DESERET NEWS - KSL STERLING SCHOLAR AWARDS

2014 STUDENT ENTRY FORM

Name Of Nominee: Nicholas Cockrell

School: Hillcrest

Category: Social Science

American College Testing (ACT) English: 34

Math: 35

Reading: 32

Sci./Reasoning: 32

Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) Reading: 630

Mathematics: 770

Supporting Attachment - Transcript

Writing: 710

Composite: 33

Supporting Attachment - Letter of Recommendation

January 20, 2015

Dear Sir or Madam:

I consider it a privilege to write a letter of reference for Nicholas Cockrell. Nicholas was enrolled in
Advanced Placement United States Government. Nicholas work in my class was truly exceptional.
He never does merely what is required; rather he pushes until he obtains what he wants to obtain from a
given assignment. His high marks in other courses demonstrate that this work ethic is not unique to my
class.
Nicholas participates regularly in class with comments that are well thought out and relevant. He is
passionate on many issues. While he demonstrates conviction on numerous topics, Nicholas is always
respectful of his classmates points of view. Nicholas is well ahead of the curve with regards to civil
dialogue. This skill will serve him well in his collegiate experience and beyond.
I was able to see this passion and respect on display while acting as Nicholass Close-up advisor in
Washington DC. While there, Nicholas asked pointed, difficult questions to United States senators and
congressmen. Nicholas demonstrated confidence and poise in what many would consider intimidating
circumstances.
I have also acted as the I.B. extended essay mentor for Nicholas. He showed intellectual curiosity and
maturity through his writing. His research progressed and improved through the process, demonstrating
Nicholass drive to improve and not to settle on what is good, but rather work for what is better.
Nicholas represents the Hillcrest High Schools Social Studies Department well as our sterling scholar
candidate. I recommend Nicholas Cockrell to move forward without reservation.

Sincerely,
Samuel M. Richins

A.P. Government Teacher

In 20 words or less, list up to six activities, honors and awards relating to your category.
1. National History Day Participant (2006, 2007, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015)
2. 5th Place National History Day (2014) and National Park Service's Award for Excellence in Latino American History (2014)
3. "AP Scholar With Distinction" including having scored a 5 on AP U.S. Government and Politics, U.S. History and Human Geography
4. Close-Up Government and Politics Workshop in Washington D.C. (2013)
5. Participation in Debate and Mock Trial (2011-Present): I competed in Mock Congress and founded my High School's Mock Trial
Team
6. Utah History Fair Outreach: Spoke at Utah History Conferences (2011, 2012), on the radio (2014) and to Utah legislators (2015).
Choose one of the activities, honors or awards, describe it briefly and explain why it was meaningful to you. What did you learn
and what did you accomplish?
Since the 4th grade, I have competed in the Utah History Fair Competition nearly every year. Each June, I have awaited the
announcement of that years theme from the National History Day Foundation, on which all projects are based, so I could start
brainstorming my new topic. I remember all of my projects distinctly ranging from the Triumphs and Tragedies of the Pony Express to
the Technological and Societal Turning Point of the Apollo 11. One of my greatest experiences and accomplishments, however,
occurred in June of 2014 at the National History Day Competition in Washington D.C.
The 2014 National History Day competition was the third time that one of my documentaries had competed at the national level. Each
time I learned so much in terms of the presentation process and the significance of history itself. My experience in 2014 definitely was
my most memorable National History Day because of how it shaped me as a person. I spent a lot of time on the University of Maryland
Campus, where the competition is held, and was able to mingle with kids from around the United States. This was an amazing experience
because at home, I often felt that I was the odd one out because I like history. History, especially in high school, has a reputation for
being the boring subject. At the National History Day competition, I was able to have an experience with a group of people who shared
the same interests. Because National History Day takes place about twenty minutes from Washington D.C. I was also able to learn a lot
about history and politics.
Last year, I worked in a group with two of my fellow classmates and we traveled together to compete. Our topic for the 2014 competition
was entitled Huelga! Delanos Cry for Equality in which we discussed the rights and responsibilities of the Mexican farm workers in
the 1960s specifically during the Delano, California grape strikes. Our project placed 5th at the national competition and received an
award for excellence in Latino American history. This award truly meant a lot to me but not for the reasons that you may think. This
project truly taught me about the significance of achieving something for a greater cause. Sure, this documentary was created to compete
at the National History Day Competition, however, Id like to think that it is used to spread the words of Cesar Chavez and the history of
his cause (La Causa). While creating this project I was able to contact many people such as civil rights leader Dolores Huerta and farm
worker Jesus Gamboa. It opened my eyes to the fact that history is truly beautiful when it spreads the word about a noble cause. This
feeling of contributing to a greater cause has inspired me to go on and to at least try to make a difference in the world.

Supporting Attachment - Category Description

Supporting Attachment - Category Description

List up to six activities, honors and awards that relate to the leadership qualifications.
1. Co-founder and captain of the Hillcrest High School Mock Trial Team (2013-Present)
2. Student President of the International Baccalaureate (IB) Program (2014-2015)
3. Key Club: Wentworth Committee Chairman (2013-2014); President (2014-2015)
4. Theatre: Student Coach (2014); Hillcrest High School Theatre Presidency (2014-2015)
5. Boy Scout Troop 411: Patrol Leader (2012); Senior Patrol Leader (2013); Older Scout (2014-Present)
6. Church: President of the Hilltop United Methodist Youth Group (2014-2015); Only youth member of the Hilltop United Methodist
Church Leadership and Development Committee (LS&D) (2013-Present).
Choose one of the activities, honors or awards that relate to the leadership qualification and describe it briefly.
I have been fortunate enough to have served as a leader in many areas of my life. My most fulfilling leadership experience, however, was
quite definitely when I was my Boy Scout Troops Senior Patrol Leader. About half-way through my six month term as Senior Patrol
Leader I attended a one week summer camp in Idaho. Without my parents and with little guidance, I was responsible for helping thirtytwo scouts and seventeen adults have the best experience possible. I entered this week pretty comfortable with my ability as a leader,
however, I learned so much from this experience that my knowledge beforehand was, in hindsight, insufficient. Prior to this week, I knew
how to organize meetings and other simple tasks; after this week, I knew how to be an effective leader.
As a result of my experience at summer camp, I learned a very important aspect about my preferred leadership style. I now believe that
an important aspect to leadership is the ability for a leader to build a rapport. I learned that I, as a leader, am most effective when I
develop a mutual respect with those I am leading. This method of leadership is not only extremely effective, but it is also extremely
rewarding. I was able to connect with all of the kids that I was leading. I respected them as individuals and they grew to respect me as an
individual and as their leader.
In addition to growing as a leader, I also learned a lot about myself ranging from my behavior in emergency situations to my composure
in times of stress. Most importantly, I learned that I thoroughly enjoy being a leader. Respect and power were not the reasons I loved
leading but rather, I loved the internal rewards that I gained from bettering the lives of people I cared about. There is not another single
week that has changed my life to the same extent that week did. At the closing campfire, they all personally thanked me. Furthermore,
two of my scoutmasters, whom I have respected since joining the group in 2008 approached me and thanked me for making their and the
scouts experiences the best possible. As a result of this fulfilling experience, I have actively looked for leadership opportunities in all
areas of my life and that has set me on the path that I am on today.
I will always remember my experience as Troop 411's senior patrol leader. This leadership is a skill that I hope I will utilize throughout
my entire life. My career goals definitely require leadership because if I am to work in the government I have an obligation to exhibit
leadership to my fellow American citizens. In my mind the most important aspect of leadership is that it is, if done right, essentially a
form of service.
The following supporting document is a schedule of events that I created for the members of my Boy Scout Troop in 2013 when I was
the Senior Patrol Leader.

Supporting Attachment - Leadership Description

1|Page

2|Page

JUNE 22-29: SUMMER CAMP, Camp Bartlet.

3|Page

4|Page

5|Page

Supporting Attachment - Leadership Description

HILLCREST HIGH SCHOOL

INTERNATIONAL
BACCALAUREATE
DIPLOMA PROGRAM
Hillcrest High School - Canyons School District
7350 S 900 E
Midvale, UT 84047

To whom it may concern,

Brian R. Bentley, D.M.A., Coordinator

801-826-6017
brian.bentley@canyonsdistrict.org
Jane Kilby, Executive Assistant
801-826-6018
jane.kilby@canyonsdistrict.org
Fax 801-826-6085

December 11, 2014

!The purpose of this letter is to recommend Nicholas Cockrell to you. I have had the privilege of

working with Nick for three years here at Hillcrest High School in the International Baccalaureate
Diploma program. Nick has demonstrated strong dedication and commitment within the program, and has
been very successful in his endeavors here at Hillcrest.

!Nick has accomplished much academically while at Hillcrest, all while maintaining a 4.0

Cumulative GPA. He has taken honors courses in English, Spanish, Biology, and Chemistry. He has taken
AP courses and exams in Geography (5), U.S. Government and Politics (5), English Language and
Composition (4), Physics B (5), and U.S. History (5). Last year he completed IB Courses in Math
Standard Level (6) and Physics Standard Level (7-the highest score possible). He is currently a candidate
for the IB Diploma by completing Higher Level courses in English Language and Literature, Spanish B,
History of the Americas, and Theatre. He is also enrolled in AP Calculus BC this year. He has qualified
for a Hillcrest Academic Letter Award in both 2013 and 2014. He participated in the Close-Up program in
Washington, D.C. in 2013. He has competed in National History Day four years running, placing 5th in
2014 and received a Latino-American History Award. He is currently a member of the National Honor
Society. Nick is very dedicated to his academic studies; he works very hard and demonstrates a great
desire to do his best and accomplish his goals.

!In addition to Nicks rigorous academic work, he has also been involved in extra- and co-

curricular activities at Hillcrest and outside of school. He is currently serving as President of the IB
Associated Students at Hillcrest; he has proven to be an extremely effective leader for our students. He is
also a member of the Theatre Presidency, Key Club President, and Founder and Co-Captain of the Mock
Trial team. He was on the Debate Team in 2014, and he is currently a member of the Hillcrest Productions
Company, the top theatre group at the school. He is in charge of designing posters for publicizing the
Theatre Productions of the school. Nick has competed with FBLA for two years, qualifying and
competing in Nationals in 2014, and placed 1st in the State TSA Competition. He serves as President of
his church youth group and is active in his Boy Scout Troop, having served as Senior Patrol leader in
2013. He is involved in many service an humanitarian efforts, including humanitarian relief trips to places
such as Joplin, Missouri; The Burrito Project, a documentary film publicizing humanitarian efforts; and
other historical documentary film efforts. With all this involvement, Nick has still been able to maintain a
4.0 Cumulative GPA and give 100% to each area. He is a very talented, compassionate, and capable
individual who shows motivation to do his best in all areas.

!In short, I can highly recommend Nick to you. He is a very driven, dependable and hard working

student. His desires to learn and serve are immense. He has been a great student with which to work, and I
am confident he can be very successful in his future endeavors.

Sincerely,

!
Brian R. Bentley, D.M.A.
International Baccalaureate Coordinator
Hillcrest High School

List up to six activities, honors or awards that relate to the qualifications for Community Service and/or Citizenship.
1. Burrito Project: Salt Lake City is a humanitarian effort in which, twice a week, volunteers roll and deliver 200-300 burritos to the
less fortunate. Immediately drawn to this project, I organized a day on which two colleagues and I interviewed the founder and filmed the
entire service process for a documentary competition. Since then, I have organized trips with my high school Key Club to roll and deliver
burritos and this documentary has been used to diffuse information to potential volunteers. Each time, it is an absolute pleasure to see
how much this effort has grown. I was also invited by the founder to attend a humanitarian luncheon sponsored by Envision Utah where
my video was shown prior to a presentation of an award to the founder. This same documentary placed 1st at the state TSA competition
and at the Canyons District Film Festival.
2. Key Club: I have been involved in my school's Key Club for nearly three years. I love this club because it is committed to providing
service to a variety of different organizations. In 11th grade, I was the committee chairman of the Wentworth Service Committee in
which I organized a multitude of trips to the local Wentworth retirement home to serve the residents in many ways. This year (12th
grade) I am the President of the Hillcrest High School Key Club. This is an extremely rewarding position because I am able to serve my
fellow students by organizing opportunities to serve others in our community. I still actively plan and engage in Wentworth activities. In
addition, I have organized various service opportunities such as carnivals for disabled children, UNICEF fundraisers, and a children's
hospital toy drive.
3. Acceptance into NHS: I was given the opportunity to join the National Honor society for my exemplary academics. It was an honor to
be considered for this prestigious organization. Through this organization, I now am able to engage in a wide variety of service
opportunities.
4. Summer Service Trips with The Group Work Camps Organization: I have engaged in two summer service trips (2012, 2013) to serve
communities that were disaster and poverty stricken. In 2012, I went to Joplin, Missouri to help with disaster relief from a terrible
tornado that struck the town. In 2013, I traveled to Sturgis, South Dakota where I aided in the maintenance of houses of impoverished
residents. I plan on going on the summer relief trip this year to New Mexico (2015).
5. Wentworth Retirement Home: In 11th grade, I planned service projects at the Wentworth Retirement Home. This year, because I am
the President of the Hillcrest High School Key Club, I handed over the planning of that project to a new committee chairman but still
regularly attend.
6. Hilltop United Methodist Youth: I have made, delivered and served 600 sandwiches to the less fortunate at the Salvation
Army/Catholic Community Center once every two months with my church's youth. In addition, as Youth President, I have also organized
and participated in a multitude of other service opportunities with my church's youth group.
Choose one of the activities, honors or awards that relate to the Community Service/ Citizenship qualification and describe it
briefly.
My favorite subject is history. I love hearing the stories of people who have lived before me and how they have affected me, whether
they lived two years ago or two-thousand years ago. Throughout my study of history I have realized that, to a large extent, history has
progressed because of the service of individuals. Csar Chvez, Martin Luther King, and Mother Theresa are among the most prominent
examples of people who have dramatically shaped history due to their selfless devotion to bettering the lives of their fellow human
beings. As a result, I have also recognized that any individual has the potential to change the course of history through service. It is
because of my love for history and my hope for the future that service is important to me.
One of the most impactful ways that I serve my community is through my various leadership positions. As a leader in Boy Scouts and in
my church for example, I have been lucky enough to develop a relationship with the people that I am serving as I strive to make their

experiences in the programs the best possible. In addition, I have used my influence as a leader to help one of my favorite service
organizations. Burrito Project: Salt Lake City is a humanitarian effort in which, twice a week, volunteers roll and deliver 200-300
burritos to the less fortunate. Immediately drawn to this project, I organized a day on which two colleagues and I interviewed the founder
and filmed the entire service process so that they could better diffuse information about the project to potential volunteers. Since then, I
have organized trips with my high school Key Club to roll and deliver burritos. Each time, it is an absolute pleasure to see how much this
effort has grown. I think this project is so significant to me because it allows me to directly interact with the people that I am serving.
Often, I have engaged in disconnected service activities such as food drives and fundraisers and while those do serve a purpose, there is
no experience that compares to directly connecting with another human through service.
As a result of my experience with "Burrito Project: Salt Lake City," I have come into contact with a man named Jorge Fierro. Jorge
Fierro is a man who immigrated from Mexico and started "Burrito Project: Salt Lake City." For the first few years that he lived in the
U.S., Fierro was extremely poor and more often than not, unemployed. What I find most inspiring about Mr. Fierro is that he did not let
the negative experience of homelessness drag him down, but rather, he experienced this crucible and grew stronger from the experience.
This is truly a lesson that I can apply to my life. I have experienced difficulties in my life, and will undoubtedly face more. I now am
motivated and inspired by Fierro to face my challenges head-on and to grow into a better person as a result.

Supporting Attachment - Community Service / Citizenship Description

Jane Kilby
CAS (Creativity, Activity, Service) Advisor
Hillcrest High School International Baccalaureate
801-826-6018
jane.kilby@canyonsdistrict.org
Fax 801 826-6085

January 21, 2015

Dear Scholarship Committee,
I am pleased to write a letter of recommendation for Nicholas Cockrell to be considered for Sterling Scholar. I work with Nick very closely
because he is the President of the International Baccalaureate student club at Hillcrest High School. I also supervise his Advanced
Studies/Research period. Being the IB President at Hillcrest is no small task because our students pass more exams than any other school in the
state. We have over 500 students in our program. Nick is exemplary even among IB students in all aspects including leadership, integrity, and
interpersonal skills. I recommend him with the highest commendation possible.
When I interviewed Nick last year regarding his service hours, I noted that he would become a leader his Senior year of high school. I had no idea
how correct I was at the time. Nick was chosen as President of the IB club this year by his peers, surpassing even former IB officers for the
position. In addition to the IB club, Nick is in the presidencies for the following clubs: Theatre, Key Club, Mock Trials, his church youth group
and he is a Senior Patrol Leader for his Boy Scout troop. However, it is not the number of clubs that he is involved with that amazes me, it is his
manner of leadership. Nick reaches out to others. At the beginning of this year, I spoke with our IB officers about the need to reach out to a young
man who is always alone. The very next day, Nick sat with him at the same table and recruited him for the Key Club. Nick and I both knew that
service would be the best way to get the lonely young man involved and it has worked like a charm. Not only is he involved now, but I see him
smile and talk with other students more. Nick made a difference.
Nick takes his title of Boy Scout seriously, always acting with integrity. I see many stressed out students who frankly put me off or tell me no
when I ask them to run a quick note or help me with a project. Nick has never done that. I can always count on him to give me a positive
response, and I ask him to do a lot. Our school is very diverse, especially in the socio-economic area. Many of our IB students come from
neighboring towns to be part of our program. I believe that Nick might know some confidential information about students because of what he
overhears in the IB office, but I have never had to worry that he would divulge any of it to fellow students. He shows respect and integrity with
all of his peers, regardless of their situation.
Nicks involvement with the Mock Trial Club and Burrito Project Documentary will have a sustained impact in northern Utah. As I have
interviewed students for CAS (IB Creativity, Activity, Service), I have seen more and more of them become interested in the Mock Trial Club.
Nick is one of the founders and co-captain of this club that provides a meaningful opportunity for our students to learn real-world skills in the
courts. All of our students choose their own CAS activities, but Nicks clubs are popular because of his leadership. He has also recruited students
to join the Burrito Project which provides food for the homeless in downtown Salt Lake City. He provides opportunities for students worldwide
to learn more about history by creating film documentaries with some friends. These programs all add a lot to our CAS program by creating new
and interesting ways to serve and they contribute a lot to the high school experience. I have noticed that without proper student leadership, clubs
die; with it, they thrive. Nicks clubs will last.
Interpersonal skills are critical for student leaders, Nicks are exemplary. He is not afraid to delegate and his fellow IB officers follow his clear
direction well. I watch the same thing happen with other clubs because many meetings happen in the IB room. He never sits idle, but is constantly
working on his next project. He is very self-motivated as evidenced by his choice to participate in the most rigorous academic program offered in
high school. There are many why reasons students enter the rigorous IB program, some just to improve their scholastic resume looking for future
benefits. In contrast, Nick is one of the students who has chosen the IB program for the benefits it provides today, for the challenges it demands,
for the skills it teaches and the opportunities to contribute to society. He is the real deal.
I could not recommend a finer candidate for this scholarship. Life has not always been easy for him. I have seen him rise above many challenges.
In fact, sometimes I have had to tell him to slow down. He has fulfilled all of his duties with positive determination. He will fulfill all of your
expectations and beyond.

Sincerely,

Jane Kilby
CAS Advisor
International Baccalaureate Program
Hillcrest High School

Describe two or three unique things about yourself and relate them to your category. If possible, include challenges you have
overcome and describe any distinctive experiences that have affected you.
I have a strong Quaker background so when I was growing up I often was told of a by my family members to "let life speak." When I was
young, I contracted a severe case of pneumonia. I ended up being hospitalized for eight days because the pneumonia attacked my lungs
with such severity that my left lung permanently collapsed. This incident changed my life and still affects me today. As a result of
reduced lung function I engaged in less physical activity and for the next few years of my life and was extremely uncomfortable with my
physical appearance and ability. When I entered Middle School, I wallowed in my misfortune and as a result I experienced a stage of
depression from 7th to 8th grade. I never was comfortable with my physical appearance or abilities as a result of chronic atelectasis and
that reflected discomfort in all areas of my life. I now realize that my condition has shaped the person I am today to a large extent. Today,
I love the person I am and have a lot of hope for the person I am becoming. I cant imagine myself if I had not faced hardships such as
the collapse of my lung. I believe that the most fulfilling lesson that I have obtained through "letting life speak" is that when an
experience affects me, it will either tear me down or make me a stronger person and it is up to me to choose which route to take. The
summer after 8th grade was when I stopped fighting and allowed my life to speak to me and shape the person that I was becoming. This
was due to in part to my experience at the National History Day competition that summer where I was able to engage in what I love,
succeed and communicate with other students who I could actually relate to. As a result, I now strive in all areas of my life to grow
stronger when faced with challenges.
Reflecting on my past, I have also realized that I have never faced any hardships alone. There were always people by my side, even if I
was too blind to see them. This has also shaped the person I am today because I now desire to serve my fellow human beings by working
in the government as repayment for all the people who have positively affected my life. I hope to do this by combining my love for the
humanities with my love for speaking/performing. Throughout my time at Hillcrest High School, I have committed myself to debate,
mock trial and theatre. I have grown to value my ability to communicate with other individuals in effective and meaningful ways. This
unique thing about me also propels me to pursue a career in government and politics. Some of my favorite figures in history such as the
Kennedys were successful as a result of their ability to communicate to their people through the art of speech.
How do you think your involvment in this category will enrich your life?
I love social sciences. More specifically, I love American history, government and politics. In addition, I love public speaking and
presentations that allow me to communicate a message to an audience. As a result of my love for history and for public speaking, there
are many occupations that interest me but I would truly like to work somewhere in the public sector. I love reading about individuals
throughout history who used their position in the government to inspire positive changes onto society. I believe that involvement in this
category will provide me with the best opportunities to achieve my future goals so that I can start using my education and experience to
serve others.
I believe that opportunities available to me in this category would allow me to study the subjects I love in the most effective and most
rewarding ways possible. In the past, I have had the opportunity to study the historically relevant city of Washington D.C. and the
experience of hands-on learning was incomparable to the textbook history that I have experienced throughout the last twelve years of my
education.
In High School, I have been very involved in service organizations such as Boy Scouts, Key Club and National Honor Society in addition
to more academic clubs such as Debate, Mock Trial and National History Day. Each club allows me to engage in activities that I value,

however, I hope to work in the government where I can mold what I love and value into one single career. Most importantly, I believe
that studying history will allow me to communicate the stories of people who made a difference. Throughout my studies for National
History Day, I have come across some truly amazing people. Henry Kuramoto, Lloyd Ray Gunn, Peter Westwick, Senator Jake Garn,
Robert Bigelow, Danielle Olden, Ben Maddock, Jesus Gamboa, and Dolores Huerta are among the few people that I have been blessed
with coming into contact with. All of these human beings opened up their hearts and shared with me their knowledge, thoughts and
experiences. I believe that is what makes history beautiful. It has allowed me to connect with people and to learn from their trials, success
and failures.
As previously stated, I am extremely interested in working in the government to an extent that I can serve others. Throughout the short
seventeen years of my life, I have always had an "an inclinationto serve mankind," and I believe that this subject area truly allow me to
serve people on a broader scale than was not possible for me in High School.

Supporting Attachment - Document

How did corruption and changing operational philosophies of the media

toward government lead to a massive decline in the American public's trust in
the government in the 1960's and 1970's?

An Extended Essay in the Subject of History

For the International Baccalaureate Diploma Program

Candidate Name: Nicholas Cockrell

Candidate Session Number: 001395-0040
Hillcrest High School
Midvale, Utah, USA
School Code: 001395

Instructor: Samuel Richins

Submission Date: 12 December 2014
Examination Session: May 2015
Word Count: 3,979

001395-0040

Abstract

This essay examines how corruption and changing operational philosophies of the media
toward government led to a massive decline in the American public's trust in the government in
the 1960's and 1970's." This area of investigation is worthy of study because the repercussions of
the historical events that are analyzed in this investigation are still felt in the modern society.
This investigation begins by providing background and analysis of the government and
media in the context necessary. It then discusses events such as the Supreme Court Case Near v.
Minnesota and the rise of Watchdog Journalism. The investigation proceeds to analyze the
presidencies of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson and their respective relationships with
the media. They provide a base to which Nixons experiences can be compared. The third
presidency that is analyzed is that of Richard Nixon, focusing primarily on his relationship with
the media. Nixon is an extremely important figure in this investigation because the conclusion is
reached that the scandals and secrets that were uncovered during his administration led to longterm distrust in the government by the American people. Finally, Walter Cronkite, an
anchorman, was analyzed and his relationship with the American people was compared to the
Presidents.
In conclusion, the changing operational philosophies of the media in the 1960s 1970s
led to the rapid decline in governmental trust. The actions of the executives such as Presidents
Johnson and Nixon provided an outlet to which the American people could focus their
discontent. Although some may argue that corruption of government officials led to the massive
decline in government trust, it becomes clear through this investigation that the medias focus on
the flaws of politicians exposed the corruption and is responsible for fueling the distrust that is
felt toward the government.

Word Count: 295

ii

001395-0040

Table of Contents

Introduction ..............................................................................................................1
The Government ......................................................................................................3
The Media .................................................................................................................3
The Kennedy Administration .................................................................................5
Kennedy and the Media ..........................................................................................6
The Johnson Administration ..................................................................................7
Johnson and the Media ...........................................................................................8
The Nixon Administration ......................................................................................9
Nixon and the Media .............................................................................................11
Walter Cronkite .....................................................................................................13
Conclusion...............................................................................................................14

iii

001395-0040
Introduction
The 1960s and early 1970s were times of political turmoil in the United States. The
events of these two decades brought about changes in the American government, media, and the
public. The American government, media and the public are deeply connected to each other and
compose the whole of American politics. Changes to one undoubtedly affects the others. One of
the most dramatic changes that occurred during this time was to citizens relationship with their
government that led to a massive decline in rates of governmental trust. The role of the media as
an extension of the government changed and the trust of the American public in their
government deteriorated (How Americans). The effects of these changes are still present in
modern day American culture and politics. A decline of trust by the American people toward
their government originated in the 1960s and has continued to decline as illustrated in Figure 1
(Public Trust). This is significant because the widespread disillusionment with politics changed
both the governments and the medias roles in the modern society. The administrations of
Presidents John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard M. Nixon illustrate the steady and
rapid decline of governmental trust (Lipset).
Massive declines in rates of governmental trust occurred during the Johnson and Nixon
administrations and have not since re-grown to their pre-Johnson levels (Public Trust). Nixon
and Johnson were involved in many scandals that made their way to the forefront of the publics
consciousness due to the media (Karpowitz). Figure 1 illustrates the massive decline in public
trust that started with presidents Johnson and Nixon. Though Johnson and Nixon are often
remembered for their unpopular policy decisions and scandals, their actions did not solely

001395-0040

Figure 1: Pew Research on Pubic Trust 1958-2014

account for the changes that ensued (ibid.). The 1960s was truly a decade of change. One of the
changes that resulted from declining trust rates was the American peoples perception of
government executives. This massive change in public opinion came at a time when new
information technologies were being widely adopted and the rising use of dog journalism
introduced new hurdles for the United States executives to overcome (Eisenman). Both
corruption and the changing media led to a radically different perception of the government and
leaders by its people.
The increasingly aggressive American media exposed scandals and corruption in both the
Johnson and Nixon administrations in the 1960's and 1970's. Scandals that were brought to light
induced a massive decline in governmental trust that has plagued the American political system

001395-0040
since. This investigation will look into how corruption and changing operational philosophies of
the media toward government lead to a massive decline in the American public's trust in the
government in the 1960's and 1970's by analyzing the presidencies and media of the period.
The Government
Throughout the United States history there have been many instances in which
significant leaders had to deal with widespread criticism for their various policy decisions,
involvement in unethical scandals and the overall state of the union. Despite its commonness, the
massive decline in governmental trust from the 1960s onward was unprecedented (How
Americans). War and scandal were definitely not unheard of prior to this, however, its presence
in the forefront of the publics consciousness was very penetrating due to the improved
communication technologies of the day (Gould). Through investigation, it will be determined
whether the actions of the government changed to cause decline in trust or whether it was the
changing operational philosophies of the media.
The Media
Throughout much of the United States history the media has acted as an extension of the
government that would diffuse government issued information to the populous (Blevins). In
1931 a landmark Supreme Court Case shook up the American governments relationship with
the media and would have repercussions in the future decades. It was the Supreme Court case
Near v. Minnesota that asserted that the government could not prohibit the publication of
scandalous or incriminating stories as due to the publishers protected first amendment rights.

001395-0040
This is significant because this case set a precedent for future cases that are essential to this
investigation (Near). In the 1960s and 70s the mass media was an essential part of American
politics that connected the government to its people. As time passed, newspapers, radios and
televisions provided new and fast routes that news corporations could use to reach the masses.
As a result of the Near v. Minnesota decision and the evolving communication technologies, a
new style of journalism was rising in popularity (Eisenman). A form of investigative journalism
called watchdog journalism changed the way that the media interacted with the government and
thus changed the American peoples perception of the government. Watchdog journalism is
defined as "a person or group of persons that acts as a protector or guardian against inefficiency,
illegal practices, etc." and was first garnered significant attention as a result of the Hutchins
Commission or The Commission on Freedom of Press in 1947(ibid.). This commission put forth
a set of principles that defined the role of the media in a modern democracy. One of those
principles was social responsibility. The members of the Hutchins commission believed that
the media had a responsibility to provide citizens with the information they need to govern
themselves. The Commission on the Freedom of press also took a more aggressive stance by
stating that [t]he owners and managers of the press determine which person, which facts, which
version of the facts, and which ideas shall reach the public rather than government (Blevins).
This is significant because it demonstrates how the operational philosophies of the media
evolved; prior to this, the media was often used as an extension of the government. By arguing
that the media had a responsibility to provide information to the people even when the
government would not, it distanced the relationship between the leaders of the press and the

001395-0040
leaders of the government. In addition, stories were reported that led to the massive decline in
trust in the 1960s and 1970s. By the time Lyndon B. Johnson took office, watchdog journalism
was widely adopted. This type of journalism undoubtedly affected the governments public
image. Never before had the American public known about nearly every scandal, public and
private, of their elected executives (Gould). The medias operational philosophy had changed.
Rather than support the current American government, they attempted to improve it through the
exploitations of its problems. This is significant because prior to this evolution of the political
landscape, the publics faith in the government was often solely based on the state of the union
and/or significant policy failures. As a result the rising use of investigative journalism, the
perceived successes and failures in both the public and private lives of individual leaders
reflected upon the governments public image as a whole (How Americans). These new
operational philosophies of media outlets caused a lot of grief for future politicians and brought
issue that was introduced in 1931s Near v. Minnesota to the forefront of the publics attention.
Through the analysis of the media it will become clear how operational philosophies of the
media changed the publics perception of the government and led to a massive decline in trust.
The Kennedy Administration
Kennedys presidency is significant because he had to deal with new and changing
technologies such as the television. Luckily for John Kennedy, television worked to his
advantage. He was portrayed as an attractive, charismatic man with few flaws. The truth of the

001395-0040
matter was that Kennedy did have many flaws. His time as president was so short, however, so
avoided prolonged exposure to the media (Gelderman).
Kennedy and the Media
Many individuals in the 1960s blamed Johnson for the war in Vietnam when in fact
Kennedy was president during the war and his actions ultimately limited Johnsons options in the
future. Another significant issue that affected Kennedys presidency was the Bay of Pigs
incident. The press broke the news to the American people, however, the president was quick to
respond in a press conference on April 21, 1961 (Kennedy Conference). In reference to the Bay
of Pigs incident, Kennedy stated that There's an old saying that victory has a hundred fathers
and defeat is an orphan and that his goal was not to conceal responsibility because I'm the
responsible officer of the Government (ibid.). This is significant because although the press
issued potentially harmful information he assumed responsibility for his action and seemingly
mitigated the consequences. This experience was very different from his successors experiences
with the media. In addition to political issues, Kennedy also faced many personal obstacles that
could have affected his career and/or legacy. Today, evidence has revealed that Kennedy was
involved in multiple extramarital relationships. These were effectively covered up until after his
assassination despite its earlier discovery by a young reporter (Dallek). Regardless of all of these
flaws, Kennedy had a very positive presence in the media. His physical appearance and
oratorical skills allowed him to become a national celebrity through the use of the media.
Kennedys relationship with the media was very healthy and ultimately led to a healthier

001395-0040
relationship with the American public. Kennedy firmly believed that a good relationship with the
media was the key to success (Dallek).
Kennedys relationship with the media is significant because their cooperative
relationship deteriorated immensely in the following administrations. When Kennedys scandals
that were previously mentioned were discovered by the media, Kennedys relationship with them
prevented some information from becoming public. In contrast, Richard Nixon approached the
media multiple times asking for their discretion of publication, however, he was not as successful
in his attempts to hide incriminating stories (Karpowitz). Kennedys behavior as president was
not radically different from any of his successors, it was his relationship with the press that made
the difference.
The Johnson Administration
At the beginning of Johnsons presidency the government had a higher trust rate than
Kennedy ever had. That, however, quickly changed. In order to understand this investigation
thoroughly, it is important to recognize the impact of national tragedy on governmental trust
rates. At the beginning of Johnsons presidency, the nation had just experienced the shocking
death of their beloved President Kennedy (How Americans). This tragedy boosted trust rates
during the beginning Johnson administration. A similar occurrence took place following the
terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. This time during the Bush administration yielded the
highest trust rates since Johnson (see figure 1). Johnson, though at first successful, was quickly
overshadowed by one of his biggest problems: the Vietnam War.

001395-0040
The Vietnam War was unlike any war the United States had ever experienced before.
Though the United States was present in the Vietnam conflict during the Eisenhower and
Kennedy administrations, Johnson is remembered for escalating it. After becoming president,
Johnson promised that no large-scale military intervention would take place in Vietnam. Johnson
inherited the situation from his predecessors and escalation was imminent. This war was covered
heavily by the media and Johnson was soon labeled as a liar as a result of the wars escalation
(Lipset).
Lyndon Johnsons foreign policy dragged him down throughout the entirety of his
presidency. He attempted many great domestic reforms as parts of his Great Society program,
however, that was overshadowed by the conflict in Vietnam. One of Johnsons greatest obstacles
was the American mass media. Rather than focusing on his successes, many would harp on his
failures. One of the most prominent reasons that governmental trust declined was Johnson
foreign policy. He repeatedly misled the American people about his intentions during the war.
Johnsons promise of a limited war was eventually overturned which led to increased
discontent among the American people (Herring). Granted, he may not have deliberately broken
his promises, but he did not fulfill his word nonetheless.
Johnson and the Media
Like Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson recognized the importance of a good relationship with
the media. He attempted to maintain widespread respect, however, the foreign policy beast of the
Vietnam War soon dragged him down. The media began to embrace the increasingly popular
attack on Johnsons limited war (Gelderman).

001395-0040
The medias impact on the Vietnam War is very significant for many different reasons.
Prior to this, the media often acted as an extension of the American government that would
report primarily with avoidance of controversial subjects. In addition, news corporations were
expected to give a relatively unbiased report of the news. Changes in the media soon brought
more controversial information with hints of bias to the living rooms and homes of the American
people.
The Nixon Administration
Richard Nixon is undoubtedly one of the most infamous presidents in history. His
involvements in Vietnam and other various scandals tarnished his name along with peoples
relationship with their government. Nixon became the face of a corrupt government by the time
he voluntarily resigned from office in 1974 (Gunn).
When Nixon entered office, he became the center of a massively unpopular war in
Vietnam. His predecessor sufficiently increased the United States presence in Vietnam causing
the anti-war movement to grow. Nixon, perhaps unwisely, hid much about the Vietnam War
from the American people as was illustrated by the Pentagon Papers and the Supreme Court case
The New York Times vs. The United States. Professor L. Ray Gunn of the University of Utah
states that there was much about the Vietnam War that the American people did not know, and
of course when that information came out, it fueled the anti-war movement (Gunn). This is
significant because as the media evolved, it affected American societys outlook on government.
Prior to the rise of investigative journalism government secrets would often remain government

001395-0040
secrets. The awareness of the lack of transparency in the government likely led to the declining
trust rates that this investigation focuses on (ibid.).
The Vietnam War itself aggravated many American people as it escalated during the
Nixon Administration. In attempt to mitigate the harsh feelings toward the war, Nixon
commissioned the creation and enactment of multiple policies and military operations in secret.
Most notably, Richard Nixon, along with Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, began massive
bombings in the country of Cambodia with whom the United States was not at war. This, like
many other scandals, was exposed by the media and it enraged the American people and led to
violence such as the infamous shootings at Kent State University in 1970 (Dropping). Another
massive blow to Nixons administration was the release of the Pentagon Papers by Daniel
Ellsberg. The Pentagon Papers was a 7,000 page document that had been kept secret since the
Kennedy Administration (Gunn).
[W]hen the Pentagon Papers were released, that was a major thing because lots of
people, serious minded people, really understood for the first time the extent of which the
succession of the presidents had not been truthful to the American people (Gunn)
Nixons final and perhaps most significant contribution to eroding governmental trust
was the Watergate Scandal of 1974. Watergate portrayed Nixon as a disgraceful figurewho
ended up violating his oath of office (Karpowitz). Following his resignation, the nation never
again had a level of governmental trust the compared to the levels prior to Nixon.
Richard Nixon became the epitome of corrupt politicians following his term as president.
His legacy not only affected himself, but the country as a whole (Lipset). To this day, Richard
Milhous Nixon is disliked by many individuals who were alive to remember his political career

10

001395-0040
(Gunn). Despite all of these very public scandals, there is still a facet to Richard Nixon that many
tend to overlook. Richard Nixon did not operate radically different than what was the political
norm in the United States. Nixon wanted to serve the United States, that much can be assured,
however, his methods and results were extremely unpopular and led to long-term impacts. It is
important to recognize however that his methods we likely only exposed as a result of the
aggressive new tactics employed by the media (Bliar).
John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon all had their fair share of
scandals and they approached them in similar ways. Through analysis, it seems that Nixon and
Johnson had more publicly visible problems during their administration that ultimately caused
the continuous downward trend of governmental trust. That being said, there must have been
another variable that played a role in this political trend. That other variable was undoubtedly the
media and its coverage of the government.
Nixon and the Media
Richard Nixons relationship with the media was, in hindsight, not a positive one. Throughout
his six years as president of the United States he was constantly at war with the media. The
Watergate Scandal and the leak of the Pentagon Papers truly illustrated the deterioration of the
governments relationship with the media.
Richard Nixon, like his two immediate predecessors understood the importance of a
healthy relationship with the media. Nixon often tried to plant stories in the news and even
created an Office of Communications that was a quasi-journalistic operation that would put out
favorable information on the Nixon administration in the guise of news (Gould 160). This was

11

001395-0040
not unlike what the government has done in the past, however, the changing media made
Nixons tactic less effective.
When the Pentagon Papers leaked in 1972, there was widespread disapproval among the
American people. Richard Nixon, approached the New York Times in an attempt to ask for prior
restraint in the publication of the Pentagon Papers citing the National Security exception that
was cited in the Supreme Court case Near v. Minnesota. The New York Times fought back
adamantly and did heed to the governments request (Gunn). This is significant because it
illustrates the difference in operational philosophies of the media. Rather than trusting the
governments claim of national security sensitivity, the New York Times published the Pentagon
Papers. This exemplifies the change in operational philosophies of the media.
John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixons respective relationships with the media were
completely different, even though their administrations were separated only by five years. The
invention of the Hydrogen bomb and, to an extent, the failure of Bay of Pigs incident were
respectfully not published by the national media simply upon the request of President John F.
Kennedy (Dallek).
Nixon shaped the modern presidency through scandals and personality defects. One of
the clichs of the Watergate era was that the system worked in exposing Nixons misdeed and
forcing his resignation (Gould 167). His exposure by the media opened the American publics
eyes about government. The realization that the government was not transparent caused the trust
in the American government to decline (Thompson). This change would not have been possible
without the changing operational philosophies of the media. The media, though influential in

12

001395-0040
affecting Nixons image and the overall image of the presidency, Nixon himself brought many
bad qualities to the office. It is something to consider as to whether or not Nixon is to blame for
the changes in the American society or whether it was the media that exposed him.
Walter Cronkite
In order to gain a perspective on the power of the media it is essential that this
investigation examines a specific media leader in the 1960s and 1970s.
Walter Cronkite, CBS evening news anchor throughout the entirety of the 1960s and
1970s, was one of the most powerful men in America. This great power came from his
nickname, the most trusted man in America. Cronkite covered every major news story in the
1960s and 1970s and therefore had a tremendous impact on the presidencies of the time. Each
evening, millions of Americans would tune in to Uncle Walter to hear the news (Biography).
Many politicians recognized the importance of Cronkites influence over the American
people. Johnson and Nixon specifically are known to have planted stories for Walter Cronkite to
read over the air (Gelderman). In addition, Cronkites approval became a marker for the
American public. During the Vietnam War, Cronkite gave a landmark broadcast in which he
expressed his opinion that the war was a stalemate after he spent time reporting in Vietnam
(Cronkite). This statement by Cronkite shook the Johnson administration and ultimately
reaffirmed that the president had not been truthful about the war in Vietnam. Cronkites
influence was so essential is reported that after the broadcast, Lyndon Johnson told an aid that "If
I've lost Cronkite, I've lost Middle America" (Gould).

13

001395-0040
Cronkites approval of executive actions became even more essential as time progressed.
Richard Nixon, Johnsons successor immediately recognized the importance of the media,
specifically, Cronkite. Nixons domestic adviser John Ehrlichman recalled that I have watched
Nixon spend a morning designing Walter Cronkites lead story for the evening, then sending Ron
Ziegler, Henry Kissinger, and me out to a press briefing to deliver it in such a way the Cronkite
couldnt ignore (Gelderman 76). This type of reporting by Cronkite is one of the many reasons
that the modern presidency has transformed into what it is today.
Conclusion
All of these issues truly come down to the issue of mutual respect between the media and
the government. At some point between the Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon administrations, a
sense of respect was lost. The connection between the media and the government is still strong,
however, the media is now much more focused upon reporting scandals and the negative parts of
the government. The Hutchins commission and the resulting rise of watchdog journalism
changed the way the news was reported. Although Johnson and Nixon did unpopular things
during their time as president, it was the media more than the government that induced such a
massive change in the United States.
President Richard Nixon experienced the brunt force of all of these major changes to
American politics. Nixon did have many flaws and some historians attribute these changes to
him. For example Historian Lewis L. Gould stated that Watergate was thus the logical
culmination of his personality defects (Gould 151). However, it is clear now as a result of this

14

001395-0040
investigation that Nixons flaws were exposed by the media like no president had experienced
prior to him. Nixon is responsible for shaping the modern presidency, however, Nixons
perception is a result of the medias coverage of him.
The philosophies of the media truly did change. The result of these changes was a more
disconnected government that was not trusted by its people. These two quotes by 1960s
president John F. Kennedy and 2010s whistleblower Edward Snowden truly show the changes
in attitude of the government and its people (Why its OK).
We are not afraid to entrust the American people with unpleasant facts, foreign
ideas, alien philosophies, and competitive values. For a nation that is afraid to let its people
judge the truth and falsehood in an open market is a nation that is afraid of its people
(Kennedy Remarks).
There can be no faith in government if our highest offices are excused from scrutiny - they
should be setting the example of transparency (Snowden). These quotes are significant because
it is clear that the American people value transparency (Hetherington). As a result of the
government secrets exposed by the media in the 1960s and 1970s the publics trust in the
government has deteriorated.
In conclusion, the changing operational philosophies of the media in the 1960s 1970s
led to the rapid decline in governmental trust. The actions of the executives such as Presidents
Johnson and Nixon provided an outlet to which the American people could focus their
discontent. Although some may argue that corruption of government officials led to the massive
decline in government trust, it becomes clear through this investigation that the medias focus on
the flaws of politicians exposed the corruption and is responsible for fueling the distrust that is
felt toward the government.
15

001395-0040
Although the effects of declining trust rates seem to yield negative impacts at first glance,
there are things that can be done to improve the current situation. As a result of the changing
media, public officials have had to be on their best behavior. In a sense, the medias new tactics
have led to improvements (Thompson). There is still a long way to go, however, as long as all
information is revealed and not hidden, progress can be made and will ultimately help to create a
better future for the American government and its people.

16

001395-0040
Works Cited

"Biography of Walter Cronkite." Walter Cronkite School of Journalism. Arizona State

University, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
Blevins, Fred. "The Hutchins Commission." Montona State University Northern. Southwest
Texas State University, Apr. 1997. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
Cronkite, Walter. "Stalemate Broadcast." CBS Evening News. CBS. 27 Feb. 1968. Television.
Dallek, Robert (2003). An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 19171963. Boston, MA: Little,
Brown and Co. ISBN 978-0-316-17238-7.
"Dropping himself in the soup; BOOKS." The Spectator. 1648 words. LexisNexis Academic.
Web. Date Accessed: 2014/03/10.
Eisenman, Shane. "Watchdog Journalism: Function and Future." Colombia University. Colombia
University, 1 Apr. 1996. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
Gelderman, Carol W.. All the presidents' words: the bully pulpit and the creation of the virtual
presidency. New York: Walker and Co., 1997. Print.
Gould, Lewis. The Modern American Presidency. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003.
Print.
Gunn, Ray. Personal interview. 17 Jan. 2013.
Herring, George C. ""Cold Blood": LBJ's Conduct of Limited War in Vietnam." United States
Airforce. United States Airforce, 1990. Web. 7 Aug. 2014.

17

001395-0040
Hetherington J., Marc "Why Trust Matters: Declining Political Trust and the Demise of
American Liberalism." Princeton University Press 1 (2011): n. pag. University of
Vermont. Web. 9 Apr. 2014.
"How Americans View Government." Pew Research Center for the People and the Press RSS. 10
Mar. 1998. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. <http://www.people-press.org/1998/03/10/how-americansview-government/>.
Karpowitz, Christopher F. "What Can a President Learn from the News Media? The Instructive
Case of Richard Nixon." British Journal of Political Science 39.4 (2009): 755-80.
JSTOR. Web. 10 Mar. 2014.
Kennedy, John F.: "Remarks on the 20th Anniversary of the Voice of America, Feb. 26, 1962.
Kennedy, John F.: "The President's News Conference," April 21, 1961.
Lipset, Seymour Martin, and William Schneider. "The Decline of Confidence in American
Institutions." Political Science Quarterly 98.3 (1983): 379. Print.
"Near v. Minnesota." LII / Legal Information Institute. Cornell University, n.d. Web. 30 Nov.
2014.
"Public Trust in Government: 1958-2014." Pew Research Center for the People and the Press
RSS. 13 Nov. 2014. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. <http://www.people-press.org/2014/11/13/publictrust-in-government/>.
Snowden, Edward. "Edward Snowden: NSA Whistleblower Answers Reader Questions."
Interview. The Guardian. N.p., 17 June 2013. Web. 8 Apr. 2014.

18

001395-0040
Thompson, Derek. "80 Percent of Americans Don't Trust the Government. Here's Why." The
Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 Apr. 2010. Web. 28 May 2014.
<http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2010/04/80-percent-of-americans-donttrust-the-government-heres-why/39148/>.
Warnock, Mary. An Intelligent Person's Guide to Ethics. London: Duckworth, 1998. Print.
Whiteley, Paul, Harold D. Clark, David Sanders, and Marianne Stewart. "Why Do Voters Lose
Trust in Governments? Public Perceptions of Government Honesty and Trustworthiness
1997-2013." (2013): n. pag. Print.
"Why it's OK to be Bliar; Do voters really want politicians they can trust? The success of Harold
Wilson, Richard 'Tricky Dicky' Nixon, Jacques Chirac and others suggests not. By
Kieron O'Hara." New Statesman. 1401 words. LexisNexis Academic. Web. Date
Accessed: 2014/03/10.

19

Supporting Attachment - Image

Other Attachments and Links

Category

Name

CitizenshipDescript Burrito Project SLC

ion
Documentary.mp4
Url
External URL Link
Url

External URL Link

Url

External URL Link

Description
Community Service / Citizenship Description

View Attachment

A news article from when I won the Utah History Fair Open URL
in 2011.
Open URL
A picture of me at the 2012 National History Day
Competition.
Open URL
This is a compilation of my favorite parts of my
documentaries that I have created.