The earth receives from the sun 2.2 g cal min -1 cm-2.

(a) What is the corresponding Poynting vector in watts per square meter?
(b) What is the power output of the sun, assuming that it is an isotropic source?
(c) What is the rms field intensity at the earth due to the suns radiation, assuming all the suns energy
is at a single frequency?
Note: 1 watt = 14.3 g cal min-1, distance earth to sun = 149 Gm.
Solution:
(a) (ans.) 1 2 2 2 1 2.2g cal min cm 0.1539 W cm 1539 W m 14.3 g cal min S
(b) (ans.) 2 2 22 26 P(sun) 4 1539 41.49 10 W4.2910 W S r
(c) (ans.) 2 1 2 1 2 1 o o / , () (1539 377) 762 V mS E Z E SZ
4-123 Internal combustion engine valves are quenched in a large oil bath. The time it takes for the valve temperature
to drop to specified temperatures and the maximum heat transfer are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The thermal properties of the valves are constant. 2 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and
uniform over the entire surface. 3 Depending on the size of the oil bath, the oil bath temperature will increase during
quenching. However, an average canstant temperature as specified in the problem will be used. 4 The Biot number is
Bi < 0.1 so that the lumped system analysis is applicable (this assumption will be verified).
Properties The thermal conductivity, density, and specific
heat of the balls are given to be k = 48 W/m.C, = 7840
kg/m3, and cp = 440 J/kg.C.
Analysis (a) The characteristic length of the balls and
the Biot number are
1.0 03.0C W/m.48)m 0018.0)(C. W/m800(m 0018.08m) 008.0(8.188.12)4/
(8.122<========khLBiDDLLDALcscV
Therefore, we can use lumped system analysis. Then the time for
a final valve temperature of 400C becomes
s 5.9=======teeTTTtTDchchAbbtippsOil T = 50C Engine valveTi
= 800C