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Civil Right Movement

Early vs. Modern


Civil Rights
Movement
Searching for an
Identity and
Leadership
Leaders,
Activities, and
Organizations

Civil Right Movement


Plessy v Ferguson
1896
14th amendment does not prevent private
organization from discriminating
Legalized Jim Crow Laws
Segregated accommodations were legal provided
they were equal
separate but equal

Civil Right Movement


Booker T. Washington
Not for social equality
Remain apart
Founder of Tuskegee
Institution in 1891
Focus industrial
education/learn a skill
Vocational jobs to
improve economic
situation
Problem?

Civil Right Movement


W.E.B. Du Bois

Ph.D. from Harvard


Founder of the NAACP in
1910
Grew out of the Niagara
Movement

Never except inferiority


Use courts to fight
discrimination
Rejected Washingtons
ideas
The Talented Tenth

Civil Right Movement


Marcus Garvey

Black nationalist
United Negro
Improvement
Association in 1914
Stressed racial
separation from
white
Black only
businesses etc.
Encouraged a return
to Africa

Civil Right Movement


In the 1950s
15 million African Americans
living in the United States
2/3 living in the south
Jim Crows laws ruled their
lives
Legal segregation in schools,
parks, transportation,
hospitals etc

Civil Right Movement


Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Bring about change through peaceful
measures
Founded by James Farmers in 1942

James Farmer 1920-1999

Civil Right Movement


Brown v Board of
Education of Topeka,
Kansas
May 17, 1954
Supreme Court
unanimously decided
segregation violates the
14th amendment
Brown Family

Civil Right Movement


Chief Justice Earl Warren
1. Education plays a vital role
in training children for
citizenship, employment and
leisure-time activities
2. Separating black children
from others solely on the basis
of race generates a feeling of
inferiority that may affect
them in a way unlikely to be
undone
3. therefore, separate
educational facilities are
inherently unequal
Reversed Plessy v Ferguson
Thurgood Marshall argues the case

Civil Right Movement


Emmett Till
Killed in 1955
Brings the problem to the attention of
the nation

Civil Right Movement


Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955-1956

Rosa Parks mother of the civil rights


movement refused to leave seat for a white
man
Arrested for violating the citys segregation law
Year long boycott of the bus company
Calls by pastors of church to lead resistance
City agreed to change the law to allow black to
sit anywhere
Event produced a leader, an organization,
technique
Martin Luther King Jr.
SCLC
Non- violent civil disobedience

Civil Right Movement


Integration at Little Rock 1957
Orval Faubus, gov. of Arkansas,
mobilized the National Guard to prevent
nine African-Americans students from
attending
Direct challenge to federal authority
Eisenhower sent in army (paratroopers)
to restore order and protect the Little
Rock Nine

Civil Right Movement


Woolworth lunch counter in
Greensboro, North Carolina
Greensboro four
Feb. 1st Bought items at
Woolworth than sat down to order
coffee
Not served
Result
July desegregated lunch
counters
Over 70,000 people
participated in sit-in through
out the South
Press they received

Civil Right Movement


Student Nonviolent Coordination
Committee (SNCC)

Grew out of SCLC


For students
Leaders was Robert Moses
was organized to advance the "sit-in"
movement

Civil Right Movement


Freedom Rides

Spring of 1961
SNCC members joined with activists from the
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a New
York-based civil rights organization to encourage
the Freedom Rides
Placed white and black students on interstate
busses to test the new court decision to
desegregate waiting rooms and dining facilities
at bus stops
In deep South response was violent
Attorney General Robert Kennedy assigned
federal marshals to protect riders

Civil Right Movement


Integration of Ole Miss

29 yr old veteran James Meredith


Arrival touched off riots

Mostly KKK members NOT students


Gov Ross Barnett refused to allow to register
Announced state laws were superior to federal laws

Pres. Kennedy federalized Miss. National Guard


Took 400 Marshals and 3000 troops to enroll
him
Meredith remained and graduated in 1963
Cost 200 lives and 4 million in taxpayers $

Civil Right Movement


University of Alabama

Vivian Malone
Gov George Wallace stood in doorway
National Guard was federalized
Wallace walked away

Civil Right Movement


Birmingham, Alabama

Rev. Shuttlesworth asked


MLK to come to city
Most segregated big city in
America
Test nonviolence
It was a planned non-violent
campaign
Police Commissioner Bull
Connor decided to crush the
protest
Police used fire hoses, police
dogs and clubs
TV carried scene to the
nation

Civil Right Movement


MLK arrested

Leaders felt MLK was pushing


too hard/too fast
Response Letters from
Birmingham
Kids march, 1000 arrested
Result
End to segregation in
Birmingham
HUGE victory
Kennedy on TV asked Congress
to pass a Civil Rights Bill
Nation saw racism in the South
at its worst

Civil Right Movement


March on Washington (Aug 1963)
To support and pressure Kennedy
250,00 African Americans marched on
nations capital
I have a Dream

Civil Right Movement


Civil Rights Act
Three months later Kennedy was
assassinated
Bill wasnt close to passing
Southern Congressmen had a filibuster going

Johnson addressed Congress


couldnt more eloquently honor Pres.
Kennedys memory

Passed in June 1964

Civil Right Movement


Civil Rights Act of 1964
Elections:

Prohibited election officials from applying different


standards to blacks and whites voting

Public Accommodations:

Forbade discrimination in public places


Forbade discrimination in government owned or operated
facilities

Federally Assisted Programs

Allowed the government to withhold aid from states involving


discrimination

Employment

Prohibited discriminatory practices by employers, agencies,


and labor union
No discriminatory hiring on basis of race, sex , religion or
nationality

Civil Right Movement


24th Amendment
Passed in 1964
Prohibited the use
of poll taxes as a
requirement for
voting in a federal
election

Civil Right Movement


Voting Act of 1965

A result of Selma, Alabama


incident
State troops assaulted
demonstrators as they marched
to the state capital
President Johnson We shall over
come
Outlawed literacy test
Federal examiners in to register
voters where irregularities
existed
Signed 100 years after the Civil
War ended

Civil Right Movement


Results of Civil Rights
Right to vote
South would never be the same again
Served in politics at all level

Segregation became illegal


Ended an Era
Civil Rights campaigns in the South led by
peaceful moderates
Lets go North!

"Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only


light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate;
only love can do that. Hate multiplies hate,
violence multiplies violence and toughness
multiplies toughness in a descending spiral
of destruction. The chain reaction of
evilmust be broken, or we shall be
plunged into the dark abyss of annihilation."
Martin Luther King Jr.

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