B DY

(STRING
)

Cao - m vc

K thut

S dng trong dn nhc

Violon
(Vln. / Vl.)
Dng kha
Treble

+ G, D, A, E
+ Mi dy chi trong khong q12
-> m vc t g e3, ti a khong
gis4 nhng cng ln cao cng d
lch ting.
+ Nt trn dy bung - open string
thng vang hn nhng khng c
ting ngn rung (vibrato) nn thng
trnh chi dy bung tr khi chi
nhiu dy.

+ K thut archet: Detache (Non legato - Chuyn ng v ri - k

hiu trn tng nt), Legato (Lin ting - du luyn), martele
(nhn ngt mnh, chm du phy), sautille (nhn ny nhanh, yu
du phy), staccato (nhn ngt ri dy du chm, i khi km
du luyn ch s dng mt hng archet), col legno (with the
wood dng sng archet p vo dy, kh v khng mnh col
legno v ord. - ordinario hoc col larco - with the bow). Mun
gi cng ngang nhau t u nt n cui nt th s dng du
gch ngang (tenuto). Spiccato, Saltando???
+ Archet ko xung (tire downbow) mnh hn a ln (pousse
upbow). m thanh bt u t ngn (a punta darco) thng yu
hn t gia v cui (al taco) archet.
+ Archet thng t gia nga n (sul ponticello on the bridge,
kim kh, thng s dng khi tremolo) v cn n (sul tasto on
the fingerboard, du lnh nh ting so). Khi tr li v tr thng l
phi ghi ord.
+ Dng ring dy (Sul): Phm vi khng c qu rng.
+ Trill (tr~): Khng c dng dy bung (hiu qu xu) hoc cc
nt cao qu (kh chnh xc). Trill kp kh chi, trong dn nhc
nn dng phn tu (divisi).
+ Tremolo: Cng nt, 2 nt cch bc, cng nt trn dy bung (o)
kt hp vi dy bm (mnh lit). Cng c khi s dng tremolo kp
(tt hn nn divisi).
+ Con/ Senza sordino with / without damper: Ting nh, su v
m.
+ Flageolets - harmonics: Ting trong sng, lnh lo, k hiu (o),
gm 2 loi: T nhin (Nhn rt nh ln v tr trn dy, cao nh
nt ghi) v nhn to (Tay tri bm nt chnh v nt h - c k
hiu hnh qu trm). S dng c nhiu nt hn v vibrato c,
thng ch dng q4 hoc q5)
+ Pizzicato plucked (Pizz. arco.): Dng ngn tay bt trn mt
hay nhiu dy, ting ngn, nh v kh, thin v vai tr tit tu/ hp
m. Thng dng trong khong q8 trn mi dy (ln cao hn nn

+ m thanh ti sng, k thut a

dng, linh hot v cng v tc
, th hin nhiu sc thi tnh
cm nn chim u th trong din
tu giai iu.
+ Thng chia lm 2 nhm:
V1 thng din t giai iu (c
lp hoc kt hp cc nhc kh cng
b/ khc b, tr Cb., Bsn. v b
ng vn c th kt hp vi Hn.)
V2 c th kt hp V1 tng
cng cho giai iu hoc i b
ph, chi cc m hnh ha thanh,
tit tu, giai iu (Dng hp m ri
hoc i chm cc nt trong hp
m).
+ Khi b violon gi vai tr ha
thanh c th s dng th php
pizz. hoc arco., c th phn tu
thay v vit cho nhiu dy.
+ Solo/ Soli: Mt/ mt vi cy c
tu, s dng c nhiu k thut,
to s tng phn ln gia c nhn
tp th.

K thut:
+ Vit cho nhiu dy (c th thay
bng divisi):
2 dy: Nu 1 trong 2 nt l dy
bung th d chi nhng m lng
v sc thi k cn i. Thng dng
q6, q7, q3. Kh bm qung 5
(khng chn kiu barre c, tr khi
l 2 dy bung). Nt b trn khng
c thp hn d1 (dy Re bung).
Sc thi t p tr ln, c th ngn di
hoc ngn.
3 hoc 4 dy: Mi nt phi trn 1
dy ring, nn li dng dy bung.
Nn xen k cc chng nt q5, q6.
Ch sp xp th bm sao cho d
chuyn. m thanh t dy trm
chuyn sang cc dy cao (arpeggio).
Sc thi t mp tr ln, vang ngn,
thng dng v tr kt.

i km nhc kh khc). C th pizz bng tay phi (ghi pizz., nn c

thi gian i tay archet, khng nn qu nhanh) hoc tay tri (k
hiu +, kh, m thanh kh hn, thng dng trong c tu) hoc
c 2 tay cng lc, hoc chen pizz. v arco.
+ C th chy gamme v glissando (vut) nhanh

Viola
(Vla./ Va.)
Dng kha

+ C, G, D, A
+ Mi dy chi khong q8 -> m
vc t c a2, ti a khong a3.

+ Khng linh hot nh Vln.

+ Tremolo 2 nt ch dng c ti q4. Ln hn khng bm
c. (Vln.: q4+)

+ Tnh cht nhn nhn, khng sc

so nh Vln. S dng m vc
trung bnh ng vai tr cu ni

Alto, ln
cao dng
kha
Treble

+ Vit 2 dy: Nh Vln. 3 hoc 4 dy:

Chng nt q5, q6.

+ m bi nhn to ch dng ti q4.

gia Vln. v Vc. Thng tham gia

vo cc b m.
+ Khi i giai iu chnh c th
phi hp vi b g.
+ Nn trnh vic cho b gia Vla.
v Vln.

Cello
(Vc.)
Dng kha
Bass, ln
cao dng
thm kha
Tenor v
Treble.

+ Cc dy sp xp nh Vla. nhng
trm hn 1 q8. m sc mang tnh
ca xng, gn vi ging nam.
+ Mi dy chi khong q8, m vc
t C d2, ti a khong d3.
+ Vit 2 dy: q5, q6. 3 hoc 4 dy:
Chng nt q5, q6, t dng loi 4
dy.

+ Hiu qu gia archet ln v xung khng khc nhau lm. Tay

cm archet tn sc.
+ Hiu qu legato ngn hn Vln. v Vla.
+ Ch dng c trill n.
+ Tremolo 2 nt ch dng c ti q3T, nu s dng ngn ci (Q)
th n q5.
+ Thng phi dng ngn ci din tu m bi nhn to.
+ Ch pizz. tay phi, c k thut pizz. ngc chiu t nt cao
xung nt thp.
+ Thng dng thm ngn Q khi ln m vc cao.

+ K thut phong ph, kh nng

din cm su sc.
+ Khi lm b trm, c th c lp
hoc i chung b Cb. cch q8. to
m vang y n.
+ Kt hp V1 i b gia, hoc
cng Vla. i giai iu m vc
trung.
+ C th kt hp vi Vln. (q8)
hoc nhc kh cc b khc chi
c lp giai iu, thm ch Vc. C
th c lp vt ln c b dy
bng cch dng 2 dy cao.
+ C th dng m cho ging ht,
quyn nhau rt tt.

Contrabas
s (Cb. /
Db.)
Dng kha
Bass, m
vc thp
hn ghi
q8.

+ C loi 3 dy G, D, A hoc 5 dy
C, E, A, D, G
+ Ph bin nht l loi 4 dy E, A,
D, G. m sc th khe, nng n, hi
r.
+ Mi dy c th chi khong q8,
m vc theo nt ghi t E b1.
+ Vit 2 dy: q3. 3 hoc 4 dy:
Chng nt q4, q5, t dng

+ Kh gi m lng pp.
+ Do archet ngn nn hiu qu legato rt ngn, phi i hng
archet thng xuyn. C th dng archet ko xung lin tip tng
nt to hiu qu mnh lit.
+ t s dng col legno, trill, con sordino, dng ring dy hoc vit
nhiu dy.
+ Tremolo 1 nt d mt, c th phn tu hoc dng timpani cng
cao h tr. Tremolo 2 nt thng dng q3t cho cc th tay cao.
+ Khng chi c m bi nhn to q5 k c khi dng Q.
+ Thng dng pizz. tay phi m khu gia (A d1), m vang
y n, thng dng trong ban nhc nh.
+ p dng c th php glissando to hiu qu kch ng.

+ Phn tu chi cch q8 hoc phi

hp vi Cl., Bsn., C.Bn., B. Cl.
gi b trm lm nn cho dn nhc,
c th gi tit tu v quyt nh
tnh cht hp m.
+ i khi chi giai iu, m sc ti
v chm ri.

B G
(WOODWIND)
Flute (Fl.) Dng
kha Treble.

Cao - m vc

Flute: Gm ging C, Db, Eb. Thng dng loi C.

+ Trm (c1 g1) Kh a hi ra, kh thi mnh, m sc
lnh, thng dng c tu.
+ Gia (d2 d3): Trong sut, y n, linh hot, thng
dng i giai iu.
+ Cao (dis3 c4): Mnh, sng, thng dng tutti.
+ Cc cao (cis4 es4): Tn hi, kh thi nh, d chch.
Piccolo: Hiu qu cao hn q8 so vi Fl. m vc theo nt
ghi bt u t d2.
Alto flute: ging G, m thanh thp hn nt ghi q4. m
vc trm v gia dng tt.

Oboe (Ob.)
Dng kha
Treble.

Oboe: Ging mi, c tnh ca xng, khng thin v k xo.

+ Trm (b f1): Th c, nng tn sc, kh thi nh.
+ Gia (a1 a2): Ngt ngo, biu cm, t tn hi.
+ Cao (d3 f3): Chi, mng manh, kch tnh.
+ Cc cao (fis3 a3): Phi thi mnh, rt tn hi, cng
thng.
English Horn: Ging F, m thanh cao hn nt ghi q5.
+ Trm (b d1): Th, mnh lit.
+ Gia (es1 as2): p
+ Cao (a2 f3): Khng chc, thiu chnh xc, c nt cis3 l
nt xu nn trnh.

K thut

S dng trong dn nhc

+ Rt tn hi nn khi vit phi dnh

ch ly hi.
+ Detache: K thut nh li, gm
cc loi: n gin (tc trung bnh
ta ta), kp (Tc nhanh ta ka),
thm ch nh li 3 ln ta ka ta.
+ Tng t c th tremolo 1 nt
(frullato) hoc glissando. Tremolo 2
nt c nhiu ch kh do th hoc kh
chi chnh xc.
+ Trill: Khng nn dng vi nt bung
hoc qu cao, c mt s trill phi
trnh.
+ Harmonics: Do nhn mi, t s
dng.
+ Nhy cch qung xa rt nhy (Ch
cn thi mnh hn)

Flute: m thanh du dng gi cm

gic ng qu. C th dng c tu
chi giai iu, kt hp chung nhiu Fl.
(a2, a3) hoc kt hp nhc kh khc
(VD: 2 Fl. i ng m, di q8 l
Ob. v Cl. i ng m). Ngoi ra c
th m bng arppegio hoc nt ko
di.

+ S dng dm kp, thi nng nhng

t tn hi, c th thi giai iu di.
+ Kh thi nhanh hay thi cc nt
ngn do m thanh pht ra khng nhy
+ Qung nhy i ln d hn i xung,
nhng vn khng nhy bng Fl.
+ Trill:
+ Tremolo mt nt t dng. Tremolo 2
nt thng dng q3.

Oboe: Thng dng c tu hoc

kt hp vi cc nhc kh khc (Fl., Cl.
ng qung, Bsn q8, b dy c
bit l Vla. hoc Vc.) cc giai iu
khoan thai v p. i khi dng
m nhng m sc d chi ra.

Piccolo: m thanh sc hn Fl. Thng

dng i giai iu c lp, tt hn l
km vi Fl., Vl. (q8) hoc Cl.
Alto flute: Ting m. C th c tu
hoc kt hp vi Picc. dng m
rng m vc ca nhm Fl.

English Horn: Ting m, d chi hn

Ob., thng ch i b chnh, ch i b
ph khi tutti. C th kt hp cch q8
vi Ob. hoc ng qung vi Cl.
+ Chuyn t Ob. sang E.Hn. k hiu

Muta in corno inglese.

Clarinet (Cl.)
Dng kha
Treble. Nhng
B. Cl. dng kha
Treble hoc
Bass (hin i
hn), vi cng
nt ghi th nt
thc t trn 2
kha cch nhau
q8.

Clarinet: Thng dng ging Bb (ti sng) v A (m p)

hn l ging C.
+ Trm (e c1): c v lnh. pp nghe trong, ff c tnh
kim kh.
+ Gia (f1 b1): Khng c c tnh, thiu n nh, xn, rt
xu.
+ Cao (c2 c3): Ging n cao, p, t tn hi.
+ Cc cao (f3 - c4): Vang, tn hi, ch dng f tr ln.
Bass clarinet: m vc thng dng l E g1. m khu trm
c nhng m thanh p.

+ S dng dm n, gi hi lu nn
c th i giai iu di.
+ Do s khc bit v m vc nn kh
chuyn nhanh gia cc m khu.
+ Khng ch cng rt nhy, k
xo linh hot.
+ Cc m hnh nhc li gy tr ngi.
+ Trill:
+ Tremolo 1 nt v detache khng
c nhanh. Tremolo 2 nt c, nn
hn ch khng qu q5.

Clarinet
+ Da vo tnh cht tc phm, ha
biu v m vc chn loi Cl. ph
hp.
+ m thanh thun khit, c th kt
hp ng qung hoc cch q8 d dng
vi cc nhc kh cng b hoc khc b
i giai iu chnh. (Tr Ob. Cl. i
cch q8).
+ C th i b ph hoc gi vai tr
m ha thanh.
Bass clarinet: Khng ch cng
tt, thch hp vi sc thi pp. C th
phi hp m rng m vc h Cl khi
i giai iu chnh, b ph, chi giai
iu trm hoc ha thanh m.

Fagott (Bsn):
Dng kha Bass
hoc Tenor,
C.Bsn. dng
kha Bass.

Fagott: m thanh ti, pha ging mi.

+ Trm (B1 F): c nng, tn hi, ch dng mf tr ln.
+ Gia (c d1): y n, c tnh ca xng, t tn hi.
+ Cao (a1 es2): Cng, b nn, tn hi, ch dng mf tr ln.
+ Cc cao (e2 f): Kh chi, t dng.
Contrafagott: Nhc kh trm nht trong dn nhc. m
thanh thp hn nt ghi q8.
+ Cc trm (B1 - h1): Ting ph khng r cao . Dng
tc tht chm
+ Trm (C F): Mnh lit, vn c ting ph.
+ Gia (c g): Thp hn fagott, dng p c
+ Cao (c1 f1): Ting b nn, khng c c tnh, hi thi
cng, kh chi.

+ Dng dm kp.
+ Kh linh hot, t tn hi khi thi nh
v m khu gia.
+ D legato i ln hn i xung. Nhy
qung xa d dng c bit khi i ln.
+ Trill:
+ Tremolo 1 nt d s dng m vc
gia v cao hn m vc trm. Tremolo
2 nt ch dng q3 hoc q4, khng s
dng cho q8 di cng.
+ Thi contrafagott c bit cc nt
trm rt tn hi, nng n nn khng
thch hp nhng nt giai iu nhanh.
+ Hiu qu staccato khng tt.

Fagott
+ m sc trung tnh nhng ng nht,
d phi hp vi cc nhc kh cng b
(vi Cl., cch q8 vi Ob.) hoc khc
b (vi Vc. ln Cb.). Cng cc nhc
kh trm khc lm nn cho dn nhc..
+ C th dng 2 chic cng loi i
cch q8. (Duy nht trong b g)
Contrafagott:
+ Dng b sung cho m vc trm
ca fagott, c th i q8 di. i khi
c tu giai iu.