A PITMAN INTERNATIONAL TEXT e 2 Alternating A Current MachinesAlternating Current Machines M. G. SAY Ph.D., M.Sc., A.CG.L, D.LC, FLEE. F.RSE. Emeritus Professor of Electrical Engineering Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Fourth Edition PitmanPITMAN PUBLISHING LIMITED 39 Parker Street, London WC2B SPB Associated Companies Copp Clark Ltd, Toronto Fearon-Pitman Publishers Inc, Belmont, California Pitman Publishing New Zealand Ltd, Wellington Pitman Publishing Pty Ltd, Melbourne ©M.G. Say 1976 First published in Great Britain 1976 Reprinted 1978 ME ROPOLITAN BOROUGH OF WIGAN DEPT, OF LEISURE LIBRARIES 1002655] un ze. No Cie No} AN. 3133 _ YAY) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, elec- tronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publishers. This book may not be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of trade in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published, without the prior consent of the publishers. This book is sold subject to the Standard Conditions of Sale of Net Books and may not be resold in the UK below the net price. Text set in 10/11 pt IBM Press Roman, printed by photolithography and bound in Great Britain at The Pitman Press, Bath ISBN 0 273 36197 XContents Preface 1 Introductory Alternating-current machines Performance Design Methods of approach Basic principles Basic forms Conventions Dynamic circuit theory Prototype ideal transformer Prototype machines Prototype two-pole uniform-gap machine Elementary two-pole salient machine Multipolar machines Main dimensions Torque maintenance Classification 2 Magnetic Circuits 21 2.2 23 24 25 2.6 27 28 29 2.10 2 Magnetic circuit properties Magnetic materials Magnetic circuit calculation Transformer magnetic circuits Machine magnetic cir Total flux Leakage flux effects in transformers Leakage flux effects in machines Phase reactance Unbalanced magnetic pull Open magnetic circuits 26 30 32 32 37 43 44 50 58 59 61vi 3 Windings eB! Materials 3.2 Eddy currents 3.3. Electromotive force 3.4 Transformer windings 3.5 D.C. field windings 3.6 A.C. armature windings 3.7 Single-layer windings 3.8 Double-layer windings 3.9 Fractional-stot windings 3.10 Types of double-layer winding 3.11 Choice of winding 3.12 EMF. of windings 3.13 Tooth harmonics 3.14 Magnetomotive force of windings 4 Loss Dissipation 4.1 Dissipation of heat 4.2. Ideal temperature-rise/time relation 43 Cooling of small units 44 — Cooling of large units 4.5 Heat transfer 4.6 Flow of coolant in transformers 4.7 Limits of temperature-rise 4.8 Thermal rating of transformers 49 Thermal rating of machines 5 Transformers: Theory and Performance $.1 Theory of the power transformer 5.2 Power transformer on load 5.3. Losses and efficiency 5.4 Regulation 5.5 Operational equivalent circuits 5.6 Vibration and noise 5.7 Harmonics 5.8 — Transients 5.9 Three-phase connections 5.10 Three/two and three/one-phase connections 5.11 Auto connection 5.12 Three-winding connection 5.13 Zero-phase-sequence impedance 5.14 Tap-changing 5.15 Parallel operation 5.16 Cooling methods 5.17 Protection Contents 63 63 66 nR 7B 80 81 86 87 89 91 92 94 103 107 113 113 113 116 120 128 133 136 138 140 142 142 146 147 150 152 154 154 159 166 169 im 173 177 179 182 186 187Contents 5.18 5.19 Testing Special types 6 Transformers: Construction and Design 6.1 6.2 63 64 65 66 67 68 Constructional features Cores Tanks and oils Windings and insulation Terminals and fittings Distribution transformers Large transformers Design 7 Polyphase Rotating Machines 1 12 73 14 18 16 wa Synchronous and induction machines Rotational effects Drive dynamics Models Dynamic circuit theory Industrial machines Machines and power systems 8 Induction Machines: Theory and Performance 8.1 8.2 83 84 85 8.6 8.7 8.8 89 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22 Development Action of the ideal induction machine Cage and slip-ring rotor windings Practical induction machine Steady-state theory Approximate theory Current diagrams Effects of machine parameters Motor performance in the steady state Motor starting Harmonic effects High-torque cage motors Motor speed control Slip control Pole-changing Frequency control Power-factor adjustment Braking Unbalanced operation Induction generator Transients Testing vii 189 196 202 202 202 203 205 207 207 2u1 ei! 215 215 217 220 227 232 244 248 250 250 250 257 259 264 269 272 276 278 281 290 295 303 311 316 322 324 330 332 336 341viii 9 Induction Machines: Construction and Design 9.1 9.2 93 Constructional features Main dimensions Design 10 Synchronous Machines: Theory and Performance 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 Type and construction Action of the ideal synchronous machine Practical synchronous machines Steady-state theory Steady-state performance Transient performance Short circuit Stability Excitation and voltage regulation Generator control Motor control Synchronous‘induction motor Synchronous compensator Surge voltages Testing 11. Synchronous Machines: Construction and Design ld 112 113 114 1s 11.6 17 118 Types of synchronous machine Turbo-generators Hydro-generators Industrial generators Compensators Motors Main dimensions Design 12 Special Machines 12.1 12.2 12,3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10 12.11 Forms of special machines Voltage regulators Inductor generators Doubly-fed induction motors Polyphase reluctance motors Permanent-magnet machines Power control machines Servo control machines Commutator machines Polyphase commutator motors Single-phase motors Contents 350 350 353 362 366 366 367 378 383 393 401 401 4i4 424 433 440 447 451 453 455 461 461 461 469 471 4n 412 42 476 479 479 480 484 486 487 492 492 493 499 501 S04Contents 12.12 Single-phase commutator motors 12.13 Single-phase induction motors 12.14 Linear machines References List of Symbols Index 506 509 514 526 533 537Preface The forerunner of this book was The Performance and Design of A.C. Machines, first published in 1936 and subsequently revised and reprinted a dozen times. The combination of design and performance proved gratifyingly acceptable, and the book found its way around the English-reading world. But times have changed. Design, revolutionized by the digital computer, has become the esoteric preoccupation of the few: performance interests have widened as a result of the advent of the big machine, the problem of machine and power-system interaction, the transient dynamics of starting and braking, and the influence on machine characteristics and control methods of power electronics. That few textbooks have explored this theme is due in part to the strong analytical counter-attractions of the ‘generalization’ concept, in which machine ‘types’ become variants of a common principle expressed in terms of electric-circuit equations of behaviour. Powerful though the method is, circuit equations can model a machine only in a restricted way. Real ‘machines have real magnetic, mechanical and thermal attributes as well, and although their basic electromagnetic principles are the same, the several types do, in fact, differ markedly in performance. The present text expresses my belief that machine performance can be grasped more readily through appreciation of flux-current interaction than by the manipulation of matrix equations; the latter give meaningful quantita- tive results only if the physical concepts are understood. The treatment there- fore begins with the unified electro-magnetic principles of transformers and machines, followed by material common to both on magnetic circuits, wind- ings and heat-dissipation. In dealing with practical transformers and three- phase induction and synchronous machines, the simple theory of the ideal case is followed progressively by departures from the ideal that affect the practical performance in both steady and transient states. Design is discussed in general terms, and some constructional details are illustrated. Machines having special features, and those to which normal two-axis methods are not so readily applied, are discussed in the final Chapter. All formulae, whether concemed with electrical, magnetic, mechanical or thermal phenomena, are couched consistently in SI units. Only in numerical examples are decimal multiples or sub-multiples employed for convenience, in conformity with IEC recommendations. Guidance in the use of SI units, xi