Drs. I. Nasser and I.

Abdel_Rahman
2/25/2007

The Universe
with
Theory of Relativity

 Drs. I. Nasser and I. Abdel_Rahman

2/25/2007

""Historical View

.

""Era before Einstein

)1630-1571(
:
-0 ""Elliptic path

-0 .
.

-2 .
2

 Drs. I. Nasser and I. Abdel_Rahman

2/25/2007

)(

)( )(
Mercury

5.8 107

88

Venus

1.07 108

220

Earth

376

7.73 108

12 376

Saturn

1.425 109

29.5 376

4.8 109

166 376

:
"
". :

F21 m 2

G is the gravitational constant

m1 F12
m 1m 2
,
r2

F12 = F21 = G

) Gravita (
.
:

 Drs. I. Nasser and I. Abdel_Rahman

2/25/2007

-3
.
-4
. :

JG
G
F =ma

G
JG
a
F
m .

.
-5 .
.

:
- .
- .
- .
.
m v
p = m v

p2
2m

= " K ) (Localized

) . (Distinguishable

c =

) (Non Localized
.

.
) ( .
:

 Drs. I. Nasser and I. Abdel_Rahman

2/25/2007

-3 )(Black body radiation

-4 )(Photoelectric phenomena

-5 )(Principle of atomic theory

-6 )(Compton scattering

-7 )(Diffraction of particles

-8 -* ) ( Michelson-Morely experiment

-9 ) ( Orbit precession of Mercury

1 5
" )." (Quantum mechanics

. - = h / p

p .
6
.
.

* -
.
.
.
) ( Edward Fitzgerald ) ( H. A. Lorentz

 Drs. I. Nasser and I. Abdel_Rahman

2/25/2007

" "Theory of relativity

.

""Special theory of relativity

1905
) ( . :
-1
) (.
-2
.
:
.
:
- . . m o
u " " m :
mo
=m
2
u
1
c

. .
6

 Drs. I. Nasser and I. Abdel_Rahman

2/25/2007

.
.

.
- ) . ( Length contraction

. ) ( Proper length
" ." Lo " "u
" " L :
2

u
1
c

L = Lo

.
.

- ) . ( Time dilation " " t

" "u " " t o :
t o
= t
2
.
u
1
c

.
" "Twin paradox .
" "Clock paradox
.
.



.
7

 Drs. I. Nasser and I. Abdel_Rahman

2/25/2007

.
.
-

E = mc 2
) ( E ( m ) (c ) .
.

.

" " " "H " . "He

" " m .

.
.

 Drs. I. Nasser and I. Abdel_Rahman

2/25/2007

" "General theory of relativity

1915 .

: .
)+(

.
.

.
.
:
-1

) : ( Priciple of equivalence

. .
m i
JG

F:
G

JG
G
F = mi a

a .

. )( m g
:

JG
JG
F g = mg g

d 2x
mi
= mg g
dt 2
d 2x
=g
dt 2

 Drs. I. Nasser and I. Abdel_Rahman

2/25/2007

.
.
)(
.
.
.
:

:
g a :

.
)( .
.
-2

) : ( Principle of covariance
.

.
.

.

. ) ( Tensor calculus

.

10

 Drs. I. Nasser and I. Abdel_Rahman

2/25/2007

)( ) ( Curvature of space
.

. .
.

.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
:
"
".
11

 Drs. I. Nasser and I. Abdel_Rahman

2/25/2007

) ( Orbit precession of Mercury

.

) ( Urbain Le Verrier

.

40
.
.


.


.
.

. .

43 .
.

) ( Deflection of light

.

.
.
.
12

 Drs. I. Nasser and I. Abdel_Rahman

2/25/2007

.


.
)" (1.74

.
1919

.
.

) ( Gravitational red shift

. .

.
.

.
" " f o


" " f f < f o
.


13

 Drs. I. Nasser and I. Abdel_Rahman

2/25/2007

) ( Robert Pound & Glen Rebka

1960

) . ( White dwarfs

.
.
:

" " E " " f o " " m :

E = mc 2 = hf o
" "c . m
M :

Mm
Mh
= G 2 f o
r
rc

U = G

.
:

f f o f
M
=
= G 2
fo
fo
rc

hf = hf o 1 G 2
rc

. .
:

f f o f
M
=
= +G 2
fo
fo
rc

hf = hf o 1 + G 2
rc

. :

f = f o 1 G 2
rc

14

 Drs. I. Nasser and I. Abdel_Rahman

2/25/2007

) (- ) (+
.

:
-3 .

" . "Cosmological constant

.

" "1888-1925" "Alexander Friedmann 1922 .

)( .
. 2 1 .
3
.
.

) (1

15

 Drs. I. Nasser and I. Abdel_Rahman

2/25/2007

16

 Drs. I. Nasser and I. Abdel_Rahman

2/25/2007

-3
.
.

) . ( Black hole

.
. .

17

 Drs. I. Nasser and I. Abdel_Rahman

2/25/2007

) ( Neutron star

) ( White dwarf

.
.

18

 Drs. I. Nasser and I. Abdel_Rahman

2/25/2007

19