For one-dimensionof) problems , ple a) One- Dimen Sona? Problems aoe ~ Lintro duckon Tl total potenhal ener) omd stresi-Shrain and s tyain— displacement relofonsh ips ewe now used 14 develsping t+ Anite eQment- meflred (FEM) for » one-dimensroneL problem . TEx bane prodive 7 tha | same for fre~ and — thyrce- dimen monet probkius. For th~ one dimenrishel) problem, pla stress, Stroan , isp lacemet, aud Cading depend only on the Vowiable K That in , ple vectors HT y E, 7; amd Za yedua +o us “(x) oe FC) 6+ €Cx) vert) f= FO) _ For ftlrermore, 7 stress-strain md strain-hsplaement relMeons ove oe Fe e- 2 —®) dy differenh al ulumedV Writely od a Fox Coding eonsisp Ff free Pypes = pl. body pre f, pow Prochon Brea Ty ama Hos poivk lod Po. Threoe Parces ove shotn achiy on abedy EIQ) S betsy br achstribuded “Force acting on every elemertel volume peed hor fla units F fore per unit Volume. | “Tae seff weight due + gravity 25 4 example «f » vody oval. Aubeac Hon, Pores, 30 ccdigbribukad Load acttiy on tha sora ree per unit Oner pe ‘olre— dunci sional $. ifs body ite 2. oo owever, tla tractor wy Anhined force per vnit lengh. Thy an done by taking # TCR ee Com be —@), i tn bodyPe be Hn porducl f fla fore por anit oven with fx — ce meter af fla cress secon. Frictional) yesittoote viscous dras ,omd suv faa Slrew ewe eaampka 4 Cea Pras in shee dhiwennaned! problems. Fivally Keo wa o force acting ot ox point eC omd Ue > wad disphee med of thal point 1 J rr 4 LT Ctrachion fore kava) f (body Pore) Ab mmoditng Fane qe. fimle Mme! ED conndere \oellowo. Vasc iden 42 te dove ve pes ote and express aq displace men Beeld iv ferns Linew elanet one tdrodace voller at discrete pants. da Leacl Cone evkin approaches: Boundary Teun perabume Fo to distingual from pode hum ber cro section , traction omd boody treated ay nso within each eam sectoral owen , traction end 7 Tm rag mhude ape 2 elomety. [+ Ay Convenient Fo define a node af Zac locaBjon, Where point load m4 applied We hove nar been modeled wany each ebmnad Oo simple eyeo! fhe Vario elem metlod (MEF) easily ocmener for eany implemenbasion ; for fcimodel hao to be a Th Aolth) , tu eLemed numbers eve Circle Ln addrtion to tla fore ove bee (vormalh at However, Cross] dy foras Can athe Brom eOomaL te edomeZ. Be Her Ha avin be] nodes roximedians ewe rbtlained loy Increasins ZL oO t + oe i () Qo : Finite elemed modeling fa bow Ghown now a rather complicaed loo keane, bem on ea eee! we Fle simi lavi dig Fork edamd ble fo compofer imple mespaSin om orderly number scheme dopted ,” wr discussed below . S Ky one veaganTh one dimension? problem, every hode as pormilted fa displace only in the direction tx | Tl , ext, hode has only one degree of freedom CdoP) . Tex Five node Bute ellmet in Ay (@b) has five debs. Ths displacmends along eack dof owe denoted boy O41 Oe pene, Ge. Tn fact Pos colevmnn vector Q= C@1, Ar, Q3,@4, Os)! Ay €alled te global displacemed yector Tox globef load vector Ay devote qh. vectrs Gland F by Fa CF - 0 Cis Fas fhe Fes 5) yn convention used ay thal owe shown in figG) The "2 oO Aisplaa met pr wad hoy o pentive Value iPad along +X Aiveckton . Af tn stage , coh ditions Pur houndewy ewe Wet \wmaposed - Gor example, Mode 4 in #9 BG) % Axed , Which linplies Qy= > .Poeede Condit Avscussed (aher- a QF VQa tia; : C [01,0215 Qu) F2(A Ar Bhar OJ" Rs (3)G3) Each elemak he tuo odes; Flinfre, Hae met Connectivity pn formection Orn be eon venien Hy yepreserAed Vas shows in fig) farther, dha leone dS tonectiviy | able olin Gen» Ln the connectivity able, pla hein 4 ond 2. yefer + local? lode nunabers fem eleime oma the Corres Pending ode humbers on thy body | ove Called globl numbers. Crnectivily tes ols she 4+la bcad- ofobah correspondence « In Hua situple exanlphy tl Connectivity 0% Joe Ranly ayenerafe d ee ledel, rode 2 An tha Some ov 4 efemed number e other wags fons bgnig and Weal wode 2% €+1- 0 noden ey more complex cometnier suggest plu Wee a a connechuity table Tux, will be move evider$) | ih Hye -and +hyree - aimension all problem | | w | 4 040% @ a Oe gee ee A 2 3 Give) oe se : Elemeds, | Me%? trod a aes 2 Wawers os a 2A v. Te —_ j NY 4a 77 | © SGoal® s a& Ay 4) Ebemed annectvitCoordinate s ra Slinpe fraction edimmerd e 45a) In Gneder a typical fini te Il loe Numbered number scheme, Phe node Wt of mode t 7 Xt= We defne a natur system , denoted by & 7, a 6 1 ie % | | | | g I S24 A = Xe dn covered When % Chomaer We woe tly system | finch ons , ilnich orve “woed | displacement field | Alou the nla) displacement | elemet will be jnterpatoted 7 fia (6) This approximation becomes increasingly —rrr—~—C—C—C—C"O"DCOE plu second mode 2. Ths hotafon Ximx Coordinalh X cCoordihale ef Vode 2 49 Wedd) afl or (utrinsic coordinate (Oe) od (XS ¥ Sx) — | or —4) | _ ==3 -4 CSn G7 ) | | b) | / fy S) Typical elemed in x od § | From above, WE See S=-! of ode t omd 2 | ad wode 2 As (>) - To Unath Ff te dice Fh ee Od | dinabes in defining shape jn ater plating Hos field within oun a linear distibihon | bef ond | acearebe, i= (4) 7o Implened flo bn b en Inter pol rT Sherpe function will be (oe z miso gS or =I -E N2(5)= Lee 2 or We (x) = | Et =p in Lew A(5) Linear ote Aabion 4 fis Lisphacence 9 Belg wilrin On claret Amcetions Ny omd Nr owe shown ih A jie shape Tre graph Ff plu shope function 4 in Aga) | obleuneda from equedton (S) by hot pha M=1 | at F211, Ny=o af Bat) end wa & Shraight Une loetween Hu te porrts Sim\owly ) te gre (da Nein AVG) shteined from ey anh 6) | Onte Pu shape functions one defined, the Linear | olinplacemet fe lel within the eine can be Wien) ny fers of te woded) cis place meds qi and ats a= M Kr +4 fr G-) or, 7h matnx notedion 0 us { Ny Nt a ES , 490) a) Shape fanck 25 vainsy Tn | oe bcke Wp and ©) Linear hderpsitionwhere ye Fa) z We FM, Ae ond 9-5 4 r. _ 11h ae equations aloovey Q <> referred fp ey? p meat olisplamet vecrr [to readily ven'fed | yom €4- Ga) that u= hy af node 4 1) «= fa of | node 2, and flral vowles tinearly Aste) be noted that the trans formedion fom x It Written 14 tern oF | do $ in AGG) Com be N\ cn Nz Oo x= MG) M+ N28) Kr <4) Comparing 4 Ga) emcl Ca)» We See tha bah ts cinplawmad “ and fu cordinete x ore nferpslafe [within Ho edomast ing Poe seme shape Parhias | py oma V2» Ths Ay yeferred #2 00 1 frinbo fer in the Uheraflre- SToah Lineom 51 Pancho have been toed Tho ve pees iol ~ Quadrahe shape vi Dy shape fanckbus Ascussed Loser. \n gener rata Fe owiny 7 finile within an demerd- psopooormelre ables weecl fi. First dey ivedives must be |e Dis placemats mune be Continous SOS a —hErerti Cnsiand. Alss ly tha Pike trans frmosion owen of elemete, denoted by IR xy & Gnstaut matrix. Farther, the from x to% yeld4 = 2% 21 ae i & a: ds = % dx Be lee ee ee eliment . LU stra energy Ue ‘$y now writen a4 dea baile $ £805 Sil, — 0 Where Be nv Youngs podGes f lounc— <. Noting Hoof Chge2 , ond substivhhs, for B A fo\wouing .- uG)=N Ait Ne he Xe), x dutx) — dar “oy “ey me Se hee TRV Gent K eo amy 2 3M Se —4) aS 04) - = vis K “\ a ce) 5 M= | ad 4 ~ ax ee f : Leow eanratos (7) Wee 2 any 5 ee gece a ~ ay Ay Re HIS wu ane a {he axm= 2? = du — tl a a 23) N= tT 5 dee to 2 \ o| | b=% {-4 +4-=aF 1Y (24) hack vesul\t e ‘ ' eS Uo a: a [\, i] % — TEx above equation Ka of the fornn T Ke Ue= K — @y) Uneve the het SHES mabny AE ds open be kez Es fe oe —(@) “fe la of. thy strain eae We néte reve the Similan with Pre Shreun WWhietr aa piven a4 U=t kQ™ Abo Ar Unearly pvoparhichal fo the gordiona te the expression emergy in & Single Sprnny 7 sloserve thod Ne product Ae te, and inversely pre Longth €.T | | Force ~perms . Tle Clamed body force term Cut PA dx eppenni im the tatoP pobeitiol eneryy ny a = Swlash thins us Gyre Go 1 We ot SuTPA dx = Ae LSI Wr Gn) dx —(24) € Pred the body fora Fo hon voids af force In th. aloove equockion , Acand Within tlhe elemenf omd Were tha itesral. ee Recall py anit Volume f ave Consjak uently brought oud nde Conse alove. eajrahion can ve Writleh ow esa dy - fi \ dx AefS Max 9! Ae £ bw { _ al € we dx =h pet Sar dx na utero) F Hu Shope farction aloe Com be veadiy eyaluaPed by maliny ts sulostit hich dy ° ue ¢ = - = 4 —(\) § nodes BLT ( doy tu \t tel iS ndx ™ amply Ala ‘oweg Um Oooo shoo wh Fie(s) , Which equals shor Simon ly S Ny du = + be AZ & The load y fore! term reduces 4° 7 fel Ph dx = gl Ae & efi thick an ef Hla forme oul ha dx=3'f — @3) Gul fa dy = Ae £5 (wards Ae é€ w= 4) 4@) The vigkt side of the cloove equakion ar of FAX form — Displace mek x force et tl Arear\ Mdv= L Le | “| Bees te 4) a 2 fy (6) Integral f a shepe Ruetion Thus, Hu body Loree vecksy ft), identBed ay Ae @F 4 —(4) #& Acts 4 — 4 Tex edment lod ce vecbor hay a nimple phy nical 2 Pp Deke po te Volume of Hy explanaheny Since eames ond FAr thy lovd fore. per linit vslumy % fi 7, nese that Ace f give the topel) body fore acting on the elbment. Th facker + in &q. (24) fells oy thot Hotel body erally Mistributed toty) figs wodes of thy emet - au Ft. clemet traction fora term SPT ax opting in Ha $era9 potenhad energy m ew Considered - Wefrur Cut dy — SOM tM) T dx —CO oF with eGme If, Sine the tracker Brea TV 7 Coston wie Wave, . Sat te # Ir cael x) ae x We love alrendy shy ne nat 5 mideaS m= & Thy eqn os EVA Ht form ) S oy Ce LG: os whore He met Pract ef "Por eee Tra opiven ld Le i d 5 — (37) ate] [We can provele \ { a phy nicl ex fonaktern for Fo abo equedion War gwen for tu ee lady fre codon. Ab tuys stage, Cemet matrices KS, Pind T how been Sotewned - After we account for jie mat convechiv yy Cin Ro). (3), for exormple ) A= 1a, 10, yr _ Gea (Ge, Gy)" or ewer t 2 ete), He so fael poterkrl energy Om be Write, 0 T= LGQkQ-Ql F — @8) Where Ic io tl aloo) staf Pres wobknk , 2 tea | 5 elobad borct Yeckr, oma GQ AQ 1 he aytovoed his flacerm orton. Far example, io tbs Anite chant model fig), Ka & (7% 5) medyix, omc Qed fF oe cack (Set) veers Ie “ja objouned Follows te expproe ale locedion in ts (a, nen omd vey la pein elbmets owe then Summe ge ee F very Ar Similon\) assembled Tum pices of assewl 4 kand F from elhinad Sf fr2d5 amd fore mane ny MSeussed \n detaal - he Gea lerkih approach Te Fellowing pla ConCepls Galerkin Jutveduce % virtual Lisplace ment Field “p= Cl (349) : amd crssocrabed Vilna stern ; e(p)= 42 hit . Wher P Ar om arbikfdiy oy vith dispheinet aisket with thu looundewy Con avons, Cooewiein’s Vooriadiom sd form, for ove- aimee! problem spn Loved hor Soret) aay Co fa ay— S$ 97 oe— Ze Pew AN : % Fo bye equation ghomld bold for © cansiske CeCe Sd Concha. Toa Presh tom vareaecl ay exppreach, WeCs) Jndemme’ virluad wulc, While tua Gad derma vepreseuf fl. extemal Ceo ei ees nat | Qu dhe Aiscrefy zed Yegpion , te equafon, bare bacrmes 2 (eC eth) Ade ESA k- 257 Tdy-SAe P= > 4) é € ce ey | Nie thet € xy tle stron de do the actual’ leads’ He problem, While ECR) the virlked styouh . Similar fo th He, piace steps, Wwe “apres = Pany €(4)= BY —G3) g where Y= fr 1 T re peste s thx ow bi frow hede. oa ae Pes ) the gbbel didnt | Msplaemets af flu edes ewe rrepreseded toy w= {Wr bes----- yt 4) | Element stiffness i sufernal vita! Conger Pla Pugh Ferm , reproveeiog wer, Suabstitectins sige , Elay= By weg Cele ecg) Aden’ gl BEBYAdx —C) 7 : cross-section aff owen parent del, th | In the. Fieite oC wet inochi Ay, costo: Alv, 8 4 & conS oud mol rx - forllerinnrg, Ctr cay av 9 (ede GABLES Y } = TRE (2) Ss Tk € el Where kei i Symmetric) oohet stFnekl! Oa oe (4a) opven by a Ti Suros thay SE BAG hoy CZAY , We have | me Se) 7) — 9 dx= 2 dgConner Te second Ha in & (42) representing 4 laody Taye Wk om eCouroak virduel? Lrerk clone by . dro oie sien etic ne te oat Sef Ade= Solu fae eae (406 | -y (7 € __ +h) ew Where Ack f find fi 6 [ 5 hed iy Called Yu edt » fore yectoy, Saba sbivy fy, Mia, mae < Blevin fy, Oe(@) Khe Toa elemel connectivity tole | Ag x7 te follacing eo Aah Flemadt 1 2 G Arids 1 1 2 z 2 3 Ay ty 3 3 5 \ Ed = anstoot ree x A9(4 ‘ ) abe exprnded using POs Ths elamead, sgffnes matin eeec ce assembled) connechuis ble emd +hen to ee crractun ol Mf fies mobin ov fol{rtar s } -1 0 0 © a Ce “i to » of, gael 1 -i © © uF Jo 2 2 ow [TH fe 1 to o|* | 2 5 6 © @ o 2 8 oe S42 ee eA _ 2 2 9 oo & oe . - Wmlo ao © oO Be el ooo Cee 2 6 2» 2 e oe rat =D ° ° ° yo KO ° ti “THe 6 8 AY G8) =# oo \2 fe ig Og é k= ! slo ka gate JA ae_,Ar) A = a o ~ Ag re {4 hep oo & Ge as at ls qi o 0 | are 3 sle °° oO oO © -AGY Ay ty kyTh olobe Coad vecbr ay assem bled 5 dityé £0) 2 z z a Fe [lage tn) Pe Z*) |) re | (Antl, 2), (AGP, ts 2st 4)» CH, a) (44, SB) ° 8) o = £2, f @) Pe 2,42 | \e ps bM) ° x) ° _Propertios gf k Severo Important Commee’s wil] nas be wnorde yegen HG fle lobed sHffrer matrix for ple leer ae diiwerniahes! probleiy AUscussed above 4- Tee dimension of the olobed stiffs 70 (wan) ae Fy ie pla Meunier ff Modes. Tina Polls “foamy toe AM cack node has enly one deg ree Freedom « | | 2. Kk vo Symmetric : g- k Ay a banded waatiy. Thal) , | Cements oid Hu band ave %0710- “Tl, Gan be sey in dln previa e compactly repregertee, iy lemnded Lamers examples kK can 7 | Kscondes Be AR tite boanded = (qi! a Sule kis (+8) -& |= ee uf (8) -% % Le)() Nee (he Kon . rae ; NBW Ao flu bon ict POET Ae problems such o> Fle exom/le eng ek ese ill con Ca comet © xo 2, Ch]. ZAI Capes , tre banded medrx har evily tHe olwans| Cupw=27) - Dh tee emd three Limewnen s , The dived Pormahon of K In bancd ow sky line fora from fle ebmet prebras involves Some bookkeeping . we Should venty tly followins, eyener formule, for tha hralf-bemdui dd Nie on Defer itn rae) | For example», Congtider & Y- eomet wo del of a bor that numbered 0 shown im Key C34. Using eqiefion Cep , we hhewe NRwe mee (4-1, 5-4, 3) 32) +1 =4 ® , f o 4 wpwet \ qa s 2 E @ Oo , © 8 G4 sewer 1 2 3 as «(by Fie, (19) Fhe unmbeving scheme im Pix (12-8) Ay bad HHCY keds alowst * filled up and hs wen tly req sires pore compuler Sto age Onrd comptation | Fig (e-b) shavs fle optimum numbering fer tril heaty NBWTha faite elemadt Consequently j fle 2qurtiony f equibtivs, Gu be oVleinest bg biatnitity , with repr fo @, Pre potential eneray TELONKG ATF sabe & th type Qa, Gp Fey ~~-2,/ Qp=4 —@ Teck ay, thar displacmneat s akan, dofh Pi pPey~-t owe SPea ‘e| to be equal O Hp HL, ~~ May POPC In Alen words , there owe h Humber of supports in dl etrucluve, with cack Sapp node agen, a : P fel dyphamet. & ample 7 Connde™ \ ements ae boundony aardiha, indus proba, Qeo g&bal Cad Gecko; and Gry tha Hebel cksghinps to houndeny gonditions. Toundavy Conder one wsuall i" ively.az) lb An moled eve Hred Ha treated of Bean bir Condition, in th) section ma applicable > two-emnd thyee— dimensional] Problems as Well. Fey Hedy reagon the berm doy Wed Weve imstead af Vode , Since oe Heo bMmekgonal Stress Preble, will hove Hye daytees 6 freedom per wode- Tle Steps desenbed yn dr Seeley be Wed “Wu all Subs ecuratenapire- Farther more, a Galerkin - based envauiment leads te ALL Some Steps for Wandliny brmdvy Oomditich & 09 Tr energy approach Used bebto Mere owe ~wmu\fipaird Gusto of te type bee QR +R @p= So —(e) there Go; Bi ond Se owe kenowh Gustoards These types oF boundary Ghdihiay owe Wed wm Wodeli Melinad Voller Supports, VIGid Connection ov Shrink Hs. Mb should ve ermphasized thet tmproper specRaPian -f| Ipoundony Conditions Gun lecd “40 eyron ede resullf Boundwry Cordvranrs eMilminote th possibiijy £ tes ehyadhwe Mmovihe, 2 a Wopid Wacky » Reerther, boundend auddtions should acurecely mode? Ho payne!) Syst ae eypproach, will now be discussed fer hand levy specified displacement oundewy andelons of Ile ty 94 gpuen in Fy. (6D phe Gin ohion approach and Fla penalty epprach. For mult poitd Gnstrenits (Ces flu penalty a proach, will be in -&G-CE ; only P _ lement. spiveh, becauge jf ry 51 rupler to ImpElimination Approock —~ To illustra te basic Idea . Consider Hs nngle boundary @ndtion @Q=a, Te egrilbninn ahioh owe oblomed boy humiaing TT oh yespect ts @, Subpecl fo phe boun dom eotridch ior, Qaal ) Br on V~ dof strockne; We have Q= [e@, 1 Quy ~---, Quy. qr= £Gka- OF = EZ PONGG EG be Wuviten im @Kpanded “Fern 09 7 qr = £14 Or Ghee ~~~ Qh Qys 4 Op lear Qi + QO ber Dy = s+ Gr kon @v — . -_e eS HONING + Onley ~---- + Gu kuwen) ~ Grr G@Ft ~---~-— + Guin |f we Wo sulostitwte the boundary oudih'oh Aea \who thy expression for TT aloe, We ° Phedh : 7 as Ce, fey ~--- 7, Fn) Oe globo stiffness moPhX 4 Lrin Ue Me ein, rae cy a a kaw | (64) \ é lea ena ~~ -—~ Leal Nste phat le As a symnetnc iygebiex , Th paenfil eres ”) —&s)a3) qr = eu kar + okie e+ oeee +4 Kin Qu . + Qzleaia, +@2ka@r ~--. + @z lan Oy eo, + Oy le + ule as. + Onkssay) —~(a Fi +QG+ ----- rene) NH tre Hu displag pret Qi hay been Minna, MALL poterhied energy expression aloe Gusequetfly, the Nequarement ted TT teke of @ biihur, Uatas Umphes thet dT _, %% 3, --- Nw 1 Ge “we We Huy eblown , fom Eqs.6syand (6¢) lezz Gr+ k23 Qa 4--~ + hen Qu= fa- ky % a2 @24k33@Q2+---+ kaw Owe Fs-kaiq, + IN2Q2 + kAPQet - a + hn n= Fr- kaya Thx aloe Pivite elomet ea nations can bet expressed \n moknx Fork Me key ~~ kal Qu : Fo -kuay kee kay --— law | ) QL fre kra 6D) \ { king KMS ~~ --- lend Vuh lew bray sw obsewe that (=| #1) sri ffres mokrin We h above vbtoed simply foe a) oo elivsineAus, pla First Yow amd Calamy (th viel Ff Qi=ai) from Has origmal (Wan) shittnes waka Equotio, (68) | may be denied aoKkK@s+F — @) where K above ry areduced shffres medny oban boy Eiminecting ple yolvemd Column Corresponding bo HhLo specced or Supprt® dof. Equahon 64 | Cam be solvecl fo phe dis plagmes! Vector @ why Gaussion eCimmotr,. de that tha veduad kk mabrix 5 Vier sing Gown Provided the bouncer y Cond ons howe been Properly specfeds the onsite le matriny on tha Alley hod yp Ar a nngelom boubfy, Cree G@ bas been defermined , Hl. emect stress ain bp co GeIohecd LR w= ERG 1 Where 4, for eqcl, elemed As extyacted from & wing eke wet Coun echur Ww formalion Assume tod Ais plcemet oud Sresics howe been clefermined. |p Ar how WEeCeSaTY to CoFatete thi veackion forge Ry at the supprb. Tix veacka, farce Sg Sohn Ki @ theQ+--. -hin N= GrR, —GID Hore» Qy G2, ~— 7 Gp) are kenovin, Fi , lech equals flr load applied of tu support Cif omy) 1 also lena Grboquently , Yee Feackon Be ade fired maintains equirbiun 7? . Ri= ki @ +krGate--- slwea@y-—§ —) traf tla eGements ki, kia, --- KIM ured above, Awol form An Foret ots Sh lep.meed $0 be stored separtt . le iw Eq (64) 29 obtained b Dien vee amd “eolvalin yon ALC ongnial ‘he. sr modcheadion te ke amd F discussed otoove are bh rae wihs, Galerrin’s Variahonal FformLSton . We have equehoy (97) ras ky.a4) Y T(KQ-F)=0 —@1) for every Y consistent with lostar deury Con dihions of tla problem . Spec fea\y 1 Consider the conshvaint Qi= “A, rv) Then, Wwe reqrye yyso —(93) 4 Choosing virtual! duplacments Y= [es1 0, | y= Ce, eo lor -.- oft, eels ----), aad Ewbsitabyy each af tee infe by Gi, we eblaw preeiiely Hu equibloriin equa Spveh in Eq. (6%). ii. preceding, d : T Lecasmon a ddveged Ha boundary ndthen Baar - Wes procedwe com Vendy be genewalized + emale Multi ple \oounidewy Condon 5. Tee seneral proceduve Ar Summarized VoebW. Again, +leis proced ma als applicable te Hys—emd dice dbneluion AD pdf eins. Sam moavy > Elimination Approach Cons der ty beimdery Condchons Qian 1 Qpra%e7---- 1 @pn=an Fa poe pith 1 Peth,--—emd Pht vows of the ae iba Caicos motrin Ie and eae vechor F These Yous will be wed Sub S vently A step 2 Delete tHe pith row and Columy vathe Pethreven: column 7 == are ts Phth ward calwinn , froin the IC maby . Tee Yeulting sh ffhess weedrin ke A of dimension (Aen, Aen) Similarly , the Corres ponding Lood vector F of dimension (V-h/ 1). Me dify each Gad waponent, by ; . opel. (eb ant Kep2 Gat ~=-~ + ketpaon) G4) for each df e that aa nd a Soppert - Solve for UQ =F HL displace ment Vector QVector from the @ vector, unng eine connechuiny pond olefermits element stre " stepy Using Hh formedion sforect in step 4 _ evadiuale Hr veaction forces of each supprt dof from Ras kat Grkne Qrr----- kp Qu Rpac kina @-thpegen <2 + enue Fy example Conder the tin Coteed) plete in So) a). TT ple eur uniform Fflucknes t= ih Young 4 woduee Ex dx [oo Px, amd Wet ght alenndy C= 0.2336 Ibfln?. Tn addihen to Tbs cetP-weight, the plate rr Sobjected to a pint Lad Ps oo Ib af the bid port, ey Mode? the wrodel With fwe FAinide elemety. (hy Wile down expression $ for Tes elemet wokrices emda Comat ody fora Veckeors - tc) Assemble ths Straten shit hness modvix k omd Lobel Cord Vector F. Ca) eins, tla ediminefon oxpproacl, « Solve Por Hs aylobal displacmed vector Q ©) Cvedule fhe stresses in cack come - (2) Defermine Har veachion fora of Sport. = 2 9 . i2in am 24 fi (vis @) Fig Cu) Raz ee Qi +kp2 Oe + ee tke Be steps far each Ament, extract fle Ceurent biphas inent (5)as) a) Using two Clomekds , Car of length 12 fh, We obtain fla Fivjle model in Ag lil) - Modes omd elmepy owe Wnmbered er Shovn. MS that tly ovres af a] midpoint of Pre plate 1 Agia) Ay 4s fn? Conse wen} tha euerage owen of efemet 1 vu Ais (GH) asSeri omd Tr erveresye owen of ehmale At~ (4S4D) [ee sar fat Te boundary endrhon for a = heres bo) From Eq. GB), We Cam Lwrife down tapredsion tor fla elenied sHiffress matrices af the tus c@imeut ie. EAeFA1 -' 4 2 qcenad an 6 oy 474 Le ee ] oe iz -1 442 fla 4 2 2 Sobel omd they auile eawaae f i <2 k= eli 4 | ZT a ee c ' Unngy &q.G1) 7 the eCermet lrody Bove, Ueckor OE = 7 a a pe Aebet I, f Gilybab ot. D - 1 Seswirp 0293s (1G AL ps4 fo Z 2 z ot 112 ff 7 395K 12x 0283 6 ee ee ce. ee ! 7 1 rubled Prov ) T olobel chftness moknix le Ay esse ict emd bk? ee Ke KB] ud? bea’ 2 a Gove’ dof ~E <4 ES. F 4 a 3 ke Bex Pore oe 5 7A We See PO) ical 7 —395 By) 3 We externally ex plied global lad Vector Ay assembled Frou £1 7 #* omd Hu poitt Coed [% Joolbar A Veh fate [pean @. 20 le Pes Pe Pf Fe I f= | fey 4 f F= eLghe FO 1 on 8-933U 29974 + fig f4y + loo 5 7 [sae G- 3R10 6-3 E]o 4) \w pe eLininetion or ppraaay , the shffness meFrix k ny, oloteimed boy deleting vols em d Colin s Cncipinting te Raed AEE in in problem oof t Ay Fixed Toy KA oloteuned by delefiny ple frst ow oma Calunh, of tre onitgnell ICs Also, Fm pbjoned by delebing +h Livet Com poner? af tle avig! ned To Yetultns, eperaiions owe - ke ih Loe Qrl- 49.9, 44% Herlee | @ ke ka JIS zu 3 sox wo! ae us wy 2 [gas sass] 6.3510 Soludion vf. Ha aloove equations snelds(ey Qrx e927 x lo fo @y= 0-9953¥ Is tn —_ Thus, Qe Co, 0 Rx 09953 x)! in @) Oving &9- €=BQ 7 we ERG We shteay tle stress in each dimen ee ( ee ala fart ° 7 = pox 08 + G1 1) fe-serenw’ 4 CM - ound a 4 om = 30% \o"x 4 tu 4J fo s9s3 ye? =I-Fo ps? &) Th. reachon, fora ad node 1 ™ olepined footy Eq. GS). THs Calelecbion vequiver th Fire} vo! of From port (c) elave- Also, Prem pond ©) obo"g Fae Hand te Qrternally applied load (do to thy self Weight’) of node f % Fiz £9234 I Th aoxlaé 2 = D - Ry = SHE [sas Hr 8) w'snenitf --9r4 12 0 gorda R= 1306 tb ' ; Evidently y be yeaction A9 ep omd opperite te fue fal downward Load 0” hu plate xREPenalty Approa cl ror dling, hounderey Conditens Por N second a pproa Will now be discussed. Tra approack, a7 easy to mphetre ia a computer program, emel relains ths Sinpheihy ven when Considering gerrera? boundary @udhors as gv in Fa. (63). Speerked auplaa met bande Sndition s will we fivst dkecussecl, Tex treblod will they be shown to apply to problems with muti point Constraints. Spec fied displaceinen! boundewy Condition ealuiekee | cealeeenee senna ees Condon Cons der AL Worndeny onl Hed displcenel afin deft Where A A @ Lenwv Spec of Als sexpert THs powell approsch dor bend bing Hed boundary cordihon pr boty preseiled A spring with a large stiffhess C 19 wed to model Jlx maguitede af Com cbiscssed Subseqtiey/ty . fue support: Ty ths Goes one end -f the spy 4 displaced by an amount A As show in Fy (12). Tor displace G4 aloug dof t wilh be apprositnafcly equal te a4 Hruchie Ag tir) pa “The pinay approach, Where a Spring with abrge shffress a1 wed to model, Fla loowndowy Condation Oz> OW Dwing fo pia velotilely Simall Pe iian@ 3; fac strackine Comsemucrdly » fon viet ertenhon? Ff the sping Ky eGual 45 C Q-a1) . Te strait energy iv dla spring equal Us= feo CG-4,)* _ Jl, stron exergy Compnbidtes fo t+ tape p&entel energy, Ag a veinlt _ The LOTkhO4 be (Gay OF —Ga) FTL minpmjgetion of [Ty above Ou be cared ont wy setting od Tfdqee 71 = eM TEL resulting Finit element equation ewe “Ckne) hye ---- kw or Fi + Cay fe ae ~ een ken Q Fe G9) 1 \ - |! ; ( { { 1 kay kena ~ ~~~ la! | Ow Above, we see fla tlu tnly inodrfierfion fe ooaa owe thal a large numlser C gets added Qa ay ) on po fl Bist diagonal a =—=S—sia_Oes_O_SsSrs gets added on fo Fy Selection of Fas. G8) yiel tha aks pla cemert vecov @. a Tha veoichon force of uode + equals the tore exected py th spiny oh Hla structive. Since the nek exted sion thy sprikg (Gi-a), oma flac spring Sh fbat es Cy te reaction fare ra gpven by _ CO\- ay 44) TEx medificions to komd F gyuen in Eqs) ave algo. derivalole wing. Coalerkin’s “op proach « Gusider the bowndyy — Gonchtien 1. To handle thea, we ttroduc os priv Wilh a large stiffness C vith the Support ive wma elyplaccinenh equal to oy C fe): (12))- TE virtuad werk done by fla sPrihy og on Ves sf om avhitrary desplacmal GY ray FWe = virtul displacement X Gra in Spring ow a Ss = ye CG -a) —&) Ths tee yaviedionn? Arm As yl (KG-F)+ 4 G-a)so — CD White should be valid for omy Yi. choasiry : w= Tyey --- 097, yale, yo) 70), wey y alee) 1 y and subshthisy eact. in turn fife Fs. (1) , we obtoin precisely Hu modifeafions shown fm bs: Ge). JT. general procedwe 1 no Summarized bel. SummMory ~ Penalty A ppreach Commder thi boundewy conditions Spr=% 1 Gpo=ae, ----/ Qpy=% stept. Modify Lx structural stiffness metra k by adding, alovge Wwombber C fo enol «fF Pith 7 Pethy-<-- Path draspnal ecbmets & I. Also, molify tle ebebad Coad Vecbr F by adding Coy to Fpl a ==sSséseSOSOSsésceéé.$ kh for the displaccmest @, Where Komd Fave thy modi fied $s Hffhessand Cac mebrices. Step? For each eamet, expract pls elrnntot okesplrcein vedter 4 Prom Ha @ vector, loins, ellaneat Comechiv yyy omd defermme the amet shresses. Steps Giallrafe the reaction fora at each sepport Prom Ree =~ C (&pe-4e) = Wt, ~--7h H should be nated Hat FUL penalty a proach prevented herein A Om apprximale roppact Te actiwwat, of jr Selden , Particalely Hy Cech forces, Tne Hh, choice -f C a discussed below -C18) Choice of C. lt Gy Expomd Flow yin £9¢-GB)- We Weve Prs¥ Cuahon 1 1 (kn +O) Q) + hy Qet--- 4h Qy= Fir Car wes) Upon cividins, oy © Wwe oe | (an +!) Or k2at + Aw Qv= Gi +a From {le equation above, Wwe see ded if ON cmos ”) Speci Fically pe See Large Grongh , then Gara - ta Shffiess that if ¢ A, ewe Compeed te coe fficverk key, kity~ ~~ Ms phon Gas. bbe flat FF Ay aload applied of tle supprt (if omy and the aL Ay generally smal maghjude see fey Chorin Aha — Asmole Scheme Strgreal moagminie -f C ° 4 C= max | kes | X lo 1 £€LnW \ SJ EN Exomple — Gonsider thy axial Goad P= gooklorA 20 Opp Oana the penalty pproach for havedhi conchtiony cle HL following > (a) Determine the wrod cksplacoment b) Defermine tH~ Srress iw eqd, moteridl/. (c) Wehermine We yeachion Porces _— 3) bow shown th fs (3). Au ied et) ShoWh -Aza Foomm Ea = doy lotaftn hi lat ao i e a) TT, ee shiffiness recuse _ Fo xo X 2400 U -17 4 Boo -I a] ed | = @ 2oxwysoo Pt 372 eee eee 4 1)3 Ao : : . Te Strcbayal rifpness mmobriv the as asselnbled trom LO and k& i 2 3 1 32 = - eo \ i® & 3 g [ese v Cs 2 ke? aul Ke fe lo |-ose 286-93 7 @ 3? ng lez2 0 703 03) ea Ae = fiaae} . fesenws} pb, APS L omd %, ewe Hard. When vraing He ponaliyy exppench « Here fore, & Lewge Humber Cua added to fle Pirt omd third diagous Cawet ke.aq) 1 Choohny C based on Cas. (¥3), We OF ca Co 6x 18) x lot tus) tle modified suffress é ¥600-56 -996 ° k= /o ~ 09 06 203 ° 0.30 600-5 Tou Atle edomet caesfons ewe given by ¢ [EEE HE? Qa a \o oe of 03 a =) goexlo > aogv george) } As 2 Ldach ype ldc the sobtion - <4 mah = Cis-usexie’, o-32r9 » Fiza x Jo) "ini ) = ehmet Stresses ove L a 4 (iste xl f = \ . oj = FH XO¥ Fm fH 4] pean =sy 27 MPa, Where \ Mpa= tS Nliws = | Alin Aloo 23 2 on = 200x lok G Gl ay facieee®} = Hlt6-24 ipa Cc) Ta reaction fares owe eloboained Ri=- 6 @ -6 = - Ce KX 0, 19) x 1Slygex lew = 190-22X 10° = 130.23 kv meGnx 4 Also, Eo Go. on =-[e gox ol ) K Bz Lo = 69-93 «107, nw cae) An,