Important theorems of GEOMETRY by ABHISHEK JAIN

Angles:An angle is a figure formed by two rays with a common initial point, say O. This
point is called the vertex
Types of Angles:1) A right angle is an angle of 900. e.g. Angle AOB

2) If an angle is less than 900, it is called acute.

3) If an angle is greater than 900 but less than 1800,it is called obtuse.
4) If an angle is of 1800 , it is called a straight angle, an angle greater than 1800 but less than
3600 is called a reflex angle.
5) Two angles whose sum is 1800 are called supplementary angles, each one is a
supplement of the other.
6) Two angles whose sum is 900 are called complementary angles, each one is a
complement of the other.
7) Two adjacent angles whose sum is 1800 are the angles of a linear pair.
Angles and Intersecting lines:
When two lines intersect, two pairs of vertically opposite angles are formed. Vertically
opposite angles are equal.
Thus,
are equal. a
b are equal.

Also, sum of all the angles at a point = 3600 i.e.

Angles and Parallel Lines:

If a transversal (cutting line) cuts two parallel lines corresponding angles are equal
i.e. a = e, d = f, b = h, c = g.
Alternate angles are equal
i.e. c = f, d = e.
Interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary,
i.e. c + e = d + f = 180

Triangles:A triangle is a polygon with three vertices and three sides (edges). It has three
internal angles. When we add all the internal angles together, we will definitely get 180.
1. Acute triangle: The triangle which has all acute angles (i.e less than 900).
2. Obtuse triangle: The triangle which has one obtuse angle (i.e greater that 900)
3. Right angle triangle: The triangle which has one right angle i.e 900.

4. Scalene triangle: A scalene triangle is a triangle that has no equal sides

5. Isosceles triangle: An isosceles triangle is a triangle that has two equal sides.
6. Equilateral triangle: The triangle of which all sides are equal is known as equilateral
triangle & all angles are equal to 600.

Properties of Triangles
1. Sum of the angles of a triangle are 180 (angles of a triangle are supplementary)

2. The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the interior opposite angles.

Here, 1 = 2 + 3
3. Angles opposite to two equal sides of a triangle are equal & vice versa.

Here, 1 = 2
4. If two sides of a triangle are unequal then the greater angle is opposite to greater side &
vice versa

5. Two triangles are congruent if two angles & included side of one triangle is equal to the
corresponding two angles & included side of the other triangles.

1= 3
or ABC

2 = 4, BC = EF
DEF

6. If two sides & included angle of a triangle are equal to corresponding two sides &
included angle of another triangle then the two triangles are congruent.

AB = DE, AC = DF , 1 = 2
ABC
DEF
7. If two angles & non included side of one triangle are equal to corresponding two angles &
non included side of another triangle then the two triangles are congruent.

8. If three sides of a triangle are equal to three sides of another triangle each to each then
the triangles are congruent

AB = DE, AC = DF, BC = EF

9. Triangles on the same base & between the same parallels are equal in Area

Here, area of ABC = area of BDC if AD is parallel to BC

10. Two right triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse & one side of one triangle are
respectively equal to hypotenuse & one side of the other triangle.

AB = DE, AC = DF
or ABC
DEF
11. Sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third.
Similar Triangles
1. If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle the other two sides are divided
proportionally & vice versa

if DE || BC so
if so

then DE || BC

2. If two triangles are equiangular (i.e. the corresponding angles are equal) then the
triangles are similar & hence their sides are proportional

1 4, 2 5, 3 6,

3. If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional then the triangles are
equiangular / similar.
4. Ratio of areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of two
corresponding sides.
5. In a right triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the
other two sides

6. In the given figure (obtuse angled triangle)

=
if B > 90

+ 2AB.BD

7. In the figure (Acute angles triangle)

=
+
if B < 90

- 2BC.BD

Area of triangle
1) When lengths of the sides are given :-

Area = (

)(

)(

where, semi perimeter (s) =

2) When lengths of the base and altitude (height) are given:-

Area =

3) When lengths of two sides and the included angle are given:-

Area =
4) For Equilateral Triangle:-

Area =

5) For Isosceles Triangle

Area =

6) When three median are given

The area of a triangle can be expressed in terms of the medians by:
A= (

)(

)(

Where,
S=
Apollonius Theorem

If AD is the median, then:

AB + AC = 2(AD + BD)

Angle Bisector Theorem

If AD is the angle bisector for angle A, then:-

Inradius and circumradius of triangle

# Inradius
In case of Equalilateral triangle =

In case of right angle triangle =

In case of other triangles =

# Circumradius

In case of equilateral triangle =

In case of right angle triangle =

In case of other triangles =

Circles:-

Circle illustration with circumference (C) , diameter (D) , radius (R) , and centre or
origin (O)

Arc: any connected part of the circle.

Centre: the point equidistant from the points on the circle.
Chord: a line segment whose endpoints lie on the circle.
Circular sector: a region bounded by two radii and an arc lying between the radii.
Circular segment: a region, not containing the centre, bounded by a chord and an arc
lying between the chord's endpoints.
Circumference: the length of one circuit along the circle.
Diameter: a line segment whose endpoints lie on the circle and which passes
through the centre; or the length of such a line segment, which is the largest
distance between any two points on the circle. It is a special case of a chord, namely
the longest chord, and it is twice the radius.
Radius: a line segment joining the centre of the circle to any point on the circle itself;
or the length of such a segment, which is half a diameter.
Secant: an extended chord, a coplanar straight line cutting the circle at two points.
Semicircle: a region bounded by a diameter and an arc lying between the diameter's
endpoints. It is a special case of a circular segment, namely the largest one.
Tangent: a straight line that touches the boundary of circle at a single point.

Important result

Circumference = 2
Area =
Area of semi circle =
Circumference of semi circle =
Length of arc ( ) = 2
Area of sector =

(
(

Properties of circle
1. The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.

O is centre, AB is chord & OP is perpendicular to AB, AP = PB

2. Perpendicular bisectors of two chords of a circle passes through its centre (i.e. intersect at
centre).

3. If two chords of a circle drawn from the same point are equal then the line bisecting the
angle between them passes through centre (or is the diameter)

AB = BC, 1 = 2 then BP is diameter, centre lies on BP

4. Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre & vice versa.

AB = CD or OP = OQ (O is the centre of the circle)

5. Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal

1 = 2 (being in the same segment)

6. Angle in a semicircle is a right angle

AB is the diameter 1 = 2 = 900

7. Angle which an arc subtends at the centre is double the angle subtended by the same arc
at any other part of the circumference.

Arc AB subtends 1 at centre & 2 & 3 at circumference 1 22 23

8. From the above we come to know that 2 = 3 hence angles in the same segment of a
circle are equal.
9. Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre

Chord AB = Chord CD (O is the centre of the circle)

10. Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary

ABCD is cyclic quadrilateral then 1+ 2 = 3 + 4 = 1800

11. A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact

AB is tangent to the circle at P with centre O

12. The length of two tangents from an external point are equal

OA = OB
13. If two chords of a circle intersect inside or outside the circle when produced, the
rectangle formed by the two segments of one chord is equal in area to the rectangle formed
by the two segments of the other.

Circle with centre O chords AB & CD intersect at P (fig. 1 inside & fig. 2 outside)
PA.PB = PC.PD
& if PT is tangent then PT2= PA.PB
14. If a chord is drawn through the point of contact of a tangent to a circle, then the angles
which this chord makes with the given tangent are equal respectively to the angles formed
in the corresponding alternate segments.

PQ is tangent to circle through pt. A & AB is a chord &

1= 2& 3= 4

Common Tangent To A Pair Of Circles

Common tangents are lines or segments that are tangent to more than one circle at the
same time.
The possibility of common tangents is closely linked to the mutual position of circles.
1. If two circles touch inside, the two internal tangents vanish and the two external ones
become a single tangent.

2. If two circles intersect, the common tangent is replaced by a common secant, whence
there are only two external tangents.

3. If two circles touch each other outside, the two internal tangents coincide in a common
tangent, thus there are three common tangents.

4. If two circles are separate, there are four common tangents, two inside and two outside.

Length of common tangent.

If r1, r2 are the radii of two circles and d is distance between their centers, then
(i) the length of a direct common tangent =

(ii) the length of a transverse common tangent =

(
)
Length of the tangent of two circles which touch each other at an external point with
radius r1 & r2, then the length of direct common tangent =

Quadrilaterals:Quadrilateral
Square

Shape

Properties
1. All sides are equal
2. all angles are 90
3.Diagonals are equal
and Bisect each other
at 90

Important Results
Area = a = D
(D = diagonal)
Perimeter = 4a
Diagonal = 2

Rectangle

Rhombus

Parallelogram

Trapezium

1. Opposite sides are

equal and parallel
2. All angles are 90
3. Diagonals are equal
and bisect each other

Area =

1. All sides are equal

and opposite sides are
parallel
2. Opposite angles are
equal
3. Diagonals are not
equal
4. Diagonals bisect
each other at 90

Area =

1. opposite sides are

parallel and equal
2. Opposite angles are
equal
3. Diagonals of
parallelogram bisect
each other

Area = base height

Or b h

1. only one pair of

opposite sides are
parallel
2. The diagonals cut
the quadrilateral into
four triangles of which
one opposite pair
are similar

Area = (sum of parallel sides)

(height)

Perimeter = 2

Diagonal =

Perimeter = sum of all sides

2

side = d1 d 2

2 2

Perimeter = sum of all sides

If lengths of one diagonal and two offsets are given of any quadrilateral

Area =

If lengths of two diagonals and the included angle are given of any quadrilateral

Area =

Solids:Figure

Shape

Volume

CSA/LSA

Cube

2(

Cuboids

2(

Cylinder

Cone

Total surface area

6

1
3

(
=

Sphere

4
3

Hemisphere

2
3

Right
prism

Right
pyramid

1
3

1
2

Polygon:A closed plane figure made up of several line segments that are joined together.
The sides do not cross each other. Exactly two sides meet at every vertex.

Side - one of the line segments that make up the polygon.

Vertex - point where two sides meet. Two or more of these points are called vertices.
Diagonal - a line connecting two vertices that isn't a side.
Interior Angle - Angle formed by two adjacent sides inside the polygon.
Exterior Angle - Angle formed by two adjacent sides outside the polygon.
Sum of interior angle and exterior angle of any polygon is equal to 180
Types of Polygons
Regular - all angles are equal and all sides are the same length. Regular polygons are both
equiangular and equilateral.
Equiangular - all angles are equal.
Equilateral - all sides are the same length.

Convex - a straight line drawn through a convex polygon crosses at most two sides. Every
interior angle is less than 180.

Concave - you can draw at least one straight line through a concave polygon
that crosses more than two sides. At least one interior angle is more than 180.

Number of sides
N
3
4
5

Name
N Gon
Triangle
Quadrilateral
Pentagon

Exterior angle of any polygon

= Number of sides

Where

Interior angle of any polygon

= (1 0

= Number of sides
Number of diagonals
(

3)
2

= Number of sides

Number of triangles in any polygon

(

Number of sides
6
7
8
10

4)(
6

5)

= Number of sides

Name
Hexagon
Heptagon
Octagon
Decagon