Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Cuando La Gente Es Grande Y Dio - Edward T. Welch
Cuando La Gente Es Grande Y Dio - Edward T. Welch
GRANDE Y DIOS ES
PEQUEO
.... 7
............................................... 7
......................................................... 11
....................................................................... 13
.......................................... 15
.............................................................. 19
.................................. 21
............................................................................................. 23
Venciendo la presin de
grupo, la codependencia y
el temor al hombre.
..................................... 24
!
"
# $
# $
# $ ............................................ 25
........................................................... 26
.................................................................................................. 28
# $
............................................ 31
........................................................ 35
............................................................................... 39
.................................................................. 41
.................................................................................... 44
EDWARD T. WELCH
....................... 45
..................... 50
...................... 53
&
....................................... 57
.................................................................................... 61
$
........................................... 134
........................ 137
* .................... 141
............................................................ 145
'
........................................................................................................... 64
!"
................................................................................... 66
........................................................................ 68
................ 71
........................................................... 74
........................................................ 78
............................................... 82
"
#
$
................................................. 149
...................... 151
.......................................... 153
.................................... 164
*
*
................................................ 169
0 .......................................... 173
*
*
....................................... 175
.................................................................................. 179
"
(
............................................................................................ 95
'"
*
*
.............. 125
+
, ....................................................................... 127
* , ..................................... 131
3
.
...................................................... 180
(" .
-
............ 181
......................... 182
, ..................................................... 182
-
"
.
......................................................................... 189
, ............ 200
.................................................................................. 206
2
............................................................................ 206
............ 124
)
"
"
"
"
"0
%"
"
......................................................................................................... 115
........................... 118
...................................................... 121
.................................................................................. 123
........... 149
*
*
........................................................................................... 86
....................................................... 93
.................................................................................... 94
.................. 96
............................................ 99
.................................................. 101
.......................... 104
+
+
, ............. 207
, ........................................................................ 210
..................................................................... 214
............................................................................ 216
...................................... 216
, ................................................ 218
.................................................................................. 225
3
......................................................................................................... 226
)"
# $................................................................ 229
................................................ 231
.................................................................................. 242
"
"
*
........................................... 296
.......................................................................... 297
......................................................... 299
............................................ 307
"
........................................................... 313
4
.......................................................... 320
......................................................................................................... 243
/"
................................................. 245
.................................... 246
.................................... 251
.................. 253
.................................................................... 255
.
............................................................ 257
............................................ 257
.................................................................................. 261
. 261
............................................. 268
............................... 273
.............. 281
................................... 284
"
..................................................................................... 285
................................................. 292
.................................................................................. 294
&
SE;5
9D>5E<E96D=- :9> ?=6D>=B5;= F=> B5:
=FE6E=69: ;9 =D>=:- = ?=<= U89>5 789 :9
BB5<5>5- :IB= F=;G
5 :9> ?=6D>=B5;=- F9>= 6=
?8>5;=
8EHQ 5B@C6 NVED= U8D8>= 5M8;5>G
5
W
M F96:N 789 9:D= 9>5 K5:D56D9 E6D9BE@96D9X
F=;G
5 5@>9@5> ;9D5BB9: 5 5B@865 ;9 B5:
A8:DEUE?5?E=69: 789 O5KG
56 ?>8H5;= <E <96D9
9:9 ;G
5
=;G
5 :9> K896= 96 5B@= F9>= 686?5
9:D5> D=D5B<96D9 ;9;E?5;= 5 5B@865 D5>95
F5>DE?8B5>
89@= ?856;= 6= D8SE9>5 NVED= M
<E 58D=9:DE<5 9:D8SE9>5 F=> B=: :89B=:>5?E=65BEH5>G
5 ;E?E96;= 789 F8;9 O5K9> :E;= 9B
<9A=> :E O8KE9>5 D>5K5A5;= ?=6 <Q: 5OG
6?=
=> B= <96=:- M= F=;>G
5 F96:5> 789 9:D5K5
KE96- :E 9:D= <9 5M8;5K5 5B@=
= D96G
5 >9:F89:D5:- F9>= B=: 9S96D=: ;9 9:9
;G
5 ?E9>D5<96D9 D>5A9>=6 9:D=: 5:86D=: 5B
F>=:?96E= ;9 <E <96D9
=> B= <96=:- U89 86
;9:F9>D5> O5?E5 9:D9 5:86D=
6 B5 86ES9>:E;5; D>5DN ;9 ?=<K5DE> ?=6D>5
9:D5 K9:DE5 8DEBEH56;= 5B@86=: ?85:E NVED=: 96
B= 5?5;N<E?= M B= 5DBNDE?=- M 8DEBE?N B5
9:D>5D9@E5
F8;94O5K9>B=4O9?O=4<9A=>4:E4
O8KE9>54789>E;= - F9>= 9:D9 5:86D= :E9<F>9
9:D5K5 F>9:96D9
>5 ?>E:DE56=- F9>= 9:= 6=
<9 5M8;I5 9:D5> UE><9 96 B5 K5D5BB5
=;5SG
5
B= :96DG
5
5;5 >9?O5H=- ?5;5 U>5?5:=
F9>?EKE;=- ?5;5 F9>:=65 F=> B5 789 789>G
5 :9>
6=D5;5 789 6= B= O5?G
5- <9 >9?=>;5K5 789
D=;5SG
5 9>5 M= 5789B <8?O5?O= :96D5;= 96 B5:
CBDE<5: UEB5: ;9B 58;ED=>E= ;9 B5 F>9F5>5D=>E5
10
5:D56D9 KE96 96
>E:D=
D96G
5 789 5B?56H5> B5 <9;E;5 789 B=: ;9<Q:
9:D5K56 F96:56;=
11
<9 :96DG
5 KE96- 6= D96G
5 <8?O5 <=DES5?EI6
F5>5 E6S9:DE@5> <Q: 5 U=6;=
E9>D5<96D9 6=
EK5 5 ?=6S9>:5> ;9 9:D= ?=6 =D>5 F9>:=65 4
9:= O8KE9>5 :E;= <8M F96=:=
89 96D=6?9:
789 <9 ?5:N
6 @>56
9:F9>D5>
13
14
6U>96D5;= 9B
9<=> 5B
=<K>9
;9 D969> 86
D9<=> ;9B
D969<=: D9<=> 5 B=: ;9<Q:
9T=>
KG
KBE?=-
15
16
6ES9>:5B
20
C:789;5 ;9 865
9:F89:D5
G
KBE?5
21
22
:D9 56DG
;=D= D5>;5 5T=: 96 :9>
96D96;E;=\ ;9 O9?O=- D=<5>Q D=;5:
689:D>5: SE;5:
9>= <E 9:F9>56H5 9:
789 9B F>=?9:= F89;9 :9> 5?9B9>5;= M
?8BDES5;= 5 D>5SN: ;9B 9:D8;E= ;9 9:D9
BEK>=
%
=6 >9:F9?D= 5 B=: ;9<Q:- 689:D>=
F>=KB9<5 9: 789 B=: 69?9:ED5<=: W
F5>5
6=:=D>=: <E:<=:X <Q: ;9 B= 789 B=:
5<5<=: W
F5>5 B5 @B=>E5 ;9 E=:X
5
D5>95 789 E=: 9:D5KB9?9 F5>5 6=:=D>=:
9: 789 B=: 69?9:ED9<=: <96=: M B=:
5<9<=: <Q:
6 S9H ;9 K8:?5>
<569>5: F5>5 <56EF8B5> 5 B=: ;9<Q:;9K9<=: F>9@86D5>B9 5
E=: ?8QB 9:
689:D>= ;9K9> O5?E5 9BB=:
:D5
F9>:F9?DES5 6= BB9@5 5 6=:=D>=: ?=6
65D8>5BE;5;- M <8?O=: ;9 6=:=D>=:
69?9:ED5<=: ?=6:E;9>5> 9:D5 S9>;5;
;9:;9 S5>E=: Q6@8B=: 56D9: ;9 F=;9>
S9>B5
9>= B5 ?=6SE??EI6 ;9 9:D9 BEK>=
9: 789 9:D5 S9>;5; 9: =D>5 ;9 B5:
F5>5;=A5: ;ESE65: 96?=6D>5;5: 96 B5
:?>ED8>5 & 9B ?5<E6= ;9B :9>SE?E= 9: 9B
?5<E6= 5 B5 BEK9>D5;
5 F5>D9
6= ;9 9:D9 BEK>= 9VFB=>5>Q B5
F9>:F9?DES5 KG
KBE?5 ;9B D9<=> 5B O=<K>9 F5>5
5M8;5>D9 5 O5?9> D>9: ?=:5:"
23
5:=
"
9?=6=?9> 789 9B D9<=> 5B
O=<K>9 9: 86 D9<5 F>9F=6;9>56D9
D56D= 96 B5 EKBE5 ?=<= 96 D8SE;5
!
24
689:D>5: SE;5:
5 OE:D=>E5 ;9 B5 :?>ED8>5 :9
?=6SE>DEI 865
96
B5
789
B5
@96D9
U>96NDE?5<96D9 K8:?5K5 ;=6;9 9:?=6;9>:9 M
F>=D9@9>:9 ;9 B5 <E>5;5 ;9
E=: M ;9 B=:
;9<Q:
5 S9>@[96H5 ;9B 9?5;=
89 9SE;96D9 F>E<9>5<96D9 5B 6=D5> B5 <E>5;5
;9 B5 =D>5 F9>:=65
9:F8N: SE6= B5 5C6 <Q:
F969D>56D9 <E>5;5 ;9 E=:
<K=: 9:D5K56
D56 ?=6D>5>E5;=: 789
;Q6 M
S5 :9
9:?=6;E9>=6M
D=;5SG
5
:9@8E<=:
9:?=6;EN6;=6=:
E9>D5<96D9 ;Q6 M S5
:5KG
56 789 9:D5K56 ;9:68;=: 56D9: ;9 F9?5>M 9VE:D96 D=;5: B5: >5H=69: F5>5 ?>99> 789- 96
:8 9:D5;= ;9 E6=?96?E5- :9 <E>5K56 9B 86= 5B
=D>= 5;<E>5;=: ;9 :8 5F5>E96?E5 UG
:E?5
9>=
9:D5 <E>5;5 9>5 ;EU9>96D9
9 F=;G
5 S9> 865
;9:68;9H <Q: F>=U86;5- = 5B <96=:- 9B 789
9>5 =K:9>S5;= :9 :96DG
5 <Q: 9VF89:D=
=:
=A=: ;9 B5 =D>5 F9>:=65 :9 S=BSE9>=6 B8?9:
?=>D56D9: 789 F=;G
56 S9> 9B ?89>F= M 9B 5B<5789 F=;G
56 S9> B5 U95B;5; ;9B F9?5;=
B
:96:5?EI6
;9
:96DE>:9
9VF89:D=56D9>E=><96D9 ;9:?=6=?E;5- 5O=>5 9>5 B= C6E?=
789 :96DG
56
>56 SE:D=: F=> 9B =D>=- M B= 789
5O=>5 :9 =K:9>S5K5 9>5 S9>@=6H=:=
8:
5B<5:- 789 96 =D>= DE9<F= U89>=6 5;<E>5;5:
96 :8 E6=?96?E5 M K9BB9H5- 5O=>5 9>56
@>=D9:?5:
6D96D5>=6 :=B8?E=65>B= ?8K>EN6;=:9- F9>= 586
B5: FE9B9: ;9 56E<5B9: U89>=6 E6?5F5?9: ;9
26
= 789
M :9>
= 789
5O=>5
=;=:
O9<=:
9VF9>E<96D5;=
B5
S9>@[96H5 F>=;8?E;5 F=> 9B F9?5;=F9>=
6=
D=;=:
O9<=:
D96E;=
E6D96:EUE?5;5 9:D5 S9>@[96H5 F=> B5
SE?DE<EH5?EI6
B <9A=> 9A9<FB= ?=6=?E;= ;9 B5 S9>@[96H5
F=> SE?DE<EH5?EI6 9: B5 S9>@[96H5 F>=;8?E;5
F=> O5K9> :E;= SG
?DE<5 ;9B F9?5;= :9V85B ;9
=D>=
5: <8A9>9: 789 O56 :E;= SE=B5;5:
:9V85B<96D9 F89;96 :96DE>:9 5K>8<5;5: F=>
B= 789 F9>?EK96 ?=<= B5 <E>5;5 ;9 E=: M B=:
;9<Q:
65 <8A9> <9 ;EA="
E96D= ?=<= :E D8SE9>5
86 5686?E= ;9 69I6 96 <E U>96D9 789 ;E?9" U8E
SE=B5;5 F=> <E DG
=
=<= 9BB5 O5M <EB9: ;9
=D>5: <8A9>9:
D>5 SG
?DE<5 <9 ;EA="
96@= D9<=> ;9 5K>E>
<E K=?5 ?856;= 9:D=M 5B>9;9;=> ;9 =D>5:
F9>:=65:
E 5K>= <E K=?5 :5B;>Q B=;=
29
30
31
D>5K5A= M 5?DESE:<=
E6 9<K5>@=- 65;5 789
9B O=<K>9 O5@5 F89;9 ?8K>E> S9>;5;9>5<96D9
B5 S9>@[96H5
65 ?5>5?D9>G
:DE?5 ?8>E=:5 ;9 B5 <5M=>G
5 ;9
9:D5: F5>9;9: 9: B5 <569>5 ?=<= 6=:
F9><ED96 S9> 5 B5: ;9<Q: F9>:=65:
5
56?O5:
F5>9;9:
5F5>96D9<96D9
DE9696
F9789T5: >5A5;8>5: = S96D565: 789 6=:
F9><ED96 S9> O5?E5 5U89>5
=: 789>9<=:
9:?=6;9>- F9>= D5<KEN6 789>9<=: 9:FE5>
B
9:FE=65A9 6=: F89;9 >9S9B5> B5 S8B69>5KEBE;5;
;9 B=: ;9<Q: ;9 D5B <569>5 789 F=;9<=:
?>99> 789 6= :=6 ;EU9>96D9: 5 6=:=D>=: W
= 586
6= :=6 D56 K896=: ?=<= 6=:=D>=:X
5
;9:@>5?E5 ;9:95 ?=<F5TG
5
=> =D>= B5;=- 6=:
F89;9 >9S9B5> 5 5B@8E96 789 9: U89>D9 M F89;9
:9> 689:D>= ON>=9
=6 86 ON>=9- 6=:
F=;9<=: :96DE> <96=: 5E:B5;=: F=>789
F=;9<=: 96D>5> 5 865 >9B5?EI6 :9@8>5 ;9
U56D5:G
5
:?=6;EN6;=:9 M :FE56;=
6 B=: :D5;=: 6E;=:- 865 <9DQU=>5 ?=<C6
789 B5 @96D9 8:5 F5>5 ;9:?>EKE>:9 5 :G<E:<=:
9: 865 S5>E56D9 ;9 ?8K>E>:9 B5 ?5>5 F=>
S9>@[96H5" =<=: F9>:=65: ;96D>= ;9 ?85D>=
F5>9;9:
5: F5>9;9: DE9696 ?85D>= FE9: ;9
@>=:=>
5;E9 F89;9 96D>5> = :5BE>
:D5:
?8KE9>D5: ;9:9:F9>5;5: 6=: 5G
:B56- F9>=
D5<KEN6 6=: F>=D9@96 ;9 B5 <E>5;5 ;9 B=:
;9<Q:
6 B5 F>Q?DE?5- 9:D5: F5>9;9: F89;96
:9> 9;EUE?5;5: ?=6 <EB9: ;9 <5D9>E5B9:
;EU9>96D9:" ;E69>=- U5<5- B=@>=: 5DBNDE?=:35
5 U56D5:G
5 9: 86 F5:5DE9<F= F=F8B5> ;9D>Q:
;9 9:D5: F5>9;9:
=> 9A9<FB=58B5
<569A5K5 :8 <86;= 5 D>5SN: ;9 U56D5:G
5:F9>= 686?5 D9 O8KE9>5: 96D9>5;=
BB5 9>5 865
<8A9> :=BD9>5 ?>E:DE565 ;9 NVED=
96G
5 86
<5@6G
UE?= 9<FB9= ;9 <8?O5 >9:F=6:5KEBE;5; M
5K86;56D9 >9U=>H5<E96D= ;9 B5 ?=<F5TG
5
>5
5?DES5 96 B5 E@B9:E5 M 5 D=;=: B9: ?5G
5 KE96
9>= 96 B5: 6=?O9:- 9BB5 SESG
5 ?=6 :8 9:F=:=
O9>=E?= ;9 U56D5:G
5 M ?=6 :8: OEA=: ;9
U56D5:G
5
65 >5HI6 F=> B5 789 ;9:5>>=BBI :8
<86;= U56D5:E=:= U89 F=>789 N:D9 B9 ;5K5 B=
36
37
38
:95 6=><5B
6=: F9><ED96 E;96DEUE?5>6=:
?=6 689:D>=: ON>=9: F5>5 5:GF=;9> :96DE>6=:
<9A=> K>9S9<96D9 ?=6 6=:=D>=: <E:<=:
=<=: 865 9:F9?E9 ;9
=<- 9B <E>I6
<=;9>6=:
E96D>5: 789 =<- 9B <E>I6 9:DQ
SE96;= 5 5B@8E96 5 D>5SN: ;9 B5 ?9>>5;8>5- 5B
<E:<= DE9<F= 9:DQ :E96;= =K:9>S5;= F=> =D>=
<E>I6- 78E96 9:DQ :E96;= =K:9>S5;= F=> =D>=78E96 9:DQ :E96;= =K:9>S5;= F=> =D>= <Q:
5 <9;E56=?O9
F>E6?EFE=: ;9 B5 ;N?5;5 ;9 133- 9B UEBI:=U=
;56N: =>96 ]E9>Z9@55>; =K:9>SI 789 B5 SE;5
;9 B5 @96D9 ?=6:E:DG
5 96 9:?=6;9>:9 M 9:FE5>
6 S9H ;9 8:5> F5>9;9:- B5 @96D9 8:5
<Q:?5>5:
+ 5K9: 789 BB9@5 B5 <9;E56=?O9 ?856;=
D=;=: :9 78ED56 B5 <Q:?5>5, + E96:5: 789 B5
SE;5 :E9<F>9 F9><EDE>Q 789 :9 K8>B96 ;9 9BB5,
+ E96:5: 789 F89;9: 9:?=6;9>D9 56D9: ;9 789
BB9@89 B5 <9;E56=?O9 F5>5 9SED5> 9:D=, + = D9
5D9>>5 9:D=, 9 SE:D= O=<K>9: 96 B5 SE;5 >95B
789 O56 96@5T5;= F=> D56D= DE9<F= 5 B=:
;9<Q:- 789 5B UE65B :8 S9>;5;9>5 65D8>5B9H5
6= F89;9 :9> >9S9B5;5\O9 SE:D= O=<K>9: 789
A8@5>=6 K8:?5 & K8:?5 F=> D56D= DE9<F= 789
5B UE65B- 96 :8 B=?8>5- >9S9B5>=6 :8:
F96:5<E96D=: :9?>9D=: 5 B=: ;9<Q: 789 O5:D5
96D=6?9: O5KG
56 =?8BD5;= =>@8BB=:5<96D9
1
39
B DE969 >5HI6
=;=: B=: ;G
5: 9: 86
5BB=^996 6= ;9 689:D>=: >ED85B9: <5D8DE6=:
>9@8B5>9: 9: F=69>6=: 689:D>5: <Q:?5>5:- ;9
B5 <E:<5 <569>5 ?=<= 6=: ?9FEBB5<=: B=:
;E96D9: M ;9:5M865<=:
9>= F5>5 6=:=D>=:
F=69>:9 9B ;E:U>5H 9: D=;=- 9V?9FD= 865
U9:DESE;5;
9K5A= ;9 B5: <Q:?5>5: 9:DQ6 B5:
F9>:=65: 789 9:DQ6 5D9>>5;5: F=> B5
F=:EKEBE;5; ;9 :9> >9S9B5;=:
- ?E9>D5<96D986 ;G
5 B5: <Q:?5>5: M =D>5: ?8KE9>D5: :9>Q6
>9<=SE;5:
5K>Q 865 >9S9B5?EI6 9D9>65 9>=
6= ;9K9<=: D9<9> D56D= 5 :9> SE:D=: F=> B=:
;9<Q:
9:F8N: ;9 D=;=- B=: ;9<Q: 6=
;EUE9>96 ;9 6=:=D>=:
]E9>Z9@55>; 5F86D5
O5?E5 86 D9<=> <Q: F>=U86;=" B=: =A=: ;9
E=:
E B5 <E>5;5 ;9B O=<K>9 ;9:FE9>D5
D9<=> 96 6=:=D>=:- ?856D= <Q: B5 <E>5;5 ;9
E=:
E 6=: :96DE<=: 5B ;9:?8KE9>D= ;9B56D9
;9 =D>5: F9>:=65:- 6=: :96DE>9<=: ;9S5:D5;=:
;9B56D9 ;9 E=:
6?B8:ES9 586 :IB= F96:5> 96 D5B9: ?=:5: 9:
;9<5:E5;= 5K>8<5;=>
89:D>=: ?=>5H=69:
DE9<KB56 56D9 D5B F96:5<E96D=- M O5?9<=:
?85B78E9> ?=:5 789 F=;5<=: F5>5 9SED5>B=
65 <569>5 ;9 9SED5> B=: =A=: ;9 E=: 9: SESE>
?=<= :E 9B D9<=> 5 B=: ;9<Q: U89>5 689:D>=
F>=KB9<5 <Q: F>=U86;= & 9BB=: :=6 @>56;9:6= E=:
:D=- F=> :8F89:D=- 6= 9: ?E9>D=
B
D9<=> 5 B5 @96D9 5 <968;= 9: 865 S9>:EI6
<Q: ?=6:?E96D9 ;9B <E9;= 5 E=:
: ;9?E>:=<=: <Q: ?=6:?E96D9: ;9 689:D>= D9<=> 5
B=: ;9<Q: 789 ;9 689:D>= <E9;= 5 E=:
B
40
9:F89:D5 ;9
<E>5;5 ;9 E=: W
865 <5B;E?EI6 F5>5 B=: 789
9:DQ6 ;9:68;=:X U89 865 K96;E?EI6 F5>5 NB
: 865 F>=D9??EI6 F5>5 5789BB=: ?8M5 ?8BF5 O5
:E;= F9>;=65;5 M ?8M=: F9?5;=: O56 :E;=
?8KE9>D=:
9>= 9B D9<=> 5
E=: F89;9 9:D5> D=;5SG
5
F>9:96D9- M ?=6 K8965 >5HI6
5>5 5789BB=:
78E969: O56 :E;= ?8KE9>D=: ?=6 B5 A8:DE?E5 ;9
9:C:- 9:D9 D9<=> F89;9 6= :9> 9B D9<=> ;9
:9> 5FB5:D5;=:
6 S9H;9 9:D=- F89;9 E<ED5>
9B D9<=> ;9 5SE; W 5B
2" !3X = :5G
5: W:
)X 78E969: :5KE96;= 789 9>5 F9?5;=>9:D9<KB5>=6 56D9 9B E=: BDG
:E<=
89;9 :9> 86
D9<=> 5:=?E5;= ?=6 F9?5;= 6= ?=6U9:5;=
89;9 :9> 86 D9<=> 5:=?E5;= ?=6 865 U5BD5 ;9
?=6UE56H5 96 B5: F>=<9:5: ;9 E=:
F89;9
:9> 86 D9<=> F=> :96DE>:9 E6<86;= F=>
O5K9> :E;= =KA9D= ;9B F9?5;= ;9 =D>=
E96D>5: :95<=: F9?5;=>9:- B5 S9>@[96H5
:9>Q 865 9VF9>E96?E5 ?=<C6
=;=: :5K9<=:
5B@= ;9 B5 SE;5 ;9D>Q: ;9 B5: F5>9;9: M B5:
<Q:?5>5:
E=:
!"'%X
E6DE9>=6 789
5B5K56H5 ;9 B=: O=<K>9:
>9?O5H= 789 5B 9T=>
69?9:ED5K56 B5
9<E9>=6 <Q: 5B
;9:5UG
=
?=6:D56D9
+ ?5:=
5B@8E96
?=6:E:D96D9<96D9 O5 D96E;= 9B ;9689;= M B5
?B5>E;5; ;9
9:C: 96 :8 D9:DEUE?5> ;9B
9S56@9BE=,
86?5
+ B@8E96 O5 9SED5;=
?=6:E:D96D9<96D9 9B D9<=> 5B O=<K>9 96 9B
?=6D9VD= ;9B 9S56@9BE:<=, E9>D5<96D9 6=
5M 865 B=?8>5 E6O9>96D9 96 9B <96:5A9 ;9
B5 ?>8H
5 F>=?B5<5?EI6 ?B5>5 ;9B 9S56@9BE=
6= 6=: O5?9 S9> KE96
= 6=: O5?9 :9>
F=F8B5>9:
5
>9:EI6 ;9
>8F= M B5
B5K56H5 ;9
E=:
=M 96 ;G
5 :9>G
5<=: 5<5KB9: M ;E>G
5<=: 789
B=: U5>E:9=: K8:?5K56 ?=<FB5?9> 5 B5 @96D9
E>G
5<=: 789 B8?O5K56 ?=6 B5 F>9:EI6 ;9
@>8F=
89:D= 789 D=;=: :=<=: 5U9?D5;=:
F=> 9BB5 96 <=<96D= 8=D>=- :=<=: 9<FQDE?=:
O5?E5 D5B ?=6;8?D5
9>= 9:D5 9: 78EHQ B5
U=><5 <Q: D>Q@E?5 ;9B D9<=> 5B O=<K>9
=:
5;=B9:?96D9:
?=6:D56D9<96D9
D=<56
;9?E:E=69: 69?E5: ;9KE;= 5 9BB5
5<KEN6 B=:
5;8BD=: K8:?56 B5 5F>=K5?EI6 ;9 B5 @96D9
49
50
F=> <G
- 5 UE6 ;9 789 5B 5K>E> <E K=?5 <9
:95 ;5;5 F5B5K>5 F5>5 ;5> 5 ?=6=?9> ?=6
;9689;= 9B <E:D9>E= ;9B 9S56@9BE=
789 ?=6
51
52
5D5BB5
5D5BB5 ;9 9;>= ?=6 9B D9<=> 5B
=<K>9
53
54
O5KG
5 5F>96;E;= B5 B9??EI6
5B <96=: 5:GB=
F96:I
F9:5> ;9 :8 U9 UE><9 M B=: ;=69:
;5;=: F=> 9B :FG
>ED8- 9:D9 O=<K>9 6=D5KB9 U89
O8<EBB5;= =D>= 5 S9H;9KE;= 5 :8 D9<=> 5 B5:
=D>5: F9>:=65:
:D5 S9H- B5 =?5:EI6 96 789
;9<=:D>I :8 ;9:9= ;9 5@>5;5> 5 B5 @96D9
U89 ;8>56D9 865 ?=<E;5 ?=6 86 @>8F= ;9
>E:DE56=:
9;>= 9:D5K5 <8M ?=6:?E96D9 ;9 789 B=:
@96DEB9: 9:D5K56 E6?B8E;=: 96 9B 9S56@9BE=
9:F8N: ;9 :8 SE:EI6 96 9?O=: 3- F5:I
DE9<F= ?=6 @96DEB9: ?=<=
=>69BE=
E6
9<K5>@=- ?856;= SE6E9>=6 5 NB B=: 8;G
=:
?>E:DE56=:
789
?=6:E;9>5K56
789
B5
?E>?86?E:EI6 9>5 F5>D9 ;9B 9S56@9BE=- NB :9
:9F5>I;9 :8: O9><56=: M O9><565: @96DEB9:
=: D>5DI;9 5?89>;= ?=6 B5 ?=:D8<K>9 A8;G
5M
6= ?=<= 9B 9T=> O5KG
5 =>;965;=
+ => 78N OEH= 9:D=, 9 D9<G
5 5B @>8F= ;9 B5
?E>?86?E:EI6
+ 8QB9:
U89>=6
B5:
?=6:9?896?E5:,
D>=: 8;G
=:- E6?B8M96;= 5
9>65KN- U89>=6 BB9S5;=: 5B <E:<= 9>>=>
5B
OEF=?>9:G
5 U89 D56 :9>E5 789 5KB= :9 =F8:=
5 9;>= ?5>5 5 ?5>5 W 5B !" %X
55
56
;9 9:D9 9S96D=- M
9;>=- 96 F5>DE?8B5>:8@E9>9 865 ?=69VEI6 96D>9 9:D=: 9S96D=: 96
B5 SE;5 ;9 9;>= M B5 <569>5 ?=<= NB 96:9TI
5 B5 E@B9:E5 F>E<EDES5
78EN6 9: 5789B 789 =: F=;>Q O5?9> ;5T=- :E
S=:=D>=: :9@8G
: 9B KE96,
5: D5<KEN6 :E
5B@865 ?=:5 F5;9?NE: F=> ?58:5 ;9 B5 A8:DE?E5KE965S96D8>5;=: :=E:
=> D56D=- 6= =:
5<9;>96DNE: F=> D9<=> ;9 9BB=:- 6E =:
?=6D8>KNE:
E6= :56DEUE?5; 5 E=: 9B 9T=> 96
S89:D>=: ?=>5H=69: W 9; %" %4 (5X
9;>= ;9?G
5"
= D9<56 5 B5 @96D9\D9<56 5B
9T=>
B :5KG
5 789 9B D9<=> 5B O=<K>9
F=;G
5 :9> 865 D>5<F5
5
96D9 &
%
5 @96D9 :9 O5KG
5 ?=6S9>DE;= 96 9B G
;=B= ;9
5>5O
9?9:ED5K5 :85F>=K5?EI6
9?9:ED5K5
:8 5<E:D5;- M :9 :96DG
5 D=D5B<96D9 :=U=?5;5
F=> B5 F=:EKEBE;5; ;9 789 5B@8E96 D8SE9>5
=FE6E=69: ;9:U5S=>5KB9: :=K>9 9BB5
5 D>Q@E?5
>95BE;5; 9: 789
5>5O :9 ?=6SE>DEI 96 B5
9:?B5S5 ;9 :8 G
;=B=- M B5 D>5@9;E5 5?=<F5T5 5
D5B 9:?B5SED8;
5>5O 6= S9G
5 =D>= ?5<E6=
O5?E5 B5 BEK9>D5;
5>5 96:5>
B F>=FI:ED= ;9 9:D=: F>E<9>=: ;=: ?5FG
D8B=:
9: >9S9B5> 789 9B D9<=> 5B O=<K>9 9:DQ 96
D=;=: 6=:=D>=:
5 >95BE;5; ;9D>Q: ;9 9:D9
D9<=> 9: <8?O= <Q: F>=U86;5 789 689:D>5
E;95 5?D85B ;9 D969> <E9;=
6 9B :96DE;=
KG
KBE?=- 5789BB= 5 B= 789 D9<9<=: >9S9B5 96
;I6;9 9:DQ 689:D>5 B95BD5;
=: <89:D>5
;I6;9 F=69<=: 689:D>5 ?=6UE56H5
89:D>5
78EN6 9: @>56;9 96 689:D>5: SE;5:
6 D8: F>=FE5: F5B5K>5:- + 8N 9: 9B
D9<=> 5B O=<K>9,
!
E 9B D9<=> 5 B=: ;9<Q: 9: D56
F>9S5B9?E96D9 96 689:D>5: SE;5: ?=<= B=
:8@E9>9 B5 EKBE5- O5H 865 BE:D5 ;9 B5:
<569>5: 96 B5: 789 :9 9VF>9:5 96 D8
SE;5
89;9: 9<F9H5> ?=6 5B@865
EB8:D>5?EI6 ?BQ:E?5 ;9 ?856;= 9>5: <Q:
A=S96- F9>= 5:9@C>5D9 ;9 D5<KEN6 BB9@5>
5 >9B5D5> 5789BB= 789 =?8>>EI B5 :9<565
F5:5;5
61
62
;9D>Q: 9BB5:
F89;96"
=:
?=;9F96;E96D9:
63
'
569D U89 SG
?DE<5 ;9 SE=B96?E5 UG
:E?5 M :9V85B
9 B=: :E9D9 5 B=: ;=?9 5T=: U89 SE=B5;5 F=> :8
F5;>9
9 ;9D8S= :IB= F=>789 M5 9>5 SE9A= M
B96D=- M 569D F=;G
5 9:?5F5>
9>= B5 SE=B96?E5
6= :9 ;9D8S=
8>56D9 :8: 5T=: ;9
5;=B9:?96?E5 :8 O9><56= <5M=> B5 @=BF95K5
O5:D5 789 ;=KB5K5 9B ?89>F= F=> 9B ;=B=>
E6
9<K5>@=- 6E B=: =A=: <=>5;=: = B5: ?=:DEBB5:
>=D5: B5 F=;G
56 BB9S5> 5B O=:FED5B F=>789 :8
O9><56= B5 5<965H5K5 ?=6 <5D5>B5 :E :9 B=
?=6D5K5 5 5B@8E96
BB5 DE969 D>9E6D5 M ?E6?= 5T=:
5 9:D5;=
?5:5;5 F=> =?O= 5T=: ?=6 86 O=<K>9 <8M
?=<F>96:ES= M DE969 ;=: OEA=:- 86 S5>I6 ;9
:9E: M 865 6ET5 ;9 D>9:
9?E96D9<96D9?=6U>=6DI D56D= 5 :8 F5;>9 ?=<= 5 :8
O9><56=- M 5<K=: O=<K>9: O56 >9?=6=?E;=
:8: =U96:5:
= =K:D56D9- 6E :8 9:F=:=
?=<F>96:ES=
6E
B5
?=6U9:EI6
;9
:8:
F9>F9D>5;=>9: O56 BEK>5;= 5 569D ;9 86
<86;= ;9 F>=KB9<5: ;EU9>96D9:
=> 9A9<FB=- ?856;= 569D O5KB5 5?9>?5 ;9 B=:
789 5K8:5>=6 ;9 9BB5- :8: 5?DED8;9: UB8?DC56
5B=?5;5<96D9
5M =?5:E=69: 96 B5: 789
;9:95 865 >9B5?EI6 <Q: F>=U86;5 ?=6 9BB=:F9>= :8 F5:EI6 6= 9: D56D= F=> 865 5<E:D5;
96D>9 5;8BD=: :E6= :9> 865 6ET5 ;9F96;E96D9
;9 9BB=:
BB5 ;9:95 9B 5<=> M 9B 5U9?D= ;9 :8
64
5 SE=B96?E5 UG
:E?5 M :9V85B :=6 9A9<FB=:
?B5>=: ;9 ?I<= B5: F9>:=65: ;9:D>8?DES5: 96
689:D>= F5:5;= F89;96 O5?9>6=: <Q:
F>=F96:=: 5 D9<9> 5 =D>5: F9>:=65:
9>= B5
:?>ED8>5
6=
:IB=
O5KB5
;9
5??E=69:
;9:D>8?DES5:
5<KEN6 ;E?9 789 B5: F5B5K>5:
:=6 F=;9>=:5:
9 F>9@86D= +?I<= 5U9?D56
5 B=: 6ET=: B5: F5B5K>5: ?>89B9:, = :9 789 B=:
6ET=: :=6 E6<96:5<96D9 >9:E:D96D9:- M 6=
9:D=M :8@E>E96;= 789 865 F5B5K>5 ;9A5>Q 865
?E?5D>EH 96 9B 6ET= ;9 F=> SE;5- F9>= B5 EKBE5
E6;E?5 789 B5: F5B5K>5: ?>89B9: ?=>D56 ?=<=
865 9:F5;5 W >=S
!" 1X
5 EKBE5 686?5
<E6E<EH5
9B
9U9?D=
;9
B5:
F5B5K>5:
65
66
F9?5<E6=:5:
5: 9VF=69 ?=<= BB5<5: ;9
U89@= 789 ;9A56 O9>E;5: 789 F89;96 BB9@5>
O5:D5 B5: F5>D9: <Q: F>=U86;5: ;9 689:D>=
:9>
E?O5: F5B5K>5: 9:DQ6 96 86 ?=6D>5:D9
5K:=B8D= ?=6 B5: F5B5K>5: ;9 ?=<F5:EI6 M
:56E;5; 789 9B 9T=> =U>9?9 5 D5B9: SG
?DE<5:
9 SE:D= 5 6ET=: 789 O56 :E;= 5FB5:D5;=: F=>
B5: F5B5K>5: ;9 =D>=
9 =K:9>S5;= ?=<=
5B@86=: ;9 9BB=: @>5;85B<96D9 :9 S89BS96
<Q: 5>E:?=: M :9F5>5;=:
9 S96 ?=<= :E
D8SE9>56 865 ?E?5D>EH- :E9<F>9 5 B5 ;9U96:ES5 M
SE@EB56D9:- ?=<= :E 9:D8SE9>56 96 865 K5D5BB5
+ : 9B F9?5;= ;9 B5: =D>5: F9>:=65: B= 789 B=:
9:DQ ;9A56;= F>=F96:=: 5 865 S9>:EI6
58<96D5;5 ;9B D9<=> 5B O=<K>9, 6 5B@86=:
?5:=:- :G
:85B<96D9 :9 >978E9>9 <Q: ;9 86 E6?E;96D9
F5>5 E6E?E5> B5: UB5<5: ;9B D9<=> 5B O=<K>9
: F=:EKB9 789 B= E6E?E9 865 ?>G
DE?5
O=>>EKB9<96D9 OE>E96D9- = 78EHQ 5B@C6 ?OE:<9
5?9>?5 ;9 DE 789 =G
:D9 E6;E>9?D5<96D9\F9>= :E
D8 OE:D=>E5 D9 O5?9 <Q: S8B69>5KB9 5B D9<=> 5
B=: ;9<Q:- F>=K5KB9<96D9 U8E:D9 5U9?D5;= F=>
86 5>>=M= ?=6:D56D9 ;9 F5B5K>5: ;9 ;9:Q6E<=
6 =D>5: F5B5K>5:- ;G
5 D>5: ;G
5 9:?8?O5K5:
5B@865 ?>G
DE?5- 5B@= O8<EBB56D9 = @>=:9>=
S9>K5B<96D9
9:F8N: ;9 ?=<= 865 <9;E5
O=>5 ;9 9:D5> U89>5 ;9 ?=6D>=B- >9@>9:5 M :9
;E:?8BF5 ?=6 5789BB=: 5 78E96 OE>EI
?DC5
?=<= 86 K=>>5?O=- F9>= :E6 5B?=O=B
+ 8N FE96:5: ;9 9:D9 O=<K>9, 9>G
5 K896=
S9> ;9:5F5>9?9> :8: 9VFB=:E=69:- F9>= 5B
<96=: :9 ;E:?8BF5
5: ?=:5: F=;>G
56 :9>
F9=>9: = =K:D56D9- O9 6=D5;= ?5<KE=: 96 :8
C6E?= OEA=
B 9: ?5;5 S9H<Q: DG
<E;=
E969
<E9;= ;9 E6D96D5> 5B@= 96 B= 789 O5M5 B5
F=:EKEBE;5; ;9 U>5?5:5>
6 =D>= DE9<F= 9>5
5<E@5KB9 ?=6 B=: 5;8BD=:- 5O=>5 :IB= ?856;=
5B@8E96 B9 ;E>E@9 B5 F5B5K>5
B F>=KB9<5 9:
789
9B
F5;>978E96
9:DQ
D>5D56;=
O=69:D5<96D9 ;9 ?=6D>=B5> :8E>5- 6= ?=6S9>:5
96 >95BE;5; ?=6 :8 OEA= 96D>9 9VFB=:EI6 M
9VFB=:EI6
B @>ED5- :9 ;E:?8BF5- M >9@>9:5 5 :8
D>5K5A= & 9:= 9: D=;=
6D=6?9:- 586 ?856;=
B5: F5B5K>5: B5:DE<9>5: SE9696 :IB= 865 S9H5B
<9:- N:D5: :=6 B5: C6E?5: 789 9B 6ET= 9:?8?O5
6D9:
;9
=U>9?9>
5B@865:
>9:F89:D5:
9:F9?G
UE?5: F5>5 5789BB=: 789 O56 :E;=
=F>E<E;=: F=> =D>5: F9>:=65:- ?=6:E;9>9<=:
5B@86=: 9A9<FB=: ;9 B5 :?>ED8>5 ;9 ?I<=
>9:F=6;EI B5 @96D9 5 B5: 5<965H5: M B=:
5D5789:
N>=9
=K5>;9
67
68
72
F>=<9:5 ;9
E=:
@>5?E5 :8KBE<9
S5BE96D9
E=: B9 ;E?9"
E>5 789 D9 <56;=
789 :95: U89>D9 M S5BE96D9
= D9<5: 6E
;9:<5M9:- F=>789 9O=SQ D8 E=: 9:D5>Q
?=6DE@= 96 ;=6;978E9>5 789 S5M5: W
S 2X
=:8N- ?=<= 9B K896 9:D8;E56D9 789 :E9<F>9
U89- >9FEDEI<Q: 5;9B56D9 9:D=: <56;5<E96D=:
;ESE6=: ?856;= :9 96U>96DI 5 ?E6?= >9M9:
?58DES=:
9 ;EA= 5 :>59B= D9<QE:- 6E =:
5D9<=>E?NE:\:9; U89>D9: M S5BE96D9: W 3"!(X
8 ?=6UE56H5 EK5 5 B5 F5> ?=6 :8 =K9;E96?E5 &
?=<= ;9K9 :9> :E9<F>9 & M F9>:=65B<96D9
<5DI5 B=: ?E6?= >9M9: ?=6 :8 9:F5;5
=:8N5 D>5SN: ;9 D5B BE;9>5H@=- ;9AI 9B <Q: @>56;9
;9 B=: B9@5;=:"
:E>SEI :>59B 5 9O=SQ D=;=
9B DE9<F= ;9 =:8N W
!'"% X
5SE; 9: =D>= 9A9<FB= ;9 86 S5>I6 789 D9<EI
E=: M 6= 5 B=: O=<K>9:
=: 5B<=: ;9
5SE; 5 <968;= @E>56 5B>9;9;=> ;9 865
F>9@86D5" + 78EN6 D9<=, +
E=: = 5 B=:
O=<K>9:,
9KE;= 5 789 O5KG
5 BB9@5;= 5
?=6=?9> 5B E=: SES=- :8>9:F89:D5 >5>5: S9?9:
9:D5K5 96 ;8;5
9O=SQ >9E65 F5>5 :E9<F>9
W 5B ')" 3X
=: O=<K>9: <=>D5B9: <89>96
M :8: FB569: <89>96 ?=6 9BB=: W 5B
')"'X
E=: 9>5 :8 9:?8;= W 5B %"%\(" !\/" 3X- :8
>9U8@E= W 5B (" \ 2"2X- 8 U=>D5B9H5 W 5B
1" 'X- M :8 >=?5- ?5:DEBB= M :5BS5?EI6 W 5B
1"!X
856;= D96G
5 <E9;=- >9?=>;5K5 789
B5: F9>:=65: F=;G
5 D969> 86 F=;9> @>56;9
?856;= B5: ?=<F5>5K5 ?=6:E@= <E:<=- F9>=
6= D96G
56 F=;9> 96 ?=<F5>5?EI6 ?=6 :8 E=:
75
= ;E>G
5 789 9>5 ?5:E 65D8>5B
B >9M 5SE;
U>9?896D9<96D9 U89 5<965H5;= F=> :8:
969<E@=:- M ?856;= 9>5 5<965H5;= D5<KEN6
D8S= <E9;=
9>= 9:D= 6= 9>5 9V5?D5<96D9 9B
D9<=> 5B O=<K>9- M D5<F=?= F>=S=?I9B D9<=>
5B O=<K>9
B D9<=> 5B O=<K>9 9: 865
9V5@9>5?EI6 F9?5<E6=:5 ;9 865 9VF9>E96?E5
6=><5B
9K9>G
5<=: D969>
9><G
D56<9 9VFBE?5> 9:D=
D9<=> ?856;= 6=: 5<965H56 UG
:E?5<96D9
E9>D5<96D9 6= 9: F9?5<E6=:= 9B O9?O= ;9
789 D8 5;>965BE65 9:DN UB8M96;= ?856;= D9
9:DQ6 ;E:F5>56;=
9>= 9B D9<=> 5B O=<K>9 9:
86 D9<=> 96B=789?9;=>
89;9 ?=<96H5> ?=6
9B D9<=> <8M 65D8>5B 5:=?E5;= ?=6 9B :9>
76
S8B69>5KB9 M 5<965H5;=
E6 9<K5>@=- 5
S9?9: 9:D5 5B5><5 6= 9: >9@8B5;5 F=> B5 U9
9 ?=6SE9>D9 96 86 D9<=> 789 :9 ?=6?96D>5 96
:G<E:<=- M F=> 86 <=<96D= :9 =BSE;5 ;9
E=:
9 ?=6SE9>D9 96 86 D9<=> 789- ?856;=
:9 5?DES5- @=KE9>65 D8 SE;5
6 D5B 9:D5;=?=6UE5<=: 789 689:D>5 :5BS5?EI6 9:DQ 96 =D>5:
F9>:=65:
969> <E9;= 6= 9:DQ <5B 96 :G<E:<=
=<=
?>E5D8>5: 789 SESE<=: 96 86 <86;= F9?5;=>
;9K9<=: D969> <E9;= 5 S9?9:
B F>=KB9<5
9: ?856;= 9B D9<=> =BSE;5 5 E=:
:D5 U89 B5
9VF9>E96?E5 ;9 569D M U89 B5 9VF9>E96?E5 ;9
<8?O=: ;9 B=: S9D9>56=: 789 ?=6=?G
=> B= D56D=- B=: 5B<=: ;9
5SE; 6= :=6
EB8:D>5?E=69: ;9B D9<=> 5B O=<K>9
8 D9<=>
9:D5K5 ;96D>= ;9 B=: F5>Q<9D>=: ;9 E=:
6
:8 D9<=> ?=6:D56D9<96D9 :9 S=BSEI 5 :8 9M
B 9: 865 EB8:D>5?EI6 ;9 789 B5: <5B5:
9VF9>E96?E5: 6= DE9696 789 F>=S=?5> 9B D9<=>
F9?5<E6=:= 5B O=<K>9
9>= 6=D9<=: B= 789
O5?G
5 5SE;
=6:D56D9<96D9 :9 >9?=>;5K5 5
:G<E:<= 789 9B 9:D5K5 96 865 96?>8?EA5;5
96D>9 B5 U9 96 E=: M 9B D9<=> 5 B5 @96D9
E9<F>9 9:D5K5 5B9>D5 5 :8 S8B69>5KEBE;5; 5
D9<9> 5B O=<K>9 E<EB5><96D9- :E O5: 9:D5;=
96 :ED85?E=69: 789 O56 :E;= 5<965H5;=>5:
UG
:E?5<96D9- :9@8>5<96D9 9:D5>Q: 5B9>D5
:
865 >9:K5B5;EBB5 96D>9 9B D9<=> 6=><5B M 86
D9<=> E;IB5D>5 5B O=<K>9
5>5 F9><569?9>
96 BG
695- <9;ED5 96 B=: 5B<=: ?=6 U9- M :E@89
9B 9A9<FB= ;9 5SE;
77
6 9:D8;E= ;9
5:=
5 5<965H5 UG
:E?5 <9A=> ?=6=?E;5 96 B5
?8BD8>5 ?=6D9<F=>Q695 9: B5 SE=B96?E5 UG
:E?5 =
:9V85B
96
?=6D>5
;9
B5:
<8A9>9:
E9>D5<96D9- B5: <8A9>9: M B=: O=<K>9
F89;96 :9> <5B D>5D5;=: UG
:E?5 = :9V85B<96D9F9>= B5 <8A9> DE96;9 5 :9> <Q: S8B69>5KB9 M 9B
KB56?= <Q: U>9?896D9
E6 ;8;5- B5 SE=B5?EI6 :9V85B ;9A5 5 B5:
<8A9>9: <Q: S8B69>5KB9: 5 D9<9> 5 B5 @96D9
8 9VF9>E96?E5 BED9>5B<96D9 B9 @>ED5 789 B5
@96D9 9: <Q: F=;9>=:5 789 E=:
9:F8N: ;9
78
Harold S. Kushner, When bad Things Happen to Good People (New York: Schochen,
1981), 43.
79
E 5B@8E96 D96G
5 >5HI6 F5>5 D9<9> 5 B5 @96D9
789 F5>9?G
5 <Q: F=;9>=:5- N:D5 9>5 569D
5
>9F9DE;5 SE=B96?E5 :9V85B ?=<9DE;5 F=> :8
F5;>9 M B5 SE=B96?E5 ;9 :8 O9><56= U89>=6
9S96D=: <=B;95;=>9: 96 :8 SE;5
9>= 9BB5
9:D5K5 D>5K5A56;= ;8>= F5>5 ;9A5> 5D>Q: B=:
;=B=>9: ;9B F5:5;=
6 B=: CBDE<=: <9:9:
569D O5 B9G
;= ?E9>D= 6C<9>= ;9 BEK>=:
F=F8B5>9: ?>E:DE56=: M :9?8B5>9: :=K>9
58D=9:DE<5 M 5<=> 5 86= <E:<=
=;=:
F5>9?96 ;9:?>EKE>B5 F9>U9?D5<96D9
9 O9?O=:9 O5 :96DE;= <Q: 96D96;E;5 F=> 9:D=: BEK>=:
789 F=> :8 F>=FE= <5>E;=
5<KEN6 ?=6UE9:5
789 9:D=: BEK>=: B5 O56 5M8;5;= 5 96D96;9>:9
5 :G<E:<5 <9A=> 789 B= 789 B5 EKBE5 B5 O5
5M8;5;= 96 9:D9 >9:F9?D=
O=>5- :E9<F>9
789 DE969 86 F>=KB9<5 96 B5 SE;5- B= 5D>EK8M9
5 :96DE>:9 <5B ?=6:E@= <E:<5 "
= 789
>95B<96D9 69?9:ED= 9: 789>9><9 5 <G<E:<5
9 O9 =;E5;= F=> D56D=: 5T=: 789 :9 :E96D9
?=<= 865 96U9><9;5;
: 96D96;EKB9 D5B 96U=789 96 9BB5 <E:<5
569D :9 :E96D9 BB965 ;9 S9>@[96H5- M D5B
>9F8@656?E5 O5?E5 9BB5 <E:<5 F89;9 :9> 865
9VF>9:EI6 ;9 B5 S9>@[96H5
9>= 5 <96=: 789
:8 E6D>=:F9??EI6 :95 @8E5;5 F=> B5 EKBE5- B5:
?=:5: :IB= 9<F9=>5>Q6
8>8<K= F>9:96D9 B5
9:DQ 5B9A56;= ;9 B5 @96D9 M 9:DQ O5?E96;=
E<F=:EKB9 789 9BB5 ?>9H?5 96 9B D9<=> ;9B
9T=>
=> 9A9<FB=- 569D :9 <=:D>5;= >96896D9 96 E>
5 B5 @B9:E5 96 B=: CBDE<=: ;=: <9:9:
8OEA=
80
=<K>9
81
82
83
84
6 B5 U56D5:G
5 :9;8?D=>5 ?=6 9B F5:D=>- 569D
;E?9:D= 9: B= 789 :=M\ :=M 865 F9>:=65
:9;8?D=>5 789 5>>8E65 SE;5:
5<KEN6 FE96:5
789 9: 865 F9>:=65 D56 SEB 789 6= <9>9?9
K96;E?E=69: D5B9: ?=<= 86 K896 <5>E;=
BB5
<9>9?9 9:D5> ;ES=>?E5;5 ;9 NB\ B89@= F=;>Q
?5:5>:9 ?=6 5B@8E96 789 F89;5 :9> 865 <9A=>
9:F=:5
= F89;9 D969> 865 5S96D8>5 >95BF9>= 78EHQ :8: U56D5:G
5: B9 ;5>Q6 5 :8 9:F=:=
9B <=DES= 789 69?9:ED5 F5>5 ;9A5>B5
5 9:D>8?D8>5 KG
KBE?5 ?=<E96H5 D>5M96;= B5
?B5>E;5; FE5;=:5 5 B5 9VF9>E96?E5 ;9 B5
S9>@[96H5
5 S9>@[96H5 9: 5B@= 789 6=:
O5?9<=: M 5B@= 789 6=: O5?96
O=>5 9: 9B
DE9<F= F5>5 789 569D ;E:DE6@5 96D>9 B5: ;=:
U=><5:
8EHQ 569D F89;5 B99> B=: 9A9<FB=:
;9 S9>@[96H5 F=> SE?DE<EH5?EI6 96 B5
:?>ED8>5" OE:D=>E5: D5B9: ?=<=
E65 W 96
%'"(X- 9A9<FB=: ;9 B5: B9M9: B9SG
DE?5:
W
9A9<FB=- 9S
"!'X- M B5 F>=U565?EI6 ;9B
85
65 :D>8?D8>5 G
KBE?5 F5>5 S96?9> B5
9>@[96H5 M B5 <965H5
86
87
9V5BD5
5
5789BB=:
5S9>@=6H5;=:
789
56D9:
U89>=6
9: K896=
VE:D9 B5 F=:EKEBE;5; ;9 789 9BB5
?>95 789 E=: >9E65 :=K>9 D=;5: B5: ?=:5:F9>= 789 :8 5<=> O5?E5 9BB5 9: F9789T=
5
:8?8<KE;= 56D9 B5 :8@9>96?E5 ;9 5D56Q: ;9
789 E=: >95B<96D9 6= 9:DQ ?=6 :8: OEA=:
=B5<96D9 B5 <9;ED5?EI6 F9>:E:D96D9 96 B5
?>8H ;9 >E:D= 9: :8UE?E96D9 F5>5 5B9A5> 9:D9
D9<=>
89@=- 9BB5 :5K>Q 789 6= O5M 865
F9>:=65 ?5F5H;9 D=>?9> B=: K896=: F>=FI:ED=:
;9 E=: F5>5 :8SE;5
=6 =D>5: F9>:=65: D56 @>56;9: 96 :8 SE;5569D <8M F>=K5KB9<96D9 :9 :96DE>G
5 <8M
:96:EKB9 5B >9?O5H=- M- ?E9>D5<96D9- 9:= F5:=
E O5KG
5 865 D5H5 ;9 5<=> ?=6 >5A5;8>5
K8:?56;= :9> BB965;5 ?=6 5?9FD5?EI6- 9>5 9BB5
96DG
5 ?=<= :E 69?9:ED5>5 B5 5UE><5?EI6 M
5B5K56H5 ?=6:D56D9: F=> F5>D9 ;9 :8 9:F=:=
9?9:ED5K5 789 :8 O9><56= M :8 F5;>9 B9
;E9>56 B5 >9B5?EI6 789 686?5 D8S= ?=6 9BB=:
9?9:ED5K5 :9> 96D96;E;5- M >9:E6DEI 9B O5K9>
=KD96E;= 9:= ;9 86=: BEK>=: 96 S9H ;9 B5:
<8A9>9: 96 B5
@B9:E5
9?9:ED5K5 :9>
F9>?EKE;5 ?=<= 865 K8965 <5;>9
69?9:ED5K5 ?9>?56G
5 ;9 =D>=: O=<K>9:
9>=
9:D5: ?=:5: 686?5 B5 BB965>=6
E9<F>9
9:D5K5 96 KC:789;5 ;9 <Q:
=> U5S=>- 96D96;5<=: 789 ?85B78E9> F9>:=65
789 O5 F5:5;= 5 D>5SN: ;9 B5 9VF9>E96?E5 ;9
569D 9VF9>E<96D5>Q ?E9>D= :96DE<E96D= ;9
S5?G
=
5 FN>;E;5 ;9 K8965: >9B5?E=69: ?=6
B=: <E9<K>=: ;9 B5 U5<EBE5 9: ;=B=>=:5- M 9B
;9:9= ;9 D969> K8965: >9B5?E=69: 9: U89>D9
90
=:=D>=:
9>9<G
5: / 9: 9B D9VD= KG
KBE?= ?BQ:E?= 5?9>?5
;9B D9<=> 5B O=<K>9
9;8?9 B5: ;9?E:E=69:
;9 B5 SE;5 5 ;=: =F?E=69:" + 5: 5 ?=6UE5> 96 9B
O=<K>9 = S5: 5 ?=6UE5> 96 9B 9T=>,
5B;ED= 9B S5>I6 789 ?=6UG
5 96 9B O=<K>9- M
F=69 ?5>69 F=> :8 K>5H=- M :8 ?=>5HI6 :9
5F5>D5 ;9 9O=SQ 9>Q ?=<= B5 >9D5<5 96 9B
;9:E9>D=- M 6= S9>Q ?856;= SE969 9B KE96- :E6=
789 <=>5>Q 96 B=: :9789;5B9: 96 9B ;9:E9>D=96 DE9>>5 ;9:F=KB5;5 M ;9:O5KED5;5
96;ED= 9B S5>I6 789 ?=6UG
5 96 9O=SQ- M ?8M5
?=6UE56H5 9: 9O=SQ
=>789 :9>Q ?=<= 9B
Q>K=B FB56D5;= A86D= 5 B5: 5@85:- 789 A86D= 5
B5 ?=>>E96D9 9?O5>Q :8: >5G
?9:- M 6= S9>Q
?856;= SE969 9B ?5B=>- :E6= 789 :8 O=A5 9:D5>Q
S9>;9\M 96 9B 5T= ;9 :978G
5 6= :9 U5DE@5>Q- 6E
;9A5>Q ;9 ;5> U>8D= W9> /"(41X
F9>?EKE;=
856;= 9:D=: D9<=>9: 6= :=6
?=<K5DE;=: ?=6 9B D9<=> 5B O=<K>9- B5:
?=6:9?896?E5: F89;96 :9> ;9S5:D5;=>5:
9>=
?856;=
E=: DE969 :8 B8@5> ?=>>9?D= 96
689:D>5: SE;5:- B5: 5D5;8>5: ;9B F5:5;=
F89;96 :9> >=D5:
5>5 96:5>
=6:E;9>5 <9;ED5> 96 =D>5 :9??EI6 ;9 B5
:?>ED8>5
856;=
9:C: 96SEI 5 :8:
;E:?G
F8B=: 5 BB5<5> 5 =D>=: F5>5 96D>5> 5B
>9E6=- B9: >9?=>;I 789 96?=6D>5>G
56 ?E9>D=
6C<9>= ;9 F>=KB9<5:
5 @96D9 B=:
>9?O5H5>G
5- B=: BB9S5>G
56 56D9 B5: ?=>D9:- M :8
<E6E:D9>E= :9>G
5 86 U5?D=> ;9 ;ESE:EI6- F=> B=
789 96=A5>G
5 5 <Q: F9>:=65:
6 =D>5:
F5B5K>5:- B=: ;E:?G
F8B=: :9>G
56 D96D5;=: 5
D9<9> 5 B5 @96D9
=<= >9:8BD5;=- 9:C: B=:
96SEI ;E?E96;="
6= D9<QE: 5 B=: 789 <5D56
9B ?89>F=- <5: 9B 5B<5 6= F89;96 <5D5>\
D9<9; <Q: KE96 5 5789B 789 F89;9 ;9:D>8E> 9B
5B<5 M 9B ?89>F= 96 9B E6UE9>6= W 5D 3"!1X
5
9VO=>D5?EI6
;9
9:C:
O5KB5K5
9:F9?G
UE?5<96D9 ;9 D9<=> 5B ;5T= UG
:E?=:E<EB5> 5B 789 96U>96DI K>5O5<
9>= 9:D5
?=6:E;9>56;= 9B F9=> ;9 B=: ?5:=: & B5 <89>D9
& M 9:DQ ;E?E96;= 789 586 B5 5<965H5 ;9
<89>D9 6= ;9K9 ?58:5> 789 B=: ;E:?G
F8B=:
D9<56 5 B5 @96D9
E D5B 5<965H5 D56 :9S9>5
F89;9 :9> ?=6D>5>>9:D5;5 ?=6 9B D9<=> 5B
9T=>- 96D=6?9: B5: 5<965H5: ?=<= 5 :9>
>9?O5H5;= 6= :9>Q6 ;5>;=: B9D5B9:
= =BSE;9:
93
94
96
O5?E5 =: 6@9B9:
ED9>5B<96D9 <9 E6D>=;8A9
5 865 K8>K8A5 ;9 :<=@
E6 9<K5>@=- 865
S9H 789 M5 9:D5K5 96 =: 6@9B9:- 9B :<=@
F5>9?EI ;9:5F5>9?9>
E>5K5 O5?E5 9B ?E9B= M
5F5>96D5K5 9:D5> ;9 86 ?=B=> 5H8B F9>U9?D=
E9<F>9 M ?856;= 6= O8KE9>5 5B@C6 U=6;=?=<= B5: <=6D5T5:- 9B 5E>9 :9 S9G
5 ?B5>G
:E<=
:D5 9: B5 65D8>5B9H5 ;9 B5: :8F=:E?E=69: ;9B
<86;=
856;= 9:DQ: >=;95;= ;9 9BB5:- 6=
B5: F89;9: S9>
89:D>5 <9D5 96 9:D9 ?5FG
D8B= 9: D=<5> 86
<=<96D= M 6=D5> 9B :<=@ 789 6=: >=;95
9?9:ED5<=: S9> 789 96 689:D>5 K5D5BB5 96
?=6D>5 ;9 :9> ?=6D>=B5;=: F=> =D>5: F9>:=65:9:D5<=: B8?O56;= 6= :IB= ?=6D>5 689:D>=
F>=FE= ?=>5HI6- :E6= D5<KEN6 ?=6D>5 B5:
?=>>E96D9: ;9 689:D>5 ?8BD8>5
B@865:
8F=:E?E=69:
=;9>65:
DE
5KG
56 <8M F=?5: ?>E:E: ;9 E;96DE;5;
?856;= D=;=: :5KG
56 78EN69: 9>56 M 78N :9
:8F=6G
5 789 ;9KG
56 :9>
=6:9?896D9<96D9B=: F>=KB9<5: ;9 58D=9:DE<5 >5>5: S9?9:
5UB=>5K56 W :D= 6= 78E9>9 ;9?E> 789 B5 ?8BD8>5
6= D96G
5 =D>=: F>=KB9<5:\ :E<FB9<96D9 789
B5:
F>9@86D5:
:=K>9
B5
E;96DE;5;
M
F9>:=65BE;5; :9 ?=6UE@8>5K56 ;9 ;EU9>96D9
<569>5X
= =K:D56D9- 9B :8>@E<E96D= ;9 B5 ?B5:9 <9;E5
?5<KEI<8?O= ;9 9:9 F96:5<E96D=
=: >=B9:
96 B5 SE;5 M5 6= 9:D5K56 9:?>ED=: 96 FE9;>5
856;= B5 ?B5:9 <9;E5 UB9VE=6I:8 <C:?8B= 96
B5
9S=B8?EI6
>56?9:5 W /12X- :8>@E9>=6
689S=: F96:5<E96D=: >5;E?5B9: 5?9>?5 ;9 B5
SE;5 M B5 E;96DE;5; W
M B5: F=:EKEBE;5;9: 789 6=
:9 O5KG
56 9VFB=>5;= F>9SE5<96D9X
:D9
9S96D= U89 865 <5>?5 F=BG
DE?5 ;9 5B@= <8?O=
<Q: F>=U86;= 789 9:D5K5 =?8>>E96;=
B
K=>>5> B5: ;E:DE6?E=69: 96D>9 9B F5;>9 M 9B OEA=9B 6=KB9 M 9B FB9K9M=- M :E6 86 ?B5>=
F96:5<E96D= KG
KBE?= <=B;956;= B5 689S5
9:D>8?D8>5
:=?E5B:8>@EI 865
689S5
?=:<=SE:EI6 789 F=6G
5 <8?O= <Q: S5B=> 96 9B
?>9?E<E96D= E6;ESE;85B- B5 E;96DE;5; F9>:=65B- M
B5 E6<96:E;5; ;9 F=:EKEBE;5;9: F5>5 B5
F9>:=65- :E6 O5?9> >9U9>96?E5 5 B5 :8A9?EI6 5 B5
58D=>E;5; ;ESE65
:D9 U89 9B :8>@E<E96D= ;9
B5 ?8BD8>5 ??E;96D5B ?=<= B5 ?=6=?9<=: O=M
96 ;G
5- M O5 :E;= BB5<5;5 ?=6 A8:D5 >5HI6 9B
:8>@E<E96D= ;9B ?8BD= 5B M=
100
8F=:E?E=69: 5?9>?5 ;9
E=:
=;5SG
5
E=: 9>5 F5>D9 ;9 B5 ?8BD8>5
9
O9?O=- B5 <5M=>G
5 ;9 B5 @96D9- D56D= 56D9:
?=<= 5O=>5- ;E>G
56 789 E=: 9VE:D9 M 789 9B
5B<5 9: E6<=>D5B
:= :8965 K5:D56D9 KE96 &
86 F=?= :E<FB9- 78EHQ- :E6 865 <96?EI6 5?9>?5
;9 9:C:- F9>= F5>9?9 :9> ?>E:DE56E:<= 96
9:96?E5
9>= K>E6789<=: 5B F>9:96D9 F=> 86
<=<96D=
+ I<=
>95??E=65>G
5:
5
B=:
>9:8BD5;=: ;9 865 96?89:D5 >9?E96D9 789
E6;E?5 789 B5 S5:D5 <5M=>G
5 ;9 B=:
9:D5;=86E;96:9: ?>996 96
E=:- 96 B5 SE;5
8BD>5D8<K5- M 586 96 B5 9VE:D96?E5 ;9 B=:
Q6@9B9:, + 9 56E<5 5 F96:5> 789 :D5;=:
6E;=: 9: 86 F5G
: ?>E:DE56=,
+9:DQ: 5B@=
:=:F9?O=:=789>E96;=
O5?9>
5B@865:
F>9@86D5:
<Q:,
>=K5KB9<96D9
F89;9:
5;ESE65> <E >95??EI6
ESE<=: 96 86 DE9<F=
96 9B 789 O5M 86 >9:8>@E<E96D= ;9 B5
?=6S9>:5?EI6 5?9>?5 ;9 E=: M ;9B B96@85A9
9:FE>ED85B- F9>= >5>5: S9?9: DE9696 5B@= 789
S9> ?=6 789
>E:D= <8>EI F=> 689:D>=:
F9?5;=:- ?=6U=><9 5 B5: :?>ED8>5:\M 789 U89
:9F8BD5;=- M 789 >9:8?EDI 5B D9>?9> ;G
5?=6U=><9 5 B5: :?>ED8>5:\ M 789 5F5>9?EI 5
9U5:- M ;9:F8N: 5 B=: ;=?9 W => ("%4(X
=: ;=: CBDE<=: :E@B=: O56 E6D>=;8?E;= 86
B96@85A9 5?9>?5 ;9 E=: 789 :8965 KE96 F9>=
9:DQ ;ES=>?E5;= ;9B ?=6D96E;= KG
KBE?=
=>
9A9<FB=- 9B UEBI:=U= U>56?N: =8::958 O5KBI
101
102
'
B E6D9>N:
E E=:- 6E
Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, VII:1838-42, ed.
A. W. Plumstead and H. Hayford (Cambridge, Mass,: Harvard University Press, 1969),
254.
5
Lynne Bundesen, GodDependency (New York: Crossway, 1989), 59
6
John Bradshaw, Bradshaw On: The Family (Deerfield Beach, Fla.; Health
Communications, 1988), 234, 236.
103
B 5E>9 789
>9:FE>5<=: 6=: ;E?9 789 9B <5B 6= 9VE:D9
;96D>= ;9 6=:=D>=:- :E6= 9VE:D9 U89>5 ;9
6=:=D>=:
5 U89>H5 ;9D>Q: ;9 9:D5 :8F=:E?EI6
?=<96HI ?=6 B5 ?>996?E5 ;9B :E@B= . . ;9 789
F=;9<=: 96?=6D>5> E6=?96?E5 O8<565 M
K9BB9H5 <=>5B E665D5 96 5789BB=: 789 6= O56
:E;= ?=>>=<FE;=: F=> B5 ?ESEBEH5?EI6- ?=<= 96
9B ?5:= ;9 B=: 6ET=:
B 6ET=- ;9 5?89>;= ?=6
104
=;9F96;96D
= <=>9
8
Nathaniel Branden, Honoring The Self: Personal Integrity and the Heroic Potentials of
Human Nature (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983), 4.
105
106
5 :8: F=:9:E=69:
IB= O5M 86 <56;5<E96D=
96 9:D9 F5:5A9- M 9:D9 9: 5<5 5 D8 F>IAE<=
5;E9- E6?B8M96;= 5B 9:?>ED=> ;9B 9S56@9BE=F8;= O5K9> :=T5;= 789 9:D9 F5:5A9 96:9T5K5
9B 5<=> 5B M=
89>=6 69?9:5>E=: 5B@86=:
?5<KE=: ?8BD8>5B9: F5>5 >9E6D9>F>9D5>B= M
S=BS9> 689:D>=: =A=: O5?E5 5;96D>=
5
EKBE5 5:8<9 789 D969<=: <Q: 789
:8UE?E96D9 F>9=?8F5?EI6 F=> 689:D>= =
=:
S9:DE<=:
=: ;9F>E<E<=: ?856;= B5: ?=:5:
6= :5B96 ?=<= 789>9<=:
=;9<=: :9>
?=6:8<E;=: ?=6 B= 789 5B@8E96 FE96:5 ;9
6=:=D>=:
9>= B5: :8F=:E?E=69: ?8BD8>5B9: 6=:
?E9@56
9A5<=: ;9 S9> 9B :<=@ 96 9B 789
SESE<=:
=> B= D56D=- B=: F5:D=>9: ;9 <8?O5:
E@B9:E5: ?>9?E96D9: F>9;E?56 ?5:E ?5;5 :9<565
:=K>9 865 58D=9:DE<5 :5B8;5KB9- ?=<= :E :9
96:9T5>5 96 ?5;5 FQ@E65 ;9 B5 :?>ED8>5
8?O=: ?>E:DE56=: 686?5 S96 789 9B 5<=> 5
86= <E:<= SE969 ;9 865 ?8BD8>5 789 F=69 5B
E6;ESE;8= F=> 96?E<5 ;9 B5 ?=<86E;5;- M B89@=
:=K>9F=69 9:D9 F>E6?EFE= KQ:E?= 96 B5: FQ@E65:
;9 B5
:?>ED8>5
E6 9<K5>@=- B5
EKBE5
96D96;E;5 ?=>>9?D5<96D9 O5?9 B5 F>9@86D5+ => 78N9:DQ: D56 F>9=?8F5;= 96 DE <E:<=,
;9<Q:- 6=: E6;E?5 789 B5 ?8>5 F>=F89:D5 F=>
689:D>5 ?8BD8>5 W
E6?>9<96D5> 9B 5<=> 5 86=
<E:<=X >95B<96D9 9: B5 96U9><9;5;
E 6=
>9?=6=?9<=: B5 >95BE;5; M F>=U86;E;5; ;9
689:D>= F>=KB9<5 ?=6 9B F9?5;=E=: :9
S=BS9>Q <96=: E<F=>D56D9- M B5 @96D9 :9>Q
<Q: E<F=>D56D9
107
9 789 9: B=
5 ?=6S9>:5?EI6 :9 5?5KI
5>G
5 5?5K5 ;9
5F9B5>
5
B5
58D=>E;5;
:8F>9<5"
:8:
:96DE<E96D=:
6 ;=: 5T=:- S=BS9>Q 5 5F9B5> 5
9:D5 58D=>E;5; =D>5 S9H
108
On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers (New York: Harper & Row, 1965),
106.
109
978ES=?5;5
5 ?=6:?E96?E5 ;9 B5 F>9:96?E5 ;9
E=: 6= 9: 9B F>=FI:ED= ;9 B5 =>5?EI6
B
F>9;E?5;=> 9:D5K5 5F9B56;= 5 B=: K8:?5;=>9:
;9 9VF9>E96?E5: 789 ;9:956 D969> 86 9<F8AI6
9<=?E=65B 96 9B ?8BD=- B=: :9><=69: M B5
=>5?EI6
8K= 86 DE9<F= 96 <E F>=FE5 SE;5 96 9B 789
F>5?DE?5K5 B5 F>9:96?E5 ;9 E=: \ 96D=6?9:=>5K5 ?856;= :96DG
5 :8 F>9:96?E5
=;= :5BEI
KE96 O5:D5 9B ;G
5 ?856;= 6= :96DG :8
F>9:96?E5
:F9>9 F=> O=>5: BB96= ;9
BQ@>E<5:- F9>= 686?5 :96DG 5
>9:96?E5
6D96DN =>5> F9>= :96DG
5 789 D56D= M= ?=<=
<E: =>5?E=69: 9:D5K5<=: 96 86 ?85>D= :9BB5;=
O9><NDE?5<96D9
5
>9:96?E5 UE65B<96D9
SE6= 5B ;G
5 :E@8E96D9 ?856;= 86 K896 5<E@=
<9 9:D5K5 5?=6:9A56;=
8 ?=<96D5>E=
:E<FB9<96D9 U89 9:D9" + => 78N 6= =>5:D9
:E<FB9<96D9 F=> U9, B <9 96:9TI865 ;9 B5:
B9??E=69: <Q: E<F=>D56D9: ;9 B5 =>5?EI6" B5
=>5?EI6 ;9F96;9 ;9 E=: M :8: F>=<9:5:- 6=
;9 <E: 9<=?E=69: 78EA=D9:?5:
E>5 5 D8 5B>9;9;=>
=> D=;5: F5>D9: F89;9:
:96DE> B5 9V5BD5?EI6 ;9 B=: :96DE<E96D=:
=>
9A9<FB=- F89;9: 96?=6D>5>B5 96 B5 <569>5 96
B5 789 O9<=: >9SE:5;= 689:D>5 E;95 ;9 B5
S9>@[96H5
5
S9>@[96H5
:9
S9G
5
=>E@E65B<96D9 ?=<= 9B >9:8BD5;= ;9 86
F>=KB9<5 96D>9 E=: M 6=:=D>=:
O=>5 :9
>9;8?9 5 ?85B78E9> ?=:5 789 F>9SE969 789 6=:
:E6D5<=: KE96 ?=6 6=:=D>=: <E:<=:
111
112
11
113
F5>9?9 ?=<= :E 9B
?=6 U89>H5
114
Abraham Maslow, Toward a Psichology of Being (New York: Van Nostrand, 1968),
21.
116
9:D5: ?5>5?D9>G
:DE?5: 9:96?E5B9: ;9 B5: D9=>G
5:
;9 B5 69?9:E;5; F:E?=BI@E?5 F=;>G
5 5@>9@5>:9
865
<Q:"
D=;5:
:=6
;E:DE6DES5<96D9
6=>D95<9>E?565:
5: D9=>G
5: ;9 B5 69?9:E;5;
:IB= F89;96 UB=>9?9> 96 86 ?=6D9VD= ;=6;9 9B
N6U5:E: 9: F89:D= :=K>9 9B E6;ESE;8= 96 B8@5>
789 96 B5 ?=<86E;5;- M ;=6;9 9B ?=6:8<E:<=
9: 86 9:DEB= ;9 SE;5
E B9 F>9@86D5: 5 B5
<5M=>G
5 ;9 B=: 5:EQDE?=: = 5U>E?56=: 5?9>?5 ;9
:8: 69?9:E;5;9: F:E?=BI@E?5:- P
6E :E78E9>5
96D96;9>G
56 B5 F>9@86D5R
B :8>@E<E96D= ;9 B5: 69?9:E;5;9: F:E?=BI@E?5:
9>5 E69SED5KB9" E 9V5BD5: 5B E6;ESE;8= M O5?9:
;9 B5: 9<=?E=69: 9B ?5<E6= O5?E5 B5 S9>;5;96D=6?9: ?85B78E9> ?=:5 789 :E96D9: ?=6
<5M=> U89>H5 :9>Q ?=6:E;9>5;5 K8965 M
69?9:5>E5 F5>5 9B ?>9?E<E96D= 789BB5: ?=:5:
789 :E96D9: ?=6 <5M=> U89>H5 :=6 SE:D5: ?=<=
D8: 69?9:E;5;9: ;5;5: F=> E=:
=> 9:D= 9B
F9?5;= E<F9>;=65KB9 96 B5 ?8BD8>5 O=M 96 ;G
5
9: M5 :95 69@5> = :8F>E<E> D8: 9<=?E=69:
5: 9<=?E=69: 5F86D56 5 B5: 69?9:E;5;9:- M
69@5>B5: 9: 69@5> 5B@= ;5;= F=> E=:
F9>:=65
9:D5>Q:
;E:?5F5?ED5;=
9:FE>ED85B<96D9- E6OQKEB F5>5 ;5> 5<=> 5 B=:
;9<Q:
=6 9:D9 DEF= ;9 BI@E?5 BE:E5;5
9:FE>ED85B<96D9 789 ;5 <5B=: U>8D=: F=>
;=78E9>- 6= 9: ;9 5:=<K>5>:9 789 586 B=:
F:E?IB=@=: 9:DQ6 O5?E96;= 86 BB5<5;= 5 B5
>9U=><5 96 B5: :8F=:E?E=69: U86;5<96D5B9: ;9
689:D>5 ?8BD8>5
E6 9<K5>@=- B=: F:E?IB=@=:- O56 O9?O= :8
F>=FE5 ?=6D>EK8?EI6 F5>5 9:D=
86789 O56
6=D5;= ?=6 F>9?E:EI6 789 B5 @96D9 ?=6 K5A5
58D=9:DE<5 F=696 ;9<5:E5;5: 9:F9>56H5: 96
=D>=: M D9<96 5 B=: ;9<Q:- :8 D9>5FE5 6=
BEK9>5 96 S9>;5;
=D9<=: 78N 9: B= 789
=U>9?96"
5?9FD5?EI6
D9>5FN8DE?55<=>
E6?=6;E?E=65B- M >95UE><5?EI6 ?=6:D56D9
6
=D>5: F5B5K>5:= ?>95: B= 789 B=: ;9<Q:
;E?96 5?9>?5 ;9 DE- M 6E ?>95: 586 D8: F>=FE=:
>9F=>D9: 69@5DES=: ;9 DE <E:<=\ 96 S9H ;9
9:D=- ?>99 B= 789 M= D9 ;E@=
5B D9>5FE5
5SES5 <Q: 9B D9<=> 5B O=<K>9 96 S9H ;9
9BE<E65>B=
96?EBB5<96D9 :9 :E96D9 <9A=>
F=>789 9B ?BE96D9 F=69 :8 9:F9>56H5 96
5B@8E96 789 B= >95UE><5 96 S9H;9 5?8:5>B9
117
118
5 6UB896?E5 ;9 B5 :E?=B=@G
5 >E:DE565
13
Robert Hemfelt, Frank Minirth, y Paul Meier, Love Is a Choice (Nashville: Nelson,
1989), 34.
119
120
=6D>5@=BF9 9<9>@96D9
14
Ver Welch, Who are we? Needs, Longings, and the Image of God in Man The
Journal of Biblical Counseling, 13 (1994): 25-38
121
122
58D=5M8;5 = F:E?=B=@G
5 ;9 D8 BEK>9>G
5
B=?5B
! + I6;9 S9: 9:D5: :8F=:E?E=69: 96 DE,
9?89>;5
789
9:D5:
:8F=:E?E=69:
F89;96 6= 9:D5> ;9 5?89>;= ?=6 D8
D9=B=@G
5 =UE?E5B- F9>= F89;96 >9S9B5>:9
96 B5 <569>5 96 789 SES9:
% >9@C6D5B9 5 B=: <E:E=69>=: ;9 D8E@B9:E5
5?9>?5 ;9 78N 9: B= 789 S96 96 B5
@B9:E5 65?E=65B- M 6= :IB= 96 B5
9VD>56A9>5
5>5 96:5>
:D5 ?5FG
D8B= >9SE:5 K>9S9<96D9 B5 OE:D=>E5 ;9
5B@865: ;9 689:D>5: :8F=:E?E=69: ?8BD8>5B9:
F>9:96D9:
8@E9>9 789 9:D5: :8F=:E?E=69:
O56 E6U9?D5;= 5 B5 E@B9:E5" 9B E6;ESE;8= ?=<=
<Q: E<F=>D56D9 789 B5 ?=<86E;5;- 9B M=
?=<= K896=- B5 9V5BD5?EI6 ;9 B=: :96DE<E96D=:
M B5: 69?9:E;5;9:- M B5 9:FE>ED85BE;5;
;ES=>?E5;5 ;9 B5 <89>D9 M >9:8>>9??EI6 ;9
9:C: M ;9 86 9:DEB= ;9 SE;5 ;9 U9 M
=K9;E96?E5
=<5 86 DE9<F= F5>5 ?=6:E;9>5>
?I<= O56 E6UB8E;= 9:D5: :8F=:E?E=69: D8F>=FE5
SE;5
+ I6;9 96?896D>5: 9:D5: :8F=:E?E=69:
;9B <86;= W
96 B5 BED9>5D8>5- 9B 5>D9- 9B
?E69- B5: ?=6S9>:5?E=69:X,
=6:E;9>5
9?O5> 86 SE:D5H= 96 B5 :9??EI6 ;9
123
5:= )"
9@=?G
A5D9 ;9 789
E=: O5
?8KE9>D= D8 S9>@[96H5- D9 O5 F>=D9@E;=
;9B F9BE@>=- M D9 O5 5?9FD5;=
9 O5
BB965;= ?=6 :85<=>
124
'
9T=>
125
E=:
:= U89
9><G
D56<9 9VFBE?5>
=<= ?=6:9A9>= SES= 96
9B <86;= ;9B ?I<=
65 F9>:=65 ;9F>E<E;5
O5KB5 ?=6<E@= F=>789 ;9:95 :5K9> ?I<= :5BE>
;9 B5 ;9F>9:EI6
5: F5>9A5: 789 6= :E96D96
6E6@C6 >=<56DE?E:<= 96 :8 >9B5?EI6- ;9:956
:5K9> ?I<= D969> B5 ?OE:F5 ;9 689S=
=6UE9:= 789- 5B@865: S9?9:- O5KB= <Q: ;9B
?I<= 789 5?9>?5 ;9 E=:
96@= ;=: OEA=: 789 O56 D>5G
;= 5 ?5:5
@>56;E=:=: <5D9>E5B9: ;9 :?89B5 =<E6E?5B
G
FE?5<96D9- B9= 9:D=: F5F9B9: 9B ;=<E6@= 96
B5 D5>;9
E9<F>9 9>56 <8M CDEB9:- BB96=: ;9
F>E6?EFE=: KG
KBE?=: M :8 5FBE?5?EI6
8?O=:
?I<= K896=:
>56 OE:D=>E5: 9;EUE?56D9: ;9
6ET=: 789 :9 :96DG
56 >9?O5H5;=: F=> :8:
5<E@=: M ?I<= 9:C: B9: F8;= 5M8;5> 5 5<5>
5 5789BB=: 789 9>56 <5B=:
9?89>;= 865
OE:D=>E5 5?9>?5 ;9B O5?9> D>5<F5 789 9>5
K8965 96 <569>5 9:F9?E5B
9>= >5>5: S9?9:
O5KB5K56 5?9>?5 ;9 E=:
= <9 <5B E6D9>F>9D96
>9= 789 9:
U56DQ:DE?5 B5 5FBE?5?EI6 ;9 B5 :?>ED8>5 5 B=:
;9D5BB9: ;9 689:D>5: SE;5:
= =K:D56D9- <E
=K:9>S5?EI6- 9: 789 9:D=: F>E6?EFE=: 6=
:E9<F>9 ;9:?56:5K56 96 9B D9<=> ;9B 9T=>
B >9:8BD5;= 9: 789 689:D>5 <9D5 F89;9 :9> 9B
<9A=>5<E96D= F9>:=65B M 6= B5 @B=>E5 ;9B
56D= E=:
9?9:ED5<=: <Q: :9><=69: 789
6=: ;9A96 D9<KB56;=
126
E=:
127
128
:5KE;8>G
5 9: :5KE;8>G
5 :56D5
8 K9BB9H5 9:
K9BB9H5 :56D5
8 <5A9:D5; 9: <5A9:D5;
:56D5
8 :56DE;5; 5T5;9 @B=>E5- B8:D>9 M
5><=6G
5 5 D=;5: :8: ;9<Q: F9>U9??E=69: /
+ 78N- F89:- <9 O5>NE: :9<9A56D9 = <9
?=<F5>5>NE:, ;E?9 9B 56D= W: '3"!(X
O
E=:- :56D= 9: D8?5<E6=\+ 8N;E=: 9: @>56;9
?=<= 689:D>= E=:, W 5B //" %X =>789 E=:
:=M- M 6= O=<K>9- 9B 56D= 96 <9;E= ;9 DE\
W:
"2X
B@86=: B9 BB5<56 D>5:?96;96?E5 5 9:D5
;EU9>96?E5 M :56DE;5; ;9 E=:
E=: 9:DQ F=>
96?E<5 ;9 :8F89KB=
B SES9 96 86 B8@5> 5BD=
M 9B9S5;= W: (/" (X
8A8E?E= M <E:9>E?=>;E5
9:DQ6
F=>
96?E<5
;9
6=:=D>=::=6
E6?=<F>96:EKB9: 5B UE65B ;9 ?896D5:
=<=
>9:8BD5;=- 6= 8:5<=: B5 E<5@96 ;9 86 >9M =
>9E65 ?=<= 689:D>5 FB56DEBB5 F5>5 ?=6=?9> 5
E=:
B ;9?E> 789 9B E=: 56D= >9E65 O5?9
E<F=:EKB9 8DEBEH5> 5 86 >9M D9>>965B ?=<=
<=;9B=
B E=: 56D= 9: C6E?=- <Q: @>56;9M ;9 86 DEF= ;EU9>96D9 5 B=: >9M9: D9>>965B9:
B E=: 56D= 9: 9B =>E@E65B\9B <Q: @B=>E=:= ;9
B=: >9M9: D9>>965B9: 9: :IB= 86 ;NKEB >9UB9A= ;9
689:D>= E=:
5>5 O5?9> B5 :56DE;5; ;9
E=: 586 <Q:
5:=<K>=:5- 9B
E=: D>5:?96;96D9 :9 O5
5?9>?5;=
9>G
5 865 ?=:5 :5K9> 789 E=: 9:
@B=>E=:5<96D9 D>5:?96;96D9 M 96D9>5<96D9
17
John Mclintock and James Strong, Holiness Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological
and Ecclesiastical Literature (New York: Harper, 1872), 4:298.
130
:9F5>5;= ;9 :8 ?>95?EI6
6 D5B :ED85?EI6 6=:
5?=:D8<K>5>G
5<=: 5 :8 U5BD5 ;9 E6D9>S96?EI6
96 B=: 5:86D=: O8<56=:- M 96 B5 F>Q?DE?5
F=;>G
5<=: BB9@5> 5 :9> 689:D>=: F>=FE=:
;E=:9:
9>= 689:D>= E=: 9: 9B E6<5696D9
789 :9 O5 >9S9B5;= M S89BD= ?=<= 6=:=D>=:
B ;EA=- = :9>NS89:D>= E=: M S=:=D>=: :9>NE:
<E F89KB= W9S !)" !X
B 9:DQ ?9>?56=
B
686?5 6=: ;9A5 6E 5K56;=65 W 9K
%"(X
:DQ D56 ?9>?56= 789 6=: BB5<5 5<E@=:
W856
(" 'X
:DQ D56 ?9>?56= 789 B5
:?>ED8>5 O5KB5 5?9>?5 ;9 >E:D= 96 DE W =B
"!/X
9KE;= 5 :8 65D8>5B9H5 9:D= 9:
SE>D85B<96D9 E<F=:EKB9 ;9 ?=<F>96;9> 96 :8
D=D5BE;5;
9>=- F=> B5 @>5?E5 ;9
E=:F=;9<=: ?>9?9> 96 9B ?=6=?E<E96D= ;9 :8
:56DE;5;- M 9:D9 ?=6=?E<E96D= 9VF8B:5>Q ;9
689:D>5: SE;5: 5 689:D>=: G
;=B=: F9>:=65B9: M
6=: S=BS9>Q <96=: F>=F96:=: 5 96U=?5>6=: 96
6=:=D>=: <E:<=:
+ 8N:9 =F=69 5B 9<=> ;9B
9B <86;= M 9B ;E5KB=
89:D>=: ?=>5H=69:
DE9696 E6UE6E;5; ;9 9:D>5D9@E5: F5>5 9S5;E> 9B
D9<=> ;9B 9T=>
65 9:D>5D9@E5 9: ;9@>5;5>
B5 =K9;E96?E5 & B5 9VF>9:EI6 ?=6?>9D5 ;9B
D9<=> ;9B 9T=> & 96 865 F>9=?8F5?EI6 F=>
B5: 5F5>E96?E5:
=: ?=6?96D>5<=: 96 B5:
5??E=69: M F5:5<=: F=> 5BD= B5: 5?DED8;9:
B
O5?9> 9:D=- 689:D>5 65D8>5B9H5 F9?5<E6=:5
F89;9 ;5>6=: 865 :96:5?EI6 ;9 789 9:D5<=:
KE96
= O9<=: 5:9:E65;= 5 65;E9 O=M
=
O9<=: ?=<9DE;= 5;8BD9>E=
= >=K5<=: 65;5
;9 B5 DE96;5
=> B= D56D=- D8SE<=: 86 K896
;G
5
86 <9A=>- :=<=: K896=:
=>
:8F89:D=- =?5:E=65B<96D9 O5?9<=: ?=:5:
<5B5:
=;9<=: @>ED5> <8M U89>D9<96D9- =
D5B S9H <E>5<=: 5B@= ;9 F=>6=@>5UG
5 96 9B
59>=F89>D=
6 9:D=: ?5:=: ;9K9<=: F9;E> 9B
F9>;I6 ;9 E=:
9>=- 96 @969>5B- D96;9<=:
5 9:D5> K5:D56D9 KE96
:E F96:5<=: 789
8:85B<96D9 :=<=: K896=:- 96D=6?9: E=: 9:
8:85B<96D9 E>>9B9S56D9 F5>5 6=:=D>=:
9T=>,
131
132
133
9T=>
:D= 6= 9: UQ?EB
5 B9?D8>5 ?=6:D56D9 ;9 B5
EKBE5 F89;9 :9> ;EUG
?EB
=: D>9: 5;S9>:5>E=:
135
136
9T=>- 9B
>95;=>
=6:E;9>9<=: B5 9:?89B5 KG
KBE?5 ;9 E=: 789
96:9T5 9B D9<=> ;9B 9T=>
5 ?B5:9 ?=<E96H5
E6<9;E5D5<96D9
5
EKBE5
?=<E96H5
96:9T56;= 789 9B 56D= >9E65
137
138
B
5B<E:D5 F>9?9;EI 5
BEH5K9DO
5>>9DD
>=^6E6@ 96 78ED5>:9 B=: H5F5D=:
5
<5A9:D5; ;9 B5 ?>95?EI6 E6:FE>I:85;=>5?EI6 M
O8<EB;5;
=;=
56E<5B
789
S9:
K9KE96;=
=
5BE<96DQ6;=:9 96 B=: F5:DEH5B9: 9:DQ :E96;=
:=:D96E;= F=> 9B E=: BDG
:E<= W 5B
3'X
B
@>56A9>= 6= 9: B5 ?58:5 ;9 789 B5: ?=:9?O5:
?>9H?56
5: FB56D5: :5B96 ;9 B5 DE9>>5 ?=<=
86 >9@5B= ;9 E=:
5 BB8SE5 9: 865 9VF>9:EI6
;9 :8?8E;5;=- 86 SE:D5H= ;9 :8F=;9>
18
139
9:D>9BB5:
O=<K>9
OEA= ;9B
1"%4'X
9T=>
143
2" !3X
9<=>
6= ;9 B=: 6=<K>9: ;9
E=: 9:
5: B9??E=69: ;9 V=;=
F>96;9<=: 9B D9<=> ;9B 9T=> 5B ?=6=?9> 5
E=: 9B >95;=>
B 86ES9>:= 9: ?E9>D5<96D9
865 9VF>9:EI6 ;9 :8 F=;9> M 5<=>
5<KEN6
5F>96;9<=: 9B D9<=> ;9B 9T=> 5B :9> D9:DE@=:
;9
E=: ?=<= >9;96D=>
6 9B
6DE@8=
9:D5<96D=- 9:D= 9: SE:D= ?=6 <5M=> ?B5>E;5;
96 9B NV=;= ;9 @EFD=
B NV=;= ;9 @EFD= M B5 B9M ;5;5 96 9B E65G
U89>=6 5B@865: ;9 B5: ?B5:9: 5 @>56 9:?5B5
:=K>9 9B D9<=> ;9B 9T=>
8>56D9 9:D=:
9S96D=:- E=: ;9<=:D>I 789 :IB= NB 9>5 E=:
5;E9 F=;G
5 ?=<F5>5>:9 ?=6 NB
E=: 6= DE969
E@85B 96 F=;9> M A8E?E=- 96 5<=> M UE;9BE;5;
9:F8N: ;9 789 B=: E:>59BED5: :5BE9>=6 ;9
@EFD=- 9S96D85B<96D9 U89>=6 BB9S5;=: 5 B5
<=6D5T5 ;9
E=:
:D56;= ?9>?5 ;9 B5
O5KED5?EI6 ;9 E=:- :9 B9: =>;96I BE<FE5>:9
:E<KIBE?5<96D9 M :9> 5F5>D5;=:" 6= F=;G
56
D=?5> B5: U5B;5: ;9 B5 <=6D5T5- B5S5>=6 :8:
S9:DE;8>5:- M :9 5K:D8SE9>=6 ;9 >9B5?E=69:
:9V85B9: ?856;= 9:D5K56 5B>9;9;=> ;9 B5
<=6D5T5
9KG
56 F>9F5>5>:9 F5>5 9:D5> ?9>?5
;9 DE9>>5 :56D5
145
146
+ I<= :9>G
5 :56D= 9B F89KB=, + I<= 5<5>G
56
M @B=>EUE?5>G
56 5 :8 E=:, 6 >9S9>96?E5 :9
:=<9D9>G
56 5 B5 58D=>E;5; ;9
E=: M B9
=K9;9?9>G
56
:G9: ?=<= :9 S9 9B D9<=> ;9B
9T=>
:D= 9: B= 789 B5 B9M F89;9 96:9T5>
+ 8N >9@5B= <Q: <5A9:D8=:= F89;9 9VE:DE>,
147
148
9T=>
E=:"
8K9BB9H5
149
9T=>" 5: F>9@86D5: ;9
E=:
152
9T=>"
5>5 5
5>5
5KE96;=
9T=> F=>
154
$5?5>G
5: W
! >=6 !)"(X- 9B 9T=> B9 ;E= NVED=
D>5: NVED=
= =K:D56D9- 6= F>9:DI 5D96?EI6 5
B5 E6:D>8??EI6 ;9 B5 B9M ;9 9:D5> 9:F9?E5B<96D9
5B9>D5 ;8>56D9 B=: ;G
5: ;9 B5 F>=:F9>E;5;
856;= BB9@I 5 :9> F=;9>=:=- 96 :8 =>@8BB=
8:8>FI 865 B5K=> ;9B9@5;5 9:F9?G
UE?5<96D9
:IB= 5 B=: :5?9>;=D9:
B >9:8BD5;= U89 789 9B
9T=> B9 5UBE@EIE6<9;E5D5<96D9 ?=6 B9F>5
:D= 6=: D>59 <9<=>E5: ;9 =E:N:
969<=:
86 BG
;9> S9>;5;9>5<96D9 K896= 789 ;E= 86
D>5:FEN 96 86 :IB= F86D= M U89 ;E:?EFBE65;=
:9S9>5<96D9
=E:N: 6= B9 U89 F9><EDE;=
96D>5> 5 B5 DE9>>5 F>=<9DE;5- M HG
5: D8S=
B9F>5 O5:D5 9B ;G
5 789 <8>EI
=> B= D56D=?856;= <8>EI HG
5: U89 86 DE9<F= ;9 B8D=
65?E=65B- M D5<KEN6 U89 86 DE9<F= F5>5 ?>9?9>
96 9B D9<=> ;9B 9T=>
B 9T=> 9>5 86 E=:
56D= 78E96 6= D=B9>5>G
5 9B F9?5;= 96 :8
F89KB=
:G789 :5G
5: 9:D5K5 D9<KB56;= 586
56D9: ;9 B5 SE:EI6
:5G
5:
9:D5K5
96
9B
D9<FB=<8M
F>=K5KB9<96D9 F96:56;= 96
HG
5:- ?856;=
E=: B9 5K>EI B=: =A=: F5>5 S9> B5: >95BE;5;9:
?9B9:DE5B9:
E M= 5B 9T=> :96D5;= :=K>9 86 D>=6= 5BD= M
=>
:8KBE<9- M :8: U5B;5: BB965K56 9B D9<FB=
96?E<5 ;9 NB O5KG
5 :9>5UE69:\?5;5 86= D96G
5
:9E: 5B5:\?=6 ;=: ?8K>G
56 :8: >=:D>=:- ?=6 ;=:
?8K>G
56 :8: FE9:- M ?=6 ;=: S=B5K56 W: )" 4
!X
155
:5G
5: SE= 5B
9T=>- :96D5;= 96 9B D>=6=S9:DE;= ?=6 D=@5: :5?9>;=D5B9:
8 F>9:96?E5
:56D5 ;=<E65K5 9B D9<FB=
>5 D56 ;=<E656D9
789 B=: :9>5UE69: D96G
56 789 >9S=B=D95>
96?E<5 ;9B D>=6=
= O5KG
5 9:F5?E= 5B>9;9;=>
;9 NB
:D=:
:9>5UE69:
:=6
<96?E=65;=:
9V?B8:ES5<96D9 96 :5G
5:
B O9?O= ;9 789
:5G
5: 6= 9:D5K5 U5<EBE5>EH5;= ?=6 9BB=: O5?9
789 B5 9:?965 :95 586 <Q: :=>F>96;96D9
6
Q6@9B <Q: >9?=6=?EKB9 M U5<EBE5> O8KE9>5
O9?O= B5 9:?965 <Q: UQ?EB F5>5 NB
E F89;96
9:D5> ;9B56D9 ;9
E=:- D5B S9H M= D5<KEN6
F89;5
9>= :5G
5: 6= 9:D5K5 F>9F5>5;= 96
B= 5K:=B8D= F5>5 S9> 5 9:D5: ?>E5D8>5:
E
:E78E9>5 O5KG
5 9:?8?O5;= ;9 9BB5: 5B@865 S9H
5 ?=:5 <Q: ?9>?565 5 9:D5: ?>E5D8>5: 9>56 B=:
789>8KE69: 789 9:D5K56 96?E<5 ;9B 5>?5 ;9B
F5?D=- F9>= 586 N:D=: :IB= :9 96?=6D>5K56 96
9B 8@5> 56DG
:E<=
=: :9>5UE69: F5>9?G
56 D969> 86 :=B= D>5K5A= &
;9?B5>5> B5 :56DE;5; ;9B 9T=>
>56 D56
<5A9:D8=:=: 789 :8: S=?9: 9:D>9<9?E9>=6 B=:
78E?E5B9: ;9 B5: F89>D5: ;9B D9<FB=
9>= 586
?=6 D5B ?=6;E?EI6 D56 9B9S5;5- B=: :9>5UE69:
D96G
56 B5 69?9:E;5; ;9 ?8K>E>:9 ;9 B5 <E>5;5
:56D5 ;9 E=:
BB=: ;9?G
56 9B 86= 5B =D>="
56D=- :56D=:56D=- 9O=SQ ;9 B=: 9AN>?ED=:\D=;5 B5 DE9>>5
9:DQ BB965 ;9 :8@B=>E5
5 D>G
5;5 ;9 :56D=:
156
<5@6EUE?5 B5 :56DE;5; ;9
E6D96:EUE?5 9B 56D9>E=>
E=:
5;5 :56D=
157
158
162
163
9T=>" 5 >5 ;9
E=:
19
The Works of Jonathan Edwards (New York: Leavitt and Allen, 1855), 4:313-21.
167
Un libro til es Robert A. Peterson, Hell on Trial: The Case for Eternal Punishment
(Phillipsburg, N.J.: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1995).
168
9T=>"
:=<K>=
170
171
172
9T=>" 0 = D9<QE:0
173
9T=> M 9B S56@9BE=
EA=
9:C: O5KG
5 O9?O= M ;E?O= ?=:5: 789 ;9A5>=6
5:=<K>5;5: 5 B5: <8BDED8;9:
9:F8N: ;9 86
DE9<F=- B5: <8BDED8;9: :9 <5>5SEBB5K56 D56
:IB= ?=6 S9>B9
9>= 9B ?=<96D5>E= <Q:
5:=<K>=:= 96 9:D9 BEK>= 9: 78EHQ 5789B ;9B
?96D8>EI6- M D=;= B= 789 5F5>96D9<96D9
9:D5K5 O5?E96;= 9>5 F>9:96?E5> B5 <89>D9 ;9
D>9: 969<E@=: ;9 =<5
9 B9G
;= 5?9>?5 ;9 B5 <89>D9 ;9 <8?O=:
O=<K>9: M <8A9>9: U5<=:=:
B@865:
F9>:=65: U89>=6 5 B5 <89>D9 <=B9:D=: M5 :95
5B D=<5> :8: F>=FE5: SE;5: = 5@ED56;= 9B F8T=
O5?E5 E=:
D>=: 9:D8SE9>=6 >=;95;=: F=>
5<E@=: M 9:D8;E56D9:- M B=: D9:DE@=: =?8B5>9:
?=<96D5>=6 ?I<= <8>E9>=6 ?=6 D56D5 F5H M
D>5678EBE;5;
9>= 686?5 O9 B9G
;= 9B >9B5D= ;9
5B@8E96 789 :9 O5M5 5:=<K>5;= F=> B5 <89>D9
;9 865 F9>:=65
9:C: 6= F>9;E?I 6E6@C6 :9><I6 ;9:;9 B5
?>8H- 6E 5F5>96D9<96D9 >95BEHI 5B@C6 <EB5@>=
96?EBB5<96D9 <8>EI- M 9B ?96D8>EI6 :8F= <Q:
5BBQ ;9 ?85B78E9> ;8;5 789 9:C: 9>5 9B EA= ;9
E=:
5>?=: B89@= D9:DEUE?5 ;9B O9?O= ;9 789 9:C:
?=678E:DI 5 B5 <89>D9
8 >9F=>D9 :8?E6D=
O5?9 789 :8969 ?5:E 56DE?BE<QDE?=- ?=<= :E
9:D8SE9>5 ;E?E96;==> :8F89:D=- O5KE96;=
9:?8?O5;= 5 9:C: D9:DEUE?5> 5?9>?5 ;9 :G
177
178
5>5 96:5>
5 ?B5S9 F5>5 5F>96;9> 9B D9<=> ;9B 9T=> 9:
F9><569?9> 96 B5 :?>ED8>5
856;= 9:DN: 96
B5 :?>ED8>5- =>5 F5>5 789 E=: D9 96:9T9 789
NB 9: 9B 56D=
!
%
'
)
/
?5FG
D8B= ?=6:E;9>5>9<=: <Q: ;9 ?9>?5 B= 789
E=: ;E?9 5?9>?5 ;9 6=:=D>=: <E:<=: M
689:D>5: 69?9:E;5;9:
5:= (" V5<E65 ;I6;9 D8: ;9:9=: O56 :E;=
<8M @>56;9:
856;= D9<9<=: 5 B5 @96D9- B5
@96D9 9: @>56;9- 689:D>=: ;9:9=: :=6 586
<Q: @>56;9:- M E=: 9: F9789T=
5 F>9@86D5 9: 9:D5" + 8QB 9: 689:D>5 U=><5
KQ:E?5 ;5;5 F=> E=: = 689:D>5 E;96DE;5;, 5
6=?EI6 F>9S5B9?E96D9 9: 789 O9<=: :E;=
?>95;=: ?=6 69?9:E;5;9: F:E?=BI@E?5:
5
F89;9: O5BB5> 96 B5: BEK>9>G
5:- M5 :956
:9?8B5>9: = ?>E:DE565:
5 F89;9: 9:?8?O5> 96
B5: :5B5: ;9 ?=6:9A9>G
5
9: F5>D9 ;9 B5
?=6S9>:5?EI6 ?5:85B D56D= 96 B5 E@B9:E5 ?=<=
96 9B <86;=
0 E D56 :IB= <E 9:F=:= <9 56E<5>5 <Q:0
E D56 :IB= <E 9:F=:5 <9 >9:F9D5>50
E D56 :IB= <E: OEA=: <9 =K9;9?E9>560
E D56 :IB= <=:D>5>5 5B@= ;9 E6D9>N: 96
<G
0
(
E D56 :IB= <E: F5;>9: <9 ;E9>56 <Q:
E6;9F96;96?E50
!
%
'
181
D>5K5A=
9?9:ED= 789 <E: OEA=: <9
=K9;9H?56- 9:F9?E5B<96D9 ?856;= O5M =D>5
@96D9 96 689:D>= O=@5>
9?9:ED= ;E69>=- F=>
:8F89:D=
E96:= 789 9:= 9: D=;= F=> 9B
<=<96D=
+ I<= >9:F=6;9>G
5: 5 B5 F>9@86D5,
65
<569>5 ;9 >9:F=6;9> :9>G
5 O5?E96;= =D>5
F>9@86D5" 0+ 8N 78E9>9: ;9?E> ?=6 9B DN><E6=
69?9:ED5>,0
E9>D5<96D9 B5 F5B5K>5 F89;9
D969> S5>E5: ?=66=D5?E=69:
E 9:D8SE9>5:
F9>;E;= 96 9B ;9:E9>D= M <8>EN6;=D9 ;9 :9;- D8
>9:F89:D5 :9>G
5 05@850
E D8 F5:D=> D9 O5?9
B5
F>9@86D5
;8>56D9
86
:9><I6M
9:F9?E5B<96D9 :E D9 ;E?9 0+ 95B<96D9 78N
69?9:ED5:,096D=6?9:
D8
>9:F89:D5
F>=K5KB9<96D9 :9>G
5- 0 9:C:0
= =K:D56D9- :E
5B@8E96 D9 OE?E9>5 B5 F>9@86D5 5B>9;9;=> ;9
865 D5H5 ;9 ?5UN- B5 >9:F89:D5 F>=K5KB9<96D9
:9>G
5" >9:F9D=- 5<=>- ?=<F>96:EI6- 5B@8E96
789
<9
9:?8?O958D=9:DE<5OEA=:
=K9;E96D9::9@8>E;5;?=6D>=B5B@=
9<=?E=656D9 4 B5 BE:D5 D9><E65 ;=6;9 D9><E656
B5 E<5@E65?EI6 M B=: ;9:9=: O8<56=:
E96S96E;=: 5 B5 F5B5K>5 069?9:E;5;0- 86= ;9
B=: DN><E6=: <Q: ?=6U8:=: ;9B E;E=<5 9:F5T=B
=;= <86;= B= 8:5- F9>= F89;9 9VF>9:5>
E;95: 789 6= DE9696 6E6@865 >9B5?EI6 96D>9 :G
=> 9A9<FB=- 0 9?9:ED= 865: S5?5?E=69:0 9:
865 <569>5 ?8BD8>5B ;9 ;9?E> 789 <9 9:D=M
?56:56;= ;9 B5 >8DE65 ;9B D>5K5A= 0 9?9:ED=
9B >9:F9D= ;9 <E 9:F=:50 >9S9B5 B5 ?>996?E5 ;9
789 9VF9>E<96D5>N86 ;NUE?ED F:E?=BI@E?= :E <E
183
9?9:E;5;9:
E=BI@E?5:
5: 69?9:E;5;9:
KE=BI@E?5: :=6 K5:D56D9 ?B5>5:
9?9:ED5<=:
?=<E;5- 5@85 M O5KED5?EI6\ ;9 B= ?=6D>5>E=<=>E<=:
:D9 9: 86 8:= ?=<C6 ;9 B5 F5B5K>5
069?9:E;5;0 96 B5: :?>ED8>5:
9:C: 6=:
9VO=>DI 5 6= 5U565>6=: F=> B= 789
?=<9>9<=:- ?=<9>9<=: = S9:DE>9<=:- F=>789
689:D>= 5;>9 9B9:DE5B :5K9 789 69?9:ED5<=:
9:D5: ?=:5: W 5D )"%!X
:D5 ?5D9@=>G
5 O5 BB9@5;= 5 :9> ?=6U8:5
>9?E96D9<96D9
=> 9A9<FB=- 0 9?9:ED=
?9>S9H50 O5 9:D5;= E6<E@>56;= O5?E5 9:D5
184
?5D9@=>G
5 F=> ;N?5;5:
B 5B?=O=B M5 6= 9: B=
789 :5DE:U5?9 9B ;9:9= >9:8BD56D9 ;9 B5
9VF9>E96?E5- F>Q?DE?5 M ;9:9=\96 S9H;9 9:D=B5 069?9:E;5;0 9: F9>?EKE;5 ?=<= 86 E<F8B:=
KE=BI@E?= 789 9: ?5:E E>>9:E:DEKB9
?=6:E;9>5
9B F=F8B5> 069?9:ED= :9V=0
856;= :9 B9 :5?5
;9 B5 ?5D9@=>G
5 ;9 ;9:9= M B5:?ESE5- M :9
F9>?EK9 ?=<= 5B@= KE=BI@E?=- B5 :8F=:E?EI6 9:
789 9B :9V= 9: 865 69?9:E;5; KE=BI@E?5- ?5:E
E;N6DE?5 5 B5 69?9:E;5; ;9 ?=<E;5 M 5@85
B
>5H=65<E96D= 9: 789 :E96;= 865 69?9:E;5;
KE=BI@E?5- 9B 58D=?=6D>=B :9V85B 9: 5B@= 6=
65D8>5B- M B5 C6E?5 =F?EI6 9: F>5?DE?5> 9B :9V=
0:9@8>=0
=> B= D56D=- B5 5K:DE696?E5 9: 5B@=
5T9A= 9 E<F=:EKB9 KE=BI@E?5<96D9
9?9:E;5;9: :FE>ED85B9:
6 :9@86;= 8:= ;9
B5 F5B5K>5 069?9:E;5;0 9: 9B ;9 69?9:E;5;
9:FE>ED85B0
E6
9:C: :=<=: F9>:=65:
;9:9:F9>5;5: M 69?9:ED5;5:
:D5<=:
<89>D=:
96
689:D>=:
F9?5;=::=<=:
969<E@=: ;9
E=:- 9:D5<=: ?=6;965;=:
;9B56D9 ;9 NB- :=<=: 9:?B5S=: ;9 56D56Q: M
;9 689:D>=: F>=FE=: ;9:9=:- 9:D5<=: :E6
9:F9>56H5 9 E6?5F5?9: ;9 >9<9;E5> 689:D>5
:ED85?EI6 = ;9 5@>5;5> 5 E=:
B5>5<96D9
9:D5:
6=:
689:D>5:
69?9:E;5;9:
<Q:
F>=U86;5:
= =K:D56D9- 689:D>= E=: D>E6= 6= 6=: ;9A5
:=B=:
9:C: 9: 9B 789 :5DE:U5?9
6 9:C:E=: 6=: ;5 SE;5- 6=: >9?=6?EBE5 ?=6:E@=
<E:<=- M 6=: BB5<5 5<E@=:- 6=: F9>;=65
B9@5B<96D9- M 6=: >9;E<9 ;9 B5 9:?B5SED8; ;9B
185
F9?5;= M ;9 5D56Q:
9 5?89>;= ?=6 B5
:?>ED8>59:C: :5DE:U5?9 D=;5: 689:D>5:
69?9:E;5;9: F5>5 B5 SE;5 M B5 FE9;5; W
! 9;>=
"%X
9?9:E;5;9: :E?=BI@E?5:
78G9: ;=6;9 B5:
?=:5: :9 F=696 9:?5K>=:5:
=: BG
<ED9: ;9
9:D5 D9>?9>5 ?5D9@=>G
5 :=6 <Q: ;EUG
?EB9: ;9
96?=6D>5>
:D5: :=6 BB5<5;5: 69?9:E;5;9:
F:E?=BI@E?5:
5 BE:D5 ;9 B5: 69?9:E;5;9:
F:E?=BI@E?5: F89;9 :9> B5>@5- F9>= DG
FE?5<96D9
DE9696 789 S9> ?=6 B= 789 ;9:95<=: 96 B5:
>9B5?E=69:" E<F=>D56?E5- 5?9FD5?EI6- >9:F9?D=5;<E>5?EI6- 5<=>- F9>D9696?E5- :E@6EUE?5;=9D?
B@865: F9>:=65: ?=B5F:56 D=;5 9:D5
BE:D5 96 865 :=B5 ?=:5" B5 69?9:E;5; ;9 5<=>
6 B=: :D5;=: 6E;=:- DG
FE?5<96D9- :9 5:8<9
789 B5 69?9:E;5; ;9 5<=> 9: D56 KQ:E?5 96 B5
65D8>5B9H5 O8<565 ?=<= B5: 69?9:E;5;9:
KE=BI@E?5: M 9:FE>ED85B9:
89;9 :9> D56 U89>D9
?=<= 689:D>5: 69?9:E;5;9: ;9 ?=<9> =
=<= 6=D5<=: 96 9B ?5FG
D8B= (- B=:
;=><E> !
BEK>=: D5B9: ?=<= =S9 : 5 O=E?9 W B 5<=> 9:
865 ;9?E:EI6X ;9?B5>56 789 D969<=: 865
69?9:E;5; ;9 :9> 5<5;=: ;9 65?E<E96D= M
F>=S96E96D9 ;9
E=:
: 865 69?9:E;5;
B9@G
DE<5 789 ;9K9 :9> :5DE:U9?O5 ;9 B5 ?865 5
B5 D8<K5
E :9 F>ES5 5 B=: 6ET=: ;9 5<=> & :E
9:5 69?9:E;5; F>E<5>E5 6= :9 :5DE:U5?9 & 9BB=:
21
Tom Whiteman and Randy Petersen, Love Gone Wrong (Nashville: Nelson, 1994),
90.
186
Robert Hemfelt, Frank Minirth, and Paul Meier, Love Is a Choice (Nashville:
Nelson), 34
187
69?9:E;5;9: F:E?=BI@E?5:
9 5?89>;= ?=6 9B
F96:5<E96D= F=F8B5>- 9:D5: 69?9:E;5;9:
;9K96 :9> :5DE:U9?O5: F5>5 789 F=;5<=:
5B?56H5>
689:D>=
F=D96?E5BF5>5
789
D96@5<=: U9BE?E;5;- 9:D5KEBE;5; F:E?=BI@E?5 M
58D=9:DE<5
E?EN6;=B=
?=6
<96=:
D9?6E?E:<=:689:D>5:
69?9:E;5;9:
F5>5
9?9:ED5;=
=<E;55@85;9 SE;5 UG
:E?5 >=F5- O5KED5?EI6
9?9:ED5;=
9>;I6
;9
;9
SE;5 F9?5;=:9:FE>ED85B- U9- 5;=F?EI6=K9;E96?E5 Y :56DEUE?5?EI6@B=>EUE?5?EI6
9?9:ED5;=
<=>- :E@6EUE?5;=;9 U9BE?E;5; M :9@8>E;5;
M
5?9FD5?EI6
58D=9:DE<5
188
B F86D=
;9 SE:D5 D>EF5>DED5 ;9 B5 F9>:=65 & 9: ;9?E>789 :=<=: ?89>F=- 5B<5 M 9:FG
>ED8 & U89 B5
F>E<9>5 ?5D9@=>G
5 KG
KBE?5 5 B5 789 :9 B9 FE;EI
789 BB9S5:9 9B F9:= ;9 B5: 69?9:E;5;9:
189
F:E?=BI@E?5:
5 E;95 F=F8B5> 9: 789 9B ?89>F=
UG
:E?= DE969 69?9:E;5;9: UG
:E?5:- 9B 5B<5
69?9:E;5;9: F:E?=BI@E?5:- M 9B 9:FG
>ED8 DE969
69?9:E;5;9: 9:FE>ED85B9:
9 5?89>;= ?=6
9:D=- B5 F9>:=65 ?=6 69?9:E;5;9: UG
:E?5:
69?9:ED5 E> ?=6 9B <N;E?=- B5 F9>:=65 ?=6
69?9:E;5;9: F:E?=BI@E?5: 69?9:ED5 E> ?=6 9B
F:E?IB=@= = ?=6:9A9>=- M B5 F9>:=65 ?=6
69?9:E;5;9: 9:FE>ED85B9: 69?9:ED5 E> ?=6 86
F5:D=>
= =K:D56D9- 9:D5 UI><8B5 KQ:E?5- 5:G;9 D56
:E<FB9 M KG
KBE?5 ?=<= F5>9?9- DE969 5B@865:
E<FBE?5?E=69: 6= E6D96?E=65B9:
:96?E5B<96D9
B9 O5 ;5;= F9><E:= 5 B5 F:E?=B=@G
5 :9?8B5>
F5>5 <=B;95> 86 D9>?E= ;9 B5 F9>:=65
B
5B<5 SE969 5 :9> 865 ?5D9@=>G
5 96 KB56?=
789 O5 ;9 BB965>:9 ?=6 D9=>G
5: F:E?=BI@E?5:
9:F9?8B5DES5:
9 B5 <E:<5 ?=<= B5 <9;E?E65
O5 ?=6D>EK8E;= ?=6 <8?O=: ;9D5BB9: 5 B5
?5D9@=>G
5 ;9B ?89>F=- 5:GD5<KEN6 B5 F:E?=B=@G
5
:9?8B5> F89;9 5O=>5 ?=6D>EK8E> W
= 9VFBE?5>
?=<FB9D5<96D9X 689:D>= 96D96;E<E96D= ;9B
5B<5
;9 5B@865 <569>5- B5 69?9:E;5; ;9
86 56QBE:E: ?8E;5;=:= ;9 B= 789 ;9?E<=: ;9
9:D=- F5>9?9 F5:5> E65;S9>DE;5\D5B F5>9?9 789
M5 ?8<FBE<=: ?=6 9:D= :E<FB9<96D9 BB5<56;=
5 9:D5 ?5D9@=>G
5 ?=6 9B 6=<K>9 ;9 5B<5
E6
9<K5>@=- F>E<9>= ;9K9<=: F>9@86D5>6=: :E
9: 789 96 >95BE;5; D969<=: 86 5B<5 789 9:
?B5>5<96D9 ;E:DE6D5 5B 9:FG
>ED8
B F86D= ;9 SE:D5 9VE:D9 ;9KE;= 5 789 O5M
;EU9>96D9: <5DE?9: ;9 :E@6EUE?5;= ;9 B5:
190
F5B5K>5: 9:FG
>ED8M 5B<5
=<= B5 <5M=>G
5 ;9
B5: F5B5K>5:- 9:D5: ;=: DE9696 BG
<ED9:
K=>>=:=:
= :=6 F5B5K>5: DN?6E?5: D5B9:
?=<= 9B9??EI6 - :E6= :=6 ?=<= B5 F5B5K>5
69?9:E;5; - 789 ;9>ES5 ;9B ?=6D9VD= <8?O=
;9 :8 :E@6EUE?5;=
E6 9<K5>@=- B5 F>9@86D5
9: 789 :E 9:D=: <5DE?9: ;9 :E@6EUE?5;= :=6
:8UE?E96D9 >5HI6 F5>5 :8@9>E> 789 9B 9:FG
>ED8 M
9B 5B<5 :=6 ;=: :8K:D56?E5: ?>95;5: ;E:DE6D5:
+:=6 9B 5B<5 M 9B 9:FG
>ED8 W
5B E@85B 789 9B
?=>5HI6 B5 <96D9 B5 ?=6:?E96?E5 X
F9>:F9?DES5: BE@9>5<96D9 ;EU9>96D9: ;9 B5
C6E?5 9 E6<5D9>E5B F9>:=65 E6D9>E=> W
! =>
'" )X,
191
192
96D>9
B5:
F5>D9:
?=<=
:E
9:D8SE9>5
?=>DQ6;=6=: 96 FE9H5: KE96 ;9UE6E;5:
B
O9?O= ;9 789 B5 F9>:=65 E6D9>E=> :9 <96?E=65
?=<= 9B 5B<5- 9:FG
>ED8- M ?=>5HI6 9: 86
>9?8>:= F=NDE?= ?=<C6 F5>5 96U5DEH5> 789 9:DQ
E6S=B8?>5;5 B5 F9>:=65 D=D5B
=> 9A9<FB=5>?=: !"%36=: E6;E?5 789 ;9K9<=: 5<5> 5B
9T=> 689:D>= E=: ?=6 D=;= 689:D>= ?=>5HI6M ?=6 D=;5 689:D>5 5B<5 M ?=6 D=;5 689:D>5
<96D9 M ?=6 D=;5 689:D>5 U89>H5
5
5?8<8B5?EI6 ;9 9:D=: DN><E6=: :9 8:5 F5>5
9VF>9:5> B5 E;95 ;9 D=D5BE;5;
: 865 <569>5
;>5<QDE?5 ;9 96U5DEH5> 789 9B 5<=> 5 E=: 9:
865 >9:F89:D5 ;9 B5 F9>:=65 D=D5B
= <Q: 789 B5
EKBE5 ;E?9 5?9>?5 ;9 B5
;E:DE6?EI6 96D>9 9B 5B<5 M 9B 9:FG
>ED8 9: 789
5B<5 96U5DEH5 B5 9VE:D96?E5 ;NKEB M D9>>965B
;9 B5 F9>:=65- 96 D56D= 789 9:FG
>ED8 :8K>5M5
9B O9?O= ;9 789 689:D>5 SE;5 :9 ;9>ES5 ;9
E=:
E6@86= ;9 9:D=: DN><E6=: :8@E9>9 789
O9<=: :E;= ?>95;=: ?=6 865 ?5D9@=>G
5 ;E:DE6D5
BB5<5;5 69?9:E;5;9: F:E?=BI@E?5:
6 S9H
;9 9:D=- :=6 F5B5K>5: 789 :9 D>5:B5F56 789 :9
>9UE9>96 5 B5 F9>:=65 E6D9>E=>- 5B 5:F9?D=
E6<5D9>E5B ;9 689:D>5 O8<56E;5;- = 5 B5
F9>:=65 789 SES9 56D9 9B E=: :56D=
=> B=
D56D=- 6= F=;9<=: 96?=6D>5> 69?9:E;5;9:
F:E?=BI@E?5: 578G
E=: 96 9B O=<K>9
?>9I E=: 5B O=<K>9 5
:8 E<5@96- 5 :9<9A56H5 ;9
E=: B= ?>9=\
S5>I6 M O9<K>5 B=: ?>9I W 96 "!/X
:D5 9: B5 ;=?D>E65 F>E6?EF5B F5>5 96D96;9> 5 B5
F9>:=65
: D56 E<F=>D56D9 789 ?5;5
9:D8;E56D9 ;9 B5
EKBE5 ;9K9>G
5 D969> 865
;9UE6E?EI6 >QFE;5 ;9 B= 789 :E@6EUE?5- M B5
;EU9>96?E5 789 F>=;8?9 9B O5K9> :E;= ?>95;=: 5
B5 E<5@96 ;9 E=:
+ 6?=6D>5<=: 578GB5:
69?9:E;5;9: F:E?=BI@E?5:, E 6=- 96D=6?9: 6=
:=6 69?9:E;5;9: 9:D5KB9?E;5: 96 6=:=D>=: F=>
E=:
5 <5M=>G
5 ;9 B=: ?>E:DE56=: :8@E9>96 789 B5
E<5@96 ;9 E=: 96 9B O=<K>9 DE969 789 S9>
?=6 B= 789 9: :E<EB5> 96D>9 E=: M 6=:=D>=:
9 5?89>;= ?=6 B5 D9=>G
5 ;9 B5: 69?9:E;5;9:
F:E?=BI@E?5:- B= 789 9: :E<EB5> 9: 789 D56D= 9B
O=<K>9 ?=<= E=: DE9696 86 ;9:9= F>=U86;=
;9 >9B5?E=69: W
= 5<=>X
:D9 56O9B= 9:
;9UE6E;= ?=<= 865 9VF9>E96?E5 :8KA9DES5 789
9: <Q: F>=U86;5 789 B5: 9<=?E=69:
: 865
F5:EI6 F=> B5: >9B5?E=69:
5>5 E=:- 9:D=
:E@6EUE?5 789 NB 9VE:D9 96 865 >9B5?EI6 @=H=:5
?=6 NB <E:<= & 9B 5;>9- 9B EA=- M 9B :FG
>ED8
56D=
5<KEN6 :E@6EUE?5 789 E=: DE969 86
56O9B= ;9 >9:D58>5> B5 >9B5?EI6 ?=6 :8: OEA=: !%
=> B= D56D=- ;9 5?89>;= ?=6 9:D5 D9=>G
5- B5
9:96?E5 ;9 B5 E<5@96 ;9 E=: 96 6=:=D>=: 9:
789 D=;=: 56O9B5<=: ;E:U>8D5> ;9 5789BB=
23
194
195
196
199
200
F:E?=BI@E?5:,
: F=:EKB9 789 B=: ;9:9=:
F:E?=BI@E?=: SE9696 ?856;= 6=: >9O8:5<=: 5
5<5> 5 E=: M 5 >9?EKE> :8 5<=>, + = U89 ?=6
;Q6 789 9B <=SE<E96D= ;9 B5 SE;5 O8<565
?=<96HI 5 E> O5?E5 5;96D>=- O5?E5 B=: ;9:9=:
;9B M= - 96 S9H ;9 E> O5?E5 U89>5- O5?E5 86
;9:9= ;9 ?=6=?9> M O5?9> B5 S=B86D5; ;9 E=:,
:D= 6= 78E9>9 ;9?E> 789 9B F9?5;= =>E@E65B U89
9B ;9B9ED9 96 :96DE>:9 5<5;=
E9>D5<96D9 6=
89:D= 789 U8E<=: U=>A5;=: F=>
B
E=:
<56D9- ;9K9<=: ;9B9ED5>6=: 96 5<5> M :9>
5<5;=:
9>G
5 5B@= E6O8<56= 9B 6= ;9B9ED5>:9
96 9B 5<=>
5<KEN6 :9>G
5 E6O8<56= :E 6=
6=:
:E6DEN>5<=:
O9>E;=:
F>=U86;5<96D9
?856;= =D>=: 6=: >9?O5H56 = F9?56 96 689:D>5
?=6D>5
B F>=KB9<5 6= 9: 789 ;9:95<=:
5<=>- 9B F>=KB9<5 9: ?8Q6D= B= ;9:95<=: =
?=6 78N F>=FI:ED=
B= ;9:95<=:
+=
;9:95<=: D56D= 789 F=69 :=<K>5 :=K>9
689:D>= ;9:9= ;9 E<ED5> 5 E=:, + = ;9:95<=:
F5>5 689:D>= F>=FE= FB5?9> = F5>5 B5 @B=>E5 ;9
E=:,
=: 56O9B=: DE9696 <8?O= 96 ?=<C6 ?=6 B=:
;9:9=: ;9:=>;965;=:
=<E96H56 KE96 W
9B
;9:9= ;9 :96DE>:9 5<5;=X F9>= 5?5K56 F=>
9:?B5SEH5>6=:
B9S5> 689:D>= ;9:9= ;9 5<=>
M =D>=: FB5?9>9: O5:D5 9B F86D= 96 789 :9
?=6SE9>D96
96
69?9:E;5;9:
=
56O9B=:
U9>SE96D9:- 9: 9V5BD5> F9?5<E6=:5<96D9 9B
;9:9= ;9 D5B <569>5 789 :9 ?=6SE9>D9 96 86
;9BE>E= ;9 ;9:9=
=: @>ED5"
= 78E9>= -
201
@>56;E=:=R
E<FB9<96D9 5@>N@5B9 5B@865:
?=:5: <Q: ?=<= ;E69>=- 865 F5>9A5 5D>5?DES5
M 9B ?5>>= ;9 B5 U5<EBE5- M :9 ?=6S9>DE>Q6 D=;=:
B=: 5;=B9:?96D9: + 9>= 6= 9: 5?5:= 9:D= 865
5F9B5?EI6 5 B=: ;9:9=: 96 S9H ;9 =U>9?9>
BEK9>5?EI6 M F9>;I6 ;9 9BB=:,
B 9S56@9BE:<=
F>5?DE?5;= F=> B=: E:>59BED5: 686?5 :8@E>EI 789
:8: S9?E6=: E;IB5D>5: ;9KG
56 ?=<96H5> 5
5;=>5> 5B E=: S9>;5;9>= F=>789 9O=SQ B9:
;5>G
5 <9A=>9: ?=:9?O5: 789 B=: G
;=B=:
6 S9H
;9 9:D=- B5 @96D9 U89 M 9: BB5<5;5 5 S=BS9>:9
;9 B=: G
;=B=: F=>789 B5 E;=B5D>G
5 9:DQ6 96
?=6D>5 ;9 E=:
>
5
>E:D=
F5>5
:5DE:U5?9>
689:D>5:
69?9:E;5;9:
F:E?=BI@E?5:
F9>?EKE;5:
9:
?>E:DE56EH5> 689:D>=: ;9:9=:
9 F9;E<=: 5
E=: 789 6=: ;9 B= 789 789>9<=:- F5>5 789
F=;5<=:
<E:<=:-
:96DE>6=:
<9A=>
?=6
6=:=D>=:
O=>5 >95B<96D9 9:D5<=: 96 ;98;5 ?=6 E=:F9>= 6= 9: 865 ;98;5 789 5S9>@[96?9
:D5K5<=: 96;98;5;=: F=> 689:D>= F9?5;=- M
N>5<=: F9>:=65: 5S9>@=6H5;5:
O=>59:D5<=: 96;98;5;=: F=> :8 F9>;I6- M
203
204
5>5 96:5>
:D9 ?5FG
D8B= O5 >9S9B5;= 86 9:B5KI6 F9>;E;=
;9 B5 <569>5 ?=<= U>9?896D9<96D9 D>5D5<=:
?=6 9B O9?O= ;9 :9> ?=6D>=B5;=: F=> =D>5:
F9>:=65:"
BSE;5<=:
789
;9K9<=:
5>>9F96DE>6=: ;9 689:D>=: ;9:9=: 9@=G
:D5:
E6
5>>9F96DE<E96D=689:D>=:
;9:9=:
F9><569?96 :E96;= 9B F86D= U=?5B 96 S9H ;9
:9>B= B5 @B=>E5 ;9 E=:
=<5 DE9<F= M ?=6:E;9>5 ?8Q6D5: ;9 D8:
69?9:E;5;9: F:E?=BI@E?5:
O56 :E;= 96
>95BE;5; ;9<56;5: M ;9:9=: ;E:U>5H5;=:
2 =6=?9 D8: S9>;5;9>5:
69?9:E;5;9:
9@>9:9<=: 5O=>5 5 B5 F>9@86D5" + 8EN69:
:=<=:,
9<=: ?=6:E;9>5;= M5 ?I<= 5B@865:
;9 689:D>5: 69?9:E;5;9: :96DE;5: 6= :=6
F5>D9 ;9 B5 E<5@96 ;9 E=: 96 6=:=D>=:- F9>=
6= O9<=: ;E:?8DE;= 586 789 9: B5 E<5@96 ;9
E=: 96 6=:=D>=: + 8QB9: :=6 B5: 5BD9>65DES5:
KG
KBE?5: ;EU9>96D9: 5 B5 E;95 ;9 789 B5:
F9>:=65: :=6 D5H5: S5?G
5:,
89:D= 789 B5 E<5@96 ;9 E=: 96 9B O=<K>9
DE969 789 S9> ?=6 689:D>5 :9<9A56H5 =
Los deseos desordenados no son la nica razn del vaco. Otra explicacin de ese
vaco surge del hecho de que vivimos en un mundo pecaminoso donde pecan contra
nosotros, y estamos viviendo en un mundo que est bajo la maldicin. Por ejemplo, si
tu cnyuge muere, te sentiras vaco. Te deberas sentir vaco. Algo hermoso ha sido
retirado de tu vida. Hay un gran sentimiento de prdida. No obstante, este vaco es el
resultado de la maldicin y la muerte causando dolor en nuestra psiqu, y no es el
resultado del haber sido creado con necesidades psicolgicas.
205
206
26
?=:5:
W =<56=:
27
Una discusin til sobre este tema se puede encontrar en el libro The Pleasures of
God de John Pipper
207
208
:FG
>ED8 56D=
B 78E9>9 789 :8 @B=>E=:5
:56DE;5; BB969 B5 DE9>>5
=> B= D56D=- 689:D>5
=>5?EI6 ;9K9 :9>
56DEUE?5;= :95 D8 6=<K>9
5 @96D9 9: <Q: :E<EB5> 5 E=: ?856;= NB 9: 9B
=KA9D= ;9 :8: 5U9?D=:
5 @96D9 :9 ;9K9
;9B9ED5> 96 E=:- ?=<= NB B= O5?9 96 :G<E:<=
9K9<=: O5?9> U5<=:= :8 6=<K>9 =
:56DEUE?5>B= F=> D=;= 9B <86;=\ ;9K9<=:
;9?B5>5> B5 S96E;5 ;9 :8@B=>E=:= >9E6=
=<=
B= ;E?9 9B ?5D9?E:<= ;9 J9:D<E6:D9>B UE6
F>E6?EF5B ;9B O=<K>9 9: @B=>EUE?5> 5 E=: M
@=H5> ;9 NB W
= ;9B9ED5>:9 96 NBX F5>5 :E9<F>9
6 B8@5> ;9 789 B5 E<5@96 ;9 E=: 96 B=:
:9>9: O8<56=: D=<9 B5 U=><5 ;9 865 D5H5 ;9
5<=> = 86 6C?B9= O89?= ;9 56O9B=:- B5
E<5@96 9: <Q: F>9?E:5<96D9 5789BB5 ;9
=E:N: 789 BED9>5B<96D9 >9UB9A5K5 B5 @B=>E5 ;9
E=: W V %'"!24%!X ?=<= B5 B865 >9UB9A5 B5 B8H
;9B :=B
=E:N: E>>5;E5K5 F=>789 U89 E6SED5;=
5 96D>5> 5 B5 F>9:96?E5 ;9B 9T=> M U89 D9:DE@=
;9 B5 @B=>E54:56DE;5; ;9 E=: 5B <E:<= DE9<F=
789 U89 F>=D9@E;= ;9 9BB5
86789 F5>9H?5
<5>5SEBB=:=- E=: 6=: O5 O9?O= :8: E<Q@969:
>96=S5;5:- 586 <Q: @B=>E=:5: 789 =E:N:
B
F89KB= ;9
E=: D=;5SG
5 ;9K9 D969>
8
F>9:96?E5 F5>5 :9> F=>D5;=>9: ;9 :8 E<5@96F9>= :8 F>9:96?E5 M5 6= 9:DQ BE<ED5;5 5
D9=U56G
5:
=?5:E=65B9:
=
;9F96;9
;9B
U86?E=65<E96D= ;9B D5K9>6Q?8B=
=M 96 ;G
5B5 <569>5 ?=<= 9B F89KB= ;9 E=: SE969 5 :8
F>9:96?E5 9: F=> <9;E= ;9 B5 U9
=> B5 U9D969<=: B5 @B=>E5 E6D9>65 ;9B :FG
>ED8
=<=
>9:8BD5;=- 96 S9H ;9 D969> 865 @B=>E5 789
211
!
%
'
(
)
5?9>;=D9
>9:
>E:DE56=
E9>D5<96D9 9B 6=<K>9
>E:DE56= 6=: ;9UE69
9<=: D=<5;= 9B 6=<K>9 ;9 >E:D=
=<=:
;9:F=:5;=: F=> NB
89:D>5 B5K=> 5O=>5 9:
O5?9>
U5<=:=
9:9
6=<K>9
=<=:
9<K5A5;=>9: = O9>5B;=: ;9
>E:D= 789
:8FBE?5<=: 5 =D>=: 789 :9 >9?=6?EBE96 ?=6 E=:
W
!
=> ("!3X
=<=: @96D9 789 O9<=:
>9?EKE;= 86 6=<K>9 689S= 5 D>5SN: ;9 B5
5;=F?EI6
;9<Q:- B5 5;=F?EI6- :E6 E<F=>D5>
789 D56 KE96 6=: O5@5 :96DE>- 6= D8S= 9:9
F>=FI:ED= F>E<5>E=
6 9B 89S= 9:D5<96D=B5 5;=F?EI6 D>59 @B=>E5 5 B5 F9>:=65 789
5;=FD5- 6= 5B 5;=FD5;=
5 5;=F?EI6 D>59
@B=>E5 5 E=:
D>5: E<Q@969: ;9B 89KB= ;9
E=:
216
!
%
'
(
)
/
=<=
=<=
=<=
=<=
=<=
=<=
=<=
217
218
?=6:E;9>5;= :56D=
:D5 9: 689:D>5 <Q:
@>56;9 69?9:E;5;\9:D5 9: B5 69?9:E;5; <Q:
@>56;9 ;9B <86;=
5 =>5?EI6 6= O5KB5 ;9 B5:
69?9:E;5;9: F:E?=BI@E?5:
= O5KB5 ;9 B5
U9BE?E;5; F9>:=65B 96 B5 DE9>>5
GO5KB5 ;9
689:D>5: 69?9:E;5;9:- F9>= B5: 69?9:E;5;9:
:=6 KE=BI@E?5: M 9:FE>ED85B9:- M 5C6 9:D5:
69?9:E;5;9: 6= :=6 F>E<5>E5:
5 <Q: @>56;9
69?9:E;5; ;9 D=;5 B5 O8<56E;5; 9: 789 E=:
:95 >9?=6=?E;= M 5;=>5;= ?=<= 9B 56D= ;9
:>59B
9:C: =>I 5 :8 5;>9 6= <8?O= 56D9: ;9 :8
<89>D9
5 =>5?EI6 F5>5 9:C: 9>5 5B@=
?=DE;E56=- F9>= 9:D5 =>5?EI6 U89 C6E?5
>E<9>=- 9:DQ >9@E:D>5;5 96 9B 9S56@9BE=
9
B5: <8?O5: S9?9: 789 9:C: =>I 96 B5 6=?O99:D5 9: 865 ;9 B5: ?856D5: =>5?E=69: 789
D969<=: 9B F>ESEB9@E= ;9 9:?8?O5>
9@86;=;5;= 789 9: A8:D= 56D9: ;9 :8 ?>8?EUEVEI6;9K9 :9> 865 ;9 B5: =>5?E=69: <Q:
;9:9:F9>5;5: 789 9:C: =>I
=<= D5B- 6=:
;5 865 E;95 ;9 B= 789 >95B<96D9 B9 E<F=>D5K5
6?=6D>5<=: B= 789 NB >95B<96D9 69?9:ED5K5
:G
- 96D=6?9:- 9: ?=<= ;9K9<=: =>5>" 5;>9
689:D>= 789 9:DQ: 96 B=: ?E9B=:- 56DEUE?5;=
:95 D8 6=<K>9
96@5 D8 >9E6=
Q@5:9 D8
S=B86D5;- ?=<= 96 9B ?E9B=- 5:GD5<KEN6 96 B5
DE9>>5
B F56 689:D>= ;9 ?5;5 ;G
5- ;Q6=:B=
O=M
F9>;I656=: 689:D>5: ;98;5:- ?=<=
D5<KEN6 6=:=D>=: F9>;=65<=: 5 689:D>=:
;98;=>9:
6= 6=: <9D5: 96 D96D5?EI6- <5:
BG
K>56=: ;9B <5B W 5D9= )"24 %X
221
222
96 =K9;E96?E5
:D5: 9>56 B5: ;=:
69?9:E;5;9: KQ:E?5: ;9 9:C:
5<KEN6 :=6
B5: 689:D>5:
65 ;9 B5: =>5?E=69: <9A=> ?=6=?E;5: 96 B5:
9FG
:D=B5: 9: B5 =>5?EI6 ;9 5KB= 96 U9:E=: %
=> 9:D5 ?58:5 ;=KB= <E: >=;EBB5: 56D9 9B
5;>9 ;9 689:D>= 9T=> 9:8?>E:D=- ;9 78E96
D=<5 6=<K>9 D=;5 U5<EBE5 96 B=: ?E9B=: M 96 B5
F5>5 789 =: ;N- ?=6U=><9 5 B5:
DE9>>5>E789H5: ;9 :8 @B=>E5- 9B :9> U=>D5B9?E;=: ?=6
F=;9> 96 9B O=<K>9 E6D9>E=> F=> :8 :FG
>ED8\
F5>5 789 O5KED9 >E:D= F=> B5 U9 96 S89:D>=:
?=>5H=69:- 5 UE6 ;9 789- 5>>5E@5;=: M
?E<96D5;=: 96 5<=>- :9QE: FB965<96D9
?5F5?9: ;9 ?=<F>96;9> ?=6 D=;=: B=: :56D=:
?8QB :95 B5 56?O8>5- B5 B=6@ED8;- B5
F>=U86;E;5; M B5 5BD8>5- M ;9 ?=6=?9> 9B 5<=>
;9 >E:D=- 789 9V?9;9 5 D=;= ?=6=?E<E96D=F5>5 789 :9QE: BB96=: ;9 D=;5 B5 FB96ED8; ;9
E=: W U9:E=: %" '4 2X
69?9:E;5;9: F:E?=BI@E?5:
: 865 D5H5 ;9
69?9:E;5;9: 9:FE>ED85B9:
856;= B5 D5H5 ;9
B5: 69?9:E;5;9: :9 >=<F9- 865 ;9 689:D>5:
U=><5: 789 F9><569?9 9: B5 ;9 865 D5H5
:D5 D5H5- :E6 9<K5>@=- 6= 9: 865 D5H5 789
;E?99:C: O5H<9 U9BEH- =
9:C: O5H<9
:96DE><9 <9A=> ?=6<E@= <E:<=
: 865 D5H5
789 :E<FB9<96D9 ;E?99?9:ED= 5 9:C:
=M 86 <96;E@= 9:FE>ED85B 789 6= F89;9
=>5>- =K9;9?9> = 586 D969> 865 SE;5 UG
:E?5
:9F5>5;= ;9B 5<=> ;9 >E:D=
:D=M <89>D=
:9F5>5;= ;9 >E:D=- M 69?9:ED= :8 @>5?E5 ?5;5
<=<96D=
5>5 9:D5: 69?9:E;5;9:- 9:C:
;9>>5<5 :8 5<=> O5:D5 D5B F86D= 789 9:
E<F=:EKB9 789 865 :=B5 F9>:=65 B= ?=6D96@5
223
224
9BNED5D9 96 9B
BB965
226
228
229
E:D=>E5 ;9
<=> ;9
:95:
F8;= E=: F9;E><9 ?=<= :89:F=:5, E6 ;8;5B5 <96D9 ;9 :95: D5<KEN6 9:D5K5 K>E6?56;=
;9 :8 F>=FE5 :ED85?EI6 5 86 96D96;E<E96D=
<Q: F>=U86;= ;9B @>56 5<=> ;9 E=:
9>= B=: F>=KB9<5: ;9 :95: 6= :9 O5KG
56
D9><E65;=
9:F8N: ;9 O5K9> ;9:O=6>5;=
D56D= 5 :95: ?=<= 5 9BB5 <E:<5- =<9> DE>I
F=> B5 S96D565 B5: 5F5>E96?E5: ;9B <5D>E<=6E=
M ;9AI 5 :95:
6@5T5;5 F=> :8: F5:E=69:F96:I ;9 5B@865 <569>5 789 F=;G
5 =KD969>
5B@= <9A=>
EA=" >N D>5: <E: 5<56D9:- 789
<9 ;56 <E F56 M <E 5@85- <E B565 M <E BE6=<E 5?9ED9 M <E K9KE;5 W : !"1X
SE;96D9<96D9- ?856;= =<9> :9 U89- :95:
:9 5:9@8>I789 9BB5 D8SE9>5 F>=SE:E=69:
5KG
5
789 5 :8: 5<56D9: 9BB5 6= B9: E<F=>D5K5
5;5 B5 :ED85?EI6- B5 ;9A5>G
56 <=>E> ;9
E656E?EI6
:G 789
:95: F>=S9MI F5>5
=<9>- 586 ?856;= 9BB5 B9 5D>EK8MI 9:D5:
F>=SE:E=69: 5 :8: 5<56D9:
5>5
=<9>:95: 9:D5K5 D=D5B<96D9 =BSE;5;=- 6=
=K:D56D9 D56D= :95: ?=<= E=: ;E?96BB5
6= >9?=6=?EI789 M= B9 ;5K5 9B D>E@=- 9B SE6= M
9B 5?9ED9- M 789 B9 <8BDEFBE78NB5 FB5D5 M 9B =>=
W : !"1X
86 ?=6 9B 5F=M= ;9
:95:=<9>
9S96D85B<96D9 U89 ;9:9?O5;5 F=> :8:
5<56D9:
IB= F=;9<=: 5;ESE65> 9B @>5;= ;9
5K8:= 789 >9?EKEI ;9 F5>D9 ;9 9:D=: O=<K>9
E=B5?EI6- F>=:DED8?EI6 U=>H5;5- M @=BF9:
F>=K5KB9<96D9 U89>=6 B5 6=><5 F5>5 9BB5
89
233
234
235
239
240
241
242
=;5SG
5 O5M 86 F5:= <Q:
5:D5 5O=>5O9<=: ?=6:E;9>5;= 9B D9<=> ;9B 9T=>- M
O9<=:
?=6:E;9>5;=
689:D>=:
F>=FE=:
?=>5H=69:
O=>5 ;9K9<=: 96D96;9> B= 789
E=: ;E?9 5?9>?5 ;9 B5: ;9<Q: F9>:=65:
+ 8EN69: :=6 9BB=:, 6 5<E@= F>9@86DI + 5>5
789 :E>S9 B5 ;9<Q: @96D9, + 8N DEF= ;9
U=><5 = E;96DE;5; DE9696, + I<= ;9UE6E<=:
6=:=D>=: 5 B=: ;9<Q:- M ?I<= E=: B=: ;9UE69,
=D9<=: 5B@865: ;9 B5: U=><5: = E;96DE;5;9:
789 6=:=D>=: B9: ;5<=: 5 B=: ;9<Q:"
!
%
'
= ;9:9= SESE>
= F89;= SESE> :E6 <E 9:F=:=
W
9:F=:5- 6=SE=- 6=SE5X
= 5<= D56D=
?856;= B9: >9:F=6;=- ?=<= U>9?896D9<96D9 B=
O5@=:DQ: 978ES=?5;5\ DC 6= 5<5: 5 D8
9:F=:= W
9:F=:5- 6=SE=- 6=SE5X
5 >9:F89:D5
5E>5;5 9:" + 8N 9:DQ ;E?E96;=,
9 5?5K=
;9 ;9?E> 789 6= F89;= SESE> :E6 NB W
9BB5X
6D=6?9:- B9: D>5D= ;9 9VFBE?5>"
= 789
;9:?>EK9: 6= 9: 5<=>- :E6= 5B@= F5>9:E;= 5 86
F5>Q:ED= %3
5 EKBE5 >9:8<9 9:D5: U=><5: S5>E5;5: ;9
9:D5 <569>5" 5 @96D9 :=6 689:D>=: G
;=B=:
5D9:=>5;=:
=: 5;=>5<=:- 9:F9>56;= 789
?8E;5>Q6 ;9 6=:=D>=:- 9:F9>56;= 789 6=: ;96
B= 789 :96DE<=: 69?9:ED5>
= 789 >95B<96D9
69?9:ED5<=: :=6 U=><5: 9 E;96DE;5;9: KG
KBE?5:
O5?E5 =D>5: F9>:=65:
6D=6?9:- 96 S9H ;9
69?9:ED5> 5 B5 @96D9 F5>5 :5DE:U5?9> 689:D>=:
;9:9=:- F=;>9<=: 5<5> 5 B5 @96D9 F5>5 B5
@B=>E5 ;9 E=: M ?8<FBE> 9B F>=FI:ED= F=> 9B
?85B U8E<=: ?>95;=:
5>5 <G9:D9 CBDE<= F5:= 9: 9B <Q: ;EUG
?EB
=
9: <8M ;EUG
?EB 96D96;9> B= 789 B5 EKBE5 ;E?9
30
243
M. Scott Peck, The road Less Traveled (New York: Simon &Schster, 1979), 98
244
245
6 9A9<FB= KG
KBE?= ;9 86 S9>;5;9>= 969<E@=
B= 96?=6D>5<=: 96 9B BEK>= ;9 :D9>
E 9: 789
O8K= 86
EDB9> 96 B5 EKBE5- 9:D9 9>5 <Q678E96
9>5
9@=<56G
5?=
M
?=6
865
;9D9><E65?EI6 ;9<96D9 ;9 9VDE6@8E> 5 D=;5 B5
@96D9 9K>95 W :D9> %4(X
B F>E6?EFE=- B5 E>5
?9B=:5 ;9 <Q6 9:D5K5 ;E>E@E;5 O5?E5 9B A8;G
=
5>;=789=
>=6D=- @969>5BEHI :8 =;E= O5?E5
D=;= :>59B
246
;=: S9?9:
E9>D5<96D9 9: >5>= D969> 5
5B@8E96 789 9:DN ;9;E?5;= 5 K8:?5> 689:D>5
56E78EB5?EI6
= =K:D56D9- :G 9VE:D9 @96D9
?=<= <Q6 96 9B <86;= + 8NO5?9<=: ?=6
9BB=:,
>E<9>=- ;9K9<=: :5K9> 789 E=: 9:?8?O5 B5
S=H;9 B=: =F>E<E;=:
B DE969 ?=<F5:EI6 ;9
9BB=:- M B=: =F>9:=>9: ;9:FE9>D56 :8 E>5
9@86;=- E=: K96;E?9 5 B5: SG
?DE<5: ?=6 9B
?=6=?E<E96D= ;9 789 NB 9: <Q: @>56;9 789
689:D>=: 969<E@=:
=<= 6=: 96:9T5 9B BEK>=
;9 >=S9>KE=:- E=: 686?5 F9><EDE>Q 789 B=:
969<E@=: D>E86U96 D=D5B<96D9 5B UE65B ;9
?896D5:
9>= 9BB=: 5 :8 F>=FE5 :56@>9 F=696
5:9?O56H5:- 5 :8: 5B<5: DE96;96 B5H=
5B9:
:=6 B5: :96;5: ;9 D=;= 9B 789 9: ;5;= 5 B5
?=;E?E55 ?85B 78ED5 B5 SE;5 ;9 :8:
F=:99;=>9: W " 14 2\D5<KEN6 !"/\ )"!(\
!'" )X
=: 5T=: ;9 B=: E<FG
=: :9>Q6 5?=>D5;=:
W 3"!/X
856;= SE969 B5 :=K9>KE5- SE969 D5<KEN6 B5
;9:O=6>5 W "!\D5<KEN6 %"! \ )"(- 1\
1" !X
856;= <89>9 9B O=<K>9 E<FG
=- F9>9?9 :8
9:F9>56H5\
B5 9VF9?D5?EI6 ;9 B=: <5B=:
F9>9?9>Q W "/\D5<KEN6 '" X
248
249
250
5B<=:
251
252
?=<= ;9K9>G
5<=:
+ =: ;5<=: ?896D5 ;9
789 N>5<=: 969<E@=: ;9 >E:D=, E 9: 5:G
96D=6?9: 6= D969<=: =D>5 =F?EI6 <Q: 789
D>5D5> 5 B=: 969<E@=: ;9 B5 <569>5 96 B5 789
E=: 6=: O5 D>5D5;=
89:D>5 ?=6:?E96?E5 :9
>9K9B5>G
5 :E 6=: :E6DEN>5<=: :5DE:U9?O=: 96 86
A8E?E= ;9 58D=A8:DE?E5 96 ?=6D>5 ;9 689:D>=:
969<E@=:
+ 8N ;9?E<=: ;9 B5 U>5:9- O5?E96;= 9:D=5:?85: ;9 U89@= 5<=6D=65>Q: :=K>9 :8
?5K9H5 W =<
!"!3X, :D5 E6:E685?EI6 ;9
S96@56H5 F89;9 O5?9> 789 B5 D5>95 ;9 5<5> 5
B=: 969<E@=: :95 86 F=?= <Q: UQ?EB
9>= D96
?8E;5;= ?=6 9:D=
= O5M 6E6@C6
<56;5<E96D= KG
KBE?= 789 9:DN?=>>=<FE;= ?=6
F96:5<E96D=: ;9 S96@56H5
=6=H?= 5B@86=:
O=<K>9: M <8A9>9: 789 F5>9?G
56 :9> <8M
@96DEB9: O5?E5 :8: 969<E@=:- F9>= 96 :8:
?=>5H=69: 6= D96G
56 B5 E6D96?EI6 ;9 B5
:?>ED8>5
BB=: F96:5K565K8B=:=- D96@=
865 <569>5 ;9 S96@5><9 ;9 <E F5;>9 :E6 789
<9 <9D56 96 B5 ?Q>?9B
9>N 9V?9:ES5<96D9
?5>ET=:= ?=6 NB- M 9:D= B= 96B=789?9>Q
=
=K:D56D9- 9B F5:5A9 DE969 865 E6D96?EI6 :56D5
B F>=FI:ED= ;9 B5: 5:?85: ;9 U89@= 9: BB9S5> 5B
=U96:=> 5B 5>>9F96DE<E96D= M B5 U9
5>5
<8?O5: F9>:=65:- 9:= 9:DQ <Q: 5BBQ ;9 :8
F9>:F9?DES5 ;9B 5<=>
65 ?=:5 9: B5 E;95 ;9
<=:D>5> <E:9>E?=>;E5 D9<F=>5B M D9>>965B O5?E5
9B =U96:=>- F9>= 9B F96:5<E96D= ;9 789 9B
=U96:=> F8;E9>5 :9> F9>;=65;= M 5?9FD5;=
?=<= OEA= ;9 E=: 5 S9?9: 9: ;9<5:E5;=
E
B= ?=6:E;9>5<=: ;9<5:E5;=- ;9K9<=: =>5>
254
F5>5 789
9K9<=:
5<=> ;9
;9K9<=:
6=:=D>=:
5<=>
8M 5 <968;=- B5 @96D9 E6D9>F>9D5 9B
<56;5D= ;9 5<5> 5 B=: 969<E@=: ?=<= ;5B9:
?85B78E9> ?=:5 789 9BB=: 78E9>56 ;9 DE
5M
<=<96D=: ?856;= D5B 9VF>9:EI6 ;9 5<=> 6=
9: :5KE5
+ 9K9>G
5 865 <8A9> 5K56;=65;5 F=> :8
<5>E;= ;5>B9 B= 789 9B ;9:95 96 9B 5>>9@B= ;9B
;ES=>?E=, + 9K9 D>5D5> 5 :8 <5>E;= ;9 B5
<569>5 ?=<= ;9:95>G
5 :9> D>5D5;5, B :96DE;=
?=<C6 ;E?9=- 6= B9 ;9: 5 9:5 >5D5 65;5
9>= + : 9:D5 865 <569>5 KG
KBE?5 ;9 F>=?9;9>
W
78ED56;= B= ;9 >5D5X, 5B S9H:G B 5<=>- 96
9:D9 ?5:=- :E@6EUE?5>Q F9>;=65> 5B 969<E@=- 6=
?5B8<6E5>B= 56D9 =D>=:- M 6= 5D5?5>B= ?=6
F5B5K>5: F5>5 =KD969> ?E9>D= @>5;= ;9
S96@56H5
9>= 9B 5<=> 6= 9: B5 C6E?5
?5D9@=>G
5 789 :9 5FBE?5 5 9:D5 :ED85?EI6
5<KEN6 9:DQ B5 A8:DE?E5
E 9B <5>E;= 9:DQ
5<965H56;=
M
FE;E96;=
?=:5:
789
:96?EBB5<96D9 :=6 E6A8:D5:- B5 <8A9> ;9K9
5F9B5> 5 B5 A8:DE?E5 M B5 E@B9:E5 ;9K9 5F=M5>B5
B 5<=> 5 B=: 969<E@=: 9: 9B FE6Q?8B= ;9 B5
=K9;E96?E5 ?>E:DE565 O5?E5 E=:
=<= E6;E?5
9B :9><I6 ;9B <=6D9- 9: UQ?EB 5<5> 5 B5 @96D9
789 6=: 5<5
9>= :9 >978E9>9 ;9 B5 =K>5
F=;9>=:5 ;9B :FG
>ED8 ;9 E=: F5>5 5<5> 5
5789BB=: 789 9:DQ6 ;9;E?5;=: 5 ;5T5>6=:
5M =D>5 ?=:5 789 ;9K9: :5K9> 5?9>?5 ;9
5<5> 5 D8: 969<E@=:
B5 B8H ;9B BEK>= ;9
:95:- 9:D= 6= ;9K9 :9> 865 :=>F>9:5
8F9>UE?E5B<96D9- 9B 5<=> 5 B=: 969<E@=:
256
3" 2X
B BEK>= ;9 8D D>5D5 5?9>?5 ;9 865
9VD>56A9>5 & 865 <=5KED5 & 78E96 U89 E6?B8E;5
96 B5 BG
695 >95B ;9 5SE; M 9:C:
=;= 9:D= 9>5 865 E<ED5?EI6 ;9B 5<=> ;9 E=:
O5?E5 :>59B- 78E969: O5KG
56 :E;= 9VD>56A9>=:
W V !!"! \ !%"2\ 9S
2"%'X
9 O9?O=:E9<F>9 U89>=6 9VD>56A9>=:
:D5 DE9>>5 9:
<G
5 ;EA= 9B 9T=>- M 8:D9;9: :=6 9VD>56A9>=:
M U=>5:D9>=:
W9S
!("!%X
=<=
9VD>56A9>=: 789 U89>=6 K96;9?E;=: F=> E=:9BB=: ;9KG
56 D>5D5> 5 B5: F9>:=65: ;9 B5 <E:<5
<569>5 ?=<= O5KG
56 :E;= D>5D5;=:
>IAE<=: M VD>56A9>=:
6 :9@86;= @>8F= ;9 F9>:=65: :=6 5789BB5:
789 6= :=6 F5>D9 ;9 B5 E@B9:E5 SE:EKB9
6 9B
6DE@8=
9:D5<96D= D5B9: F9>:=65: 9>56
BB5<5;5: 9VD>56A9>=: = U=>5:D9>=:\ 96 9B
89S= 9:D5<96D= :9 B9: BB5<5 F>IAE<=:
6 5<=> K5:5;= 96 B5 ;96DE;5;
B :>59B ;9B 6DE@8= 9:D5<96D= D96G
5 B9M9:
<8M ?B5>5: 789 F>=D9@G
56 5 B=: 9VD>56A9>=:
789 SESG
56 96 B5 DE9>>5
5B=<I6- 96 865
=>5?EI6 E6:FE>5;5- =>I F5>5 789
E=:
?=6D9:D5>5 D=;5: B5: =>5?E=69: ;9 B=:
9VD>56A9>=:- F5>5 789 D=;=: B=: F89KB=: ;9 B5
DE9>>5 ?=6=H?56 D8 6=<K>9 M D9 D9<56 W
9M9: 1"'%X
=: 9VD>56A9>=: 6= ;9KG
56 :9>
<5B D>5D5;=: W V !!"! X = F>ES5;=: ;9 B5
A8:DE?E5 W 5B %"(X\ 96 S9H ;9 9:D=- :9 B9:
;9KG
5 ;5> DE9>>5 W H '/"!!X M 5<=> W 98D
257
B
89S=
9:D5<96D= 9:DQ >9FB9D= ;9
<56;5<E96D=: ;9 5<5> 5 E=: M 5B F>IAE<=
W 5D !!"%2\ 56DE5@= !"1X
5 5<FBE5?EI6
?BQ:E?5 ;9 9:D9 <56;5<E96D= 9: B5 OE:D=>E5 ;9B
K896 5<5>ED56= W8?5: 3!(4%/X
6 9:D5
OE:D=>E5- 9:C: 9VF56;9 B=: BG
<ED9: 6=><5B9:
;9 B= 789 9: 86 F>IAE<= O5:D5 BB9@5> 5B F86D=
;9 E6?B8E> 96 B5 OE:D=>E5 5 ;=: 969<E@=:- 86
A8;G
= M 86 :5<5>ED56=
89@=- 9:C: O5?9 789
9B ON>=9 ;9 B5 OE:D=>E5 :95 86 :5<5>ED56=- 5
78E96 B=: A8;G
=: ?=6:E;9>5K56 ?=<= E6U9>E=>
<=>5B<96D9
= F8;= O5K9> >9<5>?5;= 9:D9
F86D= ?=6 <Q: U89>H5
:D= 9: <8M >9B9S56D9 F5>5 5B@865: ;9 <E:
;E:?8:E=69: U5<EBE5>9: F5:5;5:
E 9:F=:5 M
M= D969<=: ;=: OEA5:
856;= 9>56 <Q:
F9789T5:9BB5:
9>56
B5:
6ET5:
<Q:
9:?56;5B=:5: ?856;= 9:D5K56 ?=6 6=:=D>=:F9>= F5>9?G
56 9:D5> :=>;5: M <8;5: ?856;=
258
B5 @>5?E5 ;9 E=:
E: OEA5: 5O=>5 >5>5: S9?9:
:9 ?=<F=>D56 ?=<= H=<KE: ?856;= ?=6=?96 5
689S5: F9>:=65:
BB5: ?5<KE56 ?856;= B5:
F>9F5>5<=: M =>5<=: F=> 9BB5:
=> :8F89:D=- :E 9BB5: 78E:E9>56 F=69>6=: 5
:8;5> :IB= D96;>G
56 789 ;9?E>- 9S56@9BE:<=
B D9<=> 5B O=<K>9 6= >9:F9D5 5 65;E9
89;9
:9> BB5<5;= ?=;9F96;96?E5 96 B5 SE;5 5;8BD5F>9:EI6 ;9 @>8F= 96 B5 5;=B9:?96?E5- M DE<E;9H
96 B5 6ET9H- F9>= ?=<= :95 789 :9 BB5<9:E9<F>9 >9S9B5 9B <E:<= ?=>5HI6 E;IB5D>5
5>5 9SED5> 9:D9 96>9;= 69?9:ED= 789 <E: OEA5:
=>96 M <9 9VO=>D96 ;9 B5 <E:<5 <569>5
?=<= 69?9:ED56 789 O9>E M M= =>9<=: F=>
9BB5:
259
260
261
B 9S56@9BE:D5 ;EA="
8E9>= 789 :9 =BSE;96 ;9
B5: E6:DED8?E=69:
B 9S56@9BE= 6= :9 D>5D5 ;9
E@B9:E5:
: 865 ;9?E:EI6 789 O5?9: ;9B56D9
;9 9:C: M 65;E9 <Q:
+ 8N FE96:5: ;9 :8 96U=789, B 9:DQ 96 B=
?=>>9?D= ?856;= ;E?9 789 B=: E6;ESE;8=: ;9K96
5>>9F96DE>:9 M K58DEH5>:9 W 9?O=: !"%1X
F89;= 96D96;9> 789 5B@865: F9>:=65: DE9696
865 SE:EI6 ;9U=><5;5 ;9 B5 E@B9:E5- 5:G789 9B
9S56@9BE:D5
6=
789>G
5
789
9:5:
F>9:8F=:E?E=69:
68KB5>56
B=:
5:86D=:
9:FE>ED85B9:
9>= +6= 9: ?E9>D= 789 9B
BB5<5<E96D= 5 ?=6UE5> M =K9;9?9> 9: 86
BB5<5<E96D= <Q: 5<FBE= 789 :IB= 9:C: M
M= , 5 F>=<9:5: ;9 E=: :=6 F5>5 S=:=D>=:
M F5>5 S89:D>=: OEA=: M F5>5 D=;=: B=: 789
9:DQ6 B9A=:\ F5>5 ?856D=: 9B 9T=> 689:D>=
E=: BB5<5>9 W 9?O=: !"%2X
+ = 9: 5?5:=
B5 F9>:=65 BB5<5;5 5 S96E> 5 >E:D=- 78E96 9:
B5 ?5K9H5 ;9 865 E6:DED8?EI6, 6 9B BEK>= ;9
9?O=:- ?856;= B5 @96D9 :9 ?=6S9>DG
5- :9
5:8<G
5 789 :9>G
56 F5>D9 ;9 86 ?=<F5T9>E:<=
B=?5B
= F8;= O5K9> :E;= ;9 =D>5 <569>5
5KG
56 :E;= E6D9@>5;=: 5 865 ?=<86E;5; ;9 B5
>9:8>>9??EI6- 865 ?=<86E;5; ;9B :FG
>ED8
263
264
:96DE;= ;9 S9>@[96H5
6 =D>5: F5B5K>5:F89:D= 789 F=;9<=: S9> B5: ?=:5: 96
689:D>5:
SE;5:
789
6=:
5S9>@[96H565:8<E<=: 789 B=: ;9<Q: D5<KEN6 B5: S96
:85B<96D9- :E6 9<K5>@=- D>5D5<=: 5 B5
E@B9:E5 ?=<= 86 969<E@= F=>789 6= O9<=:
:E;= 96:9T5;=: F=> B5 :?>ED8>5
= :5K9<=:
B= 789 E=: ;E?9 5?9>?5 ;9 8?89>F=
:D= DE969 <8?O= 789 S9> ?=6 9B D9<=> 5B
O=<K>9
E96D>5: F96:9<=: 5?9>?5 ;9
6=:=D>=: <E:<=: ?=<= :=B=: = 5E:B5;=:9:D5>9<=: :E9<F>9 F>=F96:=: 5 D9<9> 5 B=:
;9<Q:
B 5E:B5<E96D= M 9B D9<=> 5B O=<K>9
:=6 ?=<F5T9>=: ?9>?56=:
= =K:D56D9:=<=: BEK9>5;=: ?856;= 96D96;9<=: 96
S9>;5; 789 E=: 6=: O5 BB5<5;= 5 F5>DE?EF5>
96 865 U5<EBE5 <Q: @>56;9 W
9:D= 9:- B5
@B9:E5X
B ?8BD= ?=6 B5 E@B9:E5 ?=<E96H5 5
:96DE>:9 86 F=?= <Q: ?=<= 865 U5<EBE5
:96D5;5 ?=6 6=:=D>=: 96 689:D>5 :5B5
86
<9A=>- 6=: :96DE<=: ?=<= 865 U5<EBE5
:96D5;=: A86D=: 5 B=: FE9: ;9 9:C:- :96D5;=:
5B>9;9;=> ;9B D>=6=
=6 B5 U5<EBE5 6= O5M
E6?=<=;E;5;- F965 = D9<=>
89;9 :9> 789 6= O5M5: S96E;= ;9 865 U5<EBE5
:IBE;5
89;9 :9> 789 D8 O=@5> U89 86 B8@5>
;=6;9 :E9<F>9 U8E:D9 ?>EDE?5;= M :E9<F>9 D9
F>9@86D5K5: 789 9:D5>G
56 F96:56;= B=:
;9<Q:
E 9:D9 9: 9B ?5:=- 6= F9><ED5: 789 D8
9VF9>E96?E5 ;9 B= 789 9: 865 U5<EBE5 ?=>>=<F5
D8 96D96;E<E96D= ;9 B= 789 E=: ;E?9 5?9>?5
;9 9BB5
9K9: ?>99> 789 5789BB=: 789
266
=>F=>5DES5 ;9
E=:
9T=> 689:D>=
E=: 86= 9:
9>?8>E=
9>= 689:D>= E=: 9: 86=- M :8
F89KB= B= E<ED5 M B9 D>59 @B=>E5 ?856;=
<56DE969 B5 86E;5;
+ 8QB 9>5 B5 E;96DE;5; <Q: F>=<E696D9 F5>5
B=: E:>59BED5:,
=M 86 E:>59BED5- 9B F89KB= 789
F9>D969?9 5
E=:
6D96D5 96?=6D>5> 9B
?=6?9FD= ;9
E=: M M= 96 B=: ?E6?= BEK>=: ;9
=E:N:
= B= 96?=6D>5>Q:
B F5?D= ;9 E=:
M9 :>59B - ;EA= 9B
U89 O9?O= ?=6 86 F89KB=
9T=>
6;5; 5B>9;9;=> ;9 E=6- M >=;95;B5\ =6D5;
:8: D=>>9:
=6:E;9>5; 5D96D5<96D9 :8
56D9<8>=E>5; :8: F5B5?E=:\ 5>5 789 B=
=>789 9:D9
?=6DNE: 5 B5 @969>5?EI6 S96E;9>5
E=: 9:
E=: 689:D>= 9D9>65<96D9 M F5>5
:E9<F>9\ B 6=: @8E5>Q 586 <Q: 5BBQ ;9 B5
<89>D9
856;=
?Q6 F9?I 5B D=<5> ;9B K=DG
6 ;9
9>E?I- B=: OEA=: ;9 :>59B ?=<9DE9>=6 865
F>9S5>E?5?EI6 W=: /" X
B 9T=> ;EA= 789
:>59B O5KG
5 F9?5;=
B ?5:DE@= F=> B5
;9:=K9;E96?E5 ?5MI :=K>9 D=;= 9B F89KB=
?856;= 9B 9AN>?ED= U89 ;9>>=D5;= F=> B=:
O=<K>9 ;9 5E
5>5 D>5D5> 9B F9?5;=- D=;=
:>59B ;9KG
5 ?=6:5@>5>:9 ;9B56D9 ;9B 9T=>
=> :8F89:D=- B5 EKBE5 9: ?B5>5 96 ?856D= ;9
789 ?5;5 E6;ESE;8= 9: >9:F=6:5KB9 F=> :8
F>=FE= F9?5;=- F9>= 9VE:D9 86 :96DE;= 96 9B
789 D=;= 9B F89KB= :9 ?=6D5<E65 ?856;= O5M
F9?5;= 96 86= ;9 :8: <E9<K>=:
56E9B 9:D5K5 <8M ?=6:?E96D9 ;9 789 586 96
9B 9VEBE= 9:D5K5 E69VFBE?5KB9<96D9 ?=69?D5;=
?=6 9B F89KB= ;9 E=:
= 789 :9 ;9?G
5 ;9
9BB=: F=;G
5 ;9?E>:9 ;9 NB
:D5K5 5S9>@=6H5;=
F=> 9B 9VEBE=- M :96DG
5 9B F9:= ;9B F9?5;= ;9B
F89KB=
269
270
271
272
<=> &
65 F>E=>E;5; KG
KBE?5
274
!
%
'
(
)
/
275
276
= 5@>9@5>G
5- F=> B= <96=:- 865 ;9?B5>5?EI6 5
9:D5: F>9@86D5:
O=>5 789 D9 O9 O9?O=
9:D5: F>9@86D5:- F9><G
D9<9 ;9?E>D9 789 O5:
:E;= 865 K96;E?EI6 F5>5 <G
9><G
D9<9
;9?E>D9 ?8Q6D= <9 O5: ;E>E@E;= O5?E5 5 >E:D=
277
278
6E;5;
6E;5;
= 96 9BB=:- M DC 96 <G
- F5>5 789 :956
F9>U9?D=: 96 86E;5;- F5>5 789 9B <86;=
?=6=H?5 789 DC<9 96SE5:D9 W
S !%X
281
282
'
(
)
/
1
2
B 5<=> KG
KBE?= 686?5 :9 :5DE:U5?9 5 <96=:
789 9:DN?>9?E96;= W 9;>= !!X
9:5>>=BB5
9:D>5D9@E5:- FE;9 =>5?E=69: ;9 B=: ;9<Q: ?=6
B5 UE65BE;5; ;9 ?>9?9>- FE96:5 96 @>56;9 & 6=
@>56;9 96 DN><E6=: ;9 B= 9:F9?D5?8B5>- :E6=
@>56;9 96 DN><E6=: ;9 5B@= <Q: 5BBQ ;9 B5:
9VF9?D5DES5: O8<565:
B 5<=> KG
KBE?= 6= 9:
86 5<=> BB5<5DES= 789 5D>59 B5 5D96?EI6 O5?E5
:G <E:<=F9>=
;9K9
D969>
@>56;9:
E6D96?E=69:
89>9<=: 789 :95 F>9:96?E5;=
F=> D=;5 ?>E5D8>5 SESE96D9
89>9<=: 789 B5
@96D9 M D=;5: B5: 58D=>E;5;9: M F=;9>9:
9:FE>ED85B9: :9F56 789 :=<=: ;E:?G
F8B=: ;9B
E=: SESE96D9 5 D>5SN: ;9 689:D>= 5<=> W6
% %(X
:D9;9: :=6 9B 5K9>6Q?8B= ;9
=;= 9:D=
E;96DE;5;
E=:
D9<FB=
6 9B
6DE@8=
9:D5<96D=- 9B
D5K9>6Q?8B= 9>5 B5 ?5:5 D9>>965B ;9 E=:- 8
F>9:96?E5 ?=6 :8 F89KB=
:D9 9: 9B <E:<=
D5K9>6Q?8B= 789 ;9A= 5;<E>5;=: 5 B=:
9AN>?ED=: 969<E@=:
=> 9A9<FB=- <8M F>=6D=
;9:F8N: ;9 O5K9> ?5FD8>5;= 9B 5>?5- B=:
UEBE:D9=: B5 :5?5>=6 ;9 :8 DE9>>5" :8 G
;=B=
5@I6 :9 ?5MI865 M =D>5 S9H;9B56D9 ;9 9BB5
:D9 9: 9B D5K9>6Q?8B= 789 9>5 D56 :56D= 789
?856;= B=: O=<K>9 ;9 9D4:9<9:- 9B 9T=> B=:
<5DI
B >9:D= ;9 B=: O=<K>9: ;9 9D4:9<9:
;EA9>=6"
+ 8EN6 F=;>Q 9:D5> ;9B56D9 ;9
9O=SQ 9B E=: 56D=, W 5< )"!3X
9
E@85B <569>5- H5 U89 U8B<E65;= F=> 9B 9T=>
?856;= E6D96DI :=:D969> 9B 5>?5 ;9 E=: 789
:9 9:D5K5 ?5M96;= W
! 5< ) )4/X
O=>5 S5M5<=: 5B 89S= 9:D5<96D=
+=
:5KNE: 789 :=E: D9<FB= ;9
E=: M 789 9B
:FG
>ED8 E=: <=>5 96 S=:=D>=:,
W
=>
%" )X
B 5FI:D=B 5KB= 9:DQ ;E?E96;= 789
6=:=D>=: :=<=: 9B D5K9>6Q?8B= ;9 E=:
5
E@B9:E5 9: 9B D5K9>6Q?8B=
78GD969<=: 86=
;9 B=: <E:D9>E=: ;9B 6DE@8= 9:D5<96D= 789
U89 >9S9B5;= 96 9B 89S=
=:=D>=:- ?=<=
?89>F=- D969<=: 5B E=: SESE96D9 96 6=:=D>=:
:D9 9: 9B <E:D9>E= 789 U89 @B=>E=:= M >E?=>E:D= 96 S=:=D>=:- B5 9:F9>56H5 ;9 @B=>E5
W =B "!/X
:D= 9: :8UE?E96D9 F5>5 ;9A5>6=:
D9<KB56;=
69<E@=:- F>IAE<=: M 9B 89>F= ;9
:=<=: ;98;=>9:
>E:D="
>E:D="
285
;9 9:?=@9> 5 9:C:
= O5M ;8;5 5B@865 ;9
789 9B 5<=> KG
KBE?= 6=: O5?9 <Q: S8B69>5KB9:
9>=
9:D5
6=
:9>Q
B5
S8B69>5KEBE;5;
;9S5:D5;=>5 789 SE969 ?=6 9B 69?9:ED5>
F:E?=BI@E?5<96D9 5 B5: F9>:=65:
=:
?>E:DE56=: 69?9:ED56 <96=: M 5<56 <Q:
:D5 ;98;5 ;9 5<=>- +6=: ;9A5 S8B69>5KB9: 5
B5 <56EF8B5?EI6 F=> =D>=: 789 ;9:956 8:5>6=:
F5>5 :8: F>=FI:ED=: E<FG
=:, >=K5KB9<96D9
6=- 5B <96=: 6= F=> <8?O= DE9<F=
6 F5:D=> ;9 9;5; <9;E5 U89 >9@5T5;=
5<5KB9<96D9 F=> :8 <N;E?= F=> 9:D5>
O5?E96;= ;9<5:E5;=
B <N;E?= ;9?G
5 789 9B
F5:D=> 69?9:ED5K5 865: S5?5?E=69: = :9
9:D5K5 F9>UEB56;= O5?E5 B5 96U9><9;5;
B
F5:D=>- F=> :8F89:D=- 6= D96G
5 DE9<F= 96
5789B 96D=6?9: F5>5 865: S5?5?E=69:
:D5K5
<8M =?8F5;= 5D96;E96;= 5 :8 ?=6@>9@5?EI6 M
B5: 69?9:E;5;9: 9:F9?E5B9: ;9 :89:F=:5 M :8:
;=: OEA5:
8 9:F=:5 :9 O5KG
5 FB5@5;= ;9 865
96U9><9;5; <E:D9>E=:5 96 B=: CBDE<=: ?E6?=
5T=: O5:D5 9B F86D= ;9 789 6= 9>5 ?5F5H ;9
?=6;8?E> = :5BE> :=B5
:D= :E@6EUE?5K5 789 9B
5:D=> D96G
5 789 BB9S5>B5 5 D=;5: F5>D9:
IB=
B5: ?=<F>5: M B5: ?ED5: <N;E?5: B9 BB9S5K56
?=<= 865 O=>5 D=;=: B=: ;G
5:
O5KG
5 ?=<F>5;= 86 ?5>>=- M NB 9:D5K5 F5@56;=
9B :9@8>=
8 =D>5 OEA5 9:D5K5 96 B5
86ES9>:E;5;- M NB 9:D5K5 F5@56;= D=;5: B5:
?8=D5:
= =K:D56D9- 6E6@865 ;9 9BB5:
D>5K5A5K5
=6 D=;= 9:D= =?8>>E96;=- + I<= F=;>G
5 9B
F5:D=> D=<5> 86 ;9:?56:= ;9 :8: ;9K9>9:, B
9>5 69?9:ED5;= F=> :8 ?=6@>9@5?EI6 M :8
U5<EBE5
+ 69?9:ED5K5 :96DE>:9 69?9:ED5;=, B F5:D=>
96D96;G
5 9B D9<=> ;9B 9T=>- F9>= 6= :9 O5KG
5
96D96;E;= 5 NB <E:<=
86?5 O5KG
5
?=6:E;9>5;= 789 :8 58D=:5?>EUE?E= 9>5 <Q:
KE96 F5>5 :9>SE>:9 NB <E:<= 789 5 :8 U5<EBE5
=<= >9:8BD5;=- 9:D5K5 ?E9@= 5 =D>5: <569>5:
<9A=>9: ;9 5<5>
<F9HI 5 S9> 789 :9> K8965 @96D9 6= 9: B=
<E:<= 789 5<5>
B :9> K8965 @96D9
9:D5K5 :E96;= F9>?EKE;= ?=<= 9B 9:F=:= 5D96D=
M :5?>EUE?5;=
B :9> K8965 @96D9
9:D5K5
:E96;= B= =F89:D= ;9 :8 F>=FE= F5;>9- 78E96
686?5 D8S= E6D9>N: M 9>5 ;E:D56D9
9>= F=>
:9> K8965 @96D9 9:D5K5 <5D56;= 5 :8
U5<EBE5 F=>789 F=;G
5 :9> <56EF8B5;= F5>5
O5?9> ?85B78E9> ?=:5
287
288
:5KG
56 789 B= 9:D5K56 D96D56;= ?=6 :8 G
;=B=
U5S=>ED=
B 9:?8?OI B= 789 ;9?G
5 B5 U5<EBE5 M
B= ?=6:E;9>I 96 =>5?EI6 M ?=6 ?=6:9A=
9>=
;9?E;EI 789 :8 >9:=B8?EI6 9>5 :5KE5 M 789 :9
<56D96;>G
5 UE><9
9:F8N: ;9 5B@86=: <9:9: >=?=:=:- B5 U5<EBE5
?=<96HI 5 UB=>9?9>
8: OEA5: ;9?E;E9>=6
K8:?5> D>5K5A=: 9 E6?B8:ES9 B=: ;E:U>8D5K56
8 9:F=:5 ?=<96HI 5 :9> <96=: <E9;=:5 M
<8?O=:
;9
:8:
:G
6D=<5:
<9A=>5>=6
;>5<QDE?5<96D9
B F5:D=> B9 9VF>9:I 5 B5
E@B9:E5 789 O5KG
5 9:D5;= 978ES=?5;= 5B D=<5>
D56D5: >9:F=6:5KEBE;5;9: 96 B5 E@B9:E5 F=>789
9:D= BE<ED5K5 789 =D>5: F9>:=65: 8:5>56 :8:
;=69:
=6U9:I 9:D= 5 :8 ?=6@>9@5?EI6 M B5
?=6@>9@5?EI6 >95??E=6I 9:D56;= ;E:F89:D=: 5
F=69> :8: ;=69: 5B :9>SE?E= ;9 B=: ;9<Q:
5 @96D9 789 K8:?5 5@>5;5> 5 B5: F9>:=65:
F89;9 ?=6U86;E> 9B :9> K8965 @96D9 ?=6 9B
5<=>
856;= 9:D= =?8>>9- 9:DQ6 F>=F96:=: 5
:9> <56EF8B5;=: F=> B=: ;9<Q:- M 9B ;9:@5:D9
?=6 D=;5 :9@8>E;5; =?8>>9
5 @96D9 789
78E9>9 5@>5;5> 5 B=: ;9<Q: D5<KEN6 F89;9
?=6U86;E> 86
:G ?=6 9B 5<=>
9>=
G
F89;9 :9> 5 S9?9: 5B@= <8M E<F>8;96D9
89;9 6= :9> B5 <9A=> <569>5 ;9 F5@5>
689:D>5 ;98;5 ;9 5<=>
9?E> :G 5 865
D5>95 F89;9 F>=S=?5> 789 6= O5@5<=: 5B@=
<Q: E<F=>D56D9
89;9 :E@6EUE?5> 789
O5?9<=: 5B@= 789 5B@8E96 <Q: F8;= O5K9>
O9?O= <9A=> 789 6=:=D>=:
89;9 :E@6EUE?5>
789
9:D5<=:
>9U=>H56;=
B5:
F58D5:
290
291
6E;5;
292
O 6=- 586
9B F>=KB9<5 789 78E9>9 5D5?5> 9: 5K8>>E;=
789>9><9 86 F=?= <Q:
96:N"
89@=- 86 ;G
5 <9 ;E ?896D9
<8?O5?O= 9: ?=B=>E;=
294
:D9 ?5FG
D8B= >9F5:5 865 F5>D9 9:96?E5B ;9B
D>5D5<E96D= 96 ?=6D>5 ;9B D9<=> 5B O=<K>9"
;9K9<=: 5<5> <Q: 5 B5 @96D9 M 69?9:ED5>B5
<96=: W
F5>5 :5DE:U5?9> 689:D>=: ;9:9=:
F:E?=BI@E?=:X
9 B5 <E:<5 <569>5 ?=<= 9B
5<=> 5 E=: 9VF8B:5 9B D9>>=> 5 E=:- 9B 5<=>
5 B5 @96D9 9VF8B:5 689:D>= D9<=> ;9 789 6=:
F89;56 5S9>@=6H5>- B5:DE<5> UG
:E?5<96D9 =
>9?O5H5>
5: F5B5K>5: ?B5S9: :=6 U5<EBE5- ?=<86E;5; M
86E;5;
9>= D96 ?8E;5;=
=: ?>E:DE56=: 6=
:=6 B=: C6E?=: 789 B5: 8:56 + 5: 6=D5;= 789
<8?O5: F9>:=65: :9 9:DQ6 ?56:56;= ;9B
E6;ESE;85BE:<= M 9B 96U=789 96 86= <E:<=,
6D9>N: 96 86=- B5 ;E@6E;5; ;9 86=58D=9:DE<5- B= 789 DE969 F5>5 <G
- B5
@969>5?EI6 ;9B M= - B5 E6D>=:F9??EI6 M 9B
56QBE:E: F9>:=65B" UE65B<96D9 9:D5<=: BE:D=:
F5>5 86 ?5<KE=
B E6;ESE;85BE:<= 9:DQ :E96;=
9?O5;= U89>5
9:;9 865 F9>:F9?DES5
9:D>E?D5<96D9 F>5@<QDE?5- O9<=: 96?=6D>5;=
789 9B E6;ESE;85BE:<= 6= U86?E=65
=<=
56DG
;=D= 5O=>5 B5 F5B5K>5 9: ?=<86E;5;
F5>5 B5 @B=>E5 ;9
E=:- 9B <=SE<E96D= 789
F>=<89S9 B5 ?=<86E;5; :9>Q :E<FB9<96D9
865 6=S9;5; F5:5A9>5
6E<N<=6=: 86=: 5
=D>=: F5>5 9:D5KB9?9> 689:D>5 ?=<86E;5;
9?B9:EQ:DE?5 96 9B 5<=> ;9 E=:
+ I<= F89;9 D8 E@B9:E5 F>=<=S9> 9B
:96DE;= ;9 ?=<86E;5;, + I<= F89;9:
O5?9>B= DC,
!
9SE:5 B5 =>5?EI6 ;9 56E9B M 9:D8;E5 B5
=>5?EI6 ?=>F=>5DES5 ;9 9O9<G
5: W 9O
"'4 X
9><ED9 789 9:D5: =>5?E=69:
9:D>8?D8>96 86 DE9<F= ;9 =>5?EI6
?=>F=>5DES5 96 D8E@B9:E5
% + I<= F89;9: ;5> O=6=> 5 =D>5:
F9>:=65: 96 9B ?89>F= ;9 >E:D= W =<
!" 3X,
'
9?89>;5 5 B5: F9>:=65: 789 D9 O56
:9T5B5;=
5
>E:D=
>9?E96D9<96D9
:?>G
K9B9 865 ?5>D5 5 86= ;9 9BB=: M
F>=FI6D9 ;9?G
>:9B= 5B >9:D=
9T=> M
295
296
+ 8N ;9KG
5 O5?9> ?856;= 9B 96D>965;=> ;9B
978EF= 5686?EI 789 O5K>G
5 865 F>Q?DE?5
9:F9?E5B 789 E6D9>U9>G
5 ?=6 86 SE5A9 FB5695;=
?=6 :8U5<EBE5, = B= :5KG
5 ?=6 9V5?DED8;- F9>=
?=6=?G
5 B5: F>9@86D5: ?=>>9?D5: + 8N78E9>9
E=: 789 M= O5@5, + 8QB 9: <E ;9K9>,
9:F8N: ;9B 5686?E= ;9B 96D>965;=>- E< :9
;E>E@EIO5?E5 NB M B9 E6U=><I;9B ?=6UBE?D=
;=B9:?96D9
297
96 S9H789 5B O=<K>9
5?E;= 96 B9<56E5 96
'1%- 5>DG
6 8D9>= U89 86 >9U=><5;=> ;9 B5
E@B9:E5 ?=B=>E;= 9 E6UB8M96D9
9>= ;9 D=;=:
:8: B=@>=:- B= 789 >9:5BD5 9: :8 D9<=> ;9B
9T=>
8 ?>9?E<E96D= 96 9B D9<=> :9 EB8:D>5
96 D>9: ;EU9>96D9: E6?E;96D9:
B F>E<9>= U89 9B ! ;9 A8BE= ;9 (3(- ?856;=
8D9>= 9>5 86 9:D8;E56D9 ;9 S9E6DEC6 5T=: ;9
B5 6ES9>:E;5; ;9 >U8>D
5:D5 96D=6?9:8D9>= O5KG
5 FB5695;= D9><E65> :8 @>5;=
5?5;N<E?= M B89@=- :E@8E96;= B=: ;9:9=: ;9 :8
F5;>9- 9:D8;E5>G
5 B9M9:
9>= ?856;= 9:D5K5
>8<K= 5 ?5:5 F5>5 SE:ED5> 5 :8: F5;>9:- :9 SE=
5D>5F5;= 96 <9;E= ;9 865 D=><96D5 9BN?D>E?5
=: >5M=: ?5G
56 D56 ?9>?5 789 D9<E96;= F=> :8
SE;5- 8D9>= 9V?B5<I" P MC;5<9 56D5 65 M
<9 O5>N<=6A9R
8D9>= D=<I 9:D9 S=D= <8M 96 :9>E=- 5C6
?856;= :8S=D= U89 O9?O= :E6 >9UB9VEI6 F>9SE5
B ?>9G
5 789 :8 S=D= 9>5 F5>D9 ;9 86
BB5<5<E96D=
;9B
?E9B=
789
6=
F=;G
5
;9:=K9;9?9>
=> B= D56D=- 96 ?=6D>5 ;9 B=:
;9:9=: ;9 :8 F5;>9 W
5 78E96 8D9>= :E9<F>9
O5KG
5 9:F9>5;= ?=<FB5?9>X- 9B / ;9 A86E=
E6@>9:I 5B B58:D>= 9@>= ;9 B=: ><ED5T=:
@8:DE6=: B=?5BEH5;= 96 >U8>D
5>DG
6 8D9>= D8S= <=<96D=: ;9 S5?EB5?EI6F9>= ?=6:E:D96D9<96D9 9:?=@EI D9<9> 5 E=:
299
300
6 <=6A9"
5>DG
6 8D9>=
31
Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther (New York: New American
Library, 1950), 30.
302
5M8;5><9
=> B= D56D=- 6= 5<5K5 5 86 E=:
A8:D= M 5E>5;=- :E6= 789 B= =;E5K5 M
<8><8>5K5 96 :8 ?=6D>5
= =K:D56D9F9><569?G
5 5D96D= 5B 789>E;= 5KB= M D96G
5 86
@>56;9 56O9B= ;9 :5K9> 78N789>G
5 ;9?E>
=?O9 M ;G
5 F96:5K5 9:D= O5:D5 789 SE B5
?=69VEI6 96D>9 B5 A8:DE?E5 ;9
E=: M B5
;9?B5>5?EI6
9B A8:D= F=> B5 U9 SESE>Q
6D=6?9: 96D96;G789 B5 A8:DE?E5 ;9 E=: 9:
9:5 >9?DED8; F=> B5 ?85B 5 D>5SN: ;9 B5 @>5?E5 M
B5 <E:9>E?=>;E5 F8>5E=: 6=: A8:DEUE?5 5
D>5SN: ;9 B5 U9
F5>DE> ;9 9:9 <=<96D=:96DG789 >965?GM 789 9>5 D>56:F=>D5;= 5
D>5SN: ;9 F89>D5: 5KE9>D5: 5B F5>5G
:=
:
;9?E>- S9> 5 E=: ?=6 U9- 9: S9> :8 ?=>5HI6
F5D9>65B M 5<E:D=:=- 96 9B ?85B 6= O5M 96=A=
6E U5BD5 ;9 @>5?E5
789B 789 S9 5 E=: ?=<=
96=A5;= 6= B9 9:DQ SE96;= ?=>>9?D5<96D9 :E6=
789 9:DQ <E>56;= :IB= 5 D>5SN: ;9 865
?=>DE65- ?=<= :E O8KE9>56 F89:D= 865 68K9
69@>5 96U>96D9 ;9 :8>=:D>= %!
6 D9<=> ;9B 9T=> >=K8:D= :9 O5KG
5 68D>E;=
F=> <9;E= ;9B 9:D8;E= M B5 <9;ED5?EI6 ;9 B5:
:?>ED8>5:
8M F>=6D= :9>G
5 F89:D= 5 F>89K5
8D9>= 9: <Q: ?=6=?E;= F=> :8 >95??EI6 96
?=6D>5 ;9 B5: E6;8B@96?E5:
6 :8: ;G
5:- B5
E@B9:E5 5 <968;= >9?58;5K5 ;E69>= F=> <9;E=
;9 S96;9> B= 789 9BB=: F9>?EKG
56 ?=<= U5S=>9:
;ESE6=:
E D96G
5: ;E69>= ?856;= :9 =U>9?G
56
32
Ibid., 50.
304
5 >9:F89:D5 ;9
8D9>=
U89
?8>E=:59:F9?E5B<96D9 5 B5 B8H ;9 :8: 9:?>ED=: D56
=:5;=:
8EHQ :9 :E6DEI E6DE<E;5;= F=> 9B
?=6A86D= ;9 B=: O=<K>9: <Q: F=;9>=:=: 789
A5<Q: :9 O8KE9>5 >986E;= 96 9:5 >9@EI6
9:F=6;EI ?=6 S=H 5F965: 58;EKB99?E>
;9<5:E5;= = F=?= :9>G
5 F9BE@>=:=
9: :8FBE?=
789 <9 ;96 DE9<F= F5>5 F96:5>B=
5>9?G
5 9:D5> S5?EB56;= 96D>9 9B D9<=> 5B
O=<K>9 = 9B D9<=> 5B 9T=>- F9>= 5B@= =?8>>EI
5B ;5> B5: :9E: 96 F86D= ;9 B5 6=?O9 :E@8E96D9
8D9>= ;9<=:D>I B5 =:5;G
5 789 ?5>5?D9>EH5K5
:8: 9:?>ED=:
5B :9@8>E;5; 6= 9>5 865
305
306
B D9VD= KG
KBE?= 6= 6=: <96?E=65 ?I<= SE9>=6
B=: O=<K>9: ;9
5K8?=;=6=H=> 789 B=:
O9K>9=: 6= =K9;9?G
56 9B ;9?>9D=- F9>= ?=<=
B=: D>9: O9K>9=: 9>56 O=<K>9: F>=<E696D9:9:D5 ;9:=K9;E96?E5 5B 9;E?D= ;9KEI O5K9> :E;=
=KSE5
89>=6 D>5G
;=: E6<9;E5D5<96D9
;9B56D9 ;9 86 >9M 5E>5;=
=<= 86 @9:D= ;9
309
310
5;<E6E:D>5DES=: M @=K9>656D9:
9:D8SE9>56 BB96=: ;9 ?9B=:
;9
56E9B
9:G
5:- 789 F9>;=65>G
5 M :5BS5>G
5 5 :8F89KB=SE6E9>5 F>=6D=
311
56E9B
56?M
56?M 6= 9: 86 F9>:=65A9 KG
KBE?=
:8:
S9E6DE:NE: 5T=:- 9: 865 9:F=:5 M <5;>9 ;9 ;=:
OEA=: 789 ;EA= 789 9:D5K5 5K:=B8D5<96D9
;9:9:F9>5;5
5KE96;= ?>9?E;= ?=6 86 F5;>9 K=>>5?O= M 865
<5;>9 789 E@6=>5K5 :8: >89@=: ?856;= :8
F5;>9 9>5 ?>89B- 56?M :9 :96DG
5 :E6 S5B=> M
S5?G
5
BB5 SE6= 5 :8F5:D=> F=>789 :96DG
5 789
:8 9:F=:=
6=
9:D5K5
BB9656;=
:8:
69?9:E;5;9:- M ?=<= >9:8BD5;=- 9BB5 EK5 ;9B
96=A= 5 B5 ;9F>9:EI6- M SE?9S9>:5
E6 ;8;5 9: 865 D>5@9;E5 D969> 865 OE:D=>E5 ;9
?>89B;5; M ;9:?8E;= 96 D8 U5<EBE5- M 56?M
69?9:ED5 96D96;9> B= 789
E=: ;E?9 5 B5:
F9>:=65: 789 O56 :E;= B5:DE<5;5: F=> =D>=:
= =K:D56D9- 9:D5 9: :IB= 865 F5>D9 ;9B
U86;5<96D= KG
KBE?= 69?9:5>E=
E :8
:96DE<E96D= ;9 S5?E9;5; M U5BD5 ;9 ;E@6E;5;
>9S9B5 789 :9 9:DQ SE96;= ?=<= 865 D5H5 ;9
5<=> 5@8A9>5;5- 96D=6?9: 9BB5 D5<KEN6
69?9:ED5 :9> D>56:U=><5;5 96 86 DEF= ;EU9>96D9
;9 >9?EFE96D9
65 >5HI6 F=> B5 789 B=: ?>E:DE56=: >9:F=6;96
F=:EDES5<96D9 5 B5 F:E?=B=@G
5 ;9 B5 69?9:E;5;
9: F=>789 9:D5: D9=>G
5: D=<56 96 :9>E= 9B
;=B=> ;9 B5 @96D9
E6 9<K5>@=- 9:D5
313
314
316
317
E=:-
M5 O5KG
5 ;5;= F5:=: 5@E@56D5;=: O5?E5 9B
5<=> 5 B=: ;9<Q:
5 6= O5KB5K5 ?=<= :E B=:
;9<Q: B9 ;9KE9>56 5B@=
B ?=6D>5>E=?=<96HI5 F96:5> :=K>9 <569>5: ?>95DES5: ;9
5<5>
8 F>9@86D5 U89 K5:D56D9 :96?EBB5+ 8QB 9: <E ;9K9> ;9B56D9 ;9 E=: 78E96 <9
O5 5<5;=,
5>5 56?M- :8;9K9> E<FBE?5K5 ?E9>D= 6C<9>=
;9 ?=:5:
9K5A= ;9 B5 ?5D9@=>G
5 ;9 5<=>K8:?IB5 SE@5 96 :8F>=FE= =A= 56D9: ;9 O5KB5>
?=6 :8 9:F=:= 5?9>?5 ;9 :8: U5BD5:
89@= B9
;EA= 5?9>?5 ;9 ?I<= 5B@865: ;9 :8: 5??E=69:
B5 O5KG
56 B5:DE<5;=
8 5<5KEBE;5; M
F>9=?8F5?EI6 =KSE5 F=> :8>9B5?EI6 OE?E9>=6 :8
F5B5K>5: UQ?EB9: ;9 9:?8?O5>
86D=:9<F9H5>=6 5 =>5> 5?9>?5 ;9 ?I<= 5<5> 5 :8:
F5;>9:- M K8:?5>=6 9B ?=6:9A= ;9 =D>=: 5<E@=:
96 B5 E@B9:E5
BB5 ;9?E;EI 789 D>5D5>G
5 5 :8: F5;>9: 6=
?>9M96D9: ;9 9:D5 <569>5"
F9>;=65;=
5<KEN6 ;9?E;EI F9;E> 5 :8:
F5;>9:
:E
789>G
56
O5KB5>
<Q:
9:F9?G
UE?5<96D9 5?9>?5 ;9 B=: 9S96D=: ;9B
F5:5;=
E U89>5 5:G
- 9BB5 9:D5>G
5 BE:D5 F5>5
O5KB5> ?=6 9BB=:
B F5:D=> B5 K96;EA= B89@= ?=6 B5 5B5K>5 ;9
E=:"
=>789 9B 5<=> ;9
E=: O5 :E;=
;9>>5<5;= 96 689:D>=: ?=>5H=69: F=> 9B
:FG
>ED8 56D= 789 6=: U89 ;5;= W =< ("(X
:D= F89;9 :=65> 9VD>5T= ;9:F8N: ;9 D=;= B=
789 O9<=: ;E?O= 5?9>?5 ;9 >9?O5H5> 9B F86D=
;9 SE:D5 789 ;E?9 789 B5 F9>:=65 9: 865 D5H5
S5?G
5 69?9:ED5;5 ;9 5<=> + :DQ ;E?E96;= B5
:?>ED8>5 789 ;9:F8N: ;9 D=;= :G:=<=: D5H5:
;9 5<=>, 95B<96D9 6=
86789 B5 <9DQU=>5
;9 B5 D5H5 9: ?B5>5 96 9B F5:5A9- 9:D5 9: 865
D5H5 789 9:DQ 69?9:ED5;5 9:FE>ED85B<96D9- 6=
F:E?=BI@E?5<96D9
B ?=6D9VD= ?B5>EUE?5 B5
65D8>5B9H5 9V5?D5 ;9 9:D9 5<=>"
E96;= 586
N>5<=: F9?5;=>9:- >E:D= <8>EIF=> 6=:=D>=:
W =< ("1X
856;= >9?=6=?9<=: 789 B5
@96D9 SE969 5 E=: 96 B5 U=><5 ;9 F9?5;=>9:
;9:9:F9>5;5<96D9 69?9:ED5;=: ;9 @>5?E5D=;=: B=: ?=6:9A9>=: ;9K96 K8:?5> >9K=H5> 5
B=: 5?=6:9A5;=: ?=6 9B 5<=> ;9 >E:D=
E
9>9: 9B ?=6:9A9>=- 9:D9 ;9K9 :9> D8 <Q:
@>56;9 @=H=" ;9>>5<5> M ;9>>5<5> 9B 5<=> ;9
E=: :=K>9 5789BB=: 789 9:DQ6 >9:9?=:
9:FE>ED85B<96D9
9:F8N: ;9 D=;=- 9:D= D>59>Q
@>56 @B=>E5 5B 6=<K>9 ;9 >E:D=
6
=6:9A9>= 4
59:D>=
320
S5?G
= D56 >QFE;5<96D9
F>9@86D5
5;E9 ;EA= 5;EI:
E=: M ?=6=?9>
323
5;=><EB5;=:
327