Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
2013-2014
An Anthology of
Undergraduate Essays
Table of Contents
Danielle De Vore
Dale Free
Jonathan Holsapple
Marilyn Kearney
Ashley Lundblom
Mohamed Moustafa
Sarah Moyer
Ray Voiers
Caitlin Wayman
Works Cited
Zeitz, Joshua. Flapper. New York: Three Rivers
Press, 2006. Print.
fall of 2008 with the Wall Street bailouts that occurred during the presidency of George W. Bush,
ment spills into the streets. Shouts of Tyranny!
and the discontent grew when the federal governand Liberty! are heard in taverns. Complaints
ment loaned $50 million to GM and Chrysler at
about taxation are lodged in the halls of government. Men in tri-corner hats waving the Gadsden the end of 2008, commonly known as the auto
bailout. As the economy grew worse, the frustraflag are seen protesting. Boston 1773? No, it was
tion and anger became a full-throated roar in early
early 2009 in numerous cities across the United
States. It was the birth of the Tea Party movement. 2009 when incoming President Barack Obama
signed into law a gigantic economic stimulus packThe Tea Party is an American populist movement
centered on fiscally conservative values which has age and a mortgage relief plan.
While most people attribute the rise of the
changed the political landscape and may continue
Tea Party movement to the famous on-air rant
to do so for the foreseeable future. How did the
about the mortgage relief plan by CNBC comTea Party movement begin, how has it effected
mentator Rick Santelli on the floor of the Chicago
American politics and shaped the dialogue beMercantile Exchange on February 19, 2009, during
tween those with opposing viewpoints, and what
which he suggested he might organize a Chicago
does the future look like for the movement?
Tea Party later that year in which capitalists would
Merriam-Webster defines a populist as a
dump derivative securities into Lake Michigan
believer in the rights, wisdom, or virtues of the
(Tea Party Movement), there were actually small
common people (Populist, def. 2). There have
been a number of populist movements in the U.S., protests occurring as early as January 24, 2009, in
cities as disparate as Binghamton, NY (St. Clair),
usually arising in response to difficult economic
times. During the third and fourth quarters of the Seattle (Zernike), and Denver (President Signs).
19th century, populist groups like the Greenback- Most of those protests were in response to Presiers and the Grange rose to prominence, and there dent Obamas plans to sign the American Recovery
and Reinvestment Act of 2009, also known as the
was an actual Populist Party formed by William
Jennings Bryan and his followers in the 1890s (Tea Stimulus but which many protesters referred
Party Movement). Just as those movements came to as the Porkulus. When Santellis passionate
to life during or in the immediate wake of periods tirade, which he later called a match in a dried
tender box, hit the internet, the movement really
of economic trouble, so did the Tea Party.
took off. Only a week later, Tea Party groups held
In 2008, a widespread financial crisis had
nations around the world scrambling to try to pre- protests in 40 cities urging Congress to repeal the
stimulus plan. Few media outlets initially took
vent deeper economic losses. As ordinary people
in America saw their life savings and 401(k)s sink- much notice, and those that did were somewhat
dismissive.
ing into danger zones, they focused their fear and
It was the April 15, 2009 Tax Day protests
anger on the federal government and Wall Street.
that finally gained the attention of the mainstream
The first stirrings of frustration began during the
Works Cited
Jaroniec, Mila. What I Felt After Getting Raped. ThoughCatalog.com. Web. 20 Nov 2103.
Science Fiction. Stemexpo.org. Stemexpo.org. Web. 10 Nov 2013. http://stemexpo.org/category/Sci
enceFiction.
Stone, Leslie. The Conquest of Gola. Daughters of Earth: Feminist Science Fiction in the Twentieth
Century. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 2006. 36-49. Print.
Weinbaum, Batya. Sex-Role Reversal in the Thirties: Leslie F. Stones The Conquest of Gola. depauw.
edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov 2013.
Wilde, Robert. Women and Work in World War 1. EuropeanHistory.about.com. Web. 17 Nov 2013.
An Exploration of Motherhood in
Shakespeares Pericles, Prince of Tyre
Shakespeares The Tempest does not obviously lend itself to feminist analysis because Miextremely important if we ever intend to change
randa is the only female character present in the
existing social systems to reflect womens ways of
knowing and being (Hall 200). While this method play. Sycorax is mentioned but is simply a story.
Failing to see the social power structures based
of analysis directly deals with social power strucupon gender in this play simply because of a lack
tures and patriarchy, there are several different
of female characters is very telling of how a history
paths critics go down to explain gender issues in
of patriarchy has blinded society into not taking
literature, such as essentialism, materialism, and
post-structuralism. Critics are concerned with the women seriously, a pattern so deeply ingrained
that it can seem natural, like mere truth (Parker
likeness and differences of men and women, how
149). This play was probably written sometime in
class, race, and sexuality affect gender relations,
1610 and, like many of Shakespeares other plays, is
and how the language of a text manifests power.
still completely relevant in our world today (1597).
Literature is viewed as thoroughly social by
A critical analysis of the present and absent female
feminist and that is why they believe that critiqucharacters, the language, and the class structure
ing texts can help bring about significant social
in act one, scene two of The Tempest reflect the
change (200).
patriarchal interests throughout much of history
When studying a text, it is important to
and the resistance by woman against this oppresremember three key principles as well as a few
sion that can be found simultaneously in this litersupporting principles. The first key principle is
ary text (Hall 202).
that patriarchal oppression of women throughout
Firstly, Miranda is subordinated by her
history has been wide-spread in many different
father, Prospero, for the entirety of her life upon
forms. This effects how women express themthe Island. In the beginning of act one, scene two,
selves and the quality of their daily lives (202).
Prospero tells Miranda that she is ignorant of her
Even though women have been subservient and
own and his identity. He has held power over her
controlled by a patriarchal power structure, they
have rebelled against this power in their own ways. by not telling her anything about their pasts and
raising her by his own ideas of a perfect woman,
This is the second important principle. The final
chaste and obedient. Her mother is briefly menkey principle is that the first two principles are
evident in literary works throughout all of history. tioned at the beginning of the scene, but was absent through all of Mirandas life. It can be drawn
There are several supporting principles that one
that Miranda is only a good woman because she
can take depending on her belief system and unwas raised solely by a man. This is contrasted later
derstanding of the history of patriarchy and what
in the relationship of Sycorax and Caliban. While
is responsible for upholding it.
Works Cited
Hall, D. E. Literary and Cultural Theory, From
Basic Principles to Advanced Applications.
Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin
College Div, 2001. Print.
Parker, Robert Dale. How to Interpret Literature:
Critical Theory for Literary and Cultural
Studies. 2nd Edition. New York and UP,
2011. Print. Oxford: Oxford.
Shakespeare, William , Stephen Greenblatt, et al.
Norton Shakespeare, Essential Plays/Sonnets.
The Tempest. 2nd Edition. New York: W W
Norton & Co Inc, 2009. Print.
Of giving up, one time more, came a
click
As when a trap shuts-youre inside
the den! (Browning 169-174)
He on some level knows he is walking into his
doom, he recognizes the trap that has been laid before him, yet he still walks on. He resigns himself
to whatever fate the dark tower may have in store
for him by blindly walking into its trap, therefore
relinquishing all responsibility for himself, and
submitting to the tower.
Now in terms of Rolands id, ego, and superego one must wonder; why does Roland choose
this tower or rather any physical manifestation of
death to pursue? Abstract concepts such as death,
hope, life, or love can be very difficult to understand and even more so to then fight against or for.
To compensate for this Roland chooses to take the
force of death and mold it into something that he
can actually pursue. The dark tower that Roland
sees does not exist in the realm of the physical. By
turning it into a physical entity he is also unconsciously allowing himself to associate the limits
of physicality on it as well. This is similar to what
is known in psychology as the secondary process.
In this process the ego attempts to keep the id
in check by equating a physical object or mental
image with the desired feelings (Cherry). Roland
wants to find death, so his mind associates it with
something physical that can be found. Death itself
cannot be killed, stopped, or defied; however an
object such as a tower can be toppled or overcome
in many a number of ways. Think first, fight
afterwards-the soldiers art(Browning 89). This
belief of Rolands is what causes this association
between death, and the tower; his mind transforms death into something that, in accordance
with his code as a soldier, he is able to fight. Also
furthering his delusion, unconsciously his id is at
work here giving himself and his ids instinctive
will to survive the hope that some other end may
be possible.
Similar to how the secondary process with
his tower association helps him in his pursuits, it
ammend. (Browning 25-30)
The very last line of this stanza directly shows Rolands apathy for the task, in a manner that Freud
would call Pre-Consciously. Roland wishes that
something would result in his inability to continue
and he seems to be on some level slightly aware
of this desire, as in the above quote he envies the
freedom that the dying feel. However this something must be entirely outside of his control so that
he can convince his own mind that he did all he
could in his search for the tower; so that, as mentioned before, he doesnt dishonor the sacrifices of
his friends, and he may hopefully manage to live
up to their example. For in the stanza following
the previous he expresses his desires to not overstay his abilities and end up shaming himself, And
still the man hears all, and only craves / He may
not shame such tender love and stay (35-36). It is
only his most basic survival instincts (the id) that
keep him pushing forward. So while his mind is
telling him preconsciously to look for a way out,
due to the archetypal heroic nature of his character
he is unable to do that until he feels he has fulfilled
the requirements of being a hero. In classic romantic literature the hero does not simply give up and
quit when the task at hand becomes overwhelmingly difficult, rather the hero either overcomes or
dies trying. As evidenced by the aforementioned
stanzas Roland has decided preconsciously that
this is a battle that he wont win. Therefore he
is only waiting for the right opportunity for the
heros death to present itself so that he may take
advantage of the moment.
One pertinent and oftentimes fundamental principle of Freudian Psychology that we have
yet to approach the mind of Roland with is, that
oftentimes traumatic events that take place during
childhood can have long lasting effects throughout
the persons life. Now this is difficult because Roland is obviously not a child anymore in the physical sense or with regards to his actual age, and the
poem does not offer us many hints into traumatic
events that may or may not have taken place during his developing years. However,
Works Cited
Achenbach, Joel. Life Beyond Earth. National
Geographic. Web. 20 Sep. 2013. <http://sci
ence.nationalgeographic.com/science/
space/solar-system/life-beyond-earth/>
Are we alone? Through the Wormhole. Narr.
Morgan Freeman. Discovery Science
Channel. 14 Jul. 2010. Television.
Moyer, Michael. Earth-Like Planets Fill the
Galaxy. Scientific American. Web. 18 Jan.
2013. <http://science.nationalgeographic.
com/science/space/solar-system/life-be
yond-earth/>
Nally, Jonathan. Blinded Kepler: all is not lost.
Cosmos Magazine. 3 Sep. 2013. Web. 1 Oct.
2013. <http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/
features/blinded-kepler-all-is-not-lost/>
Webb, Stephen. If the Universe Is Teeming with
Aliens ... WHERE IS EVERYBODY?: Fifty
Solutions to the Fermi Paradox and the
Problem of Extraterrestrial Life. New York:
Copernicus Books, 2002. Print.
Since the days of the Old West, the American cowboys spirit has been alive across the Midwest. Values like strong work ethic and not quitting until the job is done have been instilled in the
people who live out the modern variation of the
western lifestyle today. Nestled between the feed
yards of rural north Lyon County is a small business submerged in the culture of the area. Its quality products speak for themselves.
Rolling up to the shop, the exterior appearance does not make a lasting impression. A passerby would not even notice it was there if not for the
small sign attached to the pipe fence surrounding
the grounds where the owner and his wife live. Located in the heart of the Flint Hills, Orear Cowboy
Gear and Boot Repair specializes, just as the name
suggests, in leather boot repair and custom chaps
(Orear).
Its owner and only employee, Tyson Orear,
is a hard-working ranch hand who supplements
his income with running the business. Small businesses like Orear Cowboy Gear and Boot Repair
are not at all uncommon. In an article published
by the U.S. Small Business Administration, former
SBA Administrator Karen Mills wrote, Americas
small businesses create two out of three net new
private sector jobs in our economy. And today
more than half of all working Americans either
own or work for a small business (Mills).
First impressions of the interior space could
include descriptions like a little disorganized or
run down, but it would also likely include another
quality- character. This tiny shop is stationed in a
single car garage connected to the owners home.
Work benches are covered in supplies, materials,
Works Cited
Martin, Rebecca. Cool Things - Rodeo Chaps. Kansapedia. Kansas Historical Foundation, Nov. 2010.
Web. 20 Nov. 2013.
Mills, Karen, and Tom Vilsack. White House Rural Council Growing Rural Economies, Creating Jobs.
U.S. Small Business Administration. Whitehouse.gov, 19 June 2013. Web. 11 Nov. 2013.
Orear, Tyson. Personal Interview. 14 Nov. 2013.
Associated Press). The average wage for an empress over the last several years is the outsourcing ployee in a garment factory is currently 36 dollars
of garments for U.S. retailers. With Americans
a month, and as in recent events, these also show
wanting to find a better bargain at their local repoor working conditions.
tailer, these corporations look to the cheaper wages The outcry from people and governments from
of foreign countries to capture the market. Recent around the world has pushed the Ministry of
tragedies in Bangladesh has brought this back to
Labor to look into the working conditions of other
the forefront of political and social organizations.
plants. The approach taken in this paper will look
Looking back over the last few years, two major
at standards set by Bangladesh, the factory owners,
garment factories in Bangladesh have had tragic
and the multinational corporations that have their
losses of life for the employees who worked there. products manufactured from the factories (AssociThe first incident occurred in November 2012 at
ated Press). Though this may sound like an approthe Tazreen facility which caught fire and caused
priate approach to insure worker safety, I question
the deaths of 112 workers (Greenhouse). In April whether, many of the owners of the factories or the
of this year the Raza Plaza building collapsed
multinational corporations truly have the worker
which killed over 1,100 employees (Greenhouse).
in mind. The same goes for the standards set by
Between the two facilities, over 1,800 employees
the government, with 80 percent of the export
were injured and even today some remain hospicoming from the garment industry. Why would
talized (Greenhouse). My instant thought when
they change the standards? Too much regulation
hearing about these events was what companies
could result in the multinational company pullare involved in the factories and what will be the
ing out and finding a new source to produce their
public view of them after? It also made me come
goods.
up with a few questions which I looked to have an-
Due to the recent events, the workers are
swered in this paper. What is currently being done starting to rebel in the form of protests and riots
to help those who were injured? What is being
that have spanned over the last several months.
done to help the families who lost loved ones in
This action from the workers has resulted in the
these facilities? Who should be held responsible?
closing of 100 factories and has forced the govAre steps being taken to prevent such tragedies in ernment to change the pay scale (Alam). A panel
Bangladesh in the future?
appointed by the government has increased the
Bangladesh is second in the world in the
wage of the garment factory worker to $66.25 a
export of garments, these mainly going to the
month, an increase of 77% (Alam). Even with the
U.S. and Europe, gaining more than 20 billion a
increase, this is still the lowest minimum wage in
year in revenue (Alam). The garment industry in
the world, and when brought to the workers it was
Bangladesh has nearly four million employees and rejected (Alam, Associated Press). Instead, they
accounts for 80 percent of export income (Alam,
are fighting for a wage of 100 dollars a month, and
Works Cited
Greenhouse, Steven. U.S. Retailers Decline to Aid Factory Victims in Bangladesh. New York Times. 21
November 2013. Web. 21 March 2014.
Alam, Julhes. Wage Protest Closes Bangladesh Garment Factories. Associated Press. 11 Nov. 2013. Web.
ABC News. 22 March 2014.
Associated Press. Bangladesh to Inspect Safety at Garment Factories. Associated Press. 21 Nov. 2013.
Web. Yahoo News. 22 March 2014.
PRI. U.S. Ends Trade Privileges to Bangladesh Following Garment Factory Disasters. PRIs The World.
28 June 2013. Web. 22 March 2014.
Guilford, Gwynn. Here are the Western Retailers That Source Clothes From the Bangladesh Factories
Where over 200 Workers Died. Quartz. 25 April 2013. Web. 22 March 2014.
Variations in the patterns of coat color of
horses are very sought out traits for owners and
are often times primary factors that are used in the
selection of horses for breeding. In Paint horses, as
well as Quarter and Thoroughbreds, white spotting patterning is a very desirable trait (Santschi et
al., 1998). However, it has been found that horses
possessing white-patterned coats can produce
offspring with diseases, which are sometimes fatal.
One of these genetic diseases in horses is lethal
white overo syndrome (LWOS), sometimes known
as lethal white foal syndrome (McCabe et al.,
1990). Lethal white overo syndrome is an autonomically inherited genetic disorder (Santschi et
al., 1998). Foals that have LWOS can be identified
at birth, from their characteristic all or nearly-all
snips, stars, and blazes present on the head (Vrotsos et al., 2001). The overo pattern is very similar,
the white markings on the abdomen extend to the
dorsal midline, but do not cross it, and the head
of the horse has extensive white markings (Vrotsos et al, 2001). The overo color pattern is further
divided into subclasses of markings; frame, calico,
splashed white, and sabino (Vrotsos et al., 2001).
There are many genes that control coat
color phenotype in horses. The tobiano patterning
in horses is an autosomal dominant trait. The gene
that is associated with this type of white patterning in horses is the c-kit proto-oncogene (KIT),
which is a member of the tyrosine kinase receptor
family (Parry, 2005). Whenever a polymorphism
in intron 13 of the KIT gene is present, then the
horse phenotype shows a tobiano coat pattern
(Parry, 2005). The gene that plays a role in the
overo patterning of horses is not the KIT gene,
but instead a strong association of the EDNRB
gene with overo patterning phenotype has been
found (Vrotsos et al, 2001). In one study done, it
was found that whenever the EDNRB gene had
a mutation in the heterozygous state, there was a
very high incidence of frame overo, highly white
calico overo, and frame blend overo (Vrotsos et al.,
2001). Whenever a foal was born with an all white
coat, they were found to be homozygous for the
mutation at the EDNRB gene, and were diagnosed
with LWOS (Vrotsos et al., 2001). From the results
of this study, it was concluded that the EDNRB
gene is the controller of the white pigmentation in
horses, and could play a role in the cause of LWOS
(Vrotsos et al., 2001).
MODE OF INHERITANCE
Lethal white overo syndrome is a genetically inherited disease, so by knowing the genetic makeup
of the horses that are used for breeding, it can be
avoided. The gene that has a mutation that leads
to OLWS is the EDNRB gene (Parry, 2005). Solidcolored horses, or wild type in this situation, are
homozygous for having the Ile118 allele at the EDNRB gene (Parry, 2005). Horses that display any
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heavily reported on. The nearest gene REG3A posses anti-inflammatory properties and is a signaling
molecule in the MAPK, mutations can influence
the progression of hip osteoarthritis (Zhou et al.
2010).
Microsatellite analysis also helps identify
QTL for traits related to CHD. Microsatellites are
tandemly repeated sequences of nitrogenous bases
that have a unit of repetition between one and five
base pairs (Jarne and Lagoda 1996). They provide
powerful Mendelian markers and are widely studied with genetic diseases. There are three major
types found: dinucleotide repeats, trinucleotide
repeats, and tetranucleotide repeats. Dinucleotide repeats are the most frequently used loci that
occur usually every 30-50 kb and CA repeats are
widely found in the animal kingdom; trinucleotide
repeats are found within exons with GTG occurring most often; tetranucleotide repeats are highly
polymorphic and usually involve GATA/GACA
repeats (Jarne and Lagoda 1996). Microsatellites were used by Todhunter et al. (2003) to help
identify QTL and heritability on an outcrossed
canine pedigree. The markers revealed heritability
estimates for OSS (0.43), DI (.5), and DLS score
(.61) while having 77% of microsatellites having a
polymorphic information content value of 0.59 in
the F1s (Todhunter et al. 2003). The microsatellite alleles followed a strong Mendelian pattern of
inheritance (Todhunter et al. 2003).
Another technique used is RAPD. RAPD
are similar to microsatellites and detect polymorphisms in the genome. There are two major advantages of using RAPD: RAPD primers may be
purchased commercially and used in any organism
and RAPD simultaneously screens several loci
which provide faster results (Wang et al. 1999).
Wang et al. (1999) used digested DNA primers in
twelve Boykin Spaniels and discovered a couple
of unique relationships. Primer OPW9 (GTGACCGAGT) created an extra band (800 bp) that was
present after amplification in dogs 2, 3, 6, 7, and
1(Wang et al. 1999). All of the dogs were male and
predicted the rest of Spaniels sex 100% accurately.
approximately 2% compared with the mean (Todhunter et al. 2005). The study used permutation
testing to derive chromosome-wide level of significance at p < 0.05 and ultimately found putative
QTL for one or more traits on chromosomes 4, 9,
10, 11 (p < 0.01), 16, 20, 22, 25, 29 (p <0.01), 30,
35, and 37 (Todhunter et al. 2005). Different QTL
have been reported for different sets of breeds. The
genetic background of different breeds can affect
the ability to detect and expression of different
QTL. A study evaluating QTL for CHD in Labrador Retrievers revealed supporting data for QTL
positioned 55 cM for the left hip DLS score and
NA and 70 cM for the right hip DLS score and NA
on CFA01 that affects the expression of joint laxity
that was also found in the study done by Chase et
al. (Phavaphutanon et al. 2009; Chase et al 2004).
This study also found that the QTL on CFA11
and CFA29 had a high level of heritability ranging from 0.31-0.46 that associated with the NA
(Phavaphutanon et al. 2009).
QTL mapping will help selection to deter
incidences of CHD. The goal of mapping is to apply genetic testing and marker-assisted selection
that improves screening (Phavaphutanon et al.
2009). This will help prevent mutations in alleles
supporting CHD from entering the gene pool of
breeding programs when they are recognized.
MUTATION IN FBN2
The first identified mutation has been found that
is linked to cause extreme hip laxity in the canine.
A 10-bp deletion haplotype in intron 30 of FBN2
contributed to a higher distraction index, extended-hip joint radiograph score, and a lower Norberg
angle and dorsolateral subluxation score (Friedenberg et al. 2011). FBN2 gene codes for microfibrillary proteins which are important for the growth
and development of the hip socket. A mutation in
this gene could result in less or more proteins being produced, ultimately affecting the phenotype.
These results were first found in the Labrador Retriever and then tested on other breeds. The data
supported the same associa