Primary Sources

"Last Cases of Smallpox." WHO. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2014

Since smallpox was only transferred from person to person, the last infected
person was the last link in the chain of transmission and represented the end of the
disease in a country. This gallery of eight pictures represents some of the end of the
chain.
"Posters." WHO. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2014
Consisting of six images, this photo gallery shows some examples of the
published posters supporting the Smallpox Eradication, and to publicize the disease. Most
of the posters are to the point and very word minimal, often just one picture.
"Prevention." WHO. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2014
Presented by the World Health Organization (WHO), this gallery, illustrates the
many activities health workers participated in to stop transmissions by finding and
treating those who had been in contact with an infected person. The gallery consists of
eight images, token from the period 1965-1978, in various places within Africa and Asia.
"Surveillance." WHO. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2014
Presented by WHO, this gallery contains seven images, token from 1960s-1979,
illustrates surveillance strategies. Surveillance programs reported/tracked cases and
collected morbidity/mortality data, so that the disease and vaccination effectiveness and
duration could be better understood. In many Countries, health workers went door-todoor, questioning people about smallpox cases. Overall these images helped me gain a
visual understanding of the many strategies health workers demonstrated in order to
prevent more cases of smallpox.
"Vaccination." WHO. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2014
Consisting of ten images (1962-1977), this gallery, presented by WHO, shows
vaccination devices and images of vaccinations. Before 1967, the smallpox eradication
relied on mass vaccination. In densely population areas, mass vaccinations were
ineffective; therefore, containment measures were put in place. These images provided
me with visual examples that helped the success of the smallpox eradication.
"Working Conditions." WHO. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2014
Conditions were often horrible. Workers in the field often had to adapt to very
difficult conditions. Finding an effective means of transport to reach remote villages was

challenging, and team members often had to travel on foot. This gallery consists of nine
images that represent some of the backbreaking efforts WHO workers put into
eradicating smallpox

Secondary Sources
D.A. Henderson, Leader in Global Smallpox Eradication. Perf. Rosanne Skirble and
D.A. Henderson. VOA, 2009. Youtube.
Published by Voice of America in 2009, this video describes the Smallpox
Eradication, how D.A Henderson helped lead the way, and how the lessons we learned
can help us in todays world.
"Donald A. Henderson." John Hopkins; Bloomberg School of Public Health. N.p., n.d. Web.
12 Jan. 2015.

As an important figure in health history, Donald A. Henderson is an honorary

member of the Bloomberg School of Public Health. He is a distinguished scholar at the
Center for Biosecurity of UPMC and a professor of public health and medicine at the
University of Pittsburgh. He received many awards during his career, including the
Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, and the National
Medal of Science. He published a book about the smallpox eradication experience in
2009.
Flight, Colette. "Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge." BBC News. BBC, 17 Feb.
2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2015.
Published by BBC news, this article provides an overview of the history of
smallpox. It focuses mostly on pre and post Eradication, including Jenners breakthrough,
and the possibility of smallpox as a biological weapon.
Henderson, Donald A. Smallpox: The Death of a Disease. Amherst, NY: Prometheus,
2009. Print.
Told from D.A Hendersons own point of view, this compelling book describes
the long years of hard work to eradicate smallpox. Henderson weaves his life story
within the book, giving readers an insight on how he was brought up, as well his future
life achievements.
Henderson, D. A., and Petra Klepac. "Lessons from the Eradication of Smallpox:
An Interview with D. A. Henderson." National Center for Biotechnology
Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 05 Aug. 2013. Web. 05 Oct. 2014.
Klepacs interview provides the smallpox eradication effort from D.A
Hendersons point of view. Klepac, part of the Disease Dynamics group at Cambridge
University conducted this interview on Oct.14, 2014.They discuss what the smallpox

eradication has taught other about eradication efforts and what could change to improve
the efforts. They also discussed the problems and difficulties of the polio eradication
effort, whose deadline has increasingly been moved. This interview provides me
knowledge from the man in charge of the eradication and goes more into depth of things I
already know about the topic.
Henig, Robin M. "35 Who Made a Difference: D. A. Henderson."Smithsonian. N.p.,
1 Nov. 2005. Web. 15 Feb. 2015.
Published by Smithsonian, this article discusses D.A Hendersons role in the
Eradication. The majority of the article examines the world post-eradication, including
the possibilities of smallpox being used as a biological weapon.

How We Conquered the Deadly Smallpox Virus - Simona Zompi. By Simona Zompi.
Ted-Ed, 2013. Youtube.
Produced by Ted-Ed, this short video gives a quick overview about smallpox and
how the vaccine came to be, including the controversy and uncertainty. I learned that the
word vaccine comes from the root vaca or cow, this is because Jenners vaccine was
made from cowpox.
Preston, Richard. The Demon in the Freezer. New York: Random House, 2002. Print.
Written by renown author of The Hot Zone, Richard Preston weaves another
nonfiction story into a fast paced thriller. Centered around Smallpox and the possible
biological threats it has upon humankind, this book describes much of the aftermath of
the Eradication efforts. One of the main characters in this book is Peter Jahrling, a real
CDC worker, who led a group of scientists rediscovering smallpox.
"PREVENTING DISEASE." Against The Odds:Making History. U.S. National
Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.
I used the images from this webpage, it describes how against the odds, the
Smallpox Eradication Program was successful and created an everlasting legacy.
"Safety Bifurcated Needles." ISIPS | International Sharps Injury Prevention Society.
ISIPS, n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.
Published by the International Sharps Injury Prevention Society, this webpage
gives an overview on how to use a bifurcated needle; it contains images of bifurcated
needles as well.
Smallpox. WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 10 Sept 2014
Obtained from Web MD, This source gives a brief outline of smallpox. Smallpox
is caused by the variola virus (major/minor), and is very contagious. It is primarily spread

during close face-to-face contact by breathing in virus particles from saliva in the air; it
can also be transmitted by directly contacting infected bodily fluids. The incubation
period is seven to seventeen days; during this non-symptomatic period the person is not
contagious. Once symptoms appear, they are contagious until all scabs have dropped off
and blisters have healed. Symptoms include; fever, mouth sores and blisters, rash that
develop into raised bumps, then fluid-filled blisters, next pustules, finally they scab over
and fall off. This source provides me with a brief understanding about the smallpox virus.
"Smallpox Eradication." News-Medical.net. News Medical, 1 Feb. 2011. Web. 07
Dec. 2014.
Published by News-Medical, this article given overview of the history of
smallpox with government, for example, this article describes the banning of smallpox
inoculation in Europe. This article also provided a lot of new information for me to
research more in depth, including the vaccine scabs found in new Mexico, 2004.

Smallpox: Deadly Again? Prod. Trista Switzer. History Channel, 2008. Online.
Produced by History Channel, this 42-minute documentary retells the history of
smallpox. The documentary begins at the beginning of mankind and travels to the
eradication of this disease, stressing on how much this horrible sickness affected the route
of history. One example is the Plague of Antonius, which spanned fifteen long years and
killed 3.5 million to 7 million people. This documentary includes many insights of
leaders in the eradication effort, including DA Henderson. They make the point that in
present time, Smallpox could be used as a powerful bioweapon of mass destruction.
World Health Organization Declares Smallpox Eradicated 1980, PBS, PBS, n.d.
Web, 10 Sep 2014
Published by PBS, this article offers a brief overview of smallpoxs eradication. In
1796, Edward Jenner introduced the smallpox vaccination, which was just a serum of
cowpox. In 1966, many countries sponsored the effort for eradication, and finally in
1979, WHO verified that smallpox had been eradicated from the Earth. Overall, this
source provided many questions and topics for greater research.