Econ CH 10

m1 = currency + Demand deposits + Other checkable deposites
reserve deposite ratio = bank reserves / deposites
money supply = currency helped by the public + Bank deposites

Bank deposites = Bank reserves / desired reserve-deposite ratio
max loans = Deposits - Required Reserves

Money supply = Deposites + max loans
1. Bank reserves are:

currency and customer checking deposits .
currency, customer checking and savings deposits.
any asset used to purchase goods and services.
financial assets obtained from savers and lent to borrowers.
OK cash and similar assets held to meet depositor withdrawals or payments.
2. A banking panic is an episode in which:
OK depositors, spurred by news or rumors of possible bankruptcy of one
bank, rush to withdraw deposits from the banking system.
commercial banks, fearing Federal Reserve sanctions, unwillingly
participate in open-market operations.
commercial banks, concerned about high interest rates, rush to borrow
at the Federal Reserve discount rate.
depositors, afraid of increasing interest rates, attempt to engage in
discount-window borrowing at the Federal Reserve.
the Federal Reserve, concerned about unusually rapid increases in the
money supply, refuses to make loans to commercial banks through discount window
lending.
3. Currency is ______ the M1 measure of money and ________ the M2 measure of
money.
included in; excluded from
OK included in; included in
excluded from; excluded from
excluded from; included in
equal to; excluded from
4. If the money supply grows by 6 percent per year, velocity grows by 2 percent
per year, and real GDP grows by 3 percent per year, then the rate of inflation is
approximately _______ percent per year.
2
3
OK 5
6
12
5. Money serves as a store of value when:
it is used to purchase goods and services
there is direct trade of goods and services
it is a basic measure of economic value.
OK it is a means of holding wealth.
there is a double coincidence of wants.
6. The money supply is 1,500 of which 500 is currency held by the public. Bank
reserves are 200. The desired reserve/deposit ratio equals:
.05
.10
NO .15
YES .20
.25
Feedback
For more information, see p. 279 of your textbook.

7. If bank reserves are 200, the public holds 400 in currency, and the desired
reserve/deposit ratio is .20, the deposits are ____ and the money supply is _____.
200; 600
400; 800
600; 1,000
OK 1,000; 1,400
2,400; 2,800
8. A system under which the government guarantees that customers will not lose
any money if their bank goes bankrupt is called:
reserve guarantees.
open-market operations.
NO the Federal Reserve System.
bankruptcy protection.
YES deposit insurance.
9. If real GDP equals 5,000, nominal GDP equals 10,000, and the price level
equals 2, then what is velocity if the money stock equals 2,000?
2
2.5
4
OK 5
10
10. When bank reserves exactly equal bank deposits, the bank is said to engage
in
fractional reserve banking.
diversification.
OK 100% reserve banking.
credit allocation.
1. The most important tool of monetary policy is:

reserve requirement ratios.
the discount rate.
OK open market operations.
the minimum net worth required of banks.
market interest rates.
2. When the Fed sells government securities, the banks':
reserves will increase and lending will expand causing an increase in
the money supply.
OK reserves will decrease and lending will contract causing a decrease in
the money supply.
reserve requirements will increase and lending will contract causing a
decrease in the money supply.
reserves/deposit ratio will increase and lending will expand causing an
increase in the money supply.
reserves/deposit ratio will decrease and lending will contract causing
a increase in the money supply.
3. The money supply in Macroland is currently 3,000, bank reserves are 250,
currency held by public is 500, and banks' desired reserve/deposit ratio is 0.10.
Assuming the values of the currency held by the public and the desired
reserve/deposit ratio do not change, if the Central Bank of Macroland wishes to
decrease the money supply to 2,500, then it should conduct an open-market ____
government bonds to/from the public.
purchase of 50
purchase of 250
purchase of 500
YES sale of 50
NO sale of 500
Feedback

4. An open-market purchase of government securities by the Fed will:
OK increase bank reserves, and the money supply will increase.
decrease bank reserves, and the money supply will increase.
increase bank reserves, and the money supply will decrease.
decrease bank reserves, and the money supply will decrease.
increase bank reserves, and the money supply will not change.
5. An episode when depositors, spurred by news or rumors of the imminent
bankruptcy of one or more banks, rush to withdraw their deposits from the banking
system is called a(n):
open-market withdrawal.
open-market sale.
OK banking panic.
reserve requirement crisis.
credit crunch.
6. If the Central Bank of Macroland puts an additional 1,000 units of currency
into the economy, the public deposits all currency into the banking system, and
banks have a desired reserve/deposit ratio of .20, then the banks will eventually
make new loans totaling _______ and the money supply will increase by _______.
$1,000; $1,000
$4,000; $4,000
$5,000; $5,000
$1,000; $5,000
OK $4,000; $5,000
7. If the money supply equals 2,000, velocity equals 3, real GDP equals 4,000,
then the price level equals:
OK 1.5
2
3
6,000
10,000
8. Money serves as a basic yardstick for measuring economic value (i.e., a unit
of account), allowing:
people to hold their wealth in a liquid form.
governments to restrict the issuance of private monies.
OK easy comparison of the relative prices of goods and services.
goods and services to be exchanged with a double coincidence of wants.
private money to be issued for local use.
9. In the long run, countries with higher rates of money growth usually have:
OK higher rates of inflation.
lower rates of inflation.
faster growth rates of real output.
smaller budget deficits.
larger trade deficits.
10. According to the quantity equation if the Federal Reserve expects velocity
to increase by 1 percent per year, real GDP to increase by 2 percent per year, and
desires a 2 percent annual rate of inflation, then the money supply should be
increased by approximately _______ percent per year.
NO 1
2
YES 3
4
6
1. All of the following are considered money in the United States EXCEPT:
OK credit cards.
currency.
coins.
checking account balances.
travelers' checks.
2. The link between the money supply and prices is strongest in:
OK the long run.
the short run.
a recession.
a boom.
times of war.
3. According to the quantity equation if the Federal Reserve expects velocity
to increase by 1 percent per year, real GDP to increase by 2 percent per year, and
desires a 2 percent annual rate of inflation, then the money supply should be
increased by approximately _______ percent per year.
1
2
OK 3
4
6
4. If a bank's desired reserve/deposit ratio is .33 and it has deposit
liabilities of $100 million and reserves of $50 million, it:
NO has too few reserves and will reduce its lending.
YES has too many reserves and will increase its lending.
has the correct amount of reserves and outstanding loans.
should increase the amount of its reserves.
should decrease the amount of its reserves.
Feedback

5. The specialization in production made possible by the use of money to avoid
barter is an illustration of the:
scarcity principle.
OK principle of comparative advantage.
principle of increasing opportunity cost.
benefits of diversification.
cost-benefit principle.
6. In Macroland, currency held by the public is 2000 econs, bank reserves are
300 econs, and the desired reserve/deposit ratio is 10%. If the Central Bank sells
government bonds to the public in exchange for 200 econs that are then destroyed,
the money supply in Macroland will decrease from ____ econs to _____ econs
assuming that the public does not wish to change the amount of currency it holds.
NO 2,000; 1,800
2,300; 2,100
3,000; 1,000
YES 5,000; 3,000
6,000; 2,000
Feedback

1.25
2
OK 2.5
3.75
5
8. Currency is ______ the M1 measure of money and ________ the M2 measure of
money.
OK included in; included in
9. The three functions of money are:
spending for consumption, investment, and government purchases.
measuring balance of payments, exchange rates, and interest rates.
implementing monetary policy, fiscal policy, and structural policy.
acting as bank reserves, open-market operations, and velocity.
OK serving as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value.
equals 1.5, then what is velocity if the money stock equals 2,100?
1.5
1.66
2.33
OK 2.5
3
1. If the Central Bank of Macroland puts an additional 1,000 units of currency

into the economy, the public deposits all currency into the banking system, and
banks have a desired reserve/deposit ratio of .10, then the banks will eventually
make new loans totaling _______ and the money supply will increase by _______.
$1,000; $1,000
$9,000; $9,000
OK $9,000; $10,000
$1,000; $9,000
$10,000; $10,000
2. Money is:
the same as income.
all financial assets.
OK any asset used to make purchases.
the sum of assets minus debts.
the market value of all final goods and services produced in a country
in a year.
3. When the central bank sells $1,000,000 worth of government bonds to the
public, the money supply:
YES decreases by more than $1,000,000.
NO decreases by $1,000,000.
decreases by less than $1,000,000.
does not change.
increases by $1,000,000.
Feedback

4. In Econland all $15,000,000 in currency is held by banks as reserves. The
public does not hold any currency. If the banks' desired reserve/deposit ratio is
5%, the money supply in Econland equals:
$14,285,714
$15,000,000
$15,7500,000
OK $300,000,000
$315,000,000
5. The reserve/deposit ratio equals:
10% of bank reserves.
10% of bank deposits.
OK bank reserves divided by bank deposits.
bank deposits divided by bank reserves.
6. The introduction of credit cards and debit cards has _____ velocity.
OK increased
decreased
had no impact on
eliminated
doubled
7. When the central bank buys $1,000,000 worth of government bonds from the
public, the money supply:
YES increases by more than $1,000,000.
NO increases by $1,000,000.
increases by less than $1,000,000.
does not change.
decreases by $1,000,000.
Feedback

8. In Macroland there is $1,000,000 in currency that can either be held by the
public or used by banks as reserves. Banks' desired reserve/deposit ratio is 10%.
If the public of Macroland decides to hold more currency, increasing the
proportion they hold from 50% to 75%, the money supply in Macroland will ______.
NO increase.
YES decrease.
remain the same.
may either increase or decrease.
will increase initially, but then return to the original level.
Feedback

9. Nominal GDP divided by the money stock equals:
real GDP.
the value of transactions.
the price level.
OK velocity.
the money multiplier.
10. The link between the money supply and prices is strongest in:
OK the long run.
the short run.
a recession.
a boom.
times of war.
1. Money serves as a store of value when:

it is used to purchase goods and services
there is direct trade of goods and services
it is a basic measure of economic value.
OK it is a means of holding wealth.
there is a double coincidence of wants.
decrease the money supply to 2,500, then it should conduct an open-market ____
purchase of 50
purchase of 250
purchase of 500
OK sale of 50
sale of 500
3. When a baker exchanges a pie for dollars, this is an example of dollars
serving as:
bank reserves.
YES a medium of exchange.
a unit of account.
a store of value.
NO barter.
Feedback

4. Bank reserves are:
currency and customer checking deposits .
currency, customer checking and savings deposits.
any asset used to purchase goods and services.
financial assets obtained from savers and lent to borrowers.
OK cash and similar assets held to meet depositor withdrawals or payments.
5. Extremely rapid rates of money growth are usually the result of:
rapid population growth.
excessively high interest rates.
large trade deficits.
NO sharp increases in productivity.
YES large government budget deficits.
Feedback

6. The amount of money in the United States is determined by:
NO the Federal Reserve.
commercial banks.
the public
the combined behavior of commercial banks and the public.
YES the combined behavior of commercial banks and the public, and actions
of the Federal Reserve.
Feedback

7. The specialization in production made possible by the use of money to avoid
barter is an illustration of the:
scarcity principle.
OK principle of comparative advantage.
principle of increasing opportunity cost.
benefits of diversification.
cost-benefit principle.
8. The reserve/deposit ratio equals:
10% of bank deposits.
OK bank reserves divided by bank deposits.
bank deposits divided by bank reserves.
9. Two countries, Alpha and Beta, are otherwise identical except that the money
stock is smaller in Alpha than in Beta. Velocity in Alpha must be _____ velocity
in Beta.
the same as
OK greater than
less than
less than twice the
more than half the
10. During the Great Depression in the United States between 1929 and 1933,
banks' reserve/deposit ratio ___ and the amount of currency held by the public
____, while the money supply ______.
increased; increased; increased
NO decreased; decreased; decreased
YES increased; increased; decreased
decreased; decreased; increased
increased; decreased; decreased
Feedback
1. The money supply will increase by a multiple of the increase in bank

reserves created by the central bank unless:
there is fractional reserve banking.
OK there is 100 percent reserve banking.
the public holds no currency.
banks' desired reserve/deposit ratio is .20.
increase the money supply to 2,500, then it should conduct an open-market:____
purchase of 100
purchase of 250
NO purchase of 500
YES sale of 100
sale of 500
Feedback
3. Typically the money supply increase by a multiple of the increase in bank

reserves created by the central bank because of:
the power of compound interest.
NO small differences make a large difference.
YES fractional reserve banking.
100-percent reserve banking.
the central bank requires multiple expansion.
Feedback
4. If the Federal Reserve increased the money supply by 3 percent per year,
real GDP grew by 3 percent per year, and the rate of inflation was 3 percent per
year, then velocity must have increased by approximately _______ percent per year.
1
OK 3
6
9
12
5. A rapidly growing supply of money will lead to:
rising real GDP.
rising velocity.
unemployment.
YES inflation.
NO deflation.
Feedback
6. The most important tool of monetary policy is:

reserve requirement ratios.
the discount rate.
OK open market operations.
the minimum net worth required of banks.
market interest rates.
7. Cash and similar assets held to meet depositor withdrawals or payments are
called:
NO deposits.
YES bank reserves.
checking accounts.
money.
bank liabilities.
Feedback

8.
Based on the following information, compute the value of the M1 measure of the
money supply.
$320 billion
$330 billion
$520 billion
OK $530 billion
$4,320 billion
9. Liabilities of the commercial banking system include:
reserves and loans.
YES deposits.
NO reserves and deposits.
loans and deposits.
reserves.
Feedback

10. In Macroland there is $10,000,000 in currency. The public holds half of the
currency and banks hold the rest as reserves. If banks' desired reserve/deposit
ratio is 10%, deposits in Macroland equal ______ and the money supply equals
_______.
50,000,000; 60,000,000
55,000,000; 55,000,000
OK 50,000,000: 55,000,000
100,000,000; 100,000,000
100,000,000; 110,000,000
1. In the long run, countries with higher rates of money growth usually have:
OK higher rates of inflation.
lower rates of inflation.
faster growth rates of real output.
smaller budget deficits.
larger trade deficits.
2. In a fractional-reserve banking system the reserve/deposit ratio equals:
currency in bank vaults.
currency held by the public divided by deposits.
100%.
OK less than 100%.
more than 100%.
3. All of the following are considered money in the United States EXCEPT:
OK credit cards.
currency.
coins.
checking account balances.
travelers' checks.
4. Demand deposits and other checkable deposits are _______ the M1 measure of
money and _______ the M2 measure of money.
NO included in; excluded from
YES included in; included in
Feedback

5. Velocity equals nominal GDP divided by:
the price level.
real GDP.
OK the money stock.
the interest rate.
6. Bank reserves divided by bank deposits is called:
100% reserve banking.
OK the reserve/deposit ratio.
the asset/liability ratio.
the banking system unit of account.
7. If the reserve/deposit ratio is .25 and the banking system receives an
additional $10 million in reserves, bank deposits can increase by a maximum of:
$10 million.
$250 million.
$400 million.
$4 million.
OK $40 million.
8. If the desired reserve/deposit ratio equals .10, then every dollar of
currency in bank vaults supports ____ of the money supply, while every dollar of
currency held by the public contributes _________ to the money supply.
$1; $1
$0.10; $1
$1; $0.10
OK $10; $1
$10; $0.10
9. When bank reserves exactly equal bank deposits, the bank is said to engage
in
diversification.
OK 100% reserve banking.
credit allocation.
10. The Federal Reserve System first began operations in:
1776.
1789.
1865.
OK 1914.
1945.
1. Money market mutual funds are _______ the M1 measure of money and _______
the M2 measure of money.
NO included in; included in
YES excluded from; included in
Feedback

2. A banking panic is an episode in which:
OK depositors, spurred by news or rumors of possible bankruptcy of one
bank, rush to withdraw deposits from the banking system.
commercial banks, fearing Federal Reserve sanctions, unwillingly
participate in open-market operations.
commercial banks, concerned about high interest rates, rush to borrow
at the Federal Reserve discount rate.
depositors, afraid of increasing interest rates, attempt to engage in
discount-window borrowing at the Federal Reserve.
the Federal Reserve, concerned about unusually rapid increases in the
money supply, refuses to make loans to commercial banks through discount window
lending.
3. If bank reserves are 200, the public holds 400 in currency, and the desired
reserve/deposit ratio is .25, the deposits are ____ and the money supply is _____.
200; 600
400; 800
600; 1,000
YES 800; 1,200
NO 2,400; 2,800
Feedback

4. After the Federal Reserve increases reserves in the banking system through
open-market purchases, banks create new deposits through multiple rounds of
lending and accepting deposits until the:
Federal Reserve requires them to stop.
deposit insurance limit is reached.
NO actual reserve/deposit ratio is greater than the desired
reserve/deposit ratio.
YES actual reserve/deposit ratio is equal to the desired reserve/deposit
ratio.
actual reserve/deposit ratio is less than the desired reserve/deposit
ratio.
Feedback

5. Small time deposits are _______ the M1 measure of money and _______ the M2
measure of money.
NO included in; included in
Feedback

6. The main disadvantage of using money as a store of value is that:
other assets provide greater anonymity than cash.
NO other assets are more difficult to trace than cash.
unlike other assets, money serves as a medium of exchange.
YES other assets pay relatively higher rates of interest than money.
barter is a more efficient way to conduct transactions than using
money.
Feedback

7. If the money supply equals 1,500, velocity equals 4, real GDP equals 2,400,
then the price level equals:
1.6
YES 2.5
4
NO 3,900
6,000
Feedback

8. Savings deposits are ______ the M1 measure of money and ______ the M2
measure of money.
included in; included in
NO equal to; excluded from
Feedback

9. "Money times prices equals nominal GDP" is called the _____ equation.
monetary
velocity
GDP
OK quantity
Fisher
10. The money supply in Econland is 1,500, and currency held by the public
equals bank reserves. The desired reserve/deposit ratio is 0.20. Bank reserves
equal _____.
200
250
YES 300
NO 500
1500
Feedback
1. The M2 measure of money consists of the sum of:

savings deposits, small time deposits, and money market mutual funds.
currency, checking and savings deposits, and small time deposits.
NO currency, checking and savings deposits.
YES M1, savings deposits, small time deposits, and money market mutual
funds.
M1, savings deposits, and money market mutual finds.
Feedback

2. The Board of Governors consists of ____ governors appointed for staggered
___-year terms.
5; 12
5; 14
NO 7; 12
YES 7; 14
14; 14
Feedback

3. During the bank panic of 1930-33, the public withdrew deposits from the bank
preferring to hold currency. As a result,:
bank reserves decreased but were offset by an equal increase in
currency with no net effect on the money supply.
NO bank reserves increased by less than the increase in currency causing
the money supply to decrease.
bank reserves decreased by more than the increase in currency causing
the money supply to decrease.
bank reserves decreased by less than the increase in currency causing
the money supply to increase.
YES bank reserves decreased by an amount equal to the increase in currency
causing the money supply to decrease.
Feedback

4. The main disadvantage of using money as a store of value is that:
other assets provide greater anonymity than cash.
NO other assets are more difficult to trace than cash.
unlike other assets, money serves as a medium of exchange.
YES other assets pay relatively higher rates of interest than money.
barter is a more efficient way to conduct transactions than using
money.
Feedback

5. In Econland all $15,000,000 in currency is held by banks as reserves. The
public does not hold any currency. If the banks' desired reserve/deposit ratio is
5%, the money supply in Econland equals:
$14,285,714
$15,000,000
$15,7500,000
OK $300,000,000
$315,000,000
6. When an individual deposits currency into a checking account:
OK bank reserves increase which allows banks to lend more and, ultimately,
increases the money supply.
bank reserves decrease which reduces the amount banks can lend thereby
reducing the growth of the money supply.
bank reserves are unchanged.
bank reserves decrease which increases the amount banks can lend,
thereby increasing the growth of the money supply.
bank reserves increase which reduces the amount banks can lend, thereby
reducing the growth of the money supply.
7. The money supply will increase by a multiple of the increase in bank
reserves created by the central bank unless:
there is fractional reserve banking.
YES there is 100 percent reserve banking.
NO the public holds no currency.
Feedback

called:
deposits.
YES bank reserves.
NO checking accounts.
money.
bank liabilities.
Feedback

9. If the public switches from doing most of its shopping with currency to
using checks instead and the Fed takes no action, the money supply will:
YES increase.
decrease.
NO not change.
either increase or decrease.
equal the quantity of currency that is still in use.
Feedback

10. Nominal GDP divided by the money stock equals:
real GDP.
the price level.
OK velocity.
the money multiplier.
1. Credit card balances are not considered to be money primarily because they:
are rarely used to make purchases.
OK are not part of people's wealth.
are an asset used in making transactions.
do not represent an obligation to pay someone else.
are not available to people with poor credit ratings.
2. The introduction of credit cards and debit cards has _____ velocity.
OK increased
decreased
had no impact on
eliminated
doubled
3. Which of the following is the best example of money used as a unit of
account?
In a prisoner of war camp cigarettes are traded for socks, candy and/or
food, even by nonsmokers.
OK The prices of construction jobs, real estate, and cars on the island of
Yap are quoted in cases of beer to purchase each.
A farmer stores $100 dollar bills in a strong box under the floor in a
barn.
Students use dollar bills to buy textbooks.
A plumber unclogs a drain for a carpenter, who repairs broken steps for
the plumber.
4.
The consolidated balance sheet of the all banks in Macroland is presented below:
Assets Liabilities
Currency $1,000 Deposits $1,000
Loans $900
Based on this balance sheet the banking system of Macroland can be described as
a(n) ________ banking system.
barter
government-insured
YES fractional-reserve
NO 100-percent-reserve
M1
Feedback

5. Deposit insurance for banks:
helped the Fed combat the bank panics of 1930-33.
was first legislated by the Federal Reserve Bank Act of 1913.
YES may induce the managers of banks to take more risks.
guarantees the interest payments on depositors checking accounts.
NO is a perfect solution to the problem of bank panics.
Feedback

called:
deposits.
OK bank reserves.
checking accounts.
money.
bank liabilities.
7. Small time deposits are _______ the M1 measure of money and _______ the M2
measure of money.
included in; included in
OK excluded from; included in
1.25
2
OK 2.5
3.75
5
9. After the Federal Reserve decreases reserves in the banking system through
open-market sales, banks reduce deposits through multiple rounds of calling in
loans and losing deposits until the:
Federal Reserve requires them to stop.
deposit insurance limit is reached.
actual reserve/deposit ratio is greater than the desired
reserve/deposit ratio.
OK actual reserve/deposit ratio is equal to the desired reserve/deposit
ratio.
actual reserve/deposit ratio is less than the desired reserve/deposit
ratio.
10. Money serves as a basic yardstick for measuring economic value (i.e., a unit
of account), allowing:
people to hold their wealth in a liquid form.
governments to restrict the issuance of private monies.
OK easy comparison of the relative prices of goods and services.
goods and services to be exchanged with a double coincidence of wants.
private money to be issued for local use.

Econ CH 10

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m1 = currency + Demand deposits + Other checkable deposites

reserve deposite ratio = bank reserves / deposites

money supply = currency helped by the public + Bank deposites

max loans = Deposits - Required Reserves

1. Bank reserves are:

For more information, see p. 279 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 285 of your textbook.

1. The most important tool of monetary policy is:

For more information, see p. 283 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 277 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 283 of your textbook.

1. If the Central Bank of Macroland puts an additional 1,000 units of currency

For more information, see p. 283 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 283 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 279 of your textbook.

1. Money serves as a store of value when:

For more information, see p. 272 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 288 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 275 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 285 of your textbook.

1. The money supply will increase by a multiple of the increase in bank

For more information, see p. 283 of your textbook.

3. Typically the money supply increase by a multiple of the increase in bank

For more information, see p. 278 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 286 of your textbook.

6. The most important tool of monetary policy is:

For more information, see p. 276 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 276 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 274 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 274 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 279 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 278 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 274 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 273 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 288 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 274 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 279 of your textbook.

1. The M2 measure of money consists of the sum of:

For more information, see p. 274 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 282 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 283 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 273 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 278 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 276 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 279 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 277 of your textbook.

For more information, see p. 285 of your textbook.

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