
= T2
(Charles Law)
(9.17)
= T2 (Gay-Lussancs Law)
2
Power
P=
Ohms Law
Fluid Mechanics
Energy: Work
Electricity
(9.10)
P=
(9.11)
P = power
E = energy
W = work
t = time
= torque
= angular velocity
Efficiency (%) =
Pout
Pin
% (9.12)
(9.13)
U = potential energy
m =mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height
A1v1 = A2v2
P = Qp
(9.22)
K = kinetic energy
m = mass
v = velocity
Energy: Thermal
Q = mcT
(9.15)
1
1 1
1
+ + +
R1 R2
Rn
IT = I1 + I2 + + In
n
or IT = k=1 Ik
VT = V1 + V2 + + Vn
n
or VT = k=1 Vk
V = voltage
VT = total voltage
I = current
IT = total current
R = resistance
RT = total resistance
P = power
Mechanics
Thermodynamics
s=
v=
a=
X=
(9.24)
P = Q = AUT
P=Q =
(9.25)
t
vf vi
(9.36)
(9.27)
-g
v = vi + at
(9.28)
(9.29)
v = vi + 2a(d di)
(9.30)
= dFsin
(9.31)
s = average speed
v = average velocity
v = velocity
vi = initial velocity (t =0)
a = acceleration
X = range
t = time
d = change in displacement
d = distance
di = initial distance (t=0)
g = acceleration due to gravity
= angle
= torque
F = force
(9.39)
=L
R
P=
kAT
(9.37)
(9.38)
Q
t
U=
(9.26)
vi 2 sin(2)
(9.35)
p = absolute pressure
F = force
A = area
V = volume
T = absolute temperature
Q = flow rate
v = flow velocity
P = power
(9.14)
(9.21)
K = 12 mv2
(9.33)
(9.19)
(9.20)
d = di + vit + at
Energy: Kinetic
P = IV
RT (parallel) =
Q = Av
Energy: Potential
U = mgh
(9.32)
(9.18)
Efficiency
V = IR
(9.40)
(9.41)
A1v1 = A2v2
(9.42)
(9.43)
k=
PL
(9.44)
AT
-8
m2 K
e = emissivity constant
L = thickness
T1, T2 = temperature at time 1, time 2
POE 4 DE 4
AE 4
CIM 4
Moment of Inertia
Ixx =
bh3
x=
(10.1)
12
x=
Ai
and y =
and y =
(10.3)
b
3
and y =
(10.4)
x
y
Semi-circle Centroid
x=
xi Ai
Rectangle Centroid
x=r
yi Ai
d y=
(10.2)
Ai
r
3
(10.5)
x
Beam Formulas
Reaction
Stress (axial)
F
Moment
(11.1)
Deflection
= stress
F = axial force
A = cross-sectional area
Reaction
Strain (axial)
= strain
L0 = original length
= change in length
E=
(F2 -F1 )L
2 1 )A
max
L
2
(12.3)
(12.4)
(12.2)
(at center)
(12.5)
Deflection
max
(12.6)
RA = RB = P
(12.7)
=P
Moment
max
Deflection
max
Moment
(11.3)
E = modulus of elasticity
= stress
= strain
A = cross-sectional area
F = axial force
= deformation
EI
RA = RB =
RA =
max
(12.8)
= 2PEI(3L2 Pb
L
2)
(at
Deformation: Axial
FL
AE
(12.9)
P b
L
(12.10)
a a+
(12.12)
when a b )
Truss Analysis
(12.13)
= deformation
F = axial force
L0 = original length
A = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity
and RB =
Deflection
(11.4)
PL3
(at center)
Modulus of Elasticity
E=
max
Reaction
max
(12.1)
PL
Moment
Reaction
(11.2)
RA = RB =
2J = M + R
(12.14)
J = number of joints
M =number of members
R = number of reaction forces
POE 5 AE 5 CEA 4
I A=
DE
(13.1)
DR
% Efficiency= (
A A
I A
)1
A A=
FR
FE
(13.2)
I A=
(13.6)
(13.3)
Wedge
IMA = ideal mechanical advantage
AMA = actual mechanical advantage
DE = effort distance
DR = resistance distance
FE = effort force
FR = resistance force
I A=
(13.7)
Lever
Screw
1st
Class
IMA =
C
Pitch
Pitch =
2nd
Class
(13.8)
1
(13.9)
TPI
C = circumference
r = radius
Pitch = distance between
threads
TPI = threads per inch
3rd
Class
Compound Machines
MATOTAL = (MA1) (MA2) (MA3) . . .
(13.10)
GR =
Effort at Axle
dout
din
Nout
Nin
dout
out
in
out
din
in
in
out
(pulleys)
out
in
(13.11)
(13.12)
Compound Gears
B
GRTOTAL = (
Effort at Wheel
Pulley Systems
IMA = total number of strands of a single string
supporting the resistance
(13.4)
IMA =
DE (string pulled)
DR (resistance lifted)
(13.5)
) (C)
(13.13)
GR = gear ratio
in = angular velocity - driver
out = angular velocity - driven
Nin = number of teeth - driver
Nout = number of teeth - driven
din = diameter - driver
dout = diameter - driven
in = torque - driver
out = torque - driven
POE 6
Va
Vn
(14.1)
Vn = 0.6FyAw
n
b
Mn = FyZx
(14.2)
(14.3)
(14.4)
q=
Ma = internal bending moment
Mn = nominal moment strength
b = 1.67 = factor of safety for
bending moment
Fy = yield stress
Zx = plastic section modulus about
neutral axis
= allowable bending strength
Cc =
C1 A1 + C2 A2 +
A1 + A2 +
(15.1)
(15.2)
3
P
A
lb
ft
(14.5)
(14.6)
(14.7)
hf =
1 .
1. 5
1. 5
LQ
d
. 655
(16.1)
U=
1
R
(17.1)
(17.2)
Q = thermal energy
A = area of thermal conductivity
U = coefficient of heat
conductivity (U-factor)
T = change in temperature
R = resistance to heat flow (Rvalue)
CEA 5
Screwed Fittings
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
Elbows
Regular 90 degree
Long radius 90 degree
Regular 45 degree
2.3
1.5
0.3
3.1
2.0
0.5
3.6
2.2
0.7
4.4
2.3
0.9
5.2
2.7
1.3
6.6
3.2
1.7
7.4
3.4
2.1
8.5
3.6
2.7
9.3
3.6
3.2
11.0
4.0
4.0
13.0
4.6
5.5
Tees
Line Flow
Branch Flow
0.8
2.4
1.2
3.5
1.7
4.2
2.4
5.3
3.2
6.6
4.6
8.7
5.6
9.9
7.7
12.0
9.3
13.0
12.0
17.0
17.0
21.0
Return Bends
2.3
3.1
3.6
4.4
5.2
6.6
7.4
8.5
9.3
11.0
13.0
Valves
Globe
Gate
Angle
Swing Check
21.0
0.3
12.8
7.2
22.0
0.5
15.0
7.3
22.0
0.6
15.0
8.0
24.0
0.7
15.0
8.8
29.0
0.8
17.0
11.0
37.0
1.1
18.0
13.0
42.0
1.2
18.0
15.0
54.0
1.5
18.0
19.0
62.0
1.7
18.0
22.0
79.0
1.9
18.0
27.0
110.0
2.5
18.0
38.0
4.6
5.0
6.6
7.7
18.0
20.0
27.0
29.0
34.0
42.0
Strainer
Flanged Fittings
Elbows
Tees
Return
Bends
Valves
Pipe Size
1/2
3/4
10
12
14
16
18
Regular 90 degree
Long radius 90 degree
Regular 45 degree
Line Flow
Branch Flow
Regular 180 degree
0.9
1.1
0.5
0.7
2.0
0.9
1.2
1.3
0.6
0.8
2.6
1.2
1.6
1.6
0.8
1.0
3.3
1.6
2.1
2.0
1.1
1.3
4.4
2.1
2.4
2.3
1.3
1.5
5.2
2.4
3.1
2.7
1.7
1.8
6.6
3.1
3.6
2.7
2.0
1.9
7.5
3.6
4.4
3.4
2.5
2.2
9.4
4.4
5.9
4.2
3.5
2.8
12.0
5.9
7.3
5.0
4.5
3.3
15.0
7.3
8.9
5.7
5.6
3.8
18.0
8.9
12.0
7.0
7.7
4.7
24.0
12.0
14.0
8.0
9.0
5.2
30.0
14.0
17.0
9.0
11.0
6.0
34.0
17.0
18.0
9.4
13.0
6.4
37.0
18.0
21.0
10.0
15.0
7.2
43.0
21.0
23.0
11.0
16.0
7.6
47.0
23.0
1.1
38.0
1.3
40.0
1.6
45.0
2.0
54.0
2.3
59.0
18.0
10.0
18.0
12.0
4.2
120.0
2.9
38.0
38.0
5.0
150.0
3.1
50.0
50.0
5.7
190.0.
3.2
63.0
63.0
7.0
260.0
3.2
90.0
90.0
8.0
310.0
3.2
120.0
120.0
9.0
390.0
3.2
140.0
140.0
11.0
17.0
7.2
3.4
94.0
2.8
285.0
27.0
10.0
15.0
5.3
2.9
77.0
2.7
22.0
21.0
9.4
15.0
3.8
2.7
70.0
2.6
21.0
17.0
3.2
160.0
3.2
190.0
3.2
210.0
f =
(20.1)
(20.2)
duty-cycle =
(RA+ RB)
1
(RA+2RB)
(20.3)
T = period
f = frequency
RA = resistance A
RB = resistance B
C = capacitance
Commutative Law
Consensus Theorems
X 0 = 0
(21.1)
XY = YX
(21.10)
X + XY = X + Y
(21.16)
X1 = X
(21.2)
X+Y = Y+X
(21.11)
X + XY = X + Y
(21.17)
X X =X
(21.3)
X + XY = X + Y
(21.18)
X X=
(21.4)
X + XY = X + Y
(21.19)
X+0=X
(21.5)
X+1=1
(21.6)
X+X=X
(21.7)
Distributive Law
X+X=1
(21.8)
X(Y+Z) = XY + XZ
(21.14)
X=X
(21.9)
(X+Y)(W+Z) = XW+XZ+YW+YZ
(21.15)
Associative Law
X(YZ) = (XY)Z
(21.12)
X + (Y + Z) = (X + Y) + Z
(21.13)
DeMorgans Theorems
XY = X + Y
(21.20)
X+Y = X Y
(21.21)
CS(12in.
)
ft
d
fm = ftntN
(22.1)
(22.2)
Plunge Rate = fm
N = spindle speed (rpm)
CS = cutting speed (in./min)
d = diameter (in.)
fm = feed rate (in./min)
ft = feed (in./tooth/rev)
nt = number of teeth
DE 5
CIM 5
23.0 Aerospace
Equations
Propulsion
F N=
Forces of Flight
CD =
2D
Av2
R e=
vl
CL =
2L
Av2
= Fd
(23.1)
(23.2)
(23.3)
(23.4)
CL = coefficient of lift
CD = coefficient of drag
L = lift
D = drag
A = wing area
= density
Re = Reynolds number
v = velocity
l = length of fluid travel
= fluid viscosity
F = force
m = mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
M = moment
d = moment arm (distance from
datum perpendicular to F)
Orbital Mechanics
vj - vo
(23.5)
I = Fave t
(23.6)
Fnet = Favg - Fg
(23.7)
a=
T = 2
(23.8)
F=
FN = net thrust
W = air mass flow
vo = flight velocity
vj = jet velocity
I = total impulse
Fave = average thrust force
t = change in time (thrust
duration)
Fnet = net force
Favg = average force
Fg = force of gravity
vf = final velocity
a = acceleration
t = change in time (thrust
duration)
(23.9)
G m
(23.11)
2R
m
G = 6.67 1011 kg 2
(23.14)
(23.15)
r2
v2
) =
2 1
(Ps +
v2
)
2 2
(23.16)
PS = static pressure
v = velocity
= density
Atmosphere Parameters
T = 15.
- .
(23.12)
K = kinetic energy
m =mass
v = velocity
U = gravitational potential energy
G = universal gravitation constant
M =mass of central body
m = mass of orbiting object
R = Distance center main body to
center of orbiting object
E = Total Energy of an orbit
a2
(23.10)
E=U+K=
= 2
Ber oullis L w
Energy
G m
a2
G m
(Ps +
U=
(23.13)
a2
= eccentricity
b = semi-minor axis
a =semi-major axis
T = orbital period
a = semi-major axis
= gravitational parameter
F = force of gravity between two
bodies
G = universal gravitation constant
M =mass of central body
m = mass of orbiting object
r = distance between center of two
objects
K = 12 mv2
b2
= 1-
T + 273.1 5.256
p = 1 1.2
=
6
2
p
.2 6 T + 273.1
(23.17)
(23.18)
(23.19)
T = temperature
h = height
p = pressure
= density
AE 6