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Selesai kursus diharapkan peserta:
Lebih mengerti ttg patofisiologi dan mekanisme SKA
Dapat menegakkan diagnosis SKA dengan :
-Membedakan simptom SKA dari sakit dada lain
-Mengerti beberapa gambaran EKG pada SKA
-Mengerti tentang beberapa petanda iskemia akut
Mengerti peran, manfaat, dan penggunaan beberapa
obat yang digunakan pd SKA: fibrinolitik, antitrombotik.
antiskemik,dan obat-obat penunjang
Bisa merencanakan tatalaksana dini SKA dan rencana
lanjutannya dg menggunakan algoritme
DEFINISI
DAN
PATOFISIOLOGI
SINDROM KORONER AKUT
Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis
Foam
Cells
Endothelial
Dysfunction
Fatty Intermediate
Fibrous Complicated
Streak
Lesion Atheroma PlaqueLesion/Rupture
oxidized LDL
homocystein
e
smoking
aging
hyperglycemi
a
hypertension
35-45 yrs
45-55 yrs
Endothelial injuryLipid
accumulation
nitric oxide
endothelin-1
vasodilation
adhesion molecules
(ICAM, VCAM)
monocyte adhesion
macrophage LDL
uptake
55-65 yrs
Inflammation
>65 yrs
New Paradigm
Threshold
Decades
Years-Months
healthy
subclinical
Months-Days
symptomatic
Thrombus
Intima
Media
Lumen
Plaque
Unstable angina
Unstable plaque no narrowing
Difficult to diagnose (IVUS, MRI)
Frequent MI with sudden death
Easy to prevent
Presentation
(Clinical, Initial ECG)
Working
ST-Seg Elevation
diagnosis Myocardial Infarction
Non-STSeg Elevation
Acute Coronary Syndr
Time
Evolution of
ECG &
Biomarkers
Final
diagnosis
ST-Seg Elevation
MCI
Non-ST-segElevation MCI
Unstable
Angina
National Heart Foundation Australia &The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand, MJA 2006
Merokok,berapapun jumlahnya
Kadar kolesterol total dan LDL
yg tinggi
hipertensi
Diabetes mellitus
Usia lanjut
Faktor predisposisi
faktor yang memperbesar risiko PJK akibat
faktor risiko yang kausal
1.Obesitas (BMI >25 mg/m2)
2.Obesitas abdominal (lingkar pinggang
>94cm(pria)- >80cm(wanita);waist-hip
ratio>0,9(pria) dan >0,8 (wanita)
3.sedentary
4.riwayat keluarga terkena PJK usia muda
(pria:<55 thn, wanita:<65 thn)
5.etnik tertentu
6.psikososial
Pedoman tata laksana SKA dengan
ST elevasi , PERKI 2004
Pathway to Thrombosis
PENGENALAN DINI
DAN DIAGNOSIS
SINDROM KORONER AKUT
KELUHAN UTAMA:
Sakit dada atau nyeri ulu hati yang berat, asalnya nontraumatik, dengan ciri-ciri tipikal iskemia miokard atau
infark:
Dada bgn tengah/substernal rasa tertekan atau sakit
seperti diremas
Rasa sesak, berat/tertimpa beban , mencengkeram,
terbakar,sakit
Penjalaran ke leher, rahang, bahu, punggung atau 1
atau ke 2 lengan
Disertai sesak
Disertai mual dan/atau muntah
Disertai berkeringat
sakit perut yg tdk dpt dijelaskan, sendawa, nyeri ulu
hati
Start ECG
SKA: Infark,angina
MVP
Stenosis Aorta
Kardiomiopati
hipertropi
Perikarditis
Paru :
Emboli Paru
Pnemonia
Pneumothorax
Pleuritis
Gastrointestinal :
Reflux esofagus
Ruptur esofagus
Penyakit kel empedu
Ulkus peptikum
Pankreatitis
Vaskuler
Diseksi Aorta /aneurisma
Lain-lain:
Musculoskeletal
Herpes zoster
ACC/AHA Guideline of STEMI 2004
NYERI KARDIAK :
Tidak berhubungan dengan
gerakan respirasi dan batuk
Tidak berhubungan dengan
posisi dan gerakan tubuh
Tidak berhubungan dengan
kondisi lain seperti herpes
zoster, trauma, dll
ANGINA PEKTORIS
Sifat & kualitas
Lokasi
Penjalaran
Durasi
Gejala dan tanda klinis yang
menyertainya
PEMERIKSAAN FISIK
Diagnosis
Kerja
ECG
Biochemistry
Stratifikasi
risiko
SAKIT DADA
Curiga Sindroma Koroner Akut
Elevasi ST
menetap
Troponin
(CKMB)
Tanpa Elevasi
ST menetap
Normal atau
Tdk dpt ditentukan
ECG
Troponin
2 X negative
Troponin
Pengobatan
Pencegahan
sekunder
Esc/EHJ 2002
Klasifikasi KILLIP
ECG
Biochemistry
Stratifikasi
risiko
SAKIT DADA
Curiga Sindrom Koroner Akut
Elevasi ST
menetap
Troponin
(CKMB)
Tanpa Elevasi
ST menetap
Normal atau
Tdk dpt ditentukan
ECG
Troponin
2 X negative
Troponin
Pengobatan
Pencegahan
sekunder
Esc/EHJ 2002
ELEKTROKARDIOGRAM
EKG 12 Sandapan Pertama
Dalam 10 menit !!
Membuat dan menganalisa EKG
Tentukan:
Irama
Elevasi SEGMENT ST ?
Depresi SEGMENT ST ?
BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK (BARU )?
Gelombang Q ?
NON DIAGNOSTIK atau EKG normal
ST
ST
ST elevasi
ST depresi
T inversi
Hiperakut T
LBBB
LBBB
LOKASI ISKEMIA
BERDASARKAN PERUBAHAN DI SANDAPAN EKG
SANDAPAN
LOKASI ISKEMIA / INFARK
II
,III, aVF
V1,V2,V3
V1-V4
V1- V6
I,aVL ,V5,V6
I, V6
V7-V9
V4R
Inferior
Anteroseptal
Anterior
Anterior ekstensif
Lateral
Apikal
Posterior
Ventrikel kanan
http://homepages.enterprise.net/djenkins/ecghome.html
http://homepages.enterprise.net/djenkins/ecghome.html
Stratifikasi
risiko
SAKIT DADA
Curiga Sindrom Koroner Akut
Elevasi ST
menetap
Troponin
(CKMB)
Tanpa Elevasi
ST menetap
Normal atau
Tdk dpt ditentukan
ECG
Troponin
2 X negative
Troponin
Pengobatan
Pencegahan
sekunder
Esc/EHJ 2002
PCI intervention
available
within 1 hr
PCI intervention
available within
90 minutes
YES
PCI
NO
NO
YES
Fibrinolysis
PCI
PCI intervention
available 90 min (onsite)
2 hrs ( offsite, including
Fibrinolysis
YES
PCI
NO
Fibrinolysis
Blood tests
Measurements should include:
Serum troponin I or T levels (or CK-MB if troponin is not
available).
Full blood count.
Serum creatinine and electrolyte levels, particularly K+
concentration,
as hypokalaemia is associated with an increased risk of arrhythmias, especially
ventricular fibrillation10 (grade B recommendation). Knowledge of kidney function
(expressed as estimated glomerular filtration rate) is strongly encouraged (grade B
recommendation) given the association between renal impairment and adverse
outcomes (evidence level III).11
Cardiac Troponin
On arrival -------- Troponin indicates myonecrosis
--high feature in NSTEACS
-------- 1/3 pts high Troponin but normal CK
& CKMB will develop adverse outcome
Not repeated if positif --- not useful for identifying ealy
reinfarction
If initial negative --- repeat > 8 hours after last episode
of chest pain or other symptoms
Serial troponin ----in pts NSTEACS suspected to be at high
risk.Rise indicates more aggressive thx.
Rekomendasi
.
CKMB:Positif 3-12 jam
Troponin T :Pertama terdeteksi
dlm 2-4 jam,bertahan selama 10
14 hari , Cut-off point TnT 0.01
ng/ml
Total CK Level
Serial measurements for 48 hrs in MCI
Remeasurement if reinfarction suspected
50
20
10
5
2
1
Chest X-Ray
Hanya sebagai alat bantu
Tidak menentukan pada fase awal
Hasil memerlukan waktu dan tidak
mempengaruhi diagnosis ACS
SAKIT DADA
Curiga Sindrom Koroner Akut
Elevasi ST
menetap
Troponin
(CKMB)
Tanpa Elevasi
ST menetap
Troponin
Risiko tinggi
Risiko sedang
Risiko rendah
Normal atau
Tdk dpt ditentukan
ECG
Troponin
2 X negative
Mungkin bukan SKA
Pencegahan
sekunder
Esc/EHJ 2002
Risk Stratification:
Risk Stratification:
Intermediate risk
Risk Stratification:
Low risk
POINTS
1
1
PRESENTATION
Recent ( 24H) severe angina 1
cardiac markers
1
ST deviation 0.5 mm
1
0/1
2
3
4
5
6/7
DEATH
OR MI
DEATH, MI OR
URGENT REVASC
3
3
5
7
12
19
5
8
13
20
26
41
OKSIGEN
AGEN ANTIPLATELET
ASPIRIN
CLOPIDOGREL
TICLOPIDINE
Gp IIb / IIIa inhibitor
Aspirin
Adenosine Diphosphate
Inhibitors
Synergistic Mode of
Action with Clopidogrel
and ASA1
CLOPIDOGREL
ADP
ADP
GPllb/llla
Activation
(Fibrinogen receptor)
ASA
ASA
COX
TXA2
COX (cyclo-oxygenase)
ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
TXA2 (thromboxane A2)
1. Schafer AI. Am J Med 1996; 101: 199209.
Collagen thrombin
TXA2
Clopidogrel
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
Inhibitors
AGEN ANTIISKEMIK
NITRAT
B
BLOKER
ANTAGONIS KALSIUM
Nitrat
Indikasi : pada Anterior MI, iskemja persisten, CHF,
hipertensi
Manfaat: dapat memperbaiki perfusi koroner
Hati-hati pd: inferior MI dengan perluasan atau
keterlibatan RV
Trials: GISSI-3 (94), ACC/AHA (96)
Pemberian Sublingual
Pemberian per IV
Dosis awal 5Ug/mnt ditingkatkan tiap 5 menit
disesuaikan dengan gejala klinis dan EKG
Beta-bloker
Effektif untuk pengobatan simtomatik dan
pencegahan infark miokard.
Vasokonstriktor moderat
Beta-bloker
Metoprolol
Metoprolol
Atenolol
Propranolol
Bisoprolol
Carvedilol
IV
oral
oral
oral
oral
oral
5 15 mg
2 x 25 100 mg
1 x 25 100 mg
3 x 20 80 mg
1 x 5 10 mg
1 x 25 mg
Antagonis kalsium
Pd UAP atau NSTEMI bila ada indikasi kontra
B bloker
Tidak ada bukti manfaatnya pada
pencegahan infark miokard.
Memberikan hasil yang baik dalam jangka
pendek pada episode iskemik.
Antagonis kalsium
Diltiazem
Verapamil
PAIN KILLER
Morfin:
2.5mg-5 mg IV pelan.
Hati hati pada : inferior MCI,
asthma , bradikardia
Pethidin : 12.5-25 mg IV pelan
ANTITROMBOTIK DAN
ANTIKOAGULAN
Heparin ( Unfractionated Heparin)
Low Molecular Weight Heparin
Heparin (UFH)
Terikat pada AT III (anti-thrombin III)
,menginaktivasi trombin
Tidak ada efek pada Factor Xa
Hospitalization/ PTT/ bleeding
Benefit in UA/ rebound effect
Anti-Xa: Anti-thrombin 1:1
Memperpanjang APTT
UFH
LMWH
KELEMAHAN UFH
Bioavailability kurang baik
Tidak dapat menghambat trombin yang terikat
pada bekuan (clot-bound thrombin)
Tergantung pada kofaktor AT III
Efek variabel
Monitor APTT berkala untuk mendapatkan
kadar terapeutik
Rebound iskemia setelah penghentian
Risiko heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
Panduan Terapi SKA tanpa ST Elevasi PERKI 2004
(HIT)
LMWH
Enoxaparine 1mg/kg, SC , bid
Nadroparine 0,1 ml/10 kg , SC , bid
Fondaparinux 2,5 mg sc od
OBAT-OBATAN LAINNYA
Tranquilizer e,g diazepam 5mg bid
Stool softener
Unfractionated HEPARIN or
Subcutaneous ENOXAPARIN
Intravenous Tirofiban or
Eptifibatide
Beta- Blocker
ANTIPLATELET PADA
IMA/STEMI
SELAIN ASPIRIN HASIL PENELITIAN
CLARITY MENUNJUKKAN :
BAHWA PENAMBAHAN 300 MG
CLOPIDOGREL AKAN MENGURANGI
KARDIOVASKULER EVENT SEBESAR
13 %
TERAPI FIBRINOLITIK
.
Fibrinolitik : Indikasi
Sakit dada khas IMA 12 jam
EKG : 1 mm elevasi seg ST pada 2 sandapan yg
bersebelahan
2mm elevasi seg ST pada 2 sandapan
prekordial
Bundle branch block yg baru
Syok kardiogenik pd IMA ( bila kateterisasi dan
revaskularisasi tdk dapat dilakukan )
Fibrinolitik door to needle time < 30 menit !!
PCI pada IMA lebih unggul bila dpt dilakukan
dlm 90 30 menit
Tambahan Jiwa yg
diselamatkan per 1000
pasien yg diobati
------------------------------------------------------------------Pd jam pertama
Pd jam kedua
Pd jam ketiga
Antara jam ke 3-6
Antara jam 6-12
Antara jam 12-24
65
37
29
26
18
9
AGEN FIBRINOLITIK
Streptokinase (SK)
Actylase (tPA)
Reteplase (r-PA)
Tenecteplase (TNK-tPA)
Plasminogen Activator
Inhibitors (PA1, PA2, TAFI)
Plasminogen
Plasmin
2-Antiplasmin
Fibrin
Fibrin
degradation
Product
Braunwald, A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 6th ed
Streptokinase
Actylase (tPA)
Reteplase(r-PA)
Tenecteplase
(TNK-tPA)
Rendah
Tinggi
Sedang
Sangat tinggi
Streptokinase (SK,
Streptase)
Keuntungan : lebih baik pada
anterior MCI, age <75; lebih
murah
Komplikasi: antigenic, perdarahan
intraserebral pada studi GUSTO
0.6%
Trials: GISSI-1, ISIS-2 (88)
Reperfusion
Patient
Transport
Inhospital
Reperfusion
Goals
D-N 30 min
5 min
< 30 min
D-B 90 min
Prehospital
ECG
MI protocol
Critical pathway
Bolus lytics
Quality
Greater use of
improvement Dedicated
9-1-1
PCI team
program
Prehospital Rx
Media campaign
Patient education
Methods of
Speeding
Time to
Reperfusion
SECONDARY PREVENTION
Aspirin and
anti-anginals
Beta-blocker and
blood pressure
Cholesterol and
cigarettes
Diet and
diabetes
Education and
exercise
Complications of Acute
MI
Extension / Ischemia
Expansion / Aneurysm
Mechanical
Arrhythmia
Pericarditis
Acute MI
Heart Failure
RV Infarct
Mural Thrombus
.
Komplikasi awal :
-aritmia
-disfungsi LV dan gagal jantung
-ruptur ventrikel
-regurgitasi mitral akut
-gagal fungsi RV
-syok kardiogenik
Komplikasi akhir :
-trombosis mural dan emboli sistemik
-aneurisma LV
-DVT
-emboli paru
-sindrome Dressler
TERAPI INTERVENSI
PADA SINDROMA
KORONER AKUT
Angioplasty
Keberhasilan Primer : 85 - 95 %
Kematian :
0.3 - 1.3 %
Infark Miokard :
1.6 - 6.3 %
Primary PTCA/PCI
Platelet
GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor
Balloon
Antiplatelet
Rx
Embolization
Protection Device
Stent
DES
Thrombus
Removal and
Distal
Embolization
Protection
Devices
External elastic
lamina
Tunica media
PTCA
Internal elastic
lamina
Internal
elastic
lamina
Intimal area
Treatment
Coronary
stenting
Intimal
area
Lumen
Stent
Symptom
Recognition
Call to
Medical System
PreHospital
ED
Cath Lab
Noninvasive Risk
Stratification
Rescue Ischemia
driven
PCI Capable
PCI or CABG
Primary PCI
Late
Hospital Care
and Secondary
Prevention
Not PCI
capable
Onset of
symptoms of
STEMI
9-1-1
EMS
Dispatch
EMS on-scene
Encourage 12-lead ECGs.
Consider prehospital fibrinolytic if
capable and EMS-to-needle within
30 min.
InterHospital
Transfer
PCI
capable
GOALS
5
min.
Patient
8
min.
EMS
Dispatch
1 min.
EMS Transport
Prehospital fibrinolysis
EMS transport
EMS-to-needle
EMS-to-balloon within 90 min.
within 30 min.
Patient self-transport
Hospital door-to-balloon
within 90 min.
Noninvasive Risk
Stratification
Rescue Ischemia
driven
PCI Capable
PCI or CABG
Primary PCI
Late
Hospital Care
and Secondary
Prevention
Diagnosis
Kerja
ECG
Biochemistry
Stratifikasi
risiko
SAKIT DADA
Curiga Sindrom Koroner Akut
Elevasi ST
menetap
Troponin
(CKMB)
Tanpa Elevasi
ST menetap
Normal atau
Tdk dpt ditentukan
ECG
Troponin
2 X negative
Troponin
Pengobatan
Pencegahan
sekunder
Esc/EHJ 2002
TERIMA
KASIH
Platelet Activation
Platelet Recruitment
Thrombotic
plug
Symptom
Recognition
Call to
Medical System
PreHospital
ED
Cath Lab
Noninvasive Risk
Stratification
Rescue Ischemia
driven
PCI Capable
PCI or CABG
Primary PCI
Late
Hospital Care
and Secondary
Prevention
Reperfusion
Patient
Transport
Inhospital
Reperfusion
Goals
D-N 30 min
5 min
< 30 min
D-B 90 min
Prehospital
ECG
MI protocol
Critical pathway
Bolus lytics
Quality
Greater use of
improvement Dedicated
9-1-1
PCI team
program
Prehospital Rx
Media campaign
Patient education
Methods of
Speeding
Time to
Reperfusion
Platelets
Platelets
adhering to
subendothelial
space
Aggregation
of platelets
into a
thrombus
Platelet
thrombus
Endothelial cells
Subendothelial space
Platelet
GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor
Balloon
Antiplatelet
Rx
Embolization
Protection Device
Stent
DES
Thrombus
Removal and
Distal
Embolization
Protection
Devices
External elastic
lamina
Tunica media
PTCA
Internal elastic
lamina
Internal
elastic
lamina
Intimal area
Treatment
Coronary
stenting
Intimal
area
Lumen
Stent
MINICOURSE ON
ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
( Sindrom Koroner Akut )
Course director :
Organizer :
Faculty: Working Group on Emergency and
Critical Cardiology
Platelet
Fibrinogen Binding Site
Fibrinogen
Platelet Aggregation
Herbert. Exp Opin Invest Drugs 1994;3:449-455.
Fibrinogen
External ADP
ADP
Platelet
Activation
ADP
Internal ADP
Fibrinogen
Platelet Aggregation
10
ADP
Platelet
Fibrinogen
11
Coagulation Cascade
Intrinsic Pathway
(surface contact)
Extrinsic Pathway
(tissue factor)
XIIa
VIIa
XIa
Heparin / LMWH
(AT-III dependent)
IXa
Hirudin/Hirulog
Xa
aPTT
(direct antithrombin)
Thrombin (IIa)
PT
Thrombin-Fibrin
Clot
Courtesy of VTI
EKG 12 sandapan*
Petanda biokimia
EKG Non diagnostik
Petanda biokimia (-)
Nyeri dada (-)
EKG tdk
berubah
Petanda(-)
Nyeri dada(-)
Observasi
EKG serial
Ulang petanda
6-12 jam stlh
onset nyeri dada*
Perubahan ST/T
Petanda biokimia (+)
Nyeri dada menetap
Elevasi seg
ST
Evaluasi utk
reperfusi
Rawat Terapi
Nitrat
Perubahan seg ST
ASA
APTS/NSTEMI
Risiko rendah Risko tinggi Petanda (+)
Clopidogrel
Periksa di
Periksa
UFH/LMWH
Nyeri dada
Rawat jalan
segera
(+/- Antagonis
menetap
Receptor GPIIb/IIIa
Malaysian Clinical Practice Guideline on UA/NSTEMI 2002
Pulang