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  • Buckwalter 12

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    Teh Boon Siang
    13 vues15 pages
    avionics

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    13 vues15 pages

    Buckwalter 12

    Transféré par

    Teh Boon Siang
    avionics

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 15
    Chapter 1 The Meaning The word “avionics” first appeared in the 1940's uring World War Il. Derived from “aviation electron- ics,” it referred to fire control systems aboard U.S Navy aircraft. During that time, the civilian world called it “aircraft radio” or “aviation electronics” Techni- cians who repaired them were known as “radio me- chanics.” Avionics remained a military term for 30 more ‘years. Civil aviation could not afford the systems aboard military aircraft. Not only was equipment builtto mili- tary specifications, but each fighter and bomber had its own avionics suite that fit no other model. But the world was rapidly changing as new com- ponents emerged from research labs; the transistor, integrated circuit, flat-panel display, solid-state memory First Instrument Panel of “Avionics” andthe “computer ona chip.” Small in size and light weight, they consume little power, have few moving parts and, some believe, will operate a hundred years ‘without wearing out. Millions of semiconductors within the size ofa postage stamp created the microprocessor, which quickly became known as the “computer on a chip.” It triggered the greatest technical achievement of the 20th Century; digital electronics. For the first time, an aircraft radio could not only receive, amplify, oscillate, filter and perform other simple functions; now itcould perform logic, store large amounts of data, send thousands of pieces of information down one pair of wires, warn of problems, correct its own errors-~—-and that's just the beginning, The three instruments shown hore are ancestors of what will become “avionics” in 50 years. They were installed in the Wright Flyer that made the first successful powered fight in 1903. Although mechanically operated, these gauges will evolve into electronic instru- ments that comprise avionics on every type of 2ist-Century aircraft. ‘Thus the Wright brothers not only deserve crodit for invent- ing the first practical airplane, but the concept of an instru: ‘ment panel in view of the pilot to provide valuable flight infor- mation. WIND SPEED (ANEMOMETER) STOPWATCH PROP COUNTER (RPM) Early Gauges “The Curtiss JN (“Jenny”) was the first airplane to fly the US mail in 1918. But a look af the Instrument panel shows why pilots were killed ‘while trying to live up to the Post Office motto; “Neither snow nor rain nor gloom of night..stays these couriers from their appointed rounds.” No pilot can fly an airplane in vary low visibility with: put “attitude” instruments to replace the sight f Of the horizon. Even flying at night was consid- TIMETER MAGNETIC rod by an emergency by U.S. Army regulations. au LASS. ered by an emergency by U.S. Army regulator ‘TEMPERATURE TACH (RPM) First “Blind Flying” Instruments EARTH INDUCTOR TURN-AND-BANK Sess INDICATOR. ‘After the Wright brothers, Charles Lindbergh ‘made the most famous flight in aviation history. n.1927 he flew solo from New York to Paris in brittle over 33 hours. Although colebrated as a fare throughout the world, Lindbergh had more 7 than skill and courage. His panel had a turn- Sid -bank, 2 gyroscopic instrument that indi- Gated how rapidly the airplane turned left or fight. Without such guidance, he could not have penetrated bad weather and low visibility (still fre major cause of fatalities among low-time pir —~ - {ots), Lindbergh's airplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, had another important instrument; an carth inductor compass, shown in the panel. It was powered by an anemometer atop the fuse Tage (photo at right). This was an improvement ‘over the simple magnetic compass, which is dif- ficult to read in turbulence. Today, the earth- Inductor compass is known asa “flux gate” and ig standard on all but the smallest aircraft. Wind-driven anemometer powered Lindbergh's ‘earth-inductor compass Higher Tech, Lower Cost Mer pow devices were snapped up, HOt oO1Y the military bot the telecommunications and consumer elec- Tronics industries. Semiconductors created hundreds vrei products, from the personal compet ‘and DVD: ore Pretworks, cell phones and high-defin00% TV. “Chips” became ofthe Internet. Mass production reduced prices. 80 fat that a hobbyist Pro il dipital projects with parts from the shelf of 1 local radio store, “these devices were embraced by aviation: which continuously seeks to reduce sie, Weight and power consumption, Old vacuum tubes were replaced by tiny foprated circuits that deliver many mor ‘functions. By the 1980 the term “aviation clectronics,” over & half-century old, no longer described a cutting-edge in- Gast, Manufacturers, repair shops) PO distribu- Gust ines and general aviation sensed Ne need fora Detter term to replace “aviati better word than-~"avionies?” During that period, “avic beter itso appeared forthe first ime in volumes of FAA. regulations on aireraft electronics. “The first generation of the new avionics Wo" © uecessfl, it Began to ourclass the military Airlines, uviness jets and. private aireraft were outfitted with Mat-pane! displays, anti-collision sys'em"*, flight man- agement and GPS—-long before they reached military cockpits. Recognizing the trend, ‘the U.S. Department CeDefense launched cost-saving ‘program known a3 Cees.” for Commercial OFF the Shelf ‘equipment. ‘Today, many military aircraft are outfitted with civil~ ian avionics of high capability. Getting out the Mechanicals tng “iy example of how the new technology appliedis the King KX-170, a combined navigation and ae rinications radio (or“naveom”). DSPs rugged commraction it contained large mechanical switches with cRyens of contacts that inevitably failed, ns of confemicondctors became available, "fe ‘manufacturer not only eliminated mechanical switch- Mag, but added functions to reduce, pilot workload. A ey model, the KX-155, could store frequencies and five the equivalent of two radios-iP-0re ‘An elec- ac daplay eliminated rotating mechanic) érums and painted mumbers, shrinking the size of the radio and Freeing up valuable panel space. Digital electronics also introduced syseres that were impossible to build with oldtechnolosy ‘The Stonm- weope appeared as the first practical thunderstorm de- sep for small aircraft. Other companies looked at the poor accuracy of fuel gauges, ctealind & digital the poi instrument that measures fuel conSunTT CT precisely, and also tells time and fuel 102 destination, ————SS—“‘“>—. Airline View of Avionics Line Maintenance +Air Conditioning ‘Test Systems ‘In-Flight Entertainment “Communications “Engine Systems Thadieating Systems +Fire Detection sNavigation| sLanding Gear *Autoflight Flight Controls Electrical Power Lighting ‘These major topics are discussed each year = These jontes Maintenance Conference, Tun, OY RRING, the airline avionics organization. The A Nolumn shows traditional avionics, Bvt 48 left colios ereap into other systems, shown 1) Sresright column, they often become the reson” ‘sility of avionics maintenance. in the airlines, the digital revolution. just about ctiminated the problem of “mid-airs” After 101°

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