© SETA LNGUID IAG ITATION/120 Application guidelines for turbine agitators A compilation by major process categories identifies the pertinent design data for the equipment components in which agitation occurs. [J Turbine agitators have diverse applications Throughout the chemical process industries (CPI). In ators primarily act as a device fore, the selection of hese uses, wl Tor ereating liquiel motion. The propriate agitator design for each application re- cs a conversion from performance requirements such as liquid motion or dynamic response) to me- chanical descriptions (such as horsepower, shaft speed and turbine diameter). The design procedure presented in this series (see bos on p. 170) has emphasized the or erly transition from process requirements to mechani- cal equipment. To relate selections of agitator equipment to dy- eo namie response, we have described and used a se agitation. ‘The one-to-ten range of this scale encom- passes mnost practical levels of agitation, Although the dynamic response, associated with scale of agitation, provides considerable guidance, actual process experi fence gives an equally important indication of agitation requirements, In this concluding article of the series, we list the scale of agitation required in numerous applications, as shown in Table I. These applications represent only a small portion of the total number found in the CPL The information presented in Table Lis intended only fas a design guide hecause special process conditions may replace such generalities, The organization of Table I follows the chapter headings in Shreve [/]. Because of the broad scope of the CPL, these headings are a convenient and orderly sation. Howes method of presenting diverse infor the applications appearing in this table do not neces sarily represent equipment associated with the process Howsheets shown by Shreve, No single criterion can be set for all agitator appli cations because both process requirements and cco omic factors influence a selection. Process require ments typically set a_minimum seale of agitation for acceptable petlormance, anid may set a maximum scale Lewis E, Gates, Richard W. Hicks and David 8. Dickey, Chemmner, bus of agitation for feasible operation. Economic factors usually determine which end of the process-per ance range should be selected. In many applications the lowest scale of agitation that provides a satistactory process result will represent the most economical equip sient. However, in critical applications such as reac- tors, the increased equipment cost associated with a higher scale of agitation may be offset by increased productivity created by the additional agitation. Design parameters for agitation Table I summarizes process experience in terms of the agitatordesign procedure. Throughout this series, a step-by-step design logic has been developed to identity equipment seléctions that satisfy process requirements The relationships bewween such requirements and ‘equipment selections are a combination of fandamen- tal concepts and practical experience. The first two columns in Table I identify the appli- cation by a typical operation name and a brief descrip: tion of the pracess, Most of the descriptions apply only to operations characteristic of several specific processes, Within cach application, actual design data regarding tank size, fluid properties and process considerations ce to design an must be combined with process exper agitator The column headed “design classification” indicates which one of the three major design categories, blend- ing and motion, solids suspension, or gas dispersion should be used. Design procedures for these categories e described in Parts 4, 5 and 6 of the series, respec tively. The design classifications are related primarily to the phases present in the pracess. Associated with each category of agitation is a “pri mary design variable.” This establishes the difficulty of the agitation problem, Usually, the value of the design variable is determined directly Irom the properties of the process fluids, although special cases require the se lection of an empirical design value to satisly process noe 9Design guidelines for applications of turbine agitators in selected process industries Table ‘Turdne stor Process Design Primary sete asso! aopueaton ection dlsueston ——detgnvavsble a agtation ign norton bon mie down ak Suhdsupenion Seng ley of ethon 6196 Dua utes, Os marta nae ei abo pee tae vies sit pen ating ya otteatuoig comet Solexsupewan Seng acy oleabon «3TH eof ation wy Fe ise apd nag of wate ening aed matin Vosty 2010 Selb of satoon depends ‘rato eee ‘etonine a tek got: id ine Bod be conse alain dein lente treet enigad matoa —Vcosty Sorls—— Ranber an sat ef stator foment ge puns nish eema Soho ‘fiones for atatrseaiy ‘erie by sti LUmstury wakeup Suspend sd in Voxoiy (es a SiS Sm panier. ge monson [eat Ohlgl nwt ton prensa) (04002 aid) on apne visor, Tp fio) tineser popes (200285 ni) Limesueysorge Mtn Veeoiey 2ind Wes Spar. Vicy peso ue mied Ltda, ded 201220. (aoio36isnid) 301300 5000p. Pade ton, tvbie wed ingrove Coiteitenge Supe bowen ded ending and mnienViaiy fc Lusston 1 Sidentriag att at ly Feslodste tenses aes nscblesaieins _lowlorendmnten Vieni 1 eeation and number of tr tote on rk coon, ‘he enng aaa way te Adi inet Soidsupenion Seog cy 3 util anton unaty rea ‘ink (deport) format 27 (= ea aq, Tink in) tk coat nally nbbercevrd ob vines, : [votre unk tinbinwspnien ot Slide apenen Setting acy 3108 Attraction depend nk eum ate sa (deg or tn) ‘onigutn Abaco er ng eeyedine onan view trom 30, ube oxi unue Sukupend spent ——Anengat moon Varoty 5110 ating agent inten iy. baer (Woe Netanio| Stary preperiss. Litt et ‘uly goed for viet uy se smn cysenion Alndnganémoven Arp vcay 215 antl scoity sands fn Sti ay sd pence ac ak Ds eatin ss See geson Sole ating ey 5110 Sworn proces extern mets congenn re ‘edn erage etal eas) Fuctinavtacowe Aree ed redte —asdgeon Supt urlety 1010 Svc uns sameness, ck nt Suspend cad paphae Salis spanon —_Setingocty ypealy 3105 Tuirleaton ne fo leone tet vee Ostet Wma) ‘stan depen 80 SIRT ARTE TER »)Q Design guidelines for applications of turbine agitators in selectod process industries (continued) Table | Terine agitator Proce Primary sete asiosl desertion eign vite sition disinformation Prosper inti [cd ‘uch ok Ceeting phepote Sls onemion Sting ils ngn «6102 Stl af ayitin and compat rockin et fer inn) nent oom none by ‘ Wout aptene crcampttne 408 Mi mai compare fr see af acto sd down em campateets. Tip sed ermine see aypsumersa. Aaj ak Sugecpuywithsame ——Selitisupersion Sting woof 2 ype 2 w 7% aypnm ois sven srenth trou est bead vent Fas ai nry “ned lending ba, eh, Votsty (i mocimm 6010. Troe pus vay bee nd pnts Sopa ses ctr fo 100 0,000 oe balay ove aati tom 006 00, el. Fenda ha ile ode ui Vieostylemasinamn 3 oni enor oon cnt nae ral sol, Wieser, ae in Vixoty 2us % » Gaus T10, a 1 ” 0 2 000 % 200 ‘Ada Bind ak utbercenet ok i tnd ase Trdeenston Sips toe isis uae ds nk ‘nant Sune tr seh conaner Syrup soe {Se paymerintion rn! en intents a an sing fabrics eeu ys (yen ee ed Dean ype oa Ietss nate Suga com feng Hota wok oan ed emeson a sage counn Hote tank ring 14 notion eng ed win Gastipaion Gas dipeion edi nd wate Salis suena ein dain ending sed notin Heting dain tesing ed matin cosy oat “ny Spel vsciy Sie utc (dein fr 001 ec Vez in tteh Seating oi of innatpien ating oi terhlai Appt Veco say ow Vazsiyo ap ane sue Lo ttr sed eho 8 rand fegited bee ol Dei er ge O77 fy ato unk da). Varaieseed ‘vey be neesiy to ane ‘tit fomalitint Dol malonate haben nor may Bue, Speci ating may be vega ad low iw ed, Upper ioe is pitched tad ess fr the oe ater at Strrted by Herod 81Design guidelines for applications of turbine agitators in selected process industries (continued) lise ene! Proc sign Primary sete Adina epieaton description sition tig i “snlgn ineration Faroe aie trent Sted, bap ons tink Fp an apr irdtie ‘Suweh ction Shoop hy sore Payne | | lier ilk oiemnroon ol Saluion plying (ar Shon 82 Chemie seat eld Spek enorty main ona a a odin tan or ae fr songs ‘onic monome (exons puyste Palys lb onan lsamol Sty eerie ‘aul ht eae sy svt) Nase ae ah ett, fesse oe egontenuon say sucten sic cin sans ali Gos eoprion ss tiprion ‘os tigesin ae cnin enna nd main Sati penn escina and mate Sols mpsenon sang ta) Vasey 02 Sowa gwselciy 64010 Supa seviety 83010 Sipe! gswhety —— 1,er oe ‘Sipe sot 10 Free pincer Not dane roms sty sfaninien Viessty ans Pepa wiosiy ans Mima acerty au0 Saieguteotyidene 10 fees tna aera sceaty som Senin lost| ows Sout ae seo vieoty lin bist ny ena anaunt of is Salevo om prvau exguiece yuan eg late ties nntentonan ban ‘vinnie. Dei depends on sbtat-ny ‘hceubun ate ute h Consinans valy weir ty Geamsty af isk tat in I, opal pct ued ma dierent apa Viseey oie vou 9 men ug coking, pe Vasey way I on fr Coy susgeson thoes the Dedpatte tl nd cots nie 704 {0 95000 ep. Axe 15,00, lst at ter Hetty) ie hl aed Share and oes Pore sie Dey stony trot ray ae rit ott imp, | @@ Design guidelines for apptications of turbine agitators in selected process industries (continued) Table | ct secretion ten esininlormation Psu se Fotymesnrin set uo et at atin sya Catan dick ary Sli erin oobi cuanto en Sais prin rm nk shone agra! Sets sunircon requirements. The size (represented by equivalent val ume} and difficulty of agitation are the principal cle ments of problem magnitude for agitator desi he scale of agitation” is the communication tool de- veloped for the agitator-design procedure, Fhe value of the scale directly indicates the dynamic response pro- duced by a given piece of agitation equipment for a given problem magnitude. Dynamic response can be Felated to process results through an understanding of the liquid motion provided by the turbine agitator. Al- though the application table frequently indicates range of values for the seale of agitation, specific pro- cess conditions or economic factors will narrow this range and indicate the proper choice of equipment. The column headed “additional design information’ provides special guidance tw equipment selection or Identification of design variables. Many of the appli cations summarized in Table 1 are sufficiently unusval a8 to require some special considerations. Occasionally the only method for accurate design estimation in. volves scale-up of a laboratory or pilotscale test. Such procedures were discussed in Part 10 of the series, and demonstrated by an example in Part 11 How to use Table I The terminology in different industzies of the GPT s suliciently ambiguous so that accurate identification of ‘a process from the application name is difficult. There fore, the process descriptions both identify. a process and indicate examples forthe application Agitator applications are also difficult to categorize, because similar applications are found is diflerent in dusives. For instance, ime sluies are used in both wa- ler industries and in fueland-cnergy conversions tor SO, removal. Similar design considerations exist for both applications even though some diflerences in terials andl process requirements may apply Most of the design classifications are determined di rectly from the phases present. ‘The blending-and-mo- tion category is used whenever the agitated Buid in see wen awe Seingtsiy Peed ifr ta of tn iy be est aor reid Coin (sate ene ated set cin Up wolves a liquid! phase oF multiple liquid phases, Solids- suspension and gas-ispersion classifications apply ashen cither a setding solid or sparged gas is present. re- spectively. In some eases. a finely divided solic can be suspended in a liquic such that the behavior is primar ily that of a single-phase liquid. For example, the blunger in the ceramics industries has finely-livided clay partiles present in water, vot the design analysis is performed on the basis of liquid motion tn more-eomplicated applications stich as those in the fermentation industries, both suspended solids and sparyed gas are present. ‘The suspended solids ereate an apparent viscosity in the liquid phase. Certain justfiea- tion exists for treating fertentation problems as either solids suspension or blending and motion. However, «gas dispersion isalmost always the critical parameter ontoally, the value of che primary design variable is directly set by the fluid properties, Viscosity, setting velocity and superficial gas velocity can be measures and calculated. Sometimes, experience dictates that the Calculated values are unsuitable for process design, and aan empirical value must be selected. In the phosphorie~ acid attack tank, @ design settling velocity of 10 fv min is used even though the actual setting velocity of the rock particles may be considerably’ less. The design variable is modified to provide equipment selections typical of previous experience and process requite- ments, Several entries in the design variable coluain it dicate values that refleet actial experience better than the caleulated parameters Scale of agitation is dhe key element for encry into the design tables. The scale value is a direct indication of the dynamic sesponse for the agitated fuids. In some cases, the table shows a single value because process conditions are well defined. In other eases, @ range of values has been indicated because no single level of 2g {ation applies universally cess and economic factors must be considered to more accurately ideatity the scale value desired. the values presested in Table I are intended to be a guide for making reasonable estimates and are not absolute ai RT TT 83CETTE design inputs. Sometimes, as in the case of stock chests in the pulp-and-paper industries, the design procedure is not suitable as a method of agitator selection. Additional factors that enter into the design of an agitator include: special fluid properties, unusual tank requirements. The column headed “additional design information” in Table I is intended to provide some guidance in these areas. For actual design problems, more-extensive information can be developed from spe cific process requirements, Economic factors can always be of equal importance to these requirements, and fur ther affect design. Summary of agitator design In this series, we have presented a unified approach to turbine-agitator design. ‘The basic logic of the design procedure was presented in Part 1. The development of individual design concepts was based on some of the fandamentals of Parts 2 and 3. Step-by-step methods of agitator design for blending and motion, solids suspen sion, and gas dispersion were given in Parts 4, 5 and 6 Key elements in the mechanical design of a turbine agitator were discussed in Parts 7 and 8. Economic evaluation along with cost estimating information was presented in Part 9. Part 10 summarized scaleup proce: dures. Use of the design procedure has been presented in Parts 11 and 12, References Lo Shrve, .X, “Chemial Proc Irie” Sed, MeGraw Ne 87 2 Hid A and Gacy, LE, aad Vinh Prin May 197 3 Mah LW. and Gace LE Ch. ng Po, Aug 195,97 NORE MCA Ce Eng Ag 1805p. rs P Kean Baer Ls AIC Jay 1965, 388 ack At Cho Brg, Au 1 196.6 GharhJ MCh ag, Aug 1195.79, ‘The authors nage of application Srabriesmcucaa tit » David S. Dickey seo desloge eg henP B doing revere sto meliphase het ater and Helisa BS anehemieal engi fom the Unive finan a8 SiS'ana aD neve enginesting ie Bde tiny Heese ine Index of articles published in the Liquid Agitation series « Part Article How to select the optimum turbine agitator . Dimensional analysis for fluid agitation systems Fundamentals of agitation Issue Pages Dee 81975 110-114 Jan, 5,1976 139-145 Feb,2,1976 98-100 How to design agitators for desired process response ‘Apr. 26,1976 102-110 May 24,1976 144-150 July 19,1976 141-148 Aug.2,1976 89.94 101-108 109-112 Selecting agitator systems to suspend solids in liquids « «| How to select agitators for dispersing gas into liquids How to specify drive trains for turbine agitators How the design of shafts, seals and impellers affects agitator performance Avg. 30, 1976 Sept. 27, 1976 Oct, 25,1976 119-126 Nov. 8,1976 127-138. Dee. 6, 1976 163-170 Gost estimation for turbine agitators «+ ceesv+s+ How to use scale-up methods for turbine agitators. « Applications analysis for turbine agitators Application guidelines for turbine agitators. Reprints ‘This 12-part series on liquid agitation is available in reprint form from Chemical Engineering. Price: $10.00 per copy st aie