JUGOIMPORT-SDPR broj 25, Jul 2008.

DVA VEKA SRPSKE ARTILJERIJE

TWO CENTURIES OF SERBIAN ARTILLERY

VIŠECEVNI RAKETNI SISTEMI

MULTIPLE ROCKET SYSTEMS
 8

U OVOM BROJU - CONTENTS .

Izdavač • Publisher

YUGOIMPORT-SDPR
10
Glavni Editor-in-
i odgovorni urednik • Chief DVA VEKA SRPSKE
ARTILJERIJE
Nenad Miloradović TWO CENTURIES OF
JUGOIMPORT-SDPR NA
SERBIAN ARTILLERY
Zamenik glavnog i Deputy Editor-in- MEĐUNARODNIM
odgovornog urednika • Chief IZLOŽBAMA NVO U 2008.
Aleksandar Lijaković 26 YUGOIMPORT-FDSP ON
INTERNATIONAL DEFENSE
Izvršni urednik • Executive Editor EXHIBITIONS IN 2008
Svetlana Šujak-Marković
40
Likovni urednik • Art Director
Marko Kopitović VIŠECEVNI RAKETNI
SISTEMI
Uređivački odbor • Editorial Board MULTIPLE ROCKET
SYSTEMS "LASTA – 95"
Zoran Jelić, Milić Jauković, Vesna D.
Stupar, Predrag Milićević, Slobodan Jolkić, "LASTA – 95"
Vesna I. Stupar i Violeta Kalanj

Prevod • Translation 54
Odeljenje za prevodilačke poslove
Translation department of

64
Yugoimport-SDPR
Prepress - DTP • Prepress – DTP
VOJNOTEHNIČKI INSTITUT HOLDING KOMPANIJA
Marko Kopitović
MILITARY-TECHNICAL INSTI- „KRUŠIK“A.D.
TUTE HOLDING COMPANY
Fotografija • Photo
“KRUŠIK” A.D.
Branko Todorović

Štampa • Printed at

Cicero Print

Adresa redakcije • Editorial Office

Bulevar umetnosti 2 2, Bul.umetnosti St
Beograd Belgrade

telefoni: (381-11) • phone (381-11) 78

222 44 00 222 44 00
222 44 44 222 44 44 72 GODINA VELIKOG JUBILEJA
KOMPANIJE “SLOBODA“
faks: (381-11) • fax (381-11)
222 45 77 222 45 77 IRITEL AD BEOGRAD ČAČAK
222 45 99 222 45 99 IRITEL AD BEOGRAD “SLOBODA“ ČAČAK
COMPANY
e-mail: fdsp@eunet.yu THE YEAR OF THE GREAT
ANNIVERSARY
http://www.yugoimport.com
 UVODNIK INTRODUCTION
UVODNIK - EDITORIAL
Piše
dr Nenad Miloradović
Jugoimport-SDPR je i ove godine, po treći put za redom,
nastupio na međunarodnoj izložbi naoružanja i vojne opreme
EUROSATORY 2008, koja je upravo ovih dana, u periodu
od 16. do 20. juna održana u Parizu. Ove godine smo nas-
tupili na sajamskom prostoru koji je zajedno sa sajamskim
prostorom Ministarstva Odbrane Republike Srbije činio
jedinstveni sajamski prostor u vidu srpskog nacionalnog
paviljona. Nastup Ministarstva odbrane Republike Srbije na
izložbi doprineo je, svakako, između ostalog, i ukupnoj efek-
tnosti nastupa Jugoimoprt-SDPR, kao svog dugogodišnjeg
strateškog partnera.
Posebno smo ponosni na to da danas, posle višegodišnjih
izuzetnih napora Jugoimport-SDPR, kao marketinško-komer-
cijalnog integratora, ali i razvojno-proizvodnog sistema sis-
tem integratora srpske odbrambene industrije, odbrambe-
na industrija Republike Srbije, kao i ustanove Ministarstva
odbrane čiji delokrug nadležnosti obuhvata istraživanje,
razvoj, ispitivanje, kao i održavanje i remont naoružanja i
vojne opreme ponovo postaju nesumnjivo vrlo značajan sub-
jekat na globalnom tržištu sredstava naoružanja i vojne
opreme, te i značajan elemenat privrednog razvoja Republike
Srbije.
Štaviše, sa ponosom možemo da istaknemo da je avan-
gardna pozicija koju je vojnoindustrijski kompleks kroz čitavu
istoriju moderne srpske države – počev od perioda srpske
revolucije, preciznije od 1808. godine, kada su pod
Kalemegdanom izlivena prva savremena artiljerijska oruđa,
preko Kneževine Srbije, Kraljevine Srbije, Kraljevine
Jugoslavije i SFR Jugoslavije, pa do ovih dana, imao u indus-
trijskom, te i šire, privrednom razvoju Zemlje, i danas uočlji-
va. Danas, dakle na nezvaničnu 200 - godišnjicu od počet-
ka kontinuiranog razvoja savremene srpske odbrambene
industrije, njeni savremeni proizvodni i razvojni projekti i
programi postaju prepoznatljivi brend kvaliteta na svetskom
tržištu NVO.
Savremeni sistem samohodnog oruđa vatrene podrške
NORA, sistem vođene rakete namenjen dejstvu na pokretne
i nepokretne tačkaste ciljeve na vrlo velikim daljinama ALAS,
komandno-informacioni sistem za borbena vozila, multi-
senzorska višenamenska optoelektronska platforma, MUN-
JA teški oklopni transporter, BUMBAR protivoklopni prenos-
ni vođeni raketni sistem za protivoklopnu borbu na malim
daljinama - postaju predmet sve češćih i obimnijih napisa u
vojnotehničkoj stručnoj literaturi; značajni pojedinačni
4
By
dr Nenad Miloradović
For the third time in a row, Yugoimport-FDSP partici-
pated in the International Defence Exhibition EUROSATO-
RY 2008 held in Paris from June 16-20. This year, we shared
the exhibition stand with the Ministry of Defense of the
Republic of Serbia within the Serbian National Pavilion. The
presence of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Serbia
also contributed to greater impact of Yugoimport-FDSP, the
Ministry’s strategic partner for many years.
We are particularly proud of the fact that today, after many
years of extraordinary efforts of Yugoimport-FDSP as a mar-
keting and commercial integrator, as well as development
and production system integrator of the Serbian Defense
Industries, both the Serbian Defense Industries and other
institutions of the Ministry of Defense comprising research,
development, testing, as well as maintenance and overhaul
of defense equipment are indisputably becoming significant
players in global defense mar, as well as noteworthy devel-
opment components of the economy of the Republic of
Serbia.
Furthermore, we are proud to point out that the leading
position of the Defense Complex in industrial and overall
development of the country throughout the history of the
modern Serbian State is still prominent today – it dates back
to the times of the Serbian Revolution, more precisely 1808,
when the first artillery weapons were cast at the Kalemegdan
Fortress, throughout the history of the Principality of Serbia,
the Kingdom of Serbia, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the
SFR Yugoslavia. Thus, today, on unofficial 200th Anniversary
of permanent development of modern Serbian Defense
Industry, its modern manufacturing and research and devel-
opment projects and programs have become distinguished
quality brands in the international market of armament and
military equipment.
Modern self-propelled gun-howitzer NORA, ALAS guid-
ed rocket system for use against long-range mobile and sta-
tionary spot targets, command & information system for
combat vehicles, multi-sensor and multi-purpose optoelec-
tronics platform, the heavy APC (MUNJA), the anti-tank
transportable rocket system for short-range combat (BUM-
BAR) have all become subject of more frequent and more
extensive studies in defense literature; significant export
defense contracts signed between Yugoimport-FDSP and
foreign partners, like the one for export of defense equip-
ment to Iraq, are being analyzed in media all over the world.
izvozni poslovi
Jugoimport – industries with
SDPR, kao što je
nedavni ugovor o
izvozu NVO sa
Irakom, postaju
predmet analiza u
globalnim mediji-
ma.
Naše fabrike
odbrambene indus-
trije sa većinskim
državnim kapitalom
- Krušik, Sloboda,
Prva iskra Barič,
Milan Blagojević
Lučani, Prvi parti-
zan Užice, Zastava
Oružje Kragujevac,
kao i druge fabrike, čiji značajni kapaciteti pripadaju odbram-
benim tehnologijama, bili su decenijama pokretačka snaga
i uzor privrednog i tehnološkog razvoja u svojim sredinama.
Zahvaljujući kontinualnom ulaganju u nove razvojne pro-
jekte, a uz marketinško-razvojnu, komercijalnu i u nekim
slučajevima, investicionu podršku Jugoimport-SDPR, pre-
duzeća odbrambene industrije očuvala su svoje kapacitete i
nastavila da unapređuju proizvodne programe, po čijem
kvalitetu su bila i ostala prepoznatljiva. Taj kvalitet bio je i
ostao najbolja garancija njihove pouzdanosti kao partnera te
danas obezbeđuje ugovaranje novih poslova. Aktuelna znača-
jna povećanja obima ugovaranja, koja smo nedavno postigli
upravo doprinose značajnoj reafirmaciji tih preduzeća.
Međutim, smatramo da još nismo dostigli našu viziju o
mestu na tržištu koje je srazmerno našim realnim potenci-
jalima, te u tom smislu nastavljamo kampanju osvajanja tržiš-
ta i iznalaženja poboljšanja poslovne strategije.
Upravo u tom cilju poslednjih godina Jugoimport-SDPR
proširio je svoju osnovnu misiju sa osnovne delatnosti, dak-
le od marketinškog i komercijalnog eksponenta odbrambene
industrije Republike Srbije, postavši sistem integrator razvo-
ja i proizvodnje složenih sistema naoružanja. Osnovni cilj te
transformacije, odnosno proširenja funkcije, jeste upravo
baziran na potrebi za proširivanjem obima i kvaliteta ponude,
te unapređenja ukupnog poslovanja odbrambene industri-
je, kao i drugih preduzeća iz kompleksa metalne i elektronske
industrije, - naših tehnoloških partnera u Republici Srbiji,
čije su određene celine specijalizovane za proizvodnju kom-
ponenata sistema NVO ili čiji proizvodni kapaciteti
omogućavaju učešće u proizvodnji složenih sistema
naoružanja. Projektima su obuhvaćena, pre svega, sredstva
vatrene podrške, borbena i neborbena vozila, uključujući
kombinovane programe modernizacije, modifikacije i kon-
verzije, zatim raketnih sistema, optoelektronike, radarske
tehnike, komandno-informacionih sistema i umrežavanje
kompleksnih sistema za kontrolu teritorije, koji imaju ras-
tući značaj u aktuelnim uslovima zaštite objekata i prostora
od različitih vidova terorističkih akcija (homeland security).
Our defense
UVODNIK - EDITORIAL
major state-
owned capital,
like: Krušik,
Sloboda, Prva
iskra from Barič,
Milan Blagojević
from Lučani, Prvi
partizan from
Užice, Zastava
Arms from
Kragujevac and
other factories
with substantial
defense capaci-
ties, have served
as generators and
models of indus-
trial and techno-
logical development in their respective areas for decades.
Owing to continuous investments in new development pro-
jects, in addition to marketing, development, commercial
and sometimes financial support of Yugoimport-FDSP, the
defense industries have preserved their production facili-
ties and continue to improve the manufacturing programs
they have become renowned for. The quality of their prod-
ucts has always been the best guarantee of their reliability
as partners and it is this quality that brings about new busi-
ness ventures. Significant new contracts of recent origin
reaffirm new beginnings for these companies.
However, we have not yet realized our vision of the mar-
ket position that would be commensurate with our actual
potentials and therefore we continue our campaign to get a
better share of the market and improve our business strate-
gies.
With this objective in mind, Yugoimport-FDSP has in
recent years shifted its focus from the marketing and com-
mercial promoter of defense industries of the Republic of
Serbia to becoming a system integrator for development and
manufacture of complex armament systems.
The main objective of this transformation, respectively
enhanced role, was actually based on the need to extend the
scope and quality of the products, and improve overall defense
industry business activities, same as in other companies
belonging to the metal and electronics industries – our tech-
nological partners in the Republic of Serbia – which have
production facilities specialized in manufacture of compo-
nents for armament and military equipment or which have
ample production facilities that may be used in production
of sophisticated systems of armament, too. These projects
primarily comprise fire support units, combat and non-com-
bat vehicles, including combined retrofitting, upgrading and
conversion projects, rocket systems, optoelectronic devices,
radar equipment, command & information systems and inter-
facing of complex systems for homeland security which have
become increasingly important for protection of buildings
and land against possible acts of terrorism.
5
 JUGOIMPORT-
SDPR NA
MEĐUNARODNIM
IZLOŽBAMA NVO
u 2008.
Piše
Aleksandar Lijaković
P raksa kontinualnog prisustva na najznačajnijim svetskim
izložbama naoružanja i vojne opreme, koja uključuje nas-
tupe na praktično svim značajnijim izložbama koje su region-
alno usmerene na naša osnovna ciljna tržišta, kao i nastupe
na izložbama globalnog karaktera, započeta je 2003. godine
i obuhvata učešće na 3 do 4 takve izložbe godišnje. Budući
da se međunarodne izložbe NVO održavaju po pravilu jed-
nom u dve godine, ostvaruje se redovno učešće na 7 do 8
značajnijih izložbi NVO.
Jugoimport-SDPR ostvario je tokom 2007. godine učešće
na tri međunarodne izložbe NVO, i to na izložbi koja obuh-
vata pre svega tržište Bliskog i Srednjeg istoka, ali i Azije
(IDEX 2007 - Abu Dabi, UAE, februar 2007), te ima, osim
regionalnog, i izvesni globalni karakter, zatim regionalnoj
izložbi koja obuhvata tržište Latinske Amerike (LAAD 2007,
YUGOIMPORT-
AKTUELNOSTI - TOPICAL ISSUE
FDSP ON
INTERNATIONAL
DEFENSE
EXHIBITIONS IN
2008
By
Aleksandar Lijaković
The practice of our continuous presence at the most impor-
tant international exhibitions of armament and military
equipment started in 2003 and included participation in vir-
tually all major exhibitions targeting our prime markets, as
well as exhibitions of global character, covering 3-4 defense
exhibitions each year. Since, as a rule, international defense
exhibitions are biennial events, it means that our regular
presence includes 7-8 important defense exhibitions.
In 2007, Yugoimport-FDSP participated in three
International Defense Exhibitions, one focused primarily on
the markets of the Near East and Middle East, as well as
Asian markets, giving it more of a global character (IDEX
2007 - Abu Dhabi, UAE, in February 2007); then, in the
regional exhibition dedicated to Latin American markets
(LAAD 2007, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in April 2007), as well
7
 Rio de Žaneiro, Brazil, april 2007), kao i na jednoj globalnoj
AKTUELNOSTI - TOPICAL ISSUE
izložbi DSEi 2007, London, Velika Britanija, septembar
2007). Juna meseca 2007. godine ostvaren je nastup
Jugoimport-SDPR, u svojstvu koorganizatora, na međunar-
odnoj izložbi NVO PARTNER 2007. Sledeća izložba plani-
rana je za jun 2009. godine. Tokom 2008. godine učestvo-
vali smo na četiri izložbe, od kojih su tri regionalnog, odnos-
no nacionalno-regionalnog karaktera: DEFEXPO 08, Nju
Delhi, Indija, održana februara ove godine, SOFEX 2008,
Aman, Jordan, održana marta meseca, DSA 2008, Kula
Lumpur, Malezija, održana u aprilu, i najzad, EUROSATO-
RY 2008, Pariz, Francuska, koja je održana ovog meseca.
Time je praktično zatvoren dvogodišnji ciklus marketinškog
prisustva na našim osnovnim ciljnim tržištima. U narednom
ciklusu unećemo neke izmene u odnosu na prethodni, u cilju
što ravnomernijeg prisustva na tržištu.
To je potrebno istaći imajući u vidu tendenciju čiji smo
svedoci poslednjih godina, a koja se sastoji u učestalom
«nicanju» novih, nacionalno-regionalnih odbrambenih
izložbi; tako izrazito povećanje broja izložbi sve više potisku-
je značaj regionalnog karaktera izložbi u odnosu na nacional-
ni. Ta pojava donekle usložnjava i izbor izložbi na kojima
treba učestvovati radi marketinško-promotivnog pokrivanja
određenog regiona. Sa druge strane, iskustvo i dugogodišn-
ja tradicija, kao i određene specifičnosti zemlje organizato-
ra i dalje favorizuju nekoliko poznatih svetskih izložbi. Štaviše,
te izložbe karakteriše neprekinuta tendencija porasta broja
učesnika, površine sajamskog prostora i sadržaja izložbe,
što, zajedno sa povećanjem broja izložbi NVO nedvosmis-
leno ukazuje na sve veći značaj koji ovaj tip promocije ima
8
as in one exhibition of global importance (DSEi 2007,
London, Great Britain, in September 2007). In June 2007,
Yugoimport-FDSP was a co-organizer of PARTNER 2007,
an International Defense Exhibition. Since this exhibition
is held every second year, the next event is due in June 2009.
In 2008, we participated in four exhibitions, out of which
three had regional, respectively international/regional char-
acter: DEFEXPO 08 in New Delhi, India, in February this
year, SOFEX 2008 in Amman, Jordan, held in March, DSA
2008, Kula Lumpur, Malaysia, held in April, and finally,
EUROSATORY 2008, in Paris, France, which was held this
month. This marked the closing of a two-year long market-
ing cycle on our target markets. In the forthcoming period,
there will be some changes which should provide our more
balanced marketing presence.
This is important to emphasize since during the last few
years, we have all witnessed frequent “emerging” of new,
national-regional defense exhibitions; increased number of
such exhibitions is gradually diminishing the importance of
regional in favor of national exhibitions. This is what makes
the right selection of defense exhibitions for marketing and
promotional coverage in a specific region rather difficult.
On the other hand, long experience and tradition, in addi-
tion to certain specific properties of organizing country still
favor several defense exhibitions renowned all over the world.
Furthermore, it is these exhibitions that bring together more
participants, more exhibition space and more versatile items
of equipment each year which, combined with increased
number of defense exhibitions undeniably illustrates the
u globalnom prometu NVO. Jugoimport-SDPR, saglasno toj
tendenciji, a srazmerno rastu obima prodaje, iz godine u
godinu realizuje svoj nastup na sve većim i u arhitektonskom
smislu bogatijim štandovima, hvatajući korak sa vodećim
svetskim proizvođačima. Svedoci smo sve veće zastupljenosti
nacionalnih paviljona, na kojima nastupaju grupacije
proizvođača iz jedne države, često uz prisustvo institucija
Ministarstva odbrane ili drugih državnih institucija ili aso-
cijacija. U tom smislu nastup Jugoimport - SDPR koji je
ostvaren ovog meseca u Parizu, gde je realizovan nastup na
sajamskom prostoru «ostrvskog» tipa, koji je deljen sa
Ministarstvom odbrane Republike Srbije, čime je nezvanično
dobijen srpski paviljon.
Osim nastupa na međunarodnim izložbama NVO u inos-
transtvu, u saradnji sa MO i Beogradskim sajmom realizo-
van je nastup Jugoimport-SDPR na izložbi PARTNER 2007,
koja je održana u Beogradu početkom juna, i u kojoj je
Jugoimport-SDPR, kao i na prethodne dve izložbe, nastu-
pio kao integrator promocije Srpske odbrambene industri-
je.
JUGOIMPORT-SDPR je nastupao prikazujući eksponate
sredstava NVO koji brojem, dimenzijama i raznovrsnošću
uglavnom prevazilaze i izlagače koji nastupaju i na znatno
većim sajamskim prostorima, dok su na posterima prikazi-
vani eksponati i ponuda pre svega u oblasti «krupne tehnike»,
kao i sistematizovana potencijalna ponuda.
growing importance attached to this type of promotion in
AKTUELNOSTI - TOPICAL ISSUE
global trade of armament and military equipment. In light
of these events, and in proportion to increase of its sales each
year, Yugoimport-FDSP participates in these exhibitions in
more spacious and architecturally more attractive exhibition
stands, keeping up with the world’s leading defense manu-
facturers. We are witness to progressively larger number of
national pavilions comprising groups of defense producers,
in addition to frequent presence of MoDs or other state insti-
tutions or associations from the same country. Likewise,
Yugoimprt-FDSP in Paris shared an island-type exhibition
stand with the Ministry of Defense of Serbia, a kind of an
unofficial Serbian pavilion.
Apart from International Defense Exhibitions abroad, in
cooperation with the Serbian Ministry of Defense and
Belgrade Fair, Yugoimport-FDSP took part in PARTNER
2007 which was held in Belgrade at the beginning of June;
same as on the previous two exhibitions, Yugoimport-FDSP
acted as a promotion integrator of Serbian Defense
Industries.
Yugoimport-FDSP has presented items of armament and
military equipment in quantities, size and assortment which
generally surpass those shown by other exhibitors in much
larger exhibition stands; however, large items of defense
equipment as well as systematic summaries of full-scale
capabilities were presented on posters.
9
 DVA VEKA TWO CENTURIES
SRPSKE OF SERBIAN
INTERVJU - INTERVIEW

ARTILJERIJE ARTILLERY

Od Arsenala i Topolivnice do „Jugoimportovog“ razvo- From Arsenal and Gun Foundry to

jnog i proizvodnog centra „BORAC“ „Jugoimport’s“Development and Manufacturing Center
„BORAC“

Piše By
Anastas Paligorić Anastas Paligorić

Vreme početka - Prvi srpski ustanak Time of Origin – First Serbian Uprising
Na samom početku Bune protiv dahija (februara 1804.) At the time of rising to the arms in Uprising against Dahias
srpski ustanici su bili vrlo slabo naoružani. Imali su nešto (in February 1804), Serbian rebels were very poorly armed.
ručnog vatrenog oružja, ali ne i „gvozdene“ topove. Ipak, They possessed some personal (small) firearms but had no
snalažljivi ustanici su posle tri godine borbe protiv dahija “iron” guns. Nevertheless, owing to their ingenuity, after three
posedovali i topove, a vrednije od toga bilo je stečeno saz- years of fighting the Turkish overlords, forces of the uprising
nanje o značaju artiljerije za vođenje rata sa regularnom had their own artillery but, perhaps of more value than this fact,
turskom vojskom. was firm and clear recognition of artillery’s importance in wag-
Priča o nabavci prvog topa za ustanike ima, kao i mnoge ing the war against regular Turkish army.
druge srpske priče, više verzija. Po jednom izvoru „prvi gvoz- The story of acquisition of the first gun for rebel forces has,
deni top crkveni, nešto duži od pola hvata“ nabavio je vojvo- like many other Serbian stories, differing versions. One source
da Jakov Nenadović preko novosadskog vladike. Po drugom claimed that “the first ‘church’ iron gun, a bit longer than two
izvoru „prvi topčić“ za ustanike nabavio je prota Mateja fathoms”, was procured by Vojvoda Jakov Nenadović through
Nenadović u Austriji, preko jednog trgovca iz Sremske the bishop of Novi Sad. Another source stated that the first
Mitrovice. “small gun” was procured by Bishop Mateja Nenadović in
Iz sačuvanih zapisa saznajemo da je vožd Karađorđe uvideo Austria, through a merchant in Sremska Mitrovica.
da mu za uspešno ratovanje treba artiljerija, te je naredio Even before getting hold of the first metal gun, the rebels
da se izrade trešnjevi topovi, opšiveni volujskom kožom i had homemade cherry wood guns. Some records indicate that
okovani gvozdenim obručima. Borbeni učinak tih topova bio Karadjordje concluded that he needed artillery in order to suc-
je mali (brzo su se raspadali zbog male otpornosti drveta ili ceed in fighting, so he ordered making of cherry-wood guns,
lošeg baruta), ali su imali snažan moralni efekat (da „poplaše“ clad in sewn ox skin and reinforced with iron hoops. Combat
Turke i ohrabre ustanike „da kao bajagi imaju topove“). effect of these guns was negligible (they would quickly disin-
tegrate because of low strength of the wood or poor quality of
Formiranje srpske artiljerije – Prva vlada powder), nevertheless they had strong impact on the morale
kneza Miloša (to scare-off the Turks
Završetkom Drugog and encourage the
ustanka ustanička nar- rebels “who ostensibly
odna vojska je have guns”).
raspuštena, a zadržani
su samo „panduri“ za Formation of
lično obezbeđenje Serbian Artillery
kneza Miloša i nahi- – First Cabinet of
jskih knezova i čuvan- Knez (Prince)
je javnog reda i carskih Miloš
drumova. Knez je brzo By the end of the
shvatio da, zbog Second Uprising, rebel
učestalih pobuna pro- people’s army was dis-
tiv njegove samovolje, banded and Serbia was
ne može da se osloni left with minimal
na malobrojne pandure forces, “pandours”,
pa je marta 1825. protecting Knez Miloš
formirao prve jedinice and local leaders, keep-
stajaće srpske vojske. ing the law and order

10
and safeguarding
1 Aronim BORAC je skraćenica za BEOGRADSKI OKLOPNO-RAKETNI-
ARTILjERIJSKI CENTAR 1 BORAC is acronym for BELGRADE ARMOR-ROCKET-ARTILLERY CENTER
 Arsenal i topolivnica u beogradskom Donjem
gradu
Skupština ustaničkih starešina, održana marta 1807. godine
u Beogradu donela je odluku da se u beogradskoj tvrđavi (u
Donjem gradu, u jednoj boljoj turskoj kući) “podigne arse-
nal, zasnuje topolivnica i radionica za oružje, za livenje tana-
di, savijanje fišeka i da se podigne kovačnica za bajonete i
koplja”. Ova topolivnica je radila do 1813. godine, a u njoj
su livene cevi lakih topova od 1 do 4 funte (top “Hajduk”),
cevi merzera, većih i manjih haubica, koje su zatim monti-
rane na lafete i podvoske u drugim radionicama Donjeg gra-
da.
Rad beogradske topolivnice je obnovljen 1848. godine, u
vreme kada se Srbija opredelila za Lihtenštajnov sistem
poljskih topova od 3 i 6 funti (kalibar se u to vreme označavao
masom đuleta, mera jedna funta ~ 0,5 kg). Nažalost, iskust-
vo domaćih majstora nije bilo dovoljno, a oprema nije odgo-
varala potrebama, pa kvalitet izlivenih cevi nije bio zado-
voljavajući. To je bio povod da se od belgijske firme La Šose
(La Chaussé) naruči i dopremi u Srbiju krajem 1849. godine
prva parna mašina od 20KS.
U očekivanju rata sa Turcima knez Miloš je tajnim kanal-
ima nabavljao naoružanje za stajaću ali i raspuštenu narod-
nu vojsku. Pri tome lukavi knez je pomoć za naoružavanje
svoje vojske tražio i od turskog sultana. Kada je sultanov pok-
lon (6 topova sa kompletnim priborom i municijom) stigao
u Srbiju, početkom 1836. godine, u sastavu stajaće vojske
formirana su dva odeljenja artiljerije (jedno u Požarevcu,
drugo u Kragujevcu) sa po jednom baterijom topova (3 topa
u bateriji). Nema bližih podataka o tim topovima, ali su
najverovatnije bili „šestofuntaši“.
Artiljerija srpske regularne vojske naglo je uvećana kupovi-
nom u Beču 1837. godine 16 topova sa opremom i munici-
jom (za svaki top je nabavljeno po 500 đuladi). Tako su se
stekli uslovi da se već formirana dva odeljenja artiljerije reor-
ganizuju u divizione sa po dve baterije. Za dalje opremanje
vojske bila je potrebna planska i stručna podrška nekog
državnog tela, pa je na zahtev kneza Miloša održano „glavno
sobranije“ o naoružavanju 21. januara 1837. u Državnom
savetu u Kragujevcu. U Protokolu sa tog savetovanja Savet
predlaže da se izgradi Topolivnica u Kragujevcu, od koje bi
bila dvostruka „polza“: prvo, topovi i „druge stvari“ koje bi
ona lila ne bi se kupovali na strani, te bi velike pare ostale u
narodnoj kasi; drugo, izradom topova kod svoje kuće ne bi
davali povoda Turcima da pitaju šta to Srbi čine i što će
Srbiji topovi. Ostale potrebe (oružje, „džebana“ i drugo) po
predlogu Saveta bi trebalo nabavljati preko trgovaca „od kud
mu drago, gde se najbolje nađe i po najboljoj ceni“.
Na kraju prve vlade kneza Miloša srpska vojska imala je
oko 78 artiljerijskih oruđa (od toga je 18 odliveno u
Prvi srpski orden –Takovski krst
Od cevi jednog topa odlivenog u srpskim livnicama izliv-
en je prvi srpski orden „Takovski krst“ kojim je odlikovano
313 živih učesnika Drugog ustanka prilikom proslave 50-
godišnjice ustanka (5. maja 1865.). Od istog topa izlivena je
i spomen medalja i dodeljena porodicama 47 umrlih ili pogin-
ulih ustanika koji su prvi sa knezom krenuli 1815. protiv
Turaka. Orden je bio pozlaćen a medalja posrebrena.
Arsenal and gun foundry in Lower Town of
Belgrade
INTERVJU - INTERVIEW
Assembly of leaders of the uprising, held in Belgrade in
March 1807 decided to “set up an arsenal, a gun foundry and
gunsmith shop, casting shop for bullets and forming of gun-
powder pouches and forging shop for bayonets and spears”
in a better Turkish house in Lower Town of Belgrade fortress.
This gun foundry operated until year 1813, mostly casting
light gun barrels (so-called “Hajduk”) of 1 to 4-pounder cal-
iber, mortar, smaller and larger caliber howitzer barrels, lat-
er on mounted on suitable cradles and undercarriages made
at other workshops of Lower Town.
Operation of Belgrade gun foundry was reinstated in 1848.
By then Serbia had opted for the Liechtenstein’s field gun sys-
tem of 3-6 pounder caliber (at that time the caliber was des-
ignated by the mass of solid cannonball - one pound ≈ 0.5
kg). Expertise of domestic artisans was insufficient and avail-
able equipment was inadequate, so that the quality of the first
cast barrels was not satisfactory. This prompted procurement
from the Belgian firm La Chaussé of the first steam genera-
tor of 20 HP which arrived in Serbia in late 1849.
imperial roads . Knez Miloš was soon to learn that, due to fre-
quent unrests caused by his autocratic rule, he could not rely
solely on small number of pandours. Therefore, in March 1825
he formed the first units of Serbia’s standing army.
Expecting conflicts with Turkey, Knez Miloš used under-
cover channels for procurement of arms for the standing army
but also for disbanded popular army. At the same time, resource-
ful Knez Miloš made an effort to seek military assistance from
the Turkish Sultan. When the Sultan’s grant (consisting of 6
cannons with full equipment and ammunition) arrived in Serbia
early in 1836, the standing army was complemented with two
artillery detachments (one in Požarevac, the other in Kragujevac)
each consisting of a battery of 3 guns. No closer information is
available about these guns; they were probably 6-pounders.
The power of Serbian artillery was greatly enhanced by pur-
chase in Vienna in 1837 of 16 guns with equipment and ammu-
nition (500 cannonballs per every gun). It was now feasible to
reorganize the two artillery detachments into battalions, each
containing two batteries.
The clever Knez understood that further equipping of the
army required planning and expertise of a competent state
authority, accordingly, upon his initiative, “main assembly” was
convened by the State Council in Kragujevac on January 21,
1837, to deal with the issue or arming. In the protocol of the
session, delegates suggested building of a gun foundry in
Kragujevac that would ripe twofold benefits: firstly, guns and
“other articles” to be cast locally would obviate the need for
purchasing abroad, thus large sums of money from the nation-
al treasury would be saved; secondly, making of guns at home
First Serbian Decoration – Cross of Takovo
One of the guns cast in Serbia was melted to cast the first
Serbian order “Cross of Takovo” to decorate 313 surviving
participants in the Second Uprising on 50th anniversary of
the Uprising (on 5 May 1865). Memorial medals were cast
from the same gun and awarded to families of 47 deceased
or killed in action who were the first to joind the Knez in fight-
ing the Turks in 1815. The order was gold-plated, medals
were silver-plated.
11
 beogradskoj Topolovnici), uglavnom su to bili poljski topovi
INTERVJU - INTERVIEW
(jedno, tri, šest i dvanaestofuntaši) i haubice (osmo i
dvanaestofuntovne).
Početak industrijske proizvodnje
artiljerijskih oruđa u Srbiji
Dramatični evropski događaji 1848. nisu mimoišli ni malu
srpsku kneževinu Aleksandra Karađorđevića, te je državni
Savet preduzimao mnoge mere da se konsoliduje vojska i
obezbedi njeno naoružavanje. Uviđajući značaj proizvodnje
u zemlji a i zbog teškoća uvoza naoružanja tadašnji ministar
unutrašnjih dela Ilija Garašanin predložio je Savetu da se
formira zavod u kome će se liti i izrađivati sredstva za vojne
potrebe. Knez Aleksandar je usvojio predlog, pa je beograd-
ska livnica ponovo proradila oktobra 1848. godine. Vrlo brzo,
zbog pritisaka Austrije i Turske da se obustavi rad beogradske
Topolivnice knez Aleksandar je doneo odluku, marta 1851.,
da se oprema iz Beograda preseli u Kragujevac. Izbor lokaci-
je za topolivnicu obrazlaže se time što položaj Kragujevca u
središtu Srbije garantuje sigurnost proizvodnje i mogućnost
čestog ličnog kneževog nadzora proizvodnje.
Artiljerijski komitet je odlučio, maja 1883. godine, da se
srpska artiljerija preoruža uvoznim topovima, a da se artil-
jerijsko-tehnički zavodi osposobe samo za proizvodnju muni-
cije. Dve godine kasnije Komitet je doneo odluku da se u
naoružavanje srpske vojske uvede francuski ostragpuneći
top 80 mm De Banž (De Bange) M1877/85. Tim odlukama
praktično je obustavljena delatnost Topolivnice na izradi
topova, te se u od 1886. pa sve do posle Drugog svetskog rata
u Srbiji nisu proizvodila artiljerijska oruđa.
Vreme posle Drugog svetskog rata - Brdski
top 76 mm M48B1, prvi moderan
jugoslovenski i srpski top
Odmah posle oslobođenja zemlje odlučeno je da se pris-
tupi stvaranju razvojnih i proizvodnih kapaciteta za samostal-
nu proizvodnju naoružanja. Jedna od prvih odluka
Genaralštaba JA 1946. godine bila je da se pristupi razvoju
brdskog topa 76 mm pogodnog za dejstvo u planinskim
Osnivanje i rad Topolivnice u Kragujevcu
Uz saglasnost cara Napoleona III angažovan je i doveden
u Kragujevac januara 1953. godine za glavnog livca i direk-
tora Topolivnice francuz Šarl Lubri (Charles Loubry). Prvo
uspešno livenje četiri šestofuntovne cevi (90 mm) švajcarskog
poljskog topa i dve dvanaestofuntovne cevi (120 mm) haubice
izvršeno je 27. oktobra 1853. godine. Taj datum se slavi kao
dan osnivanja Vojnotehničkog zavoda Kragujevac, danas
„Zastava oružje“.
Za četiri godine rada (od oktobra 1853. do decembra 1857.)
proizvodilo se prosečno 22 oruđa godišnje, što je za ono vreme
bio veliki uspeh. Međutim, zbog dinastičke promene i pratećih
promena u vlasti u periodu od 1859. do 1862. bio je praktično
prekinut rad u kragujevačkoj Topolivnici. Proizvodnju novih
oruđa (spredpuneći top francuskog sistema La Hitte sa trapezn-
im žljebovima, austrijski tip karteča i lafet sopstvene kon-
strukcije) Topolivnica je osvojila 1865. godine, pa je vojsci ubr-
zo isporučeno 80 teških, 144 laka poljska i 16 brdskih četvoro-
funtovnih topova.
12
would dispel doubts by the Turks and their questioning what
are the Serbs doing and what for the guns. The Council also
decided that other needs (weapons, ammunition, etc.) should
be purchased via commercial channels “from whatever sources”
where those could be found and at best prices.
By the end of the first rule of Knez Miloš, Serbian army had
78 artillery pieces in service, out of which 18 pieces cast in
Belgrade foundry, mostly field guns (1, 3, 6 and 12-pounders)
and howitzers (8 and 12-pounders).
Beginning of industrial production of artillery
weapons in Serbia
Dramatic events occurring in Europe in 1848 did not bypass
the small Serbian Principality, ruled by Aleksandar Karađorđević,
and the government had to take numerous steps for consoli-
dation of its army and its further equipping. Recognizing the
importance of indigenous manufacture (primarily due to dif-
ficulties related to arms imports), the then home minister Ilija
Garasanin proposed to the Council formation of an establish-
ment that would cast and turn out defence equipment. Knez
Aleksandar approved the proposal and Belgrade Foundry offi-
cially commenced its operation in October 1848. Because of
pressures from Austria and Turkey to stop the work of Belgrade
gun foundry, Knez Aleksandar decided in March 1851 to trans-
fer its equipment from Belgrade to Kragujevac. Explanation
offered regarding the choice of the site for the foundry was that
position of Kragujevac in the center of Serbia warranted secu-
rity of the production and enabled frequent supervisions of
manufacturing process by the Knez.
The committee for artillery decided in May 1883 to re-equip
Serbian army with imported artillery pieces and to convert the
artillery-technical establishment to production of ammunition
only. Committee’s commission decided to adopt two years lat-
er the rear loaded French 80 mm gun De Bange M1877/85.
Owing to that decision, Gun Foundry ceased to exist as weapons
manufacturer and thus from 1886 no artillery weapons have
been made in Serbia until the end of the WWII.
Formation and Operation of Gun Foundry in
Kragujevac
With approval of Emperor Napoleon III, Frenchman Mr.
Charles Loubry was engaged and employed as the head of
casting and director of the Kragujevac foundry in January
1853. First successful casting of four 6-pounder (90 mm) bar-
rels of Swiss field gun and two 12-pounder (120 mm) how-
itzer barrels took place on 27 October 1853. This date is cur-
rently celebrated as the founding date of the Military-
Technical Establishment Kragujevac (today: “Zastava
Arms”).
In four years of operation (October 1853 to December 1857)
an average of 22 weapons were made per year, which was
quite outstanding result at the time.Because of dynastic
changes and associated power changes in the period 1859 –
1862, operations at the Kragujevac foundry were practically
halted. Manufacture of new weapons (front-loading French
gun of La Hitte system, featuring trapeze grooves, Austrian
type of cartage shell and carriage of domestic construction)
was introduced in 1865 and soon 80 heavy, 144 light field and
16 mountain 4-pounder guns were delivered to Serbian army.

područjima, sa mogućnošću brzog rasklapanja na sklopove
pogodne za transport tovarnim grlima, a uz uslov da se za
izradu topa koristite isključivo domaći materijali.
Zadatak za razvoj i projektovanje topa je dat Studijskom
odeljenju naoružanja Ministarstva narodne odbrane, a
rukovođenje projektom je povereno pukovniku Bošku
Stanisavljeviću, dipl. inž., kasnije profesoru i osnivaču Katedre
za vojno mašinstvo na Mašinskom fakultetu u Beogradu.
Idejno rešenje i projekat izrade topa B1 Studijsko odel-
jenje je završilo marta 1947. Detaljnu razradu konstrukcije
sklopova oruđa i tehnološke pripreme za izradu prototipa
oruđa preuzeo je Institut broj 11, koji je bio u sastavu
preduzeća broj 44 u
Kragujevcu (kasnije
Zavodi „Crvena zas-
tava“ a danas “Zastava
Oružje”). Uz izradu
konstrukcione doku-
mentacije lansirana je izra-
da prvog prototipa, koji je
završen i ispitan sredinom
1948. godine. Zbog potrebe
da se sprovedu izvesna kon-
strukciona poboljšanja
odlučeno je da se izradi
drugi prototip. Od osni-
vanja VTI-a (novembra
1948.) dalje vođenje razvo-
ja topa B1 preuzima Odeljak
za naoružanje VTI, a poslovi
izrade konstrukcione doku-
mentacije za drugi prototip su i dal-
je obavljani u kragujevačkom Institutu broj 11. Drugi pro-
totip je završen sredinom 1949. godine i posle uspešnog ispi-
tivanja doneta je odluka da se usvoji u naoružanje JNA pod
službenim nazivom brdski top 76 mm M48.
Tokom 1949. godine u kragujevačkoj fabrici je dokom-
pletiran proizvodni park, lansirana izrada alata i puštena u
rad prva serija od 32 oruđa. U toku 1950. godine je završe-
na izrada samo 4 oruđa “nulte” serije, sa ciljem da se proveri
valjanost tehnoloških rešenja. Odlukom Ministarstva naro-
dne odbrane krajem 1949. godine je u Novom Travniku
formirano preduzeće “Bratstvo”, a tokom 1950. godine je
odlukom Vlade FNRJ (motivisanom stanjem uzemlji posle
Rezolucije IB, a potrebom da se strateški proizvodni kom-
pleksi prenesu u središte Jugoslavije – sa istim obrazložen-
jem je Savet kneževine Srbije tačno vek ranije doneo odluku
da se oprema beogradske topolivnice prenese u Kragujevac!)
kompletan artiljerijski program iz “Crvene zastave” prenet
u “Bratstvo”. Uspeh završetka i predaje prve serije oruđa B1
pripao je (opravdano ili ne, ali uz prigušeno nezadovoljstvo
kragujevačkih inženjera i majstora) novembra 1951. godine
mladom i ambicioznom kolektivu “Bratstva”, koji je dugo
godina posle toga vrlo kvalitetno serijski proizvodio i preko
„Jugoimporta“ izvozio topove 76mm M48B1.
Beogradska škola razvoja klasičnih i raket-
nih artiljerijskih sistema
Shodno spomenutom opredeljenju na sopstveni razvoj i
proizvodnju načelnik Generalštaba JA 3. novembra 1948.
godine izdao naredbu o formiranju Vojnotehničkog
Period after the World War II. Mountain Gun
INTERVJU - INTERVIEW
cal. 76 mm M48B1 – First Yugoslav and
Serbian gun to enter the service
Immediately after the country’s liberation, it was decided to
undertake formation of developing and producing capacities
for autonomous manufacturing of armaments. Among signif-
icant decisions adopted by the General Staff of YA, it was decid-
ed in 1946 to develop a mountain gun cal. 76 mm capable of
operations in mountainous regions, with the possibility of being
dismantled to assemblies suitable for transport by animal pack;
in manufacturing, to use solely domestic materials.
The design and development assignment was given to
Ordnance Study Group at the Ministry of Defence, project lead-
ership was entrusted to Col. Boško Stanisavljević, B.Sc.Eng.,
future professor and founder of the Group for Military
Engineering at the Mechanical Engineering Faculty in
Belgrade.
Preliminary solution and design to build the B1 gun was
completed by Study Group in March 1947. Detailed
design of weapon assemblies and technological prepa-
rations for construction of prototype were entrusted
to Institute No. 11, a part of Enterprise No.
44 in Kragujevac, (later
Zavodi
“Crvena
Zastava”, presently
“Zastava Oružje”). Together with
elaboration of engineering documentation,
production of first prototype was launched and the prototype
completed and tested by mid 1948. Because of the need to intro-
duce certain design improvements, it was decided to build sec-
ond prototype. Since foundation of Military Technical Institute
(MTI) in November 1948, further development of B1 gun was
taken up by Ordnance Department of VTI, while engineering
documentation for the second prototype still remained with
Institute No. 11 in Kragujevac. Second prototype was completed
by mid 1949 and, after its successful testing; it was officially
adopted in service with the YPA under formal designation moun-
tain gun 76 mm M48.
In the course of 1949 Kragujevac factory was subjected to
completing of its production plant and it started the produc-
tion of tooling and the first lot of 32 guns was placed in pro-
duction. During year 1950 only “zero” lot of 4 guns were pro-
duced with object to test the validity of technological solution.
By decision of the Ministry of Defence (late in 1949) a new
defence factory “Bratstvo” was set up in Novi Travnik and in
1950 Yugoslav government decided (motivated by conditions
in the country after Resolution of Informbureau and the need
to move strategic manufacturing complexes to the heart of
Yugoslavia – the same explanation as given by the Council of
Serbian Principality exactly one century earlier: to move gun
foundry from Belgrade to Kragujevac!) to shift the entire artillery
program from “Crvena Zastava” to “Bratstvo”. The successful
handing over of the first lot of B1 guns was thus enjoyed by the
young and ambitious staff of “Bratstvo” in November 1951
13
 Kraljevina Jugoslavija, 1939. - Razvoj prvog
modernog srpskog topa
INTERVJU - INTERVIEW
Za one koji budu pisali istoriju srpske artiljerije neka bude
zapisano da je brdski top 76mm B1, prvi srpski top uveden u
naoružanje. Ipak, slava razvoja prvog srpskog modernog topa
pripada protivtenkovskom topu 76,5 mm, čiji je razvoj započet
1939. godine u Vojnotehničkom zavodu u Kragujevcu.. U toku
1940. godine je završena prototipska partija od 8 komada.
Napadom Nemačke na Kraljevinu Jugoslaviju obustavljen
je dalji rad na ovom projektu, a jedna baterija od 4 topa je
11. aprila 1941. godine bila postavljena u Donjoj Sabanti (7
km južno od Kragujevca) radi odbrane grada pri napadu
Nemaca. Po preuzimanju Zavoda Nemci su svu tehničku
dokumentaciju i sve preostale delove ovih topova odneli.
Razvoj je realizovala grupa inženjera i majstora Zavoda na
čelu sa (tada) majorom Boškom Stanisavljevićem i kapetanom
prve klase Dušanom Jankovićem.
instituta JA. Iste godine, na Mašinskom fakultetu u Beogradu
formirana je Katedra za vojno mašinstvo, kao jedna od četiri
katedre fakulteta. Time je postavljen temelj za školovanje
diplomiranih inženjera specijalizovanih za poslove razvoja i
projektovanja različitih sistema naoružanja, municije i ubo-
jnih materijala, osmatračkih i nišanskih uređaja. Zahvaljujući
tim sinhronizovanim aktivnostima i planskim vođenjem i
finansiranjem zadataka razvoja Beograd postaje snažan vodeći
razvojno-istraživački centar, od posebnog značaja ne samo
za teritoriju Jugoslavije već i za jugoistočnu Evropu. U toku
višedecenijskog uspešnog rada razvijen je i uveden u seri-
jsku proizvodnju veći broj klasičnih i raketnih sistema namen-
jenih za vatrenu podršku. Nosilac razvoja je uglavnom bio
VTI, a rukovodioci projekata inženjeri zaposleni u VTI i na
Mašinskom fakultetu u Beogradu, te se sa razlogom može
govoriti o „beogradskoj školi“ razvoja artiljerijskih sistema.
Reference te škole su ne samo brojna sredstva uvedena u
naoružanje već i školovanje velikog broja inženjera (domaćih
i stranih) specijalizaovanih za
poslove projektovanja sis-
tema naoružanja. U protek-
lih 60 godina na Odseku za
vojno mašinstvo odbranili su
svoje radove - preko 510 dilomi-
ranih inženjera, više od 115 magistara
i preko 30 doktora tehničkih nauka.
U periodu od 1950. do 1965. godine
uvedeno je naoružanje JNA nekoliko
značajnih artiljerijskih sredstava prve
generacije i to:
- Univerzalni minobacač 120mm
M52, koji zahvaljujući ugrađenom protiv-
trzajućem uređaju može da se koristi za
gađanje sa svih vrsta terena, te predstavlja jedin-
stveno konstrukciono rešenje, aktuelno i
danas zbog mogućnosti ugradnje na borbe-
na vozila;
- Vučena haubica 105mm M56, koja
spada u grupu najuspešnijih svetskih rešen-
ja, te je pored JNA uvedena u naoružanje
još 7 stranih armija; odlikuje se vrlo velikom
pouzdanošću rada i odličnom preciznošću
gađanja na svim dometima do maksimalnog
(11,6 km pri gađanju sa američkim projektilom M1
14
i 13,5 km sa specijalnim barutnim punjenjem);
Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 1939 - Development
of first modern Serbian gun
Who those who will write the history of the Serbian artillery
let it be written that mountain gun B1 76 mm was the first
Serbian gun that entered the service. Nevertheless, the glory
of development of the first modern gun in Serbia belongs to
antitank gun cal. 76.5 mm, development of which commenced
in 1939 in Military Technical Establishment in Kragujevac.
In the course of year 1940, first prototype lot of 8 guns was
completed. Upon German assault on Yugoslav Kingdom, fur-
ther activities were halted but one battery of 4 guns was
deployed on April 11, 1941 in Donja Sabanta (7 km to the
South of Kragujevac) to defend the town from German attack.
After taking over the Establishment, Germans took away all
technical documentation and all remaining components of the
gun.
Development of the 76.5 mm antitank gun was realized by
a team of engineers and artisans from the Establishment,
headed by (then) Major Boško Stanisavljević and Capt. I
class Dušan Janković.
(with, justified or unjustified, but suppressed displeasure of
engineers and technicians in Kragujevac) who continued for
many years to turn out high quality series production of 76mm
M48B1 guns, many of which were exported by “Jugoimport”.
Belgrade school for development of
conventional and rocket artillery systems
Pursuant to the resolve that army shall rely on its own devel-
opment and production resources, the Chief of General Staff
YA issued a decree on 3 November 1948 to establish Military-
Technical Institute of Yugoslav Army. In the same year, depart-
ment for military engineering, as one of four departments, was
formed at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. Thus the
foundation was laid for schooling of graduate engineers spe-
cialized in design and development of different weapon sys-
tems and their platforms, of ammunition and explosive mate-
rials, of surveillance and sighting equipment. Owing to thus
synchronized activities and planned management and financ-
ing of development projects, Belgrade became a strong lead-
ing research & development center, of special significance not
only for Yugoslavia, but also for the South-Eastern Europe.
During decades of these thriving activities, that ended in year
1990, there were developed and introduced in industrial pro-
duction numerous conventional and artillery fire support sys-
tems. Development leader in most cases was MTI, with
MTI engineers and professors of the Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering in Belgrade heading indi-
vidual projects; it is therefore proper to single out
“Belgrade school” of artillery systems
development. References of that
school include, not only
numerous weapon sys-
tems placed into ser-
vice, but also education
of large number of
engineers (domestic
and foreign) specialists
in weapon systems
design. In the past 60 years, over
510 graduate mechanical engi-
neers and over 115 post-graduate
 Vučena haubica 155 mm M65 – uvedena u
naoružanje JNA 1965. godine
(Prva generacija - balistički sistem cevi dužine 23 kali-
bra)
Posle uvođenja u naoružanje domaće haubice 105 mm M56
doneta je odluka da se pristupi osvajanju proizvodnje haubice
155 mm M1J snimanjem američke haubice M1 (jer je na
osnovu Sporazuma o vojnoj pomoći, yaključenog sa SAD
novembra 1951., JNA dobila je određenu količinu tih haubi-
ca).
Radovi su obustavljeni 1960. godine, formalno zbog
nedostataka na proizvedenoj probnoj partiji od 4 oruđa, a
suštinski zbog izmenjenog odnosa vojnog rukovodstva pre-
ma sopstvenom razvoju i proizvodnji posle obnavljanja odnosa
sa SSSR-om. Početkom 1964. godine doneta je odluka da se
radovi nastave izradom „nulte“ serije od jednog oruđa. U
rekordnom roku od 16 meseci izvršena je revizija tehničke
dokumentacije, izrađena i ispitana „peta“ haubica.
Osvajanjem proizvodnje i uvođenjem u naoružanje haubice
155 mm M65, nišanskih sprava i municije kompletiran je
borbeni sistem vatrene podrške zasnovan na dva kalibra -
105 mm i 155 mm.
- Vučena haubica 155mm M65, realizovana sniman-
jem američke haubica 155mm M1 (odnosno M114); treba
istaći da je haubica M1 u to vreme bila osnovno američko
oruđe vatrene podrške, da je uvedeno u naoružanje više od
50 zemalja sveta;
- Vučeni višecevni lanser raketa 128mm M63
„Plamen“, sa 32 lansirne cevi i dometom 8,6 km; uvođen-
jem u naoružanje ovog lansera naša vojska je u to vreme bila
jedna od retkih koja je samostalno razvila u proizvodila više-
cevni lanser raketa.
Program modernizacije artiljerije JNA, koji je usvojen 1975.
godine, predviđao je radikalne promene u organizaciji i opre-
manju jedinica novim sredstvima naoružanja.
Programom je bilo predviđeno da se smanji broj kalibara
u sistemu vatrene podrške na samo tri (umesto 105 mm
uvodi se 122 mm, za opremanje jedinica do nivoa divizije;
130 mm i 152 mm umesto 155 mm, za opremanje jedinica
višeg nivoa) i da se u sastav mehanizovanih jedinica uvedu
samohodna oruđa kalibra 122 mm i 152 mm, kao i samo-
hodni višecevni lanser 128mm povećanog dometa.
Kao rezultat realizacije ovog programa u periodu
do 1984. uvedeno je naoružanje JNA nekoliko
klasičnih i raketnih oruđa druge generacije, čije
su borbene karakteristike bile u samom vrhu svet-
skih rešenja.
U postupku realizacije navedenog programa pod
vrlo povoljnim uslovima od SSSR-a kupljena je
licenca za proizvodnju vučene haubice 122 mm D-
30 i municije, a za opremanje mehanizovanih
jedinica kupljena je određena količina samohod-
nih haubica 122 mm 2S1 (Gvozdljika).
Pored toga od SSSR-a je kupljena manja količi-
na vučenih topova 152 mm D-20 i konstrukciona
dokumentacija, a na bazi savremenog rešenja topa
D-20 pristupilo se razvoju vučene top-haubice 152
mm M84 (kodni naziv „NORA-A“). Danas, sa
dovoljne istorijske distance, treba istaći da su
donete odluke bile vrlo dobar kompromis „koman-
dantskih“ mera (hitno opremanje jedinica uvezen-
Towed howitzer cal. 155mm M65 – entered
service with YPA in 1965
INTERVJU - INTERVIEW
(first generation – ballistic system employing barrel of 23
calibers)
After introduction in service of Yugoslav howitzer cal.
105mm M56, it was decided to undertake production of how-
itzer 155mm M1J, by reverse-engineering the US model M1
(because pursuant to Military Assistance Agreement con-
cluded with the US in November 1951, YPA received a num-
ber of these howitzers). This work was suspended in 1960,
formally because of deficiencies on the trial lot of 4 weapons,
actually the reason was changed position of military leaders
on domestic arms
Early in 1964 it was decided to resume the work and to
build one “zero” unit. In record-breaking 16 months complete
technical documentation was revised and “fifth” howitzer
was built and tested.
By acquiring the production and introducing in service of
cal. 155mm M65 howitzer, its sighting devices and ammuni-
tion, army’s fire support system was rounded up based on two
calibers: 105mm and 155mm.
masters and over 30 doctors of science have completed their
studies at the department for military engineering.
In the period from 1950 to 1965, several important artillery
weapons of first generation were placed into service with the
YPA, including:
- General-purpose mortar cal. 120mm M52 which,
owing to its recoil compensating mechanism, can be fired on
every type of terrain, therefore it represents unique design solu-
tion of topical interest even today because of its suitability for
mounting on combat vehicles;
- Towed howitzer cal. 105mm M56, one of most suc-
cessful designs in the world; apart from serving with YPA, it is
operated by 7 foreign armies. Its main properties are high reli-
ability in service and excellent precision of fire at all ranges (11.6
km using US round M1 and 13.5 km using special propelling
charge);
- Towed howitzer cal. 155mm M65, reverse-engineered
US howitzer 155mm M1 (resp.M114); it may be noted that M1
howitzer was main fire support weapon of the US Army at the
time; it had entered service with over 50 countries around the
world;
15
 Familija minobacača 120mm M74 i M75
Polazeći od iskazanog trenda razvoja sredstava za
INTERVJU - INTERVIEW
neposrednu vatrenu podršku i potreba domaćih i stranih koris-
nika u VTI je početkom 70-tih godina prošlog veka započet
razvoj lakih minobacača 120 mm. U toku razvoja je odlučeno
da se realizuju dva modela, prvi M74 optimiziran po kriter-
ijumu minimalne mase namenjen teritorijalnim i desantnim
jedinicama za izvršenje kratkih vatrenih udara, a drugi M75
optimiziran po kriterijumu izvršenja zadataka pune artiljer-
ijske pripreme namenjen pešadijskim bataljonima. Zajedničko
za oba modela je isto balističko rešenje (najveći domet oko
6400m) i visok stepen unifikacije podsklopova i delova. Za
idejno i konstrukciono rešenje familije lakih minobacača
(tada) ppukovnik Anastas Paligorić dobio je nagradu „22
decembar“.
im sredstvima) i „programiranih“ potreba (domaći razvoj i
sopstvena proizvodnja oruđa, municije i prateće računarske
i optoelektronske opreme). Realizacija programa u segmentu
razvoja bila je poverena Vojnotehničkom institutu kopnene
vojske, koji je imao tehnički kompetentan kadar (formiran
od inženjera srednje generacije i većeg broja odabranih tal-
entovanih inženjera mlade generacije) i stabilne izvore finan-
siranja programa razvoja (najveća ugalanja u naučno-istraži-
vački rad u oblasti odbrambene tehnike u drugoj Jugoslaviji
bila su krajem sedamdesetih godina prošlog veka – oko 20.000
dolara po jednom istraživaču godišnje).
U okviru projekta razvoja novog sistema
osnovnog oruđa vatrene podrške
NORA bilo je planirano da se,
pored bazne verzije
vučenog oruđa
NORA-A, razviju još dva
modela oruđa kalibra 152 mm sa
odgovarajućom municijom i to:
Samopokretni top 152 mm NORA-C (cev
dužine 45 kalibara); razvoj započet 1985. godine, a
prekinut 1991. godine,
Samohodni top 152 mm NORA-B (cev dužine 45
kalibara); razvoj započet 1987. godine, a prekinut
1991. godine.
Razvoju navedenih modela oruđa prethodila je real-
izacija projekta konverzije ruskog vučenog topa
130mm u konvertovani top
155mm M46/84, za
potrebe izvoza.
Razvoj konver-
Vučena haubica 122mm D-30J
U postupku pripreme serijske proizvodnje (1975/6. godine)
VTI je izvršio modifikacije osnovnog ruskog modela D-30 u
model D-30J (u cilju olakšanja rada posluge pri prevođenju
oruđa iz marševskog u borbeni položaj i smanjenja dejstva
nadpritiska udarnog talasa barutnih gasova na poslužioce)
i razvio novi razorni projektil 122 mm M76 dometa 17,6 km
(domet ruskog projektila OF482 bio je 15,3 km).
Kasnije, u prvoj polovini 80-tih godina, u okviru projekta
KOL -7, izvršen je kompletan transfer tehnologije Iraku, pro-
jektovanjem kompletne infrastrukture i osvajanjem proizvod-
nje modela oruđa D-30J i pripadajućih nišanskih sprava, za
godišnji kapacitet 200 komada oruđa.
16
Family of mortars cal. 120mm M74 and M75
With consideration of trends in development of direct fire
support systems and the needs of domestic and foreign users,
in early 1970-ies MTI commenced development of light mor-
tars cal. 120mm. During the development, it was decided to
finalize two types: M74, optimized for minimum mass and
intended for territorial and airborne units and designed for
short fire strikes; and M75, optimized for the criteria of car-
rying out full artillery preparation, intended for infantry bat-
talions. Common to both models was the same ballistic solu-
tion (maximum range of about 6400m) and high level of stan-
dardization of sub-assemblies and components. For design
concept and construction of light mortars, (then) Lt.Col.
Anastas Paligorić was awarded the prize “22nd December”.
-Towed multiple rocket launcher cal 128mm M63 „Plamen“
with 32 tubes and range of 8.6 km; by introduction into service
of this launcher, our army was among the very few who had
indigenously developed and manufactured multiple rocket
launchers.
Modernization program for YPA artillery, adopted in 1975,
envisaged radical changes in organization and outfitting of units
with new weapons. The program called for reduction of the
number of calibers used in fire support system to three cal-
ibers only (caliber 122mm replaces cal. 105mm in units up to
division level, cal. 130mm and 152mm replace cal. 155mm in
armament of higher level units) and to introduce in mecha-
nized units the self-propelled howitzers cal. 122mm and 152mm
and self-propelled multiple rocket launchers 128mm of
increased range. In implementation of that modernization pro-
gram, by 1984 there were entered in service with YPA several
conventional and rocket systems of second generation, pos-
sessing combat characteristics among the best in the world.
Within implementation of artillery modern-
ization program, licence was purchased in
USSR, under very favorable terms, for pro-
duction of towed howitzer cal. 122m D-30
and its ammunition, while a number of
self-propelled howitzers cal. 122mm 2S1
(Gvozdljika) were procured to equip
mechanized units. In addition, a lim-
ited num-
ber of towed
guns cal. 152mm D-20 were purchased from
Towed howitzer cal. 122mm D-30J
In the process of preparation for series production (in
1975/6), VTI carried out modifications of the basic Russian
model D-30 into model D-30J (aimed at facilitating opera-
tions of the crew during transition from traveling to firing posi-
tion and reducing the effects of powder gases’ overpressure
upon the crew), as well as by developing new HE projectile
122 mm M76 with the range of 17.6 km (compared to maxi-
mum range of 15.3 km of Russian round type OF482).
Later, during early 1980-ies, complete technology transfer
of D-30J howitzer with associated sighting devices was made
to Iraq (Project KOL-7), including design of entire infra-
stucture and introduction in production, rated for annual
capacity of 200 units.
 Vučena top-haubica 152mm M84 (NORA-A)
(Druga generacija – balistički sistem cevi dužine 39
kalibara
Razvoj je započet 1976. a posle uspešno završene i u TOC-
u ispitane probne partije oruđe je uvedeno u naoružanje 1984.
godine. Koncept rešenja oruđa je zasnovan na radikalnoj
modernizaciji ruske haubice 152mm D-20 (povećanje dometa
sa 17 km na 24 km sa standardnim projektilom, odnosno na
preko 28 km sa projektilom sa generatorom gasa, prevođen-
je oruđa iz klase top u klasu top-haubica), sa ciljem da se uz
maksimalno korišćenje sklopova oruđa prve generacije uz
minimalno povećanje mase realizuje avangardno rešenje
oruđa druge generacije, jednako po performansama svetskim
ekvivalentima. Za uspešno rešenje oruđa NORA-A pukovnik
Anastas Paligorić, rukovodilac projekta dobio je 1984. godine
nagradu „22 decembar“.
Kao član radne grupe za program modernizacije naše artil-
jerije rukovodilac projekta NORA predlagao je da kalibar
novog oruđa bude 155 mm zbog: logističke kompatibilnosti sa
oruđem 155 mm M65, većeg izvoznog potencijala oruđa čiji
kalibar odgovara NATO standardu, a i zbog potrebe da sis-
tem vatrene podrške može da bude potencijalno podržan od
strane zemalja NATO i SSSR-a (po jedan istočni i zapadni
kalibar); ipak, usvojen je kalibar 152 mm, u skladu sa voj-
nopolitičkom orijentacijom i opredeljenjem JNA i državnih
organa SFRJ u to vreme.
tovanog topa realizovan je u poslovno-tehničkoj saradnji SDPR
sa internacionalnom kompanijom SRC, čiji je vlasnik i glavni
projektant bio dr Geri Bul (poznati naučnik i vizionar, pro-
jektant artiljerijskog sistema HARP kojim je u orbitu oko
zemlje lansiran satelit).
Program NORA nastavljen je razvojem samopokretnog topa
152 mm NORA-C, čije je balističko rešenje bilo bazirano na
rešenju konvertovanog topa 155 mm M46/84.
Razvoj poslednjeg oruđa u programu NORA, samohodnog
topa 152 mm NORA-B bio je iniciran taktičkom potrebom
da se u formacije mehanizovanih jedinica uvedu samohod-
na artiljerijska oruđa povećane pokretljivosti, koja automa-
tizacijom funkcija opsluživanja treba da obezbede kraće
vreme reagovanja sistema i povećanu verovatnoću preživlja-
vanja na vatrenom položaju.
Razmatrane su tri varijante rešenja: samohodni top sa
kupolom ugrađenom na šasiju tenka M84; samohodni top
Vučeni konvertovani top 155mm M46/84
(Treća generacija – balistički sistem cevi dužine 45
kalibara)
Program razvoja imao je sledeće faze: (a) - konverzija
ruskog topa 130 mm M46 ugradnjom cevi 155 mm dužine 45
kalibara sa barutnom komorom zapremine 23 dm3; (b) –
osvajanje novih barutnih punjenja M11 i M2 za novopro-
jektovanu produženu mesinganu čauru i projektil 155 mm
tipa ERFB-BB; (v) – osvajanje proizvodnje generatora gasa
po licencnoj dokumentaciji dobijenoj po ugovoru sa firmom
SRC; (g) – ispitivanje konvertovanog topa 155mm i projek-
tila ERFB-BB (sa jedinicom BB strane i domaće proizvod-
nje). U postupku ispitivanja 1983/84. godine bilo je ispaljeno
oko 800 metaka.
Glavne borbene prednosti konvertovanog topa M46/84 u
odnosu na top M46 su : (a) – povećanje dometa za oko 45%
(sa 27km na 39km); (b) – povećana efikasnost parčadnog
dejstva projektila na cilju za čak 3 puta!
Towed gun-howitzer cal. 152mm M84
(NORA-A)
INTERVJU - INTERVIEW
(second generation – ballistic system using barrel of 39 cal-
ibers
Development commenced in 1976 and the weapon was
accepted into service in 1984 after completed testing of trial
lot by Technical Test Center. Design concept is based on rad-
ically modified Russian howitzer D-20 cal. 152mm (maxi-
mum range extended from 17 km to 24 km with standard pro-
jectile, or over 28 km using base bleed shell; conversion from
gun to gun-howitzer class). The object was to create an
advanced second-generation weapon of performances equal-
ing the best in the world, while retaining maximum number
of assemblies from the fist generation weapon and with only
slight increment of unit’s mass. For successful realization of
NORA-A system, project leader Colonel Anastas Paligorić,
was awarded annual prize “22nd December” in 1984.
As a member of the working group for modernization of our
artillery, project leader of NORA project proposed adopting
of caliber 155mm for the new weapon, with consideration of
logistical compatibility with existing cal. 155mm M65 how-
itzers, higher export potential for weapon using NATO stan-
dard caliber and considering the need that fire support sys-
tem could be potentially supported both by NATO and USSR
(one Western and one Eastern caliber); nevertheless deci-
sion was reached to adopt caliber 152mm, in line with mili-
tary-political orientation and the position of YPA and state
authorities at the time.
the USSR with their engineering documentation so that, based
on advanced design of the D-20 gun, development of towed
gun-howitzer cal. 152mm M84 (code named NORA-A) was
initiated.
Today, with sufficient time distance, it is possible to con-
clude that decisions taken then represented a sound compro-
mise between “command” measures (rapid equipping of units
with imported arms) and “programmed” needs (domestic devel-
opment and indigenous manufacture of weapons, ammuni-
tion and associated computerized and optoelectronic equip-
ment). Program implementation in the segment of develop-
ment was entrusted to MTI of land forces which employed
technically competent cadre (consisting of medium generation
engineers and a number of selected talented young engineers),
Converted towed gun cal. 155mm M46/84
(Third generation – ballistic system employing barrel of 45
calibers)
Subject of the project and business-technical cooperation
consisted of the following phases: (a) conversion of Russian
cal. 130mm gun M46 by retrofit of cal. 155mm barrel, 45 cal-
ibers long, and powder chamber of 23 dm3; (b) acquisition of
new propellant charges M11 and M2 for newly designed
extended length brass cartridge case and new 155mm pro-
jectile of ERFB-BB type; (v) acquisition and production of
base bleed device against licence documentation contracted
with SRC Company; (g) testing of converted gun cal. 155mm
and ERFB-BB projectile (fitted with BB units of domestic and
foreign manufacture). During the testing in 1983/84 about 800
rounds were fired.
Main advantages in combat of converted gun M46/84 com-
pared to original M46 are: (a) – increased range by about
45% (from 27 km to 39 km); (b) fragmentation effect on tar-
get increased as much as 3 times!
17
 Samopokretni top 152mm NORA-C
Na prototip oruđa bio je ugrađen sklop cevi konvertovanog
INTERVJU - INTERVIEW
topa M46/84 u kalibru 152mm (dužina cevi 46 kalibara).
Projektovan je novi gornji lafet i poluautomatski potiskivač
projektila. Na donji lafet oruđa bila je ugrađena pogonska
grupa (sa dizel motorom snage 76 kW, proizvodnje IMR
Beograd), radi opsluživanja automatizovanih funkcija oruđa
(prevođenje iz marševskog u borbeni položaj i sopstvenog
kretanja po vatrenom položaju. Prenos snage pri samostal-
nom kretanju se vršio preko hidromotora velike snage
ugrađenih u točkove vozila. Brzina kretanja sa samostalnim
pogonom bila je do 14 km/sat.
sa kupolom ugrađenom na šasiju novog terenskog automo-
bila formule 8x8 (sa bočnim prenosom transmisije) i samo-
hodni top sa «otvorenom» ugradnjom (bez kupole) naoružan-
ja na platformu točkaškog vozila FAP 2832 formule 8x8.
Usvojena je varijanta otvorene ugradnje naoružanja, najpo-
voljnija sa stanovišta cena-efikasnost. Izvršenom analizom
bilo je utvrđeno da je cena samohodnog topa sa otvorenom
ugradnjom naoružanja na platformu vozila 8x8 samo za oko
20 do 30% veća od cene vučenog topa i formacijskog vozila
za vuču oruđa. Varijanta samohodnog topa sa kupolom
ugrađenom na šasiju novoprojektovanog vozila 8x8 bila je
skuplja za oko 2,2 puta, a varijanta samohodnog topa sa
kupolom ugrađenom na šasiju tenka M84 bila je za oko 4
puta skuplja od usvojene varijante rešenja.
Taktičkom analizom upotrebe artiljerijskih sistema
pokazano je da se klasični i raketni sistemi vatrene podrške
skladno dopunjavaju, sa specifičnostima u tretiranju odgo-
varajućih ciljeva i izvršavanju tipičnih borbenih zadataka.
18
Mobile gun cal. 152mm NORA-C
A prototype of the gun was fitted with barrel assembly from the
converted gun M46/84 in caliber 152mm (length of barrel 46 cal-
ibers). New upper carriage and semi-automatic projectile thruster
were designed. Lower carriage was outfitted with power plant
(diesel engine developing 76 kW, made by IMR Beograd) to pow-
er automated functions of the gun (transition from traveling to fir-
ing position and limited autonomous movement within fire posi-
tion). Power transmission during autonomous movement achieved
through hydraulic motors of high power, mounted in undercar-
riage wheel hubs. Travel velocity with autonomous propulsion
was measured up to 14 km/h.
had stable resources for financing of development programs
(highest investing in defence-related research and develop-
ment in the second Yugoslavia was during late 1970-ies – about
$ 20,000 per one research worker a year).
Within development project of the base fire support weapon
NORA, the plan was to develop, in addition to basic version of
towed NORA-A, two additional versions in cal. 152mm with
appropriate ammunition, namely:
Locally mobile gun cal. 152mm NORA-C (with barrel of 45
calibers); development started in 1985, terminated in 1991,
Self-propelled gun cal. 152mm NORA-B (with barrel of 45
calibers); development started in 1987, terminated in 1991.
Development of above mentioned artillery weapons was pre-
ceded by realization of conversion of the Russian towed gun
cal. 130mm into converted gun cal. 155mm M46/84 intended
for export. Development of the converted gun has been real-
ized as business-technical cooperation between SDPR and
international company SRC, headed by its owner and chief
designer Mr. Gerald Bull (well-known scientist and visionary,
 Samohodna top-haubica 152mm NORA-B
Idejno rešenje oruđa NORA-B bilo je inicirano taktičkim
zahtevom da se smanji dužina na maršu tandema vučeno
oruđe – formacijsko vozilo, što je bila jedna od mana oruđa
NORA-C.
Koncepcija rešenja - otvorena ugradnja (bez kupole)
naoružanja na platformu točkaškog vozila FAP 2832 formule
8x8. Koncept „top natovaren na vozilo“ (Truck-Mounted
Gun), po prvi put u Evropi i svetu lansirali su (1987. godine)
projektanti beogradske škole razvoja artiljerijskih oruđa
(nekoliko godina kasnije pojavilo se francusko oruđe
CAEZAR, zatim izraelsko ATMOS i druga, po istom kon-
ceptu).
Konstrukcija rešenja - maksimalna unifikacija sklopa
osnovnog naoružanja sa oruđem NORA-C (sklop cevi 152
mm dužine 45 kalibara, protivtrzajući uređaj, gornji lafet i
poluautomatski punjač), sa mogućnošću da se konvertuje u
kalibar 155 mm.
Shodno tome u periodu od 1970 do 1987. godine u naoružan-
je JNA i za potrebe izvoza realizovana su dva respektabilna
sistema samohodnih višecevnih lansera raketa.
Vreme sadašnje - „Jugoimport-SDPR“, lider
razvoja i proizvodnje artiljerijskih oruđa
Imajući u vidu iskazan interes potencijalnog kupca u drugoj polovi-
ni 2002. godine »Jugoimport-SDPR« doneo odluku da se pristupi
Samohodni višecevni lanser raketa 128mm
M77 „Oganj“
Višecevi lanser raketa 128mm razvijen je sa ciljem da se
borbeni sistem vatrene podrške popuni sredstvom pogodnim
za brzo i snažno dejstvo divizijske artiljerije na površinske
ciljeve taktičkog značaja. Lanser ima kontejner sa 32 cevi, a
punjač sa kontejnerom koji nosi isti broj cevi i raketa omoguća-
va da se u vrlo kratkom vremenskom intervalu posle prvog
ispali i drugi rafal raketa na maksimalni domet od 20km.
Podsistem naoružanja je ugrađen na terensko vozilo FAP
2026, formule 6x6.
Sistem „Oganj“ uveden je u naoružanje JNA 1977. godine,
a po visokom nivou automatizovanih funkcija opsluživanja
na nivou je najuspešnijih svetskih rešenja. Za uspešan razvoj
sistema „Oganj“ tada pukovnik (kasnije general-major)
Obrad Vučurović dobio je nagradu „22 decembar“.
Samohodni višecevni lanser raketa 262mm
„Orkan“
Razvoj višecevnog lansera raketa 262mm „Orkan“ započet
je 1980. godine, u okviru poslovno-tehničke saradnje SDPR
sa Irakom (projekat KOL-15). Ovaj vrlo ambiciozan pro-
jekat potpuno automatizovanog raketnog sistema velikog
dometa (50km) sa 12 lansirnih cevi, sa velikim manevarskim
sposobnostima svrstava ga u red najmoćnijih svetskih tak-
tičkih rakertnih sistema zemlja-zemlja. Primenjen pogon,
dostignuta preciznost rakete, efikasnost kasernih bojnih gla-
va i korišćenje televizijskog korektora koji obezbeđuje tačnost
dejstva svrstavaju ga u najuspešnija rešenja sistema
nevođenih raketa.
Idejni tvorac rešenja sistema „Orkan“ i rukovodilac zajed-
ničkog jugoslovensko-iračkog tima bio je general-major Obrad
Vučurović, a u projektu su učestvovali brojni istraživači i
projektanti iz jugoslovenskih preduzeća i instituta.
Self-propelled gun-howitzer cal. 152mm
NORA-B
INTERVJU - INTERVIEW
Preliminary design of the weapon NORA-B was initiated
by tactical requirement to reduce physical length in travel-
ing position of the tractor-towed gun combination, which
was a drawback of NORA-C system.
Conceptual solution – open, turretless mounting on chas-
sis of wheeled truck 8x8 FAP 2832. The concept of truck-
mounted gun was launched for the first time in Europe and
in the world (in year 1987) by designers of the Belgrade
school of development of artillery weapons (several years lat-
er French system CAESAR appeared, followed by Israeli
ATMOS and others, all based on the same concept).
Design solution: maximum standardization of base weapon
assemblies with those of NORA-C (barrel assembly cal.
152mm, length 45 calibers, recoil damper, upper carriage
and semi-automatic loader), with capability of converting to
cal. 155mm.
designer of HARP artillery system designed to launch satellite
in earth orbit).
Program NORA continued with the development of limited
mobility gun cal. 152mm NORA-C ballistics of which being
based on the solution of converted gun cal. 155 mm M46/84.
Self-propelled multiple rocket launcher cal.
128mm M77 „Oganj“
128 mm Multiple Rocket Launcher has been developed in
order to enforce the fire support combat system with a weapon
suitable for rapid and powerful division artillery action against
area targets of tactical value. The launcher has a 32-barrel
container, and the loader with the container carrying the same
number of barrels makes it possible to fire the seocond salvo
in a very short time after the first one, at the maximum range
of 20 km. The weapon subsystem is mounted on 6x6 FAP 2026
cross-country vehicle.
Oganj system was introduced in the Yugoslav People's Army
(YPA) in 1977. With high level of service automation, it
belongs to the most successful international solutions. For the
masterly development of Oganj the then colonel (later major
general) Obrad Vucurovic was awarded the «22 December»
prize.
Self-propelled multiple rocket launcher cal.
262mm „Orkan“
The development of 262 mm multiple rocket launcher Orkan
started in 1980 within the frame of the commercial-technical
cooperation between SDPR and Iraq (Project: KOL-15). This
very ambitious project dealing with fully automated long-
range (50 km) 12-barrel rocket launcher, featuring high
maneuveribility, ranks this system among the most powerful
surface-to-surface tactical rocket systems in the world. Owing
to its propulsion, rocket accuracy, efficient cargo warheads
and TV correction providing for accurate terminal efficien-
cy, this unguided rocket system stands high among other sim-
ilar solutions.
The designer of the “Orkan” system and the leader of the
joint Yugoslav-Iraqi team was Major General Obrad
Vučurević and a number of research workers and designers
from Yugoslav companies and institutes participated in the
project.
19
 Samohodna top-haubica 155mm NORA-B52-
verzija K0
(Četvrta generacija – balistički sistem cevi
dužine 52 kalibara)
U toku razvoja oruđa verzije K0 izvršene su bitne kon-
cepcijske i konstrukcijske izmene u cilju otklanjanja nedostata-
ka na PT oruđa verzije NORA-B52 i to:
o Umesto vozila FAP 2832 koristi se vozilo KAMAZ 63501,
formule 8x8.
o U cilju: (a) - smanjenja vibracija i ubrzanja koja se
prenose na nepokretnu i pokretnu platformu vozila, odnosno
na poslužioce oruđa koji stoje na tim platformama; (b) – sman-
jenja vremena prevođenja oruđa iz marševskog u borbeni
položaj i obrnuto; (c) – smanjenja broja poslužioca, fizičkog
naprezanja i bezbednog rada poslužilaca pri prevođenju
oruđa iz marševskog u borbeni položaj, posle izvršenih raču-
narskih provera i dopunskih ispitivanja gađanjem odlučeno
je:
- da se promeni sistem oslanjanja vozila pri gađanju;
umesto krutog oslanjanja na stope i krakove usvojeno je polue-
lastično oslanjanje na dva kraka i dve stope (sa ugrađenim
teleskopskim cilindrima sa gasnom fazom) i točkove vozila.
o Da bi se: (a) - izbeglo stajanje poslužilaca oruđa na
pokretnoj i nepokretnoj platformi oruđa, a time i prenošenje
na njih vibracija i ubrzanja pri gađanju; (b) - izbegla
mogućnost nebezbednog rukovanja municijom pri stavljan-
ju projektila na kašiku poluautomatskog punjača i ručnog
stavljanja barutnog punjenja u ležište metka u cevi; (c) –
povećala brzina gađanja, a posebno obezbedilo brzo izvršen-
je kratkog vatrenog udara sa najmanje 6 do najviše 12 meta-
ka, odlučeno je:
- da se umesto poluautomatskog razvije i ugradi
automatski punjač projektila i barutnih punjenja (sa dve
kasete u kojima su po 12 projektila i barutnih punjenja).
o Bitno je izmenjena arhitektura ugradnje naoružanja, tako
što se nepokretni prsten ležaja ugrađuje u dopunski ram vozi-
la, a pokretni prsten vezuje za pokretnu platformu. Na pokret-
nu platformu je ugrađeno zvono donjeg lafeta (čija unutrašn-
jost služi za smeštaj opreme hidro i električne instalacije
oruđa), na čiju se gornju ploču vezuje gornji lafet oruđa.
o Na pokretnu platformu, ispred desne kasete punjača,
ugrađena je kabina za komandira oruđa, sa sedištem i
nosačem displeja komandira. Ispred leve kasete punjača
ugrađena je kabina za nišandžiju, sa sedištem i nosačem dis-
pleja nišandžije i ručica za elektrohidraulično pokretanje cevi
topa po visini i pravcu; ostali članovi posade prevoze se u
kabini vozača (vozač i dva operatora).
o Na nepokretnu platformu ugrađeni su kontejneri za smeš-
taj preostalog dela borbenog kompleta (BK) i to: kontejner za
smeštaj preostalog dela projektila i barutnih punjenja iz BK
(po 24 komada).
o Novi sistem oslanjanja oruđa pri gađanju, uz konstruk-
cione izmene na pokretnoj i nepokretnoj platformi vozila i
zvonu donjeg lafeta, omogućio je: (a) - da se u osnovnom sek-
toru dejstva (suprotno smeru kretanja vozila) poveća polje
dejstava po visini od - 3° do + 65°, uz zadržavanje polja
dejstva po pravcu levo do + 30° i desno do + 30°; (b) – da
se uvede i pomoćni sektor dejstva (u smeru kretanja vozila,
gađanjem preko kabine vozača) i to polje dejstva po visini od
+ 20° do + 65°, a po pravcu levo do + 25° i desno do + 25°.
o Uvođenje automatskog punjača zahtevalo je da se umesto
ručnog uvede poluautomatsko otvaranje zatvarača i da se
ugradi sistem za automatsko punjenje i opaljivanje kapisli.
Self-propelled gun-howitzer cal. 155mm
NORA-B52-version K0
(fourth generation – ballistic system with
INTERVJU - INTERVIEW
barrel of 52 calibers)
In the course of development of K0 version essential con-
ceptual and design changes have been introduced, to elimi-
nate shortcomings noted on prototype of the NORA-B52 ver-
sion, namely:
o Truck FAP 2832 was replaced with truck KAMAZ
63501, 8x8 wheel drive.
o Objective: (a) – to reduce vibration and accelera-
tion transmitted to fixed and movable platforms of the vehi-
cle, i.e. on crew members standing on these platforms; (b) -
to reduce weapon’s time of transition from traveling to firing
position, and vice versa; (c) – to reduce number of operators,
their physical strain and to enhance safety of operators engaged
in transition from traveling to firing position. After carrying
out computer calculations and performing additional firing
tests, it was decided:
- to change the weapon support system during firing: instead
of rigid support by outriggers and trails, semi-elastic support
was adopted consisting of two trails and two outriggers (with
telescopic gas operated cylinders) and wheels of the truck.
o Objective: (a) – to avoid standing of crew members
on fixed and movable platforms; (b) - to avoid safety haz-
ards in handling of ammunition while projectile is placed on
receiver of semi-automatic loader and during manual plac-
ing of propelling charge in ammunition chamber; (c) – to
increase the rate of fire and, in particular, to ensure rapid fir-
ing strikes of minimum 6 and maximum 12 rounds; it was
decided:
- instead of semi-automatic loader, to develop and install
automatic loader of projectiles and propelling charges (con-
sisting of two cassettes, each containing 12 projectiles and 12
charges).
o Architecture of weapon mount was significantly changed,
so that fixed ring of the bearing is now attached to vehicle
sub-frame and rotating ring is attached to movable platform.
Mounted on movable platform is lower carriage cup (that
accommodates hydraulic and electrical installations for the
weapon), upper plate of which is attached to weapon’s upper
carriage.
o Attached to movable platform, in front of loader right-
hand cassette, is gun commander’s cab, provided with a seat
and commander’s display console. In front of loader left-hand
cassette is gunner’s cab with a seat, gunner’s display console
and handle for electro-hydraulic laying of gun barrel in ele-
vation and azimuth. Other crew members are transported in
driver’s cab which accommodates the driver and two opera-
tors.
o Mounted on fixed platform are containers storing balance
quantity of the combat set, namely 24 projectiles and 24 pro-
pelling charges.
o New system of weapon support during firing, now enables:
(a) - in main sector of action (opposite from the direction of
vehicle movement) an increment in elevation of the field of
action from –3o to +65o while retaining the same field of action
in azimuth of +30o to the left and +30o to the right; (b) –
introduction of secondary field of action (in the direction of
vehicle movement, firing over driver’s cab) of +20o to +65o
in elevation, and in azimuth of +25o to the left and +25o to
the right.
o Introduction of automatic gun loader necessitated
21
 o Određivanje stajne tačke oruđa vrši se pomoću GPS ure-
đaja ugrađenog u GD (Gun displey), a komunikacija sa
INTERVJU - INTERVIEW
komandnim mestom se održava pomoću radio modema
ugrađenog u GD. Antene radio modema i GPS-a ugrađene
su spolja na kabinu komandira.
o Usmeravanje oruđa vrši se goniometrom sa optičkom
spravom G-RS (ovaj uređaj je sastavni deo SUV), a određen
osnovni pravac oruđa se materijalizuje kolimatorom.
finansiranju razvoja samohodnog oruđa 155 mm NORA-B52 četvrte
generacije (balistički sistem cevi dužine 52 kalibara), čiji domet tre-
ba da bude veći od 41 km (korišćenjem municije koju čine projek-
til tipa ERFB-BB i barutno punjenje zona 10).
U prvoj fazi razvoja doveden je u radno stanje FM samohodnog
oruđa 152 mm NORA-B i kompletiran sistemom za upravljanje
vatrom.
U drugoj fazi razvoja izvršeno je prevođenje FM oruđa 152 mm
NORA-B u FM samohodnog oruđa 155 mm NORA-B52 (izradom
i ugradnjom cevi 155 mm dužine 52 kalibara i izvršenjem drugih
neophodnih dorada i unapređenja FM). Posle internog ispitivanja
FM oruđa NORA-B52 pristupilo se razvoju i ispitivanju prototipa
samohodnog oruđa 155 mm NORA-B52-verzija K0, baterijskog
sistema za upravljanje i komandovanje vatrom, kao i municije sa
razornim projektilima 155 mm tipa ERFB-BT i ERFB-BB i
monoblok sagorljivim barutnim punjenjem zona 10.
„Jugoimport-SDPR“ je u periodu posle 2002. godine ostvario
značajne reference u oblasti razvoja, remonta i serijske proizvodnje
novih i modernizovanih artiljerijskih oruđa:
- Samohodna top-haubica 155mm NORA-B52-K0; za poz-
natog kupca je izrađeno i isporučeno do sada 18 komada oruđa; u
toku je završna montaža i prijem gađanjem poslednjeg lota od 6
komada oruđa.
- Metak sa projektilom 155mm tipa ERFB-BB i monoblok
sagorljivim barutnim punjenjem zona 10; za poznatog kupca je
izrađeno i isporučeno do sada 3000 komada metaka.
- Baterijski sistem za upravljanje i komandovanje vatrom
namenjen za sistem NORA-B52; u sastavu sistema je oprema
(optoelektonski laserski osmatrački senzori, računari, pokazivači ele-
menata gađanja na oruđima, uređaji za usmeravanje oruđa, komu-
nikaciona oprema) za dva osmatračka mesta, jedno komandno mesto
baterije i za 6 oruđa baterije; za poznatog kupca je izrađeno i
isporučeno do sada četiri baterijska kompleta.
22
incorporation of semi-automatic breech opening, instead of
manual, and fitting of a system for automatic loading and fir-
ing of gun primers.
o Weapon position is determined by means of GPS
device built in gun display (GD) while communication with
command post is made possible by modem incorporated in
GD. Radio modem and GPS antennas are externally mount-
ed on driver’s cab.
o Weapon laying is by means of direction finder with
optical device G-RS (this device is an integral part of FCS);
weapon main course is materialized with collimator.
Development of the last version in NORA project, self-pro-
pelled gun cal. 152mm NORA-B was initiated by tactical require-
ment to introduce self-propelled artillery weapons of enhanced
mobility in mechanized formations, which, owing to adopted
automated procedures, would ensure shorter response time of
the system and improve survivability at fire position.
Three options of the system were in consideration: self-pro-
pelled gun with turret, mounted on chassis of M84 tank;
self-propelled gun with turret, mounted on newly developed
8x8 wheeled vehicle (with transmission train mounted at vehi-
cle sides) and self-propelled, open mounted gun (without
weapon turret), mounted on 8x8 truck FAP 2832. The version
finally adopted was open mounted weapon which was most
acceptable from the aspect of cost effectiveness. Conducted
analysis indicated that the cost of open-mounted gun fitted on
chassis of 8x8 truck is only 20-30% higher than the cost of towed
gun and its towing tractor. The variant of turreted gun mount-
ed on specially designed wheeled carrier 8 x 8 would be about
2,2 times the cost of first version, while turreted gun mounted
on M84 tank chassis would cost about 4 times the price of adopt-
ed version.
Present time - „Jugoimport-SDPR“, leader
in development and production of artillery
weapons
With consideration of the interest expressed by potential buy-
er in the second half of 2002, “Jugoimport-SDPR” decided to
undertake financing of development of self-propelled gun cal.
155mm NORA-B52 of the fourth generation (ballistic system
using barrel of 52 calibers) that would have maximum range in
excess of 41 km (utilizing projectiles type ERFB-BB and zone
10 propellant). First phase consisted of bring-
ing in serviceable condition functional model
(FM) of self-propelled weapon cal. 152mm
NORA-B and completing it with fire control sys-
tem. In second phase, FM of the weapon cal.
152mm NORA-B was converted to FM of self-
propelled weapon 155 mm NORA-B52 (by fab-
rication and mounting of cal. 155mm barrel 52
calibers long and by performing necessary
reworking and modifications of FM ). After inter-
nal testing of NORA-B52 FM, “Jugoimport-
SDPR” went ahead with development and test-
ing of the cal. 155mm prototype of self-propelled
weapon NORA B52 version K0, of battery fire
control and command system, of cal. 155mm
ammunition with HE shells type ERFB-BT and
ERFB-BB and of monoblock combustible pro-
pelling charge zone 10.
In the period following year 2002 “Jugoimport-
SDPR” had secured other references in
 Ispitivanje samohodne top-haubice 155mm
NORA-B52, 8. decembar 2005. godine
Mesto vatrenog položaja – Poligon Crni Rt iznad Sutomora
Projektil mase 48 kg, ispaljen iz osam metara dugačke cevi
samohodne top-haubice 155 mm NORA-B52, krenuo je „nebu
pod oblake“- na svoj put za istoriju. Prisutni ovom događa-
ju zadivljeno pogledom u nebo prate svetleći trag generato-
ra gasa ugrađenog u dno projektila. Dole, visoki talasi mora
Jadranskog zapljuskuju hridine stenovite uvale, jak i hladan
vetar praćen olujnom kišom čupa i diže u vazduh krila šato-
ra komandnog mesta na Crnom Rtu, a majstori Goran, Paja,
Žika i Rale iz VTI i Kompanije LOLA, mokri i blatnjavi,
prkosno stoje iza oruđa, i - brišu znoj sa čela! Sa zebnjom
čekamo izveštaj sa osmatračnice koja je u brdima iznad
Platamuna. Vreme leta projektila, duže od 120 sekundi, sporo
protiče. Najzad, javljaju – domet je veći od 43 km.
Svi su značajno radosni i čestitaju jedan drugom. Niko od
prisutnih, a to je ta životna nepravda, nije se tog trenutka
setio da u ovom uspehu pobednika ima i znoja livaca
beogradske topolivnice u Donjem gradu. Davno, pre dva
veka neki drugi Rale i Žika odlili su kratku cev od četiri funte
za top „Hajduk“ i isto se tako pobednički radovali. Ipak, sve
je različito, drugo je sada vreme i drugačije su tehnologije,
samo je vonj znoja srpskih majstora isti!
- Modernizovana jugoslovenska haubica 105mm M56/33 (ugrad-
njom modernizacionog seta i upotrebom novoprojektovanih pro-
jektila domet povećan na čak 18,2 km); za poznate kupce je izrađeno
164 komada oruđa, do sada isporučeno 134 a preostaje isporuka još
30 komada;
- Modernizovana američka haubica 105mm M101/33; za poz-
natog kupca je izrađeno i isporučeno 36 komada;
- Metak sa optimiziranim projektilom 105mm HE-ER M02; za
poznatog kupca je izrađeno i isporučeno 5000 komada;
- Metak sa optimiziranim projektilom sa generatorom gasa 105mm
HE-ERBB M02; za poznatog kupca je izrađeno i isporučeno 5000
komada;
- Minobacač 120mm M74; ugovorena značajna količina za poz-
natog kupca, a do sada je izrađeno i isporučeno kupcu 30 komada;
- Završen je razvoj i osvojena tehnologija serijske izrade samo-
hodnog višecevnog lansera raketa sa softiciranim rešenjem uređa-
ja za pokretanje, optoelektornskih uređaja za upravljanje vatrom i
navigaciju oruđa, uključujući i automatski tragač severa.
Tendencije daljeg razvoja artiljerijskih sistema
Dalji razvoj samohodnih oruđa vatrene podrške zasigurno će ići
u pravcu povećanja dometa, skraćenja vremena reagovanja i sman-
jenja broja članova posade, smanjenja mase u cilju ostvarenja veće
pokretljivosti oruđa na terenu i višeg nivoa taktičke pokretljivosti
(vazdušni transport), uvođenja u upotrebu novih tipova municije
posebne namene sa ciljem da se oruđa podrške osposobe i za duge
namene (neutralisanje oklopljenih ciljeva na velikim daljinama,
gađanje pokretnih ciljeva), povećanje preciznosti i tačnosti sistema
municija-oruđe. Navedeni trendovi će se ostvariti većim stepenom
robotizacije i automatizacije funkcija sklopova oruđa, grafičkim prika-
zom borbene situacije na svakom oruđu, uvođenjem novih osma-
tračkih i drugih senzora u SUV, uvođenjem u upotrebu novih osma-
tračkih i drugih senzora u sistem za upravljanje vatrom, primenom
novih materijala i tehnologija za izradu vitalnih delova oruđa.
Konkretno, navodimo nekoliko atraktivnih projekata iz plana razvo-
ja „Jugoimport-SDPR” u segmentu artiljerijskih sistema:
Testing of self-propelled gun-howitzer cal.
155mm NORA-B52, 8th of December 2005
INTERVJU - INTERVIEW
Venue of fire position – Crni Rt range above Sutomore
Projectile weighing 48 kg, fired from 8 meters long barrel
of self-propelled gun-howitzer NORA-B52, caliber 155, head-
ed for the sky on its historical journey. Witnesses of the event
watch with admiration bright trail in the sky of base bleed
device fitted to shell base. Way down, tall waves of the
Adriatic crash against rocky coast cove, strong, cold wind
bears heavy rain, detaches and lifts in the air tent fly of Crni
Vrh command post while specialists Goran, Paja, Žika and
Rale from MTI and LOLA Company, drenched and mud cov-
ered, defiantly stand behind the gun – wiping sweat from their
foreheads! With apprehension, we await report from obser-
vation post located in the hills above Platamun. Time of pro-
jectile flight, over 120 seconds, seems to run slow. Finally,
report announces – achieved range is over 43 km.
Everyone is elated, congratulating each other. None of those
present, as injustices of life would have it, remembered at that
moment that the achievement just witnessed contains the sweat
of casting workers from Belgrade gun foundry in Donji grad.
Long time ago, two centuries before, some other Rale and Žika
took part in similar celebration after casting short barrel of
the 4-pounder gun “Hajduk”. Although everything is differ-
ent, times and technologies are changed, only the odor of sweat
of Serbian artisans remains the same!
development, overhaul and series production of new and upgrad-
ed artillery pieces:
- Self-propelled 155 mm gun-howitzer NORA-B52-K0 – 18
weapons have been made and delivered to a customer. Final
assembly and firing tests of the last lot of 6 weapons are in
progress.
- Round with 155 mm projectile, type ERFB-BB, with
monoblock combustible cartridge case zone 10- 3000 rounds
have been made and delivered to a customer.
- Battery command and control system intended for NORA-
B52 – the system includes equipment (optoelectronic laser sur-
veillance sensors, computers, gun-based firing data visualisa-
tion, laying mechanisms, communications equipment) for two
observation posts, one battery command post and for 6 battery
weapons. Four battery kits have been made and delivered to a
customer.
- Upgraded Yugoslav-built howitzer cal. 105 mm M56/33
(with installation of modernization kit and when firing newly
designed projectiles, maximum range of the weapon is extend-
ed to 18.2 km); total of 164 such upgraded weapons have been
ordered by known customers, 134 units have been delivered so
far and 30 pieces remain to be shipped;
- Upgraded US-built howitzer cal. 105mm M101/33; 36 units
have been reworked and delivered to known customer;
- Round with optimized projectile cal. 105mm HE-ER M02;
5000 rounds were made and supplied to a customer;
- Round with optimized base bleed projectile cal. 105mm
HE-ERBB M02; 5000 rounds of this model were produced and
delivered to a customer;
- Mortar cal. 120mm M74; significant number contracted
with one customer, 30 units produced and delivered so far;
- Completed development and finalized technology for series
production of self-propelled multiple rocket launcher that incor-
porates sophisticated laying equipment, optoelectronic fire con-
trol and weapon navigation system that includes automatic seek-
23
er of the North.
 Razvoj prototipa oruđa NORA-B52-verzija K1 na kome će se
povećati nivo automatizacije oruđa i koje će moći da koristi novu
INTERVJU - INTERVIEW
municiju većeg dometa i municiju posebne namene. Prva i neposred-
na faza modernizacije je da se primenom koncepta «automatske
nišanske linije» (oprema za usmeravanje i navigaciju oruđa na bazi
GPS i / ili INS tehnologije, oprema za automatsko praćenje cilja na
bazi digitalnih senzora i procesora) skrati vreme reagovanja sistema
i poveća tačnost gađanja. Ono što je nekada bilo san vrlo brzo će biti
realnost – sve funkcije oruđa biće automatizovane, sa daljinskim
upravljanjem svih funkcija oruđa – vojnik će biti isključen iz petlje
upravljanja.
Osvajanje novih projektila za municijski komplet uvođenjem u
upotrebu kasetnog projektila dvostruke namene (dejstvo protiv oklo-
pljenih ciljeva i žive sile). Već sada iz postojeće cevi oruđa NORA-
B52-K0 može da se lansira ruski sistem rakete KRASNOPOLJ u
kalibru 155 mm, laserski navođen za završnom delu putanje.
U saradnji sa beogradskom firmom EdePro započet je razvoj
novog projektila 155 mm sa ugrađenim raketnim motorom i gen-
eratorom gasa. Projektovani domet novog domaćeg projektila oznake
155 mm RA-BB je oko 50 km iz cevi dužine 52 kalibara sa posto-
jećom zapreminom barutne komore. Novim balističkim rešenjem
sa barutnom komorom zapremine 25 litara domet se može povećati
do preko 58 km.
Razvoj i osvajanje tehnologije izrade sistema bi-modularnih pun-
jenja za municiju 155mm, namenjenih za korišćenje iz cevi dužine
39 i 52 kalibara. Do sada su uspešno izvršena ispitivanja prvih i drugih
probnih komada BMC i TMC punjenja, u sadanji sa preduzećem
MBL.
Osvajanje proizvodnje samohodnog topa 130mm po koncepciji
TMG, na šasiji vozila 8 x 8, u verzijama ručnog i automatizovanog
opsluživanja oruđa.
Razvoj samohodne top-haubice 105mm i 122mm velikog dometa
(preko 28km), na šasiji vozila 6 x 6, u verzijama ručnog i automati-
zovanog opsluživanja oruđa.
Razvoj nove generacije minobacača kalibara 81mm i 120mm,
povećanog dometa, pogodnih za ugradnju na platforme različitih
vozila (borbenih, izviđačkih i transportnih).
24
Trends in further developments of artillery
systems
Further developments in self-propelled fire support artillery
weapons will undoubtedly focus on further increase of firing
range, shorter reaction time and reduced number of operators,
on further reduction of weapon mass for higher terrain mobil-
ity and greater tactical mobility (transport by air), development
of dedicated munitions for other applications by support
weapons (neutralization of armor at long ranges, engaging of
moving targets), higher precision and accuracy of ammuni-
tion-weapon system. These trends may be achieved with
increased use of robots and automation in operation of weapon
assemblies, by graphic presentation of combat situation avail-
able on every gun, by introduction of novel surveillance and oth-
er sensors in FCS and fire commanding, by application of new
materials and technologies in production of vital components
of artillery weapons.
As a case in point, we will outline several promising projects
from “Jugoimport-SDPR” development plan, sector of artillery
systems:
Development of prototype of NORA-B52 weapon, ver-
sion K1, that would feature increased level of weapon automa-
tion and would be able to fire ammunition of extended range
and special-purpose ammunition. First, imminent, phase of
modernization is adopting of “automatic line of sight” concept
(weapon laying and navigation based on GPS and/or INS tech-
nology, automatic target tracking equipment based on digital
sensors and processors), reduction of system reaction time and
enhanced firing precision. What used to be only imagination
will become a reality in the near future – all weapon functions
will be automated and remotely
controlled and soldier will be
excluded from the control
loop.
Acquisition of
new projectiles for
the combat set,
introduction
of dual-pur-
p o s e
(anti
 Umesto zaključka – Monolog na FORUMU
Kakav, zapravo, treba da bude borbeni sistem artiljerije za podršku?
Evo mogućeg odgovora:
• neprekidno spreman za dejstvo po zahtevu korisnika vatre;
• spreman za otvaranje vatre u najkraćem mogućem vremenu;
• sposoban da istovremeno dejstvuje na vrlo veliki broj ciljeva;
• veoma visokog intenziteta vatre na veliki broj ciljeva (divizion sa
tri baterije od četiri do šest oruđa delovaće u toku jednog časa na 54
različita cilja);
• prihvatljivog odnosa cene i efikasnosti dejstva na tipične utvrđene
i neutvrđene ciljeve, odnosno niske cene i troškova izvršavanja bor-
benog zadatka;
• dometi diviziona od tri baterije mora da pokriju front širine naj-
manje 50 kilometara;
• po obavljanju jednog borbenog zadatka, odmah spreman da se
posveti izvršavanju novog;
• precizan u dejstvu na tačkaste ciljeve - slika rasturanja neće više
zavisiti od dometa;
• osposobljen da izazove različite efekte i uništi razne vrste cilje-
va.
Veliki dometi, sve širi raspon mogućih vrsta dejstva na sve tipove
ciljeva, male mase oruđa, visoka svojstva prohodnosti i pokretljivosti,
težnja ka visokom stepenu autonomije oruđa i smanjivanju brojnosti
oruđa u bateriji, stalna trka u modernizovanju postojećih i razvoju
novih sistema, ... sve je to, zapravo, rezultat opšteg napretka tehnike
i tehnologije i njihovog stavljanja u službu projektanta i korisnika.
Gde će biti kraj?
Možda će neki novi Gerald Bull klonirati vanvremenski top HARP
i dati mu drugačiju namenu!
Artiljeriji, ipak ostaju vatra i manevar!
armor and manpower defeating) cluster projectile. Already now,
it is possible to launch from the barrel of NORA-B52-K0 gun
INTERVJU - INTERVIEW
Russian rockets KRASNOPOLJ cal. 155mm that have laser
guidance in terminal stage. In cooperation with EdePRo com-
pany of Belgrade, it is planned to develop new 155mm projec-
tile with rocket motor and base bleed.
The range of new domestic projectile cal. 155mm, designat-
ed RA-BB, is projected to about 50 km, when fired from 52 cal-
iber barrel and current powder chamber volume. New ballis-
tic design with powder chamber of 25-liter volume may signif-
icantly increase the range to over 58 km.
Development and acquisition of technology to fabri-
cate bi-modular propellants for 155mm ammunition, for bar-
rels of 39 and 52 calibers. By now, first and second trial units
of BMC and TMS charges have been successfully tested in
cooperation with MBL Company.
Acquisition for production of self-propelled gun cal.
130mm employing TMG concept, mounted on 8x8 truck chas-
sis, including versions with manual and automated weapon
operation.
Development of self-propelled gun howitzers cal.
105mm and 122mm of extended range (over 28 km), mount-
ed on 6x6 truck chassis, in versions for manual and automated
weapon operation.
Development of new generation of mortars cal. 81mm
and 120mm of extended range, suitable for mounting on dif-
ferent vehicles (combat, scout and utility).
Instead of Conclusion – Monologue at
FORUM
What should artillery fire support systems be like? Here are
possible answers:
• always ready for action upon request from fire users;
• ready to open fire in shortest possible time;
• able to simultaneously engage large number of targets;
• capable of high intensity fire against large number of tar-
gets (battalion with three batteries, each consisting of four to
six guns, capable of engaging 54 different targets within one
hour);
• acceptable cost-effectiveness ratio when engaging typical
fortified and soft targets, i.e. low cost and expenditures in car-
rying out of combat missions;
• firing range of a battalion with three batteries must be able
to cover the front minimum 50 km wide;
• after completing one combat mission, it shall be ready to
immediately accept new mission;
• precision in action against point targets – hit pattern will
no longer depend on the range;
• capable of causing different effects and annihilation of dif-
ferent kinds of targets;
Longer ranges, expanding range of possible actions against
all types of targets, low weapon mass, superior terrain negoti-
ation and maneuverability, striving toward higher level of weapon
autonomy and reduced number of weapons in a battery, con-
tinuous race to adopt new and to upgrade existing systems ……
all this is the result of overall progress in techniques and tech-
nologies and their placing in the service of designers and end
users.
Where will all this end?
Perhaps a new Gerald Bull will clone a time-free HARP gun
and assign it with different mission!
Artillery, however, will stick to the fire and maneuver!
25
 VIŠECEVNI MULTIPLE
RAKETNI SISTEMI ROCKET SYSTEMS
MOGUĆNOSTI RAZVOJA I PROIZVODNJE U NAŠOJ
ZEMLJI
Piše
Ristić Predrag, dipl.inž.
S amohodni, višecevni raketni sistemi se smatraju jed-
nim od najefikasnijih borbenih sredstava vatrene podrške
kopnene vojske. Odlikuju se iznenadnim i snažnim vatren-
im udarima velike gustine vatre i brzine gađanja, pri čemu
je isključena mogućnost elektronskog ometanja. Poseduju
veliku manevarsku sposobnost, brzo zauzimanje vatrenog
položaja, kratko vreme reakcije i vreme dejstva i brzo
napuštanje vatrenog položaja. Navedene karakteristike u
potpunosti ispunjavaju zahteve savremenog ratovanja.
Razvoj višecevnih raketnih sistema u našoj zemlji
započeo je davne 1963. godine. Vojnotehnički institut KoV-
a je zajedno sa preduzećima namenske industrije razvio
pet raketnih sistema koji su usvojeni u naoružanje naše
vojske.
- Višecevni bacač raketa 128mmM63 ”Plamen”
maksimalnog dometa 8,6km,
- Samohodni, višecevni raketni sistem 128mm M77
”Oganj”, maksimalnog dometa 20,6km,
- Samohodni, višecevni raketni sistem 262mm M87
”Orkan”, maksimalnog dometa 50km,
- Samohodni, višecevni raketni sistem 128mm M94
”Plamen-S ”, maksimalnog dometa 12,5km i
- Lanser raketa, samohodni, četvorocevni 262mm
M95 ”Orkan”, maksimalnog dometa 50km.
Po svojim taktičko tehničkim karakteristikama i kvalite-
tu bili su u samom vrhu svetskih rešenja tako da su našli
svoje mesto i na stranom tržištu gde su još uvek u oper-
ativnoj upotrebi.
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES
PROSPECTS OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT AND PRO-
DUCTION IN OUR COUNTRY
By
Predrag Ristić, dipl.inž.
S elf-propelled, multiple rocket systems are regarded
as one of the most effective fire support weapon systems
for land forces. They are capable of inflicting surprise
and powerful onslaughts with high density and high rate
of fire that is completely immune to any electronic coun-
termeasures. These systems are distinguished by high
mobility, rapid taking of fire positions, short times of
response and engagement and quick evacuation from fire
positions. All these features fully meet the requirements
of present-day warfare.
Development of multiple rockets systems in our coun-
try was initiated way back in year 1963. The Military-
Technical Institute of Land Forces, in cooperation with
enterprises of the defence industry, was engaged to devel-
op five distinctive rocket systems that were later adopt-
ed into service with our army:
- Multiple rocket launcher cal. 128mm M63
”Plamen”, with maximum range of 8.6km;
- Self-propelled multiple rocket system cal. 128mm
M77 ”Oganj”, with maximum range of 20.6km;
- Self-propelled multiple rocket system cal. 262mm
M87 ”Orkan”, with maximum range of 50km,
- Self-propelled multiple rocket system cal. 128mm
M94 ”Plamen-S ”, with maximum range of 12.5 km; and
- Self-propelled quadruple rocket launcher cal.
262mm M95 ”Orkan”, with maximum range of 50km.
With their tactical-technical specifications and their
quality, these systems were among the best in the world,
finding their place in international markets and they are
still in operative service today.
27
 Tendencije daljeg razvoja i usavršavanja
MLRS u svetu
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES
Danas se od višecevnih raketnih sistema zahteva što veći
domet i vatrena moć, maksimalno mogući stepen autom-
atizacije funkcija opsluživanja, visok stepen autonomnosti
oruđa (samostalno dejstvo), automatska kontrola vatre i
dobra samozaštita. Savremeni lansirni sistemi su kon-
cipirani kao modularni, što podrazumeva postavljanje lan-
sirnih kutija-kontejnera sa raketama različitih kalibara i
dometa na univerzalnu lansirnu platformu.
Maksimalni dometi se postižu korišćenjem raketa sa
kompozitnim raketnim gorivima, vatrena moć povećan-
jem broja lansirnih cevi i efikasnosti bojevih glava, autom-
atizacija lansera se zasniva na automatizaciji pogona meh-
anizama pravca i elevacije, oslonih stopa i dr. Autonomnost
dejstva se postiže opremanjem svakog oruđa najsavre-
menijim senzorima za određivanje pozicije i orijentacije
prema severu, inercijalnim navigacionim sistemom (INS)
i/ili GPS sistemom, zemaljskom meteo stanicom, raču-
narskim i upravljačkim jedinicama. Automatska kontro-
la vatre se postiže korišćenjem savremenog SUV-a, a
samozaštita upotrebom dimnih granata, protivpožarnih
sistema i detektora laserskog zračenja.
28
Trends of further development and
upgrading of MLRS systems in the world
Present-day requirements for multiple rocket systems
are longer range and greater firepower, highest extent of
automated handling, high capability for autonomous
engagement, automatic fire control and adequate
self–defence capability. Current rocket launching sys-
tems are designed as modular systems that comprise
mounting of rocket-launching containers of different cal-
ibers and firing ranges on singular launching platform.
Maximum ranges are achieved by the use of compos-
ite rocket fuels, fire power is increased by employing mul-
tiple launch tubes and more effective warheads; auto-
mated launcher operation means automatic setting of
azimuth and elevation, outrigger stabilization, etc.
Autonomous engagement of the system means equipping
every weapon with advanced position locating and North
orienting sensors, with inertial navigation (INS) and/or
GPS systems, equipping with ground meteo station and
with computing and control units. Automatic fire control
is achieved by incorporation of an advanced FCS; self-
defence includes fitting of smoke pots, fire extinguish-
ing system and laser radiation detectors.
 Mogućnosti razvoja i proizvodnje VRS u
našoj zemlji
Projektovanje, razvoj i proizvodnja VRS (višecevni raket-
ni sistemi) podrazumeva postojanje iskusnih
visokostručnih kadrova i proizvodnih kapaciteta u oblasti
VRS.
Dugogodišnji plodotvorni istraživačko-razvojni multi-
disciplinarni rad u oblasti raketnih sistema stvorio je veli-
ki broj svestrano obrazovanih i iskusnih stručnih kadro-
va. Bez obzira na teškoće koje smo imali predhodnih god-
ina (desetogodišnje sankcije, tromesečno bombardovan-
je Srbije, transformacija vojske, vlasničke transformacije
preduzeća vojne i civilne industrije i tako dalje), u
Vojnotehničkom institutu je sačuvano stručno jezgro
osposobljeno za projektovanje i razvoj izuzetno složenih
i visoko sofisticiranih lansirnih sistema i raketa, a takođe
i proizvodni kapaciteti i stručni kadar u preduzećima
namenske proizvodnje, preduzećima koja su se specijal-
izovala za proizvodnju određenih sredstava NVO i u pri-
vatnim preduzećima osposobljenim za proizvodnju kom-
ponenata NVO.
Danas je u našoj zemlji moguće projektovatovati i real-
izovati najsavremenije VRS ugrađene na specijalna visoko-
prohodna točkaška vozila potrebnih veličina i nosivosti,
različitih kalibara i dometa, sa fiksnim lansirnim kutija-
ma sa čeličnim cevima za višekratnu upotrebu ili sa
izmenljivim kutijama-kontejnerima sa kompozitnim lan-
sirnim cevima koji se jednokratno upotrebljavaju.
Za automatsko pokretanje mehanizama pravca i ele-
vacije, oslonih stopa, kamuflažne pokrivke, bravljenja
Prospects for MLRS development and
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES
production in our country
Design, development and manufacturing of multiple
rocket launching systems pre-suppose availability of expe-
rienced highly educated specialists and of manufactur-
ing capacities in that area.
Decades of fruitful multi-disciplinary research and
development of rocket systems have created generations
of broadly educated and experienced engineers.
Irrespective of adverse circumstances encountered in the
past (ten years of sanctions, three months of devastating
bombardment of Serbia, transformation of the army,
transformation of ownership in the civil and defence
industries, etc.), the Military-Technical Institute was
able to save its core of expertise, capable to design and
develop highly complex and sophisticated rockets and
launching systems, while manufacturing capacities and
skilled manpower of the defence industry, of the compa-
nies specialized for production of specific defence prod-
ucts and private companies adapted to produce defence-
related components have been preserved.
Presently, it is possible to undertake the design and to
realize in our country highly advanced multiple rocket
systems, for mounting on all-terrain wheeled vehicles of
suitable dimensions and payload capacities, of different
caliber and range rockets in reusable steel tubes or, alter-
nately, in disposable composite launching containers.
Automatic laying mechanisms for azimuth and elevation,
stabilizing outriggers, camouflage covers, launching con-
tainer locks, ground meteo sensors, etc., may be based
29
 kontejnera, zemaljske meteo sonde i dr., mogu se koris-
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES
titi elektromehanički ili hidromehanički servo sistemi sa
digitalnim upravljanjem. Na svaki lanser raketa je moguće
ugraditi potpuno samostalan inercijalni navigacioni sis-
tem (INS) velike tačnosti koji daje koordinate tačnog
položaja i uglova orijentacije (ugao azimuta, ugao ele-
vacije i uglovi uzdužnog i bočnog nagiba). Zbog velike
tačnosti koristi se i kao nišanski sistem. Umesto INS-a
može se ugraditi sistem GPS sa dve prijemne antene, koji
veoma precizno određuje azimut, i sistem senzora za
određivanje uglova nagiba. Na lanser se ugrađuje i digi-
talni uređaj za određivanje prizemnih meteo podataka.
Ugrađeni sistemi i uređaji omogućavaju autonomnost
oruđa, njihovu direktnu integraciju u sistem za upravl-
janje vatrom, odnosno sistem za upravljanje oruđem, i
skraćuju vreme spremnosti oruđa za dejstvo.
Posebno treba istaći postojanje visokokvalitetnih stručn-
jaka, poznavaoca raketne tehnike, osposobljenih za pro-
jektovanje i razvoj računara specijalne namene i najs-
loženijih softvera za upravljanje oružanim sistemima koji
objedinjuju softver za upravljanje vatrom, softver za upravl-
janje izvršnim podsistemima za zauzimanje elemenata
gađanja, softver za orijentaciju i navigaciju, softver za
rasterećenje elastičnog sistema vozila i tako dalje.
Potvrdu da se projektovanje i proizvodnja VRS može
uspešno i efikasno realizovati u našoj zemlji predstavlja
razvoj PT VRS za potrebe izuzetno zahtevnog i pro-
birljivog stranog partnera. Prototip je rezultat domaće
pameti i uspešne saradnje nosioca projekta Javnog pre-
duzeća ”Jugoimort-SDPR” sa Ministarstvom odbrane
Republike Srbije, odnosno sa Vojnotehničkim institutom
kao tehničkim nosiocem projekta, finalistom lansera pre-
duzećem IMK ”14. oktobar” Kruševac i mnogim drugim
preduzećima učesnicima u razvoju i proizvodnji podsis-
tema i komponenata.
30
on electrical or hydraulic servo systems with digital con-
trols. Every rocket launcher may be equipped with fully
autonomous inertial navigation system of high accuracy
in providing the position and orientation angles (azimuth
and elevation, longitudinal and lateral inclination). Owing
to its high precision, the system also serves as sighting
system. Instead of INS, a GPS system may be adopted,
using two receiving antennas for precise setting of
azimuth and with sensors for determining of inclination
angles. A digital unit that measures ground level meteo
information is mounted on launcher.
These built-in systems and devices ensure autonomous
operation of the weapon, as well as its direct integration
with fire control or weapon control system, resulting in
shorter weapon’s ready for action period.
Special emphasis shall be made of available highly-spe-
cialized experts knowledgeable in rocket technologies,
able to design and develop special-purpose computers
and highly complex software packages for control of fire
and control of firing data execution subsystems, of ori-
entation and navigation software, of vehicle suspension
compensation software, etc.
The evidence that design and manufacture of MLRS
can be successfully accomplished in our country is the
development of a MLRS prototype intended for the needs
of a particularly exacting and choosy foreign partner. The
prototype is an achievement of domestic expertise and
sound cooperation between Public Company “Jugoimport-
SDPR”, the Ministry of Defence of Serbia, respectively
the Military-Technical Institute being technical project
leaders, launcher system final manufacturer IMK ”14.
oktobar”, Kruševac and a number of other companies
involved in development and production of MRLS sub-
systems and components.
 SISTEM ZAŠTITE
GRANICA,
TERITORIJE I
OBJEKATA OD
POSEBNOG
ZNAČAJA
Piše
Slobodan Jolkić
K ompleksne i odgovorne zadatke koji su od posebnog
državnog značaja, kako u mirnodopskim, tako i u ratnim
uslovima, a koji su vezani za različite vidove osmatranja i
kontrole određene teritorije, nemoguće je efikasno izvrša-
vati bez dobro opremljenih i kompleksnih sistema. Kako u
drugim zemljama tako i u našoj, intezivno se radi na opre-
manju kompleksnih sistema zaštite savremenim elektron-
skim sredstvima i stvaranju operativnih centara koji se
povezuju u jedinstvenu celinu.
Ovakvi elektronski sistemi obezbeđuju dostupnost i brzi
protok informacija o stepenu ugroženosti, prirodi i kom-
pleksnosti pretnje, odnosno omogućavaju efikasno upravl-
janje kriznim situacijama.
Savremeni međunarodni odnosi, koji podrazumevaju sve
bližu regionalnu poveznost zemalja u pogledu zajedničkih
odgovora na različite bezbednosne izazove, podrazumevaju,
između ostalog, razmenu podataka o stanju u pogranični
zonama, uključujući i podatke o ekološkoj ugroženosti,
odnosno uvezivanje sistema zaštite graničnih zona, kao i
drugih značajnih zona i objekata na nivou regiona, koji se
sastoji od više susednih država.
S obzirom na to da se radi o širem međudržavnom intere-
su može se ubrzo očekivati i standardizacija elektronske i
druge opreme potrebne za opremanje i efikasan rad sistema
zaštite.
Na svetskom tržištu nude se različite vrste senzora kao
osnovnih elemenata svakog sistema zaštite počev od akustičk-
ih, seizmočkih, pa zaključno sa senzorima na bazi radara,ter-
movizije i televizije.
Slični sistemi čija je namena nešto drugačija mogu se pre-
poznati u sistemima za vojne primene i uglavnom se danas
nude u tom obliku sa mogućnošću prilagođavanja za sis-
teme zaštite civilnog karaktera. Međutim, sistemi namen-
jeni primeni u oružanim snagama su, zbog svojih speci-
fičnosti i visokih postavljenih zahteva u pogledu performan-
si, veoma skupi, tako da bi njihova primena u sistemima
obezbeđenja granica i objekata u mirnodopskim uslovima,
a koja po svojoj prirodi zahteva nabavku vrlo veliog broja
PROTECTION
SYSTEM FOR STATE
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES
FRONTIERS,
TERRITORY AND
PRIORITY OBJECTS
(HOMELAND
SECURITY)
By
Slobodan Jolkić
C omplex and responsible tasks of primary national
interest, in peace time as well in war conditions, com-
prising various forms of surveillance and control of
specific territories, can not be effectively achieved with-
out application of comprehenisve, sophisticated sys-
tems. Like other countries, our country, too, is inten-
sively engaged in equipping its security facilities with
advanced sophisticated electronic devices and in set-
ting-up of operative centers combined in a single sys-
tem.
Such electronic systems provide access and rapid
flow of information about the level of peril, nature and
complexity of a threat, allowing for efficient managing
of a crisis situation.
Prevailing international relations call for closer ties
of countries within a region toward common respons-
es to different security challenges that include, among
others, exchange of information about conditions in
bordering areas, including data on ecological threats,
and allow linking of protection systems of bordering
zones, as well as of other primary areas and objects on
regional level comprising a number of neighboring
countries.
Being that broader multi-country interests are
involved, it may be expected that standardized elec-
tronic and other equipment will be adopted in the near
future for equipping and forming of an efficient secu-
rity system.
World markets offer different kinds of sensors as pri-
mary sources in every security system, from acousti-
cal and seismic to radar, thermal imaging and tv sen-
sors.
Similar systems of somewhat different application
are present in military systems which, with certain
modifications, are appplicable for civil security uses.
31
sistema, odnosno elemenata, dovela do enormno visokih
troškova nabavke i održavanja.
Proizvođači koji uspešno realizuju ideju smanjenju cene
senzorskih i drugih elemenata ovih sistema, prvenstveno
radara i termovizije, mogu da računaju na masovnost pro-
daje odnosno visoku konkurentnost na svetskom tržištu.
Ciljne grupe - direktni korisnici ovakvih projekata su:
-granična policija
-industrijska postrojenja koja rade sa materijama opasnim
za čovekovu okolinu
- rafinerije nafte, naftovodi i gasna postrojenja,
-energetski objekti kao što su velike hidroelektrane i ter-
moelektrane koji imaju strategijski značaj za privredu zeml-
je
- aerodromi i luke
Već duže vremena u ponudi Jugoimport-SDPR nalaze se
senzorski elementi na bazi radara, televizije i termovizije
koji ulaze u sastav oružanih sistema kao što su tenkovi, bor-
bena i izviđačko-borbena vozila, plovni objekti i jedinice
jedinice trupne PVO.
To su, pre svega, sistem multisenzorske (termovizija, tele-
vizija i laserski daljinomer) višenamenske optoelektronska
platforma namenjena primeni na tenklovi,a borbenim vozil-
ima, stacionarnim objektima, plovnim objektima i trupnoj
PVO, kao i radar PR-15 za otkrivanje i praćenje žive sile, vozi-
la i niskoletećih objekata.
U završnoj fazi razvoja nalaze se i sistem na bazi akustičk-
ih senzora za otkrivanje i lociranje položaja artiljerijskih
oruđa, minobacača, te i pojedinačne streljačke vatre (pre sve-
ga snajperskih pušaka), kao i sistem za otkrivanje žive sile
na bazi akustičnih seenzora.
U toku je postupak prilagođavanja ovih uređaja za nave-
dene civilne potrebe zaštite teritorije i objekata odposebnog
značaja (homeland securitz), koji podrazumeva optimizaci-
ju na bazi odosa parametara cene i efikasnosti.
Osnovna jedinica sistema zaštite objekata od posebnog
značaja i teritorije sastoji se od dvanest radarskih stanica na
bazi radara IR-15 prenosnog ili pokretnog tipa (ugrađenog
na terenskim vozilima), jednog terenskog vozila sa
On the other hand, systems used by defence forces are
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES
very expensive due to their specific requirements and
very high perfomance levels, therefore their applica-
tion in protection of state broders and priority targets
in time of peace, considering the need to procure large
numbers of systems or components, would be prohib-
itively costly both in purchasing and in maintenance.
Manufacturers capable to offer sensors, primarily
radar and thermal imaging units, and other compo-
nents at reduced prices may expect massive sales and
very competitive position in world markets.
Target groups – direct users of these projects
include:
- border police,
- industrial plants operating with materials hazardous
to the environment,
- oil refineries, pipelines and gas
installations,
- power plants, such as major
hydroelectric and coal-buring
plants of strategic
importance for country’s econo-
my,
- airports and harbors.
For considerable time Jugoimport-
SDPR has been offering sensor ele-
ments based on radar, television
and thermal imaging technologies
that are incorporated in weapon
systems such as tanks, reconnais-
sance and fighting vehicles, ships
and troop air defence units.
These devices primarily include multiple sensors
(thermovision, tv and laser range finders), multi-pur-
pose optoelectronic platforms designed for installation
in tanks, armored vehicles, ships and troop air defence,
as well as infantry radar type PR-15 designed for detec-
tion and tracking of manpower, vehicles and low-fly-
ing aircraft.
In final stage of development are acoustic sensor sys-
tems designed to detect and locate artillery and mor-
tar fire positions, as well as single small arms fire posi-
tions (primarily snipers) and for detection of person-
nel, based on acoustic sensors.
Development is under way to adapt these devices for
use in protection of territories and priority objects
(homeland security), focusing on cost-to-efectivenss
ratio.
Basic unit for territorial and priority objects securi-
ty protection consists of twelve radar stations based on
IR-15 radars of portable or mobile type (mounted on
off-road vehicles), one cross-country vehicle equipped
with optoelectronic system, as well as a supporting sys-
tem of acoustic and seismic sensors.
33
 instaliranim optoelektronskim sistemom, kao i pridodatog
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES
sistema na bazi akustičnih senzora i seizmičkih senzora.
Pridodati senzorski sistemi na bazi akustičnih bi se koris-
tili na kritičnim pravcima zone odgovornosti ili pri zased-
nim dejstvima.
Takođe, u zavisnosti od očekivane situacije, tj. posebnih
uslova ne terenu, sistemu se pridodaje i jedan radio-izviđač-
ki uređaj u cilju otkrivanja i praćenja radio-saobraćaja sub-
jekata koji ugrožavaju štićeni objekat.
Osnovna uloga
sistema senzora
senzora je
neprekidno osma-
tranje, otkrivanje i
slanje radarskih
podataka opera-
tivnom centru kao
i neposredno
usmeravanje ekipa
za neposrednu
identifikaciju i
sprečavanja napa-
da na štićeni
objekat.
Uloga opera-
tivnog centra je
prikupljanje, obra-
da, izlaganje i raz-
mena podataka po horizontalnom nivou ( prema opeartivn-
im centrima suseda) i vertikalnom nivou (prema operativnim
centrima viših komandi). Pored toga centar vrši funkciju
neposrednog upravljalja i kontrole operativnog rada sen-
zorksih stanica kao i neposredno komandovanje snagama
za sprečavanje odnosno odbranu objekta.
Sistem sa 12 radarskih stanica pokriva zonu odgovornos-
ti prečnika 19km ili zonu od 120km po dužini i 14-40km po
širini u zavisnosti od vrste ciljeva koji otkriva.
Maksimalna daljina otkrivanja čoveka u pokretu je 7km,
vozilo u pokretu 14km i sporopokretna letilica na 20km (visi-
na od 0-1000m).
Radarske stanice mogu da budu daljinski upravljane i da
rade automatski bez prisustva posade. U tom slučaju podaci
otkrivanja automatski se prenose u operativni centar. Broj
pridodatih optoelektronskih mobilnih stanica, akustičnih i
kao i seizmičkih i akustičkih semzorskih senzorskih kom-
pleta određuje se u
zavisnosti od aktuelne taktičke situacije na terenu, kon-
figuracije terena i dr.
Radarsko računarski podaci i govorni podaci istovremeno
se prenose radio, radiorelejnim i žičanim putem.
Predviđeno je da se radarske stanice i pripadajuća sredst-
va veze napajaju iz solarnih izvora energije, neprekidno u
svim vremenskim uslovima kombinovano sa elektroagrega-
tima sa automatskim startom.
Oprema radarske stanice montira se u metalne tornjeve
sa artičkim kupolama visine 6m pri čemu se obezbeđuje rad
u svim meterološkim uslovima.
Upravljanje i kontrola ispravnosti elektronske opreme i
34
izvora za napajanjeu radarskim stanicama vrši se iz opera-
Supporting acoustic sensor systems are designed for
use on critical approach directions within the zone of
responsibility or in ambushes.
In addition, depending on expected developments
i.e. specific terrain conditions, the system is comple-
mented with a radio surveillance unit employed to
detect and monitor radio traffic by opponents threat-
ening the protected object.
Main purpose of
sensor system is
continuous sur-
veillance, detec-
tion and transfer
of radar infor-
mation to oper-
ative center and
directing of pin-
point identifica-
tion teams to
prevent attacks
on the protected
object.
The role of
operative center
is acquisition,
processing, presentation and exchange of information
in horizontal level (with adjacent operative centers)
and in vertical level (to higher command operative cen-
ters). In addition, an operative center performs the
function of direct command and control of sensor sta-
tion’s operations and direct command with forces
assigned for attack prevention and defence of the pro-
tected object.
A system consisting of 12 radar stations covers a zone
of responsibility of 19km in diameter, or a zone 120km
wide and 14-40km deep, depending on potential tar-
gets it has to detect. Maximum range of detection of
moving persion is 7km, of moving vehicle it is 14km,
of low-speed aerial target 20km (at altitudes of 0-
1000m).
Radar stations may be remotely controlled and able
to operate without manned crew. In such configura-
tion, detection information are automatically trans-
mitted to operative center. The number of supporting
optoelectronic mobile stations, acoustic and acoustic-
seismic sensors and sets is determined by actual tac-
tical situation, configuration of terrain, etc. Radar and
computer data and voice information are simultane-
ously transmitted by radio, radio relay links and by wire.
Is is invisaged that radar stations and associated com-
munications equipment are to be powered by solar
cells, continuosly and regardless of weather conditions,
combined with electric power generators equipped with
automatic starting.
tivnih centara neprekidno.Tehnički pre-
gled stanica vrši se jedanput sedmično
u trajanju od jednog časa.
Projektovanje multisenzorskog
sistema zaštite objekata koji ima
visok stepen
pozdanosti nimalo nije lak i
naivan zadatak uzimajući u obzir
ograničenja pojedinih senzora, potre-
ban stepen obučenosti ljudstva kao i
ograničene materijalnofinansiske
mogućnosti korisnika.
Postavljanju radarske stanice koja
ima zadatak da kontroliše određeni
prostor,
najpre predhodi detaljno prouča-
vanje okolnog terena a zatim ispitivanje
mogućnosti odabranog radarskog
položaja. To podrazumeva kalibraciju
položaja i izrada horizontalnog i vertikalnog dija-
grama vidljivosti za različite vrste ciljeva u različitim
klimatskim uslovima.
Ograničenja koja su proizašla iz mogućnosti
radarske stanice i okolnog terena koji u stvari
predstavaljaju nedeljivu celinu po pitanju
mogućnosti otkrivanja moraju se rešavati uvođen-
jem novih senzora istog ili različitog tipa i nji-
hovo međusobno uvezivanje.
Jednom postavljen sistem predat korisniku
zahteva neprekidno uvežbavanje i proveru operatora i sis-
tema, nadgradnju i usavršavanje u cilju poboljšanja efikas-
nosti u otkrivanju i identifikaciji ciljeva.
Kao zaključak svega iznetog može se reći da je JUGOIM-
PORT SDPR prateći kretanja u svetu po pitanju uvođenja
elektronske zaštite objekata od strategiskog zanačaja inici-
rao i realizovao razvoj senzorskih elemenata dvojake namene,
za borbene sisteme i sisteme zaštite. U mogućnosti smo da
izvršimo projektovanje i opremanje sistema obzirom na
iskustva koje smo stekli u realizaciji senzorskih elemenata
koji ulaze u sastav komandnoinformacionih sistema za
potrebe tenkovskih jedinica i jedinica trupne PVO.
Radar station equipment is
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES
mounted in metal towers pro-
vided with arctic domes, 6m
high, capable of operating in
all weather conditions.
Management and control of
proper functioning of radar
station electronic equipment
and power supplies are con-
ducted continuously from
operative centers. Technical
inspections of radar stations
are made once a week with one
hour inspections.
Design of multi-sensor systems
for protection of priority objects
built with high level of reliability is
by no means an easy or simple task,
taking in consideration limitations
of specific sensors; it requires appro-
priate level of proficiency of the staff
and has to take into account material-
financial constraints of system users.
Setting-up of a radar station assigned to
protect specific area requires prior survey
of allocated terrain and testing of radar
performance for selected site. This includes calibra-
tion of the position and elaboration of horizontal and
vertical visibility diagrams for different types of tar-
gets and under variable climatic conditions.
Limitations caused by radar performance and effects
of surrounding terrain, taken as indivisible whole with
regard to detection capability, must be improved by
introduction of additional sensors of one or more types
and their interfacing.
Once set-up system, handed over to its users, needs
continuos hands-on training and verification of both
operators and system, its enhancement and
improvements aimed at achieving higher effi-
ciency in target detection and identification.
Concluding the study outlined above, if may
be stated that JUGOIMPORT-SDPR, while
keeping in touch with world-wide trends in
development of electronic security systems
for objects of strategic importance, has ini-
tiated and realized development of dual-pur-
pose sensor elements, designed for combat,
as well as for security systems. We are in the
position to design and outfit such systems,
owing to our experience in realization of sen-
sor elements incorporated in command &
information systems used by tank formations
and by troop air defence units.
35
 M07G M07G MORTAR
MINOBACAČKI BALLISTIC
BALISTIČKI COMPUTER
RAČUNAR
Piše
Dragan Opačić
Predrag Mililćević
I skustva savremenih borbenih operacija, u kojima učešće
uzimaju minabacači, ukazuju na neophodnost postojan-
ja pouzdanog, jednostavnog i efikasnog sredtsva za real-
izaciju balističkih proračuna uz minimalnu logističku
podršku. Uzimajući u obzir ove, kao i stroge zahteve za
pouzdanim funkcionisanjem u oštrim klimo-
mehaničkim uslovima, radni tim JI-SDPR
započeo je razvoj minobacačkog balističkog
računara M07G.
Minobacački balistički računar M07G je
prenosni računar (klase “hand-held” ili PDA)
namenjen za izračunavanje početnih eleme-
nata gađanja, elemenata za gađanje u toku
korekture i grupnog gađanja, kako za
minobacače tako i za ostala artiljerijska
oruđa za vatrenu podršku.
M07G je prvenstveno namenjen za
izračunavanje i prikazivanje osnovnih ele-
menata gađanje, i to: uglomer, daljinar,
mesnu spravu i vreme leta projektila.
Takođe je obezbeđeno izračunavanje i
prikazivanje ostalih balističkih para-
metara, kao što su: ordinata temena
putanje i verovatna skretanja po
pravcu daljini i visini. U dopunskom
modu računar obezbeđuje reša-
vanje zadataka iz domena topo-
geodetske pripreme. Za real-
izaciju balističkih proračuna
neophodni su: topografski
podaci (o vatrenim položajima,
osmatračnicama, ciljevima, poznatim
tačkama i opasnim zonama), meteorološki podaci,
balistički podaci kao i podaci o prethodno izvršenim
gađanjima. Softverska arhitektura omogućava pohranji-
vanje podataka za 50 ciljeva, 5 vatrenih položaja i 10 osma-
tračnica, koje se mogu unositi bilo u pravouglim bilo u
geografskim koordinatama.
Osnovni izlazni podaci su: punjenje (kod automatskog
izbora punjenja), uglomer, daljinar i vreme leta projek-
tila. Na zahtev korisnika mogu se dobiti i sledeći podaci:
ordinata temena putanje, verovatno skretanje projektila
po pravcu, daljini i visini, promena daljine pri promeni
elevacije za 1 hiljaditi, topografska i popravljena daljina
cilja svedena na horizont oruđa.
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES
By
Dragan Opačić
Predrag Mililćević
A nalysis of modern combat operations, where mor-
tars are involved, point on necessity of existence of reli-
able, easy-to-use and efficient asset for ballistic calcu-
lations with minimal logistic support. Taking into
account these, as well as stringent requirements call-
ing for reliable operation in harsh environmental con-
ditions, Yugoimport-SDPR has initiated
development of M07G mortar ballis-
tic computer.
M07G mortar ballistic com-
puter is of hand-held type,
designed for ballistic calcula-
tion of firing elements, ele-
ments for fire correction as well
as for group action of mortars and
other artillery fire support
weapons.
Main task of M07G is ballistic cal-
culation and presentation of firing
elements: quadrant, angle and projec-
tile time of flight. There is also provi-
sion for calculation of other elements:
trajectory ordinate and probable disper-
sion in range and azimuth. In secondary
mode, M07G performs topo-geodetic fir-
ing preparation.
Ballistic calculation necessitates following
data: topographic data relating to firing
positions, observation posts, targets, known
points, hazard zones; meteorological data;
ballistic data regarding weapon and ammu-
nition as well as data regarding previous fir-
ings. Software architecture enables memo-
rizing position of 50 targets, 5 firing positions
and 10 observation posts, either in Cartesian
or geographic coordinates.
Main output data are: charge (in automatic mode of
operation), quadrant, table angle and projectile time of
flight. Upon operator’s request, other data can be acces-
sible as well: trajectory ordinate, probable dispersion
in range and azimuth, change in range with elevation
change of 1 mils, etc.
37
 Pored osnovnog zadatka, M07G realizuje i zadatke iz In addition to its main task, M07G mortar ballistic
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES

oblasti korekture gađanja, pri čemu obezbeđuje brzo i computer performs task in the domain of fire correc-
tačno izračunavanje elemenata za gađanje pri prenosu tion, providing rapid and accurate firing elements cal-
vatre sa gađanog na novo-pojavljeni cilj metodom korek- culation in case of fire transfer from existing to novel
turnih ili poboljšanih popravki. target of opportunity.

Balističkim računarom M07G rukuje jedan operator, M07G mortar ballistic computer is used by one oper-
koristeći ekran osetljiv na dodir (“touchscreen”) i virtuel- ator, by use of touchscreen and virtual keyboard. Power
nu tastaturu. M07G ima dve mogućnosti napajanja: iz supply leaves two options: internal power source with
internog izvora napajanja sa autonomy of 6 hours continu-
autonomijom rada od 6 časova ous operation in standard
neprekidnog rada u standardnim conditions or external
uslovima pod maksimalnim source 12V DC and 220 V
opterećenjem ili spoljnim AC.
izvorom napajanja napona 12V
DC i 220V AC. Hardware platform of M07G
mortar ballistic computer is
Hardverska platforma minoba- based on pocket PC comput-
cačkog balističkog računara M07G er with Windows Mobile 5.0
je izgrađena oko džepnog PC (or Windows Mobile 6.0) oper-
računara sa Windows Mobile 5.0 ating system, which makes it
ili Windows Mobile 6.0 operativn- ideal for development of soft-
im sistemom, što ga čini pogod- ware application for ballistic
nim za razvoj i implementaciju computation as well as for
aplikacije za balistički proračun integration of geographic-
kao i ugradnju geografsko-infor- information system (GIS).
macionog sistema (GIS). Usvojena Design philosophy enables
razvojna filozofija ostavlja koris- adopting hardware platform of
nicima mogućnost izbora hard- choice, providing it satisfies
verske platforme, pod uslovom general performance as well as
zadovoljenja postavljenih zahteva environmental requirements.
u pogledu opštih performansi i
klimo-mehaničke kompatibilnos- Appliation software package
ti. provides: presentation of com-
bat deployment of artillery
Aplikativni softverski paket battery on digital map (firing
obezbeđuje: prikaz elemenata position, observation posts,
borbenog rasporeda artiljerisjke targets and known points),
baterije na elektronskoj radnoj mission planning support and
karti (mesto vatrenog položaja, presentation of area of activ-
osmatračnice, ciljeva i poznatih ity of artillery battery.
tačaka), podršku planiranju bor- Application software pack-
benih dejstava, rukovanje age, which supports GIS
vatrom artiljeriske baterije i management, provides topo-
prikaz rejona dejstava artiljer- graphic preparation regard-
ijske baterije. Aplikativni soft- ing: firing positions, obser-
verski paket koji podržava GIS vation posts, targets,
obezbeđuje topografsku crests, hazard zones and
pripremu podataka o: vatrenom known points.
položajima, osmatračnicama, ciljevi-
ma, grebenima zaklona, opasnim zonama i poznatim Software application is of modular type, with sepa-
tačkama. rate sections (modules) tasked with topographic prepa-
Softverska aplikacija računara M07G je modularnog ration by use of GIS (GIS module) and ballistic com-
tipa, sa odvojenim celinama koje se bave topografskom putations (ballistic module).
pripremom korišćenjem gepgrafsko-informacionog sis- Software application of M07G mortar ballistic com-
tema (GIS modul) i celinom za realizaciju balističkog puter has been developed in Visual Studio 2005 IDE,
proračuna sa drugim pripadajućim zadacima (balistički with reliance on existing firing tables by use of rela-
modul). tional database management system SQL Server 2005
Softverska aplikacija balističkog računara izrađena u (SQL Mobile). Application is of “open architecture”,
razvojnom okruženju Visual Studio 2005, koristi kao i.e. modular type, in the sense that upon operator’s
osnovu tablicu gađanja za predmetno oruđe svedenu na request ballistic data for other weapons and ammuni-

38
bazu podataka izrađenu u programskom paketu za razvoj tion can be integrated.
i upravljanje relacionim bazama podataka SQL Server One of the main requirements during software devel-

ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES

2005 (SQL Mobile). Aplikacija je otvorenog, odnosno
modularnog tipa u smislu da se, prema zahtevima krajn-
jeg korisnika, mogu uneti podaci i za druga oruđa, pri
čemu se od krajnjeg korisnika zahetva da dostavi tablice
gađanja na osnovu kojih će se izraditi baza podataka.
opment is simplicity of use, which has been satisfied
by adoption of .NET development environment where
user is presented with set of menus, combo boxes and
dialogs commonly encountered in Windows based pro-
grams, with added value of simplified training.

Jedan od osnovnih zahteva prilikom razvoja Application structure embodies all necessary data for
aplikacije bila je jednostavnost upotrebe, firing preparations as well
što je ispunjeno usvajanjem .NET as for later correction,
razvojnog okruženja u kome su koris- including: ammuni-
niku opcije ponuđenje u formi jed- tion type, charge, fuze
nostavnih menija i padajućih listi, svo- type, firing position
jstvenih programskim paketima koji se and target coordinates,
koriste u Windows operativnom siste- observation post coor-
mu, što bi trebalo da značajno olakša i dinates, crests, meteo
ubrza obuku. bulletin, firing mode
Struktura aplikacije obuhvata (individual, group
sve neophodne podatke za pripremu action). Abovementioned
gađanja, kao i za kasniju korekturu data is grouped in appro-
gađanja, među kojima su između osta- priate menus and tables
log: tip municije, punjenje, tip upaljača, in database. Firing prepa-
zona dejstva, koordinate vatrenog ration is performed in
položaja i cilja, kooridnate osma- sequential manner, where
tračnice, grebeni zaklona, meteo bilten, user, after topographic
način gađanja (pojedinačno, grupno). and meteo preparation,
Ovi podaci su grupisani u odgovara- based on target range and
jućim menijima, odnosno u tabelama firing limitations moving
baze podataka, iz kojih korisnik bira through intuitive forms
traženu vrednost. Realizacija zadatka defining in that way crite-
pripreme gađanja vrši se sekvencijal- ria which will result with
nim putem, gde se korisnik, nakon adequate firing elements.
topografske i meteo pripreme, polazeći
od podatka o daljini cilja i ograničen- Regarding target range, it
jima vezanim za gađanje, kreće kroz can be determined by use
povezane prozore aplikacije zadajući of observer; based on rel-
na taj način bazi neophodne upite čiji ative position of target,
su krajnji rezultat elementi gađanja firing position and obser-
za traženi cilj. vation post or by use of
Što se tiče određivanja digital map. In case of use
daljine cilja, traženi podatak može of digital map, operator
biti određen uz pomoć osmatrača, clicks on the map point-
na osnovu relativnog položaja cilja, ing to position of target,
vatrenog položaja i osmatračnice thereby calling routine
ili korišćenjem digitalne karte. U for target range deter-
slučaju korišćenja digitalne karte, mination. Prerequisite
korisnik definišući na karti mesto for this kind of target
vatrenog položaja i cilja poziva pro- range determination is
gramsku rutinu čiji je zadatak određivanje existence of digital maps of
daljine cilja. Preduslov za realizaciju ovakvog određivan- interest. In case of range not existent in firing tables,
ja daljine cilja postojanje digitalnih karata teritorije koja interpolation routine is activated in order to ensure high
je od interesa krajnjem korisniku. U slučaju daljine cil- data accuracy.
ja koja nije unesena u tablice gađanja, pokreće se inter-
polaciona funkcija, u cilju dobijanja što preciznijih Separate part of application relates to correction of
izlaznih podataka. firing elements, based on: wind velocity, air tempera-
ture, air pressure, muzzle velocity. In accordance with
Poseban deo aplikacije vezan je za korekciju ele- request, additional criteria for firing elements correc-
menata gađanja, uzimajući u obzir podatke kao što su: tion can be introduced.
brzina vetra, temperatura vazduha, pritisak vazduha, brz-
ina na ustima cevi. U skladu sa zahtevima krajnjeg koris-
nika mogu se ugraditi i dodatni elementi za korekciju

39
gađanja.
 "LASTA – 95" "LASTA – 95"
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES
Piše
Objavljen u godišnjaku srpskog vazduhoplovstva
Krajem 2007. godine Jugoimport-SDPR sklopio je sa
Ministrastvom odbrane Republike Irak ugovor o isporuci
naoružanja i vojne opreme koji obuhvata i isporuku 20 aviona
tipa LASTA 95. Ugovor je veoma značajan za razvoj srpske
vazduhoplovne industrije, budući da se njegovom realizaci-
jom stvaraju uslovi za punu revitalizaciju njenih razvojnih
i proizvodnih kapaciteta. Nosilac proizvodnje i finalnista
aviona LASTA 95 jeste UTVA Avio Industrija iz Pančeva.
Jugoimport-SDPR ulaže značajna sredstva u obnavljanje
proizvodnih pogona ovog preduzeća. Isporučilac stajnih
organa i hidraulične opreme jeste industrija hidraulike i pneu-
matike PPT Namenska AD, Trstenik, dok u programu
učestvuje i veliki broj kooperanata iz zemlje i delom iz inos-
transtva. U ovom broju Y-REPORT-a objavljujemo prikaz
aviona LASTA 95, koji objavljen u godišnjaku srpskog vaz-
duhoplovstva.
"LASTA – 95" je avion namenjen za selekciju, početnu i
osnovnu obuku, sa malim brzinama sletanja i poletanja i
dobroćudnim ponašanjem, odnosno da prašta greške neiskus-
nom pilotu.
40
By
Reprint from the yearbook of Serbian aviation
Late in 2007 Jugoimport-SDPR concluded a contract with
the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Iraq for supply of
armament and defence equipment that includes the supply of
20 trainer aircraft type LASTA 95. The contact is very impor-
tant for development of Serbian aircraft industry since its
implementation paves the way for full revitalization of the
industry’s development and manufacturing capacities. Prime
contractor and final producer of LASTA 95 aircraft is UTVA
Avio Industrija in Pančevo. Jugoimport-SDPR is investing
significant funds in reconstruction of the company’s manu-
facturing plants. Supplier of aircraft landing gear and
hydraulics is the hydraulics and pneumatics factory PPT
Namenska AD of Trstenik and the program involves numer-
ous subcontractors from Serbia and partly from foreign coun-
tries. This issue of Y-REPORT publishes presentation of LAS-
TA 95 aircraft, reprint from the yearbook of Serbian aviation.
"LASTA-95" aircraft is designed for selection, initial and
basic training of pilots, it offers low landing and takeoff
speeds and pilot-friendly handling, forgiving potential errors
by inexperienced pilots.
 Avion je projektovan na osnovu vazduhoplovnih propisa The aircraft was designed in compliance with Federal

ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES

Federal Aviation Regulations (F.A.R. – Part 23: Airworhiness Aviation Regulations (F.A.R. – Part 23: Airworthiness
Standards) i to: Standards), namely:

- U OSNOVNOJ VARIJANTI AVIONA po zahtevima - BASIC VERSION OF THE AIRCRAFT is built

iz propisa koji se odnose na "aerobatic" kategoriju aviona
(nz_max = 6.0, nz_min = -3).
- U VARIJANTU AVIONA SA NAORUŽANJEM po
zahtevima iz propisa koji se odnose na "utility" kategoriju
aviona (nz_ max = 4.4, nz_ min = -1.8).
against the requirements for aerobatic category loads of
(nz_max = 6.0, nz_min = -3).
- ARMED VERSION OF THE AIRCRAFT is built
against the requirements for utility category with loads of
(nz_ max = 4.4, nz_ min = -1.8).

Svojim karakteristikama i osavremenjenom opremom avion With its specifications and updated avionics, the aircraft
u potpunosti obezbeđuje obuku pilota po svim elementima will ensure full pilot training for all elements of airplane
namene aviona u: application including:
- basic flying,
- osnovnom letenju, - figure flying,
- figurnom letenju, - navigation flying,
- navigacionom letenju, - basic elements of night flying,
- osnovnim elementima noćnog letenja, - category II instrumental flight,
- instrumentalnom sletanju II kategorije, - basic elements of gunning, rocketing and bombing
- osnovnim elementima gađanja, raketiranja i bom- (GRB).
bardovanja (GRB)
Dimensions Lasta -1 Lasta -2 Lasta -3
Dimenzije Lasta -1 Lasta -2 Lasta -3 Overall length (m) 8,04 7,54 7,97
Dužina (m) 8,04 7,54 7,97 Wing span (m) 8,34 8,92 9,71
Razmah (m) 8,34 8,92 9,71 Overall height (m) 2,965 2,80 3,16
Visina (m) 2,965 2,80 3,16 Wing area (m) 11 11.4 12.9
Površina
Krila (m) 11 11,4 12,9 Lasta-95 landing gear is equipped with mechanical emer-
gency system for landing gear extension (in the event of fail-
Stajni trap aviona Lasta- ure of hydraulics).
95 ima ugrađen poseban This mechanical sys-
mehanički sistem za tem ensures positive
izvlačenje stajnog trapa u extending and locking
nuždi (ako otkaže hidroin- in extended position of
stalacija). Ovaj mehanički all three struts, at hor-
sistem omogućuje pouz- izontal aircraft speeds
dano izvlačenje stajnog tra- up to 180 km/h.
pa i zabravljivanje preklop-
nih upornica u izvučenom Minimizing of struc-
položaju za sve tri noge i pri tural mass was
horizontalnoj brzini aviona achieved by application
do 180 km/č. of advanced stress cal-
culation methods
Minimizacija mase struk- including numerical
ture je postignuta korišćen- simulations to meet
jem savremenih metoda strength and rigidity
proračuna čvrstoće na bazi requirements. Aircraft
numeričke simulacije uz fuselage structural
zadovoljenje zahteva stress was verified by
čvrstoće i krutosti. Izvršena testing, confirming the
je eksperimentalna veri- adopted concept and
fikacija čvrstoće strukture approach for de-
trupa aviona čime je veri- dimensioning of struc-
fikovan takav koncept i tural components. To
pristup koji se bazira na shorten the time need-
oddimenzionisanju struk- ed for minimum
ture. experimental verifica-
tion of the strength of
Da bise skratio vremenski period koji se odnosi na mini- vital Lasta-95 assemblies, required prior to first flight, VTI
malnu eksperimentalnu verifikaciju čvrstoće vitalnih sklopo- has performed numerical simulations of behavior of crucial

41
va aviona Lasta-95 koji se zahtevaju pre prvog leta u VTI-u assemblies and specific verification tests using complex
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES
su izvršene numeričke simulacije ponašanja ključnih sklopo-
va kao i određena eksperimentalna verifikacija na komplek-
snim epruvetama. To sa svoje strane svodi broj sklopova koji
se ispituju pre prvog leta na minimum, čime se ne zadrža-
va privi let prototipa.
Kratak opis aviona Struktura
- Metalni tip tipa "ljuska" sa integralnim vertikalnim
repom, ventrolom i rešetkastim motorskim nosačem
- Metalno krilo sa dve ramenjače
- Horizontalni metalni rep
Motor Lycoming AEIO-540-L1B5D
- šestocilindrični
- bokser
- direktno ubrizgavanje goriva
- vazdušno hlađenje
- namenjen za akrobatsko letenje
- elisa Hartzell dvokraka metalna
- maximalna kontinualna (H = 0 m pri 2700 min –
1) 220 kW
Komande
Sve komandne površine su mehanički pokretne.
Pogon zakrilaca i sva tri trimera sa elektropokretačem.
Električni trimeri za komandu pravca i krilaca.
Mehanički trimer sa oprugom za komandu visine.
42
benchmarks. This way, number of assemblies that require
testing before flight testing is reduced to the minimum with-
out causing delays for first flight of the prototype.
Aircraft brief description
Structure
- Metal, “shell” type, with integrated vertical tail, and
truss engine support
- Metal wing with two spars
- Horizontal metal tail
Engine Lycoming AEIO-540-L1B5D
- Six cylinders
- Flat, opposed
- Direct fuel injection
- Air cooling
- Designed for aerobatic flying
- Propeller Hartzell twin-bladed
- Maximum continuous output (H = 0 at 2700 r.p.m.)
220 kW
Controls
All control surfaces are mechanically controlled.
Flaps and all three trimmers electrically actuated.
Electric trimmers for rudder and ailerons.
Mechanical, spring-loaded trimmer for elevator.
 Ostale mehaničke komande Other mechanical controls

ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES

- Engine
- Motorske - Fuel
- Gorivne - Cockpit canopies
- Kabinskih poklopaca - Landing gear, emergency
- Stajnih organa, rezervna - Cockpit heating and ventilation
- Grejanja i provetravanja kabine - Armament controls
- Komande po naoružanju
Cockpit
Pilotska kabina
Aircraft cockpit provides:
Pilotska kabina omogućuje: Ergonomic accommodation for 90% of pilots according
Ergonomski smeštaj 90% sadašnjih pilota srpskog VI PVO to current AF & AD standard, in the range of 5 to 95% of
i kandidata za pilote u granicama od 5 do 95% i bezbedan pilot statures and comfortable accommodation for 99% of
smeštaj za sve pilote do 99%. pilots.

Dobru vidljivost iz kabine, uz obezbeđenje direktne
vidljivosti piste u prilazu (sa rezervom od 2 stepena) iz pred-
nje kabine. Obezbeđeno je nadvišenje zadnjeg pilota od min-
imalno 100 mm.
Ergonomski pogodno sedište, podešljivo po visini sa
mogućnošću smeštaja leđnog padobrana sa sistemom veza
koje obezbeđuje fiksiranje pilota u sedištu u svim uslovima
leta i normalnu manipulaciju svim uređajima u avionu, kao
i brzo i lako napuštanje aviona na zemlju i u letu.
Good cockpit visibility and direct visibility of approaching
runway (with 2o reserve) from the front seat. Rear seat head-
room of minimum 100 mm.
Ergonomically built pilot seat, adjustable in height, accepts
back-carried pilot parachute, provided with harness that
secures the pilot in all stages of flight but allows normal han-
dling of all cockpit controls, as well as rapid and easy aircraft
evacuation on the ground and in the air.

Podešljive pedale.

Obezbeđeno je spašavanje pilota uobičajenim napuštan-

jem kabine (bez izbacivog sedišta), sa sistemom za sečenje
kabinskog poklopca detonacionim sečivom.

Upravljanje aviona u toku obuke u osnovnim elementima

instrumentalnog letenja vrši se iz prednje kabine. Ima sis-
tem za simulaciju letenja u instrumentalnim uslovima, koji
se lako postavlja i skida.

Instalacija goriva

Integralni krilni rezervoari u zoni ispred prednje ramen-

jače između rebra broj 1 i 6.
- Kolektorski rezervoar u trupu
- Mlazna pumpa za napajanje
- Električna rezervna pumpa
- Slavina za debalans goriva
- Protivpožarna slavina

Šema instalacije goriva.

Instalacija goriva u trupu

Hidraulički sistem

Namenjen je za uvlačenje i izvlačenje stajnog trapa i pogon

kočionog sistema.
Jednostavni hidraulički sistem sa elektrohidrauličkim agre-
gatom koji ne koristi snagu avionskog motora i rezervnom
ručnom pumpom.
Mala masa hidrauličkog sistema.
Pouzdaniji i lakši hidraulički priključni sistem.

43
 Stajni trap Adjustable pedals.
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES

Poletanje i sletanje sa betonskih i pripremljenih travnatih

poletno-sletnih staza. Uvlačenje i izvlačenje hidrauličnim Pilot rescue by normal cockpit evacuation (without ejec-
pokretačima. tion seat), by piercing of cockpit canopy with detonating cut-
ter.
Rezervno mehaničko odbravljivanje. Aircraft flying in basic instrumental flight training from
Pneumatik glavne noge 380 h 150. the front cockpit. Provided with instrumental flying simu-
Pneumatik nosne noge 330 h 130. lation system which can be easily mounted and removed.
Disk kočnice na glavnim točkovima.
Upravljanje diferencijalnim kočenjem. Fuel installation
Izgled nosne noge.
Elektro oprema. Integral wing fuel tanks fitted ahead of front spar, between
Električna mreža jednosmernog napona 28 V. ribs 1 and 6.
Glavni izvor: Alternator 2 kW. - Collecting tank in fuselage
Pomoćni izvor: Ni-Cd akumulator 17 Ah. - Jet supply pump
Startovanje motora spoljnim izvorom ili akumulatorom. - Auxiliary electric pump
Sistem naizmenične struje (115/26 V, 400 Hz) pomoću - Fuel unbalance cock
statičkog pretvarača 50 VA. - Fire protection cock
Svetla:
- poziciona Fuel installation schematic.
- reflektor za sletanje
- za taksiranje Fuselage fuel installation
- protiv sudara Hydraulic system
Designed for landing gear retracting/extending and pow-
Elektronska oprema ering the braking system.

Avion opremljen savremenom elektronskom opremom koja
zadovoljava sve postojeće međunarodne standarde i koja
zadovoljava sve postojeće međunarodne standarde i koja
omogućava izvršenje sledećih osnovnih funkcija:
Simple hydraulic system, powered by electro-hydraulic
generator that does not use power of aircraft engine,
equipped with auxiliary hand pump.
Hydraulic system of low mass.
Reliable and simple hydraulic connectors.

Landing gear

Enables takeoff and landing on concrete and prepared

grass runways. Retracted and extended by hydraulic actua-
tors.
Emergency mechanical release.
Main wheel tire dimensions 380 h 150.
Nose wheel tire dimensions 330 h 130.
Disc brakes fitted to main wheels.
Differentially controlled braking.
Nose strut view.
Electrical equipment.
Electric circuit 28V DC.
Main source: Alternator 2 kW.
Auxiliary source: Ni-Cd battery 17 Ah.
Engine starting by external generator or by battery.
Alternating current system (115/26 V, 400 Hz) by means
of static converter of 50 VA.
Lighting:
- Position lights
- Landing spotlight
- Taxi lights
- Anti-collision light

Electronic equipment

The aircraft is outfitted with modern electronic equip-

ment that meets all current international standards and pro-
vides the following main functions:

44
 Dvosmernu radio komunikaciju vazduh-zemlja i vazduh
– vazduh u VHF opsegu sa frekvencijskim skokom od 25 i
8,33 kHz, minimalne izlazne snage 10 W jednovremenim
prijemom svih zvučnih signala u obe kabine i stalnu komu-
nikaciju između pilota.
Na zahtev naručioca može se ugraditi i radio uređaj UHF
opsega sa razmakom kanala od 25 kHz, minimalne izlazne
snage od 10 W.
Satelitsku navigaciju u radionavigaciju korišćenjem pri-
jemnika satelitske navigacije i zemaljskih radio farova, VOR-
a i radio kompasa.
Sletanje u složenim meteo uslovima kategorije II, danju i
noću na bazi postojećeg ILS sistema i GPS uređaja.
Radarsku identifikaciju letelice pomoću transpondera (sa
modom S).
Upravljanje kompletnom elektronskom opremom
obezbeđeno iz prve kabine a za uređaje za koje je to moguće
iz obe kabine.
Naoružanje aviona
Avionom se može izvoditi obuka u gađanju, raketiranju i
bombardovanju, koristeći kolimatorski nišan (opciono, po
želji naručioca, optoelektronski) sledećim vazduhoplovno
ubojnim sredstvima:
Mitraljezima kalibra 7,62 mm ili 12,7 mm).
Nevođenim raketnim zrnima kalibra 57 mm i
Aviobombama kalibra do 100 kg.
Eksploatacione karakteristike
Vek 6.000 sati leta ili 20 godina
Optimalan godišnji nalet je 300 sati.
Opšte opravke strukture i motora posle 1400 sati leta.
Srednje vreme između otkaza sistema preko 300 sati, a
aviona u celini preko 50 sati.
Vreme održavanja:
- Predpoletni pregled sa punjenjem goriva do 20 min-
uta.
- Posleletni pregled do 30 minuta.
Two-way radio communication air-ground and air-air in
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES
VHF range, with frequency spacing of 25 and 8.33 kHz, with
minimum output of 10 W, simultaneous reception of all audio
signals in both cockpits and enabling permanent commu-
nication between two pilots.
On customer’s request an UHF transceiver could be
installed, with channel spacing of 25 kHz and minimum pow-
er output of 10 W.
Satellite navigation and radio navigation, employing satel-
lite navigation receivers and ground radio beacon, VOR and
radio compass.
Landing in adverse weather conditions of category II, day
and night, based on existing ILS system of GPS equipment.
Radar identification of aircraft with transponder (operat-
ing in mode S).
Controls for all electronic equipment provided in front
cockpit, in second cockpit only for equipment where feasi-
ble.
Aircraft armament
The aircraft can perform training in gunning, rocketing
and bombing with application of collimator sight (optional-
ly, upon customer’s request, with optoelectronic sight),
engaging the following airborne ordnance:
Machine guns cal. 7.62 mm or 12.7 mm
Guided rockets cal. 57 mm, and
Aircraft bombs weighing up to 100 kg.
Operational characteristics
Service life 6,000 flight hours, or 20 years
Optimum annual utilization 300 flight hours.
General repair of airframe and engine after 1400 flight
hours.
Mean time of systems failure greater than 300 hours; for
the aircraft as a whole over 50 hours.
- Pre-flight inspection and fuel filling, up to 20 min-
utes.
- Post-flight inspection, up to 30 minutes.
45
 DODATNI OKLOP ADD-ON ARMOR
ZA LAKA FOR LIGHT
BORBENA VOZILA COMBAT
VEHICLES
Piše
Sebastian Baloš
J edan od najvećih izazova sa kojim se suočavaju inžen-
jeri uključeni u razvoj i održavanje lakih oklopnih vozila
jeste razvoj dodatnog oklopa. Na taj način se stepen zaštite
u velikoj meri povećava, čime se odgovara izazovima novog
doba i produžava životni vek zastarelih, nedovoljno
zaštićenih oklopnih vozila. Upravo na ovom planu odbram-
bena industrija Srbije nudi niz interesantnih i efikasnih
odgovora.
Prestankom Hladnog rata, bezbedonosna situacija u sve-
tu se u velikoj meri promenila, što je neminovno uticalo i
na pretnje sa kojima se oružane snage suočavaju. Umesto
masovnih sudara oklopno-mehanizovanih snaga, pojavila
se sve intenzivnija teroristička pretnja ili lokalni sukobi
uključujući i ratove na tlu bivše SFRJ. U takvoj klimi, posade
oklopnih vozila se znatno intenzivnije suočavaju sa projek-
tilima ručnih protivoklopnih bacača kao što je RPG-7, pro-
tivoklopnim minama, improvizovanim eksplozivnim
napravama i, u poslednje vreme, sve raširenijim teškim sna-
jperskim puškama kalibra 12,7 mm. Sva ova oružja ped-
stavljaju izuzetno opasna sredstva protiv oklopnih vozila
prethodnih generacija, čija je zaštita projektovana da pruži
sigurnost protiv streljačke municije stadardnog kalibra 7,62
mm (7,62x51 mm NATO i 7,62x54R Ruski), eventulano
12,7 mm sa čela.
Veliku poteškoću za ugradnju dodatnog oklopa na laka
oklopna vozila predstavlja ograničenje u masi, koju takva
vozila mogu da podnesu bez prekomernog opterećenja. Iz
tog razloga, razvoj dodatnog oklopa koji bi trebalo da odgov-
ori na sve navedene pretnje predstavlja velik izazov. Ukoliko
se ukaže potreba, tj. promeni pretnja, jedan paket dodatne
oklopne zaštite se može zameniti drugim, savremenijim ili
onim namenjenim za zaštitu od drugih sredstava. Srpska
namenska industrija projektuje, razvija, ispituje, proizvo-
di i nudi gotove pakete dodatne oklopne zaštite za oklopna
vozila koja se nalaze u operativnoj upotrebi u različitim
zemljama sveta. Naravno, svako oklopno vozilo koje bi tre-
balo da dobije dodatnu oklopnu zaštitu ima drugačiju kon-
figuraciju: siluetu, dimenzije i raspored različitih otvora,
tako da je potrebno izvršiti prilagođavanje konkretnog pake-
ta. Pogledajmo koji su to sistemi dodatne zaštite koji su
razvijeni, vrši se optimizacija ili se trenutno razvijaju i ispitu-
ju.
Streljačka municija
Kao što je rečeno, zaštita lakih oklopnih vozila se u velikoj
većini slučajeva „dimenzioniše“ prema najrasprostranjenijoj
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES
By
Sebastian Baloš
One of the greatest challenges that the engineers involved
in development and maintenance of light armored vehicles
are faced with is development of the add-on armor which
increases the protection level considerably, thus meeting the
challenges of the modern age and extending the service life
of outdated and poorly protected armored vehicles. It is in
this field that the defense industry of Serbia can offer a range
of interesting and efficient solutions.
After the Cold War, the world security situation has under-
gone profound changes, which inevitably affects the threats
which the armed forces are faced with. Instead of large-scale
crashes of armored-mechanized units, ever-increasing ter-
rorist threats and local conflicts have appeared, including
the wars on the territory of former SFRY. Under such cir-
cumstances, the armored vehicle crews are confronted more
intensively with personal anti-armor rocket launchers such
as RPG-7, anti-tank mines, improvized explosive devices
and, lately, with all-prevailing heavy 12.7 mm sniper rifles.
All of them make exceptionally dangerous weapons against
old-generation armored vehicles designed to provide pro-
tection against standard 7.62 mm (7.62x51 mm NATO and
7.62x54R Russian) small arms ammunition only, or possi-
bly against 12.7 mm launched towards the front of the vehi-
cle.
One of the difficulties with the add-on armor integration
is limitation of the load that these vehicles can take on. This
is why development of the add-on armor which meets all the
stated threats is considered a great challenge. In case of need,
i.e. if a threat has changed, an add-on armor kit can be
replaced with a more advanced or suitable one. The Serbian
defense industry designs, develops, tests, manufactures and
offers off-the-shelf add-on armor kits that are in service with
many armies of the world. Since each armored vehicle sub-
jected to add-on armor works has a different configuration
- outline, size and layout of hatches - each concrete kit has
to be adapted to make it suitable. We can now have a look at
the add-on armor protection systems that have been devel-
oped or are currently being improved, developed or tested.
Small arms ammunition
As already mentioned, add-on armor is mainly „dimen-
sioned“ for the most widespread small arms ammunition –
12.7-14.5 mm from the front, and 7.62 mm from the side.
Fire attacks from heavy 12.7 mm sniper rifles with a com-
paratively extensive range can be expected in "ambush"
actions directed at the side of the armored vehicle. The same
47
 straljačkoj municiji,
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES
sa čela od kalibra
12,7-14,5 mm, a sa
boka od 7,62 mm.
Međutim, pri
vatrenom dejstvu iz
teških snajperskih
pušaka kalibra 12,7
mm, koje imaju rel-
ativno velik domet,
treba očekivati
dejstvo „iz zasede“
upravo na bok
oklopnog vozila. Isto
važi i u slučaju
zaštite od nove gen-
eracije pancirnih
projektila sa jez-
grom od legure vol-
frama ili
potkalibarnih pro-
jektila streljačke
municije kalibra 7,62 mm, čija je probojnost značajno veća
od municije sa čeličnim probojnim jezgrom od koje štiti
osnovni oklop vozila. To znači, da je, grubo govoreći, zašti-
tu sa recimo boka potrebno udvostručiti, što je približno
jednako dodavanju oko 100 kg pancirnog čelika po kvadrat-
nom metru bočne površine vozila. Znajući tipične dimen-
zije tih vozila, potrebno je dodati ukupnu masu koja je reda
veličine gotovo 2 t, što je za lako vozilo čija je borbena masa
10 - 15 t neprihvatljivo. Iz tog razloga, potrebno je pronaći
efikasnije tipove dodatne oklopne zaštite od pancirnog čeli-
ka.
Kao prvo rešenje se nameće inženjerska keramika, u
prvom redu aluminiju-oksid (Al2O3). Ovaj materijal ima
veću tvrdoću od jezgra pancirnog projektila, što izaziva lom
probojnog jezgra, tako da osnovna oklopna zaštita može da
pruži potrebnu zaštitu. Ovaj tip keramike se najčešće koristi
jer poseduje odličan odnos cene i kvaliteta, znatno bolji od
prilično skupljih, ali i nešto efikasnijih silicijum-karbidnih
i bor-karbidnih tipova keramike. Ipak, i cena aluminijum-
oksidne keramike je višestruko veća od cene pancirnog čeli-
ka, tako da se upotreba ovog tipa dodatne zaštite koristi u
određenim, specifičnim slučajevima, pre svega gde nema
dovoljno prostora da se primene drugi tipovi zaštite, odnos-
no gde se spoljni gabarit vozila ne sme u većoj meri povećati.
Paketi ovog tipa zaštite su već razvijeni, dostupni i trenut-
no se radi na njihovom daljem usavršavanju.
Predoklop u vidu perforirane ploče ili rešetke predstavl-
ja vrlo efikasnu alternativu inženjerskoj keramici, ali zahte-
va ugradnju na određenom odstojanju od osnovnog oklopa.
To je najjednostavnije izvesti u slučaju ugradnje poput
kumulativnih ekrana, preko gusenica vozila. Mehanizam
smanjenja probojnosti se zasniva na efektu zakošavanja
pancirnog zrna u letu, ili njegovog loma usled pogotka u
ivicu perforacije pojavljuju i savojni naponi unutar probo-
jnog jezgra. U prvom slučaju, zrno u osnovni oklop udara
„pljoštemice“, dok se u drugom slučaju, pored toga javlja
i lom jezgra, tako da kinetička energija njegovih delova poje-
dinačno višestruko smanjuje, čime osnovni oklop može da
48
goes for protection
against the new gen-
eration of tungsten
alloy armor-piercing
projectiles, or
against subcaliber
projectiles of 7.62
mm small arms
ammunition, with
considerably greater
penetration than the
steel-core ammuni-
tion which can be
stopped by basic
vehicle armor.
Roughly speaking,
this means that the
vehicle side protec-
tion has to be dou-
bled by adding to the
side of the vehicle
approximately 100 kg
of hard steel per square meter. Having in mind the typical
size of these vehicles, it would mean that a total of almost 2t
has to be added, which is absolutely unacceptable for a light
vehicle with the combat weight of 10 - 15 t. For this reason,
it is necessary to find more efficient types of add-on armor
than hard steel.
The first solution is engineering ceramics, primarily alu-
minum oxside (Al2O3). This material is harder than the
armor-piercing projectile core, and can break the penetrat-
ing core and make the basic armor protection sufficient.
This type of ceramics is widely used because of its good cost-
efficiency ratio, and because it is much better than some
more expensive and somewhat more efficient silicon car-
bide and boron carbide types of ceramics. However, since
the cost of aluminum oxide ceramics is several times high-
er than the cost of hard steel, this type of add-on armor is
used only in some particular and specific cases, mainly when
other types of protection cannot be used, i.e. when the out-
er vehicle dimensions are not to be remarkably increased.
These protection kits have already been developed and are
currently being improved.
The outer armor in the form of a perforated plate or grid
is a very efficient alternative to engineering ceramics, but it
has to be fitted at a certain distance from the basic armor.
The easiest way to do this is in case of installations such as
side skirts over the vehicle tracks. The mechanism of pen-
etration decrease is based on the effect of slant motion of
the armor-piercing projectile in flight, or on its damage when
it hits the perforation edge when stress in the penetrating
core commonly occurs. In the first case, the projectile hits
the basic armor „nose down“, while in the other case, the
projectile core is broken so that kinetic energy of its parts is
significantly reduced, allowing the basic armor to provide
adequate protection. With its more favorable cost-efficien-
cy ratio, this type of armor is more suitable than ceramics,
and in addition, it has better protection features against
shaped-charge warheads used mainly with the anti-tank
launchers class RPG-7, by de-focusing the shaped charge
pruži adekvatnu zaštitu. Prema odnosu cena – kvalitet, ovaj
tip oklopa je značajno pogodniji od keramike, a uz to,
povećava i zaštitu od kumulativnih bojevih glava, pre-
vashodno zastupljenih na ručnim protivoklopnim sredstvi-
ma klase RPG-7, kroz mehanizam defokusiranja kumula-
tivnog mlaza, odnosno povećanje rastojanja na kom se boje-
va glava aktivira. Perforirane ploče i rešetke su takođe razvi-
jeni i trenutno se radi na proširenju spektra materijala koji
se mogu upotrebljavati, prema željama i potrebama koris-
nika.
Kumulativna municija
Kumulativna municija ručnih protivoklopnih bestrzajnih
i raketnih sredstava, tj. njene bojeve glave imaju višestruko
veću probojnost pancirnog čelika od oklopne zaštite lakih
oklopnih vozila (preko 300 mm u odnosu na 6 - 20 mm).
Pored toga, znajući koliko je široka proliferacija ovih sred-
stava, a pre svega sovjetskih tj. ruskih RPG-7, ali i amer-
ičkih LAW, jasno je da je pružanje efikasne zaštite od tih
sredstava isto toliko važno koliko je i problematično. Kao
što je već rečeno, postavljanje predoklopa u vidu perfori-
rane ploče ili rešetke na određeno rastojanje od osnovnog
oklopa pruž povećanu zaštitu od kumulativnih bojevih gla-
va, ali tu zaštitu ne treba smatrati apsolutno sigurnim rešen-
jem, jer će čak i defokusirani mlaz imati dovoljnu probo-
jnost da prodre unutar vozila. Međutim, efekat dejstva u
vozilu je znatno umanjen.
Danas vrlo popularno rešenje ovog akutnog problema
predstavlja tzv. kavez, odnosno na Engleskom „slat“ oklop
jet, or increasing the distance at which the warhead is acti-
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES
vated. Perforated plates and grids have also been developed
and current trends are to expand the range of materials that
can be used, in accordance with the needs and requirements
of different users.
Shaped-charge ammunition
Shaped-charge ammunition used with anti tank recoilless
and rocket weapons, i.e. its warheads outperform the armor
protection of light armored vehicles (over 300 mm compared
to 6 - 20 mm). Apart from this, knowing the proliferation of
these arms, the Soviet/Russian RPG-7 in particular, but the
American LAW as well, it becomes clear that efficient pro-
tection against these weapons is as important as problem-
atic. As has already been said, fitting the outer armor in the
form of a perforated plate or grid at a certain distance from
the basic armor provides better protection against shaped-
charge warheads, but this protection should not be taken for
granted because even defocused jet would be capable of pen-
etrating inside the vehicle. However, its efficiency in the
vehicle would be markedly reduced.
Currently, a very popular solution for this acute problem
is the so called „slat“ armor made of steel strips installed at
a certain distance from the main armor. Although this type
of armor is considered in technical literature as a type of out-
er armor that only increases the distance at which the war-
head is activated and leads to the defocused shaped-charge
jet effect, which is what actually happens in case of direct
49
 od čeličnih traka. Ovaj tip impact of the fuse at the strip, in
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES

zaštite podrazumeva some other cases its mechanism

ugradnju čeličnih traka for decreasing the penetrability of
koje se nalaze na shaped-charge warheads is com-
određenom rastojanju od pletely different. Namely, when an
osnovnog oklopa. Iako se older type of warhead used with
u literaturi ovaj tip oklopa RPG-7 launchers hits the steel
smatra vrstom predok- strip with its slanted tip, the sig-
lopa koji samo povećava nal going from the fuse to the det-
razdaljinu aktivacije onator will be interrupted, thus
bojeve glave i pojave efek- preventing the explosive charge to
ta defokusiranja kumula- detonate. However, some war-
tivnog mlaza, što se i heads have inertial fuses which get
dešava u slučaju direk- activated when the projectile
tnog udara upaljača u decelerates. Furthermore, some
traku, u drugim slučajevima je njegov mehanizam sman- projectiles are equipped with secondary, self-destruction
jenja probojnosti kumulativnih bojevih glava sasvim dru- fuses activating the warhead a few seconds after it has been
gačiji. Naime, ukoliko se radi o starijim tipovima bojeve fired, i.e. they self-liquidate. In both cases, steel strips can
glave namenjene ručnim bacačima RPG-7, udarom damage seriously the shaped-charge liner, which will not be
zakošenog čeonog dela projektila u čeličnu traku dolazi do axisymmetric anymore and will help to create improper for-
prekida signala od upaljača do detonatora, tako da uopšte mation of the shaped-charge jet, reducing its penetrability
ne dolazi do detonacije eksplozivnog punjenja. Međutim, effect. The „slat“ armor is still in the stage of development.
neki tipovi bojevih glava imaju upaljače koji dejstvuju iner- An alternative to the „slat“ armor is the explosive–reactive
ciono, tj. kada dođe do usporavanja projektila. Takođe, neki armor (ERA). This type of armor is very popular today and
projektili su opremljeni i sekundarnim, samolikvidacionim is especailly used for tank protection. It consists of two steel
upaljačima koji aktiviraju bojevu glavu nekoliko sekundi plates, and the explosive charge in between. After the shaped-
nakon ispaljivanja, tj. vrše samouništenje. U oba slučaja, charge jet activates the explosive, the two steel plates get
čelične trake mogu da izazovu ozbiljno oštećenje kumula- separated and move through the shaped-charge jet, decreas-
tivnog levka, koji nakon toga više nije osno – simetričan, ing penetrability to a large extent. The ERA second gener-
što u velikoj meri doprinosti nepravilnom formiranju kumu- ation is efficient against kinetic energy projectiles as well.
lativnog mlaza, tj. njegovoj značajno smanjenoj probojnosti. The greatest problem with ERA is high impact energy of the
Kavez-oklop je u fazi razvoja. inner steel plate, which can damage severly the compara-
Kao alternativa „kavezu“ nameće se eksplozivno – reak- tively thin basic armor of the vehicle. This is why different
tivni oklop (ERO). Ovaj tip oklopa je danas vrlo aktuelan solutions are applied. The first one involves installation of a
pre svega za povećanje oklopne zaštite tenkova. Sastoji se multi-layer intermediate layer, where plastic is used in addi-
od dve čelične ploče, između kojih se nalazi eksplozivno tion to the explosive, thus absorbing to a certain extent the
punjenje. Nakon što kumulativni mlaz aktivira eksploziv, energy of the inner plate and reducing it to an acceptable
dolazi do razdvajanja dve čelične ploče, koje se samim razd- level. Still ERA only reduces the penetration of the shaped-
vajanjem kreću kroz kumulativni mlaz, remeteći ga i u charge warhead, meaning that the basic armor has to be thick
velikoj meri smanjuući probojnost. Druga generacija ERO enough to stop the shaped-charge jet. But, even as it is, ERA
ima efikasnost i protiv projektila koji dejstvuju kinetičkom can reduce the post-penetration effects to a large extent.
energijom. Najveći Instead of steel, a brand-new ERA
problem kod ERO je generation uses fiber-reenforced
velika energija udara composite material that splinters
unutrašnje čelične after detonation of the explosive
ploče, što može da charge. These small fragments can
ozbiljno ošteti rela- make some risk for the surround-
tivno tanki osnovni ing area which is the reason why
oklop vozila. Iz tog ERA has not been widely deployed.
razloga, pribegava re The weight of this ERA is by 2/3
različitim rešenjima. lower than the standard type ERA
Prvo rešenje such as Israeli Blazer or Russian
podrazumeva ugradnju Contact 1, and the remaining pen-
višeslojnog međusloja, etrating potential of the shaped-
gde je pored eksplozi- charge jet is reduced by far. All this
va prisutna i plastična makes ERA with the composite
masa, koja u određenoj modules prominently more suitable
meri apsorbuje energi- for protection against light armor
ju unutrašnje ploče, vehicles.
svodeći je na prihvatljiv In place of ERA a somewhat less
nivo. Ipak, ERO samo efficient, but more reliable and

50
smanjuje probojnost safer sandwich-armor with an inert
kumulativne bojeve glave, tako da osnovni oklop mora da
ima dovoljnu debljinu kako bi potpuno zaustavio kumula-
tivni mlaz. Međutim, i kao takav, ERO u velikoj meri sman-
juje efekte nakon proboja.
Poptuno nova generacija ERO ima umesto čelika kom-
pozitnim materijal ojačan vlaknima, koji se nakon detonacije
eksplozivnog punjenja raspada u sitne delove. Ovi delovi
takođe predstavljaju manji rizik po okolinu što je sprečava-
lo da ERO pronađe širu upotrebu. Masa ovakvog ERO je za
2/3 manja nego kod klasičnih tipova ERO kao što je izrael-
ski Blazer ili ruski Kontakt 1, a preostala probojnost kumu-
lativnog mlaza je znatno manja. Sve ovo čini ERO sa kom-
pozitnim modulima značajno pogodnijim i sigurnijim za
zaštitu lakih oklopnih vozila.
Umesto ERO, moguće je koristiti nešto manje efikasan,
ali daleko sigurniji i bezbedniji sendvič oklop sa inertnim
međuslojem (IRO – inertni reaktivni oklop). Umesto
eksploziva, između dve čelične ploče se može postaviti
polimer, koji pri dejstvu kumulativnog mlaza izaziva „nadi-
manje“ čeličnih ploča, čime se takođe ostvaruje njihovo
kretanje unutar mlaza i smanjuje se probojnost. Osim toga,
IRA ima i prednost da obezbeđuje veću mogućnost zaštite
od višestrukih pogodaka od ERA. Nekoliko klasičnih tipo-
va ERO oklopa namenjenih za dodatnu zaštitu tenkova je
razvijeno i testirano, dok su ostali tipovi oklopa iz ove grupe
trenutno u razvoju.
Poslednji, ali ne i najmanje perspektivan način postizanja
dodatne protivkumulativne zaštite lakog oklopnog vozila
jeste korišćenjem principa tzv. Whipple shield. Ovaj metod
je ranije korišćen za zaštitu svemirskih letelica od vrlo brz-
ih čestica poznatih pod nazovom „zvezdana prašina“. Sastoji
se od više veoma tankih ploča, postavljenih na određeno
međusobno rastojanje, koje izazivaju raspadanje tih česti-
ca, nakon čega unutrašnji slojevi zaustavljaju još sitnije
krhotine koje imaju daleko manju kinetičku energiju. U
naučnoj literaturi je ovaj efekat pokazao visoku efikasnost
protiv kumulativnog mlaza, koji se kreće upravo brzinama
koje su uporedive zvezdanoj prašini. Nivo efikasnosti je pri
nekim konfiguracijama čak uporediv sa ERO, ali bez agre-
sivog efekta protiv okoline vozila. Dodatna prednost je vrlo
pogodna montaža pre svega na vozila kod kojih se zahteva-
ju amfibijske osobine, tj. plovnost, jer se dodatni oklop ovog
tipa postavlja unutar hermetički zatvorenih kutija koje
sadrže i relativno velik zapreminski procenat vazduha.
Whipple shield dodatni oklop za laka vozila je trenutno u
fazi razvoja i očekuju se prva testiranja kumulativnom muni-
cijom.
intermediate layer (IRA – inert reactive armor) can be used.
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES
The explosive between the two steel plates can be replaced
with a polymer that „puffs up“ the steel plates under the
action of the shaped-charge jet, which also leads to their
movement in the jet and reduces penetrability. Besides, IRA
is more adventageous over ERA because it provides for bet-
ter protection against repeated hits. Several standard types
of ERA intended as add-on protection for tanks have been
developed and tested, while other types of this group are still
in the development stage.
The last but not least promising protection of the light
armor vehicle is the so called whipple shield. This method
has been used for protection of spaceships against very fast
particles known as „stardust“. It consists of several extreme-
ly thin and spaced plates that destroy these particles, and of
the inner layers that stops the tinier splinters with far less
kinetic energy. According to technical literature, this method
is highly efficient against the shaped-charge jet moving at
the same speeds as the stardust. The efficiency of some con-
figurations is comparable with ERA, but without its aggres-
sive effect on the vehicle surroundings. Another advantage
is that they can be easily mounted on amphibious vehicles,
because the add-on armor of this type is fitted in hermeti-
cally-sealed boxes with a comparatively large percantege of
air. The whipple shield add-on armor for light vehicles is
currently in the development stage, and the first tests with
shaped-charge ammunition are expected.
Combinations
As one threat rarely comes alone, it is possible to combine
some solutions to provide protection against armor-pierc-
ing and shaped-charge ammunition. For instance, certain
types of add-on armor can be efficiently combined by using
two types of modules – one against small arms and the oth-
er against shaped-charge ammunition – to increase the over-
all efficiency against both types.
It is thus possible to combine engineering ceramics and
ERA/IRA, where the engineering ceramics will provide pro-
tection not only against small arms ammuntion but also
against the remaining potential of the shaped-charge jet. A
remarkably cheaper, but as efficient combination could be
a perforated plate/grid and whipple shield, with an additional
advantage of providing, keeping or increasing the amphibi-
ous vehicle features. Of course, its drawback would be com-
paratively increased outer dimensions of the modified vehi-
cle. Besides, it is possible to have different combinations
with ERA, especially ERA with composite material on the
51
 Kombinacije
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES
Kako pretnja vrlo retko dolazi sama, postoji mogućnost
kombinovanja pojedinih rešenja zaštite od zrna pancirne i
kumulativne municije. Primera radi, moguće je vrlo efikas-
no kombinovati pojedine vrste dodatnog oklopa čime se
korišćenjem dva tipa modula, jedan protiv streljačke muni-
cije, a drugi protiv kumulativne, povećava ukupna efikas-
nost protiv obe vrste sredstava.
Primera radi, moguće je kombinovati inženjerske
keramike i ERO/IRO, gde inženjerska keramika pored
zaštite od streljačke municije pruža i dodatnu zaštitu vozi-
la od preostalog kumulativnog mlaza. Znatno jeftinija, a
podjednako efikasna kombinacija bi mogla biti perforirana
ploča ili rešetka i Whipple shield, uz dodatnu prednost
obezbeđenja, zadržavanja ili povećanja amfibijskih svojs-
tava vozila. Naravno, nedostatak ove druge kombinacije je
nešto veće povećanje spoljašnjih gabarita modifikovanog
vozila. Takođe, moguće je kombinovati i različite tipove
ERO, pre svega ERO sa kompozitnim materijalom spolja,
a klasični sa unutrašnje strane kako bi se ostvarila i određe-
na otpornost na dejstvo tandem – kumulativnih bojevih gla-
va. Tako, konačna odluka stoji na finalnom korisniku, u zav-
isnosti od njegovih želja i potreba.
52
outside and conventional material on the inside in order to
achieve some immunity against tandem HEAT warheads.
So the final decison would be the end user’s, depending on
his needs and requirements.
Anti-tank mine
Nowadays, anti-tank mines are the most common anti-
tank weapons used in terrorist actions. They create special
difficulties due to the fact that these mines are deployed to
stop tanks, meaning that they are highly efficient against
light armored vehicles and have the direst of consequences
on the crew. The basic protection method is to re-enforce
the most sensitive vehicle parts (primarily the floor and the
mudguards) with additional steel-plates or a sandwich-struc-
ture consisting of steel and a polymer. It is clear that smooth
performance of the vehicle would be impossible in case a
mine should explode under the wheel, for example, but the
crew will surely survive, which was unimaginable without
this add-on armor. Depending on the protection level, it is
possible to protect a vehicle even against mines with 6-7 kg
of explosive charge.
 Protivoklopne mine
Protivoklopne mine danas predstavljaju jedno od najčešće
korišćenih protivoklopnih sredstava u terorističkim akci-
jama. Posebnu poteškoću predstavlja činjenica da se koriste
mine namenjene za zaustavljanje tenkova, koje protiv lak-
ih oklopnih vozila imaju vrlo visoku efikasnost sa nesagle-
divim posledicama po posadu. Osnovni metod zaštite pred-
stavlja ojačavanje najosetljivijih delova vozila, prevashodno
poda i blatobrana dodatnim čeličnim pločama, ili, sendvič
konstrukcijom koja podrazumeva korišćenje čelika i
polimera. Na taj način, jasno je da je nemoguće obezbedi-
ti neometano funkcionisanje vozila u slučaju detonacije
mine npr. ispod točka, ali se itekako može računati na
preživljavanje posade, što je bez ovog dodatnog oklopa rani-
je bilo nezamislivo. U zavisnosti od nivoa postavljene zaštite,
moguće je zaštititi vozilo i od eksplozije mine sa eksplozivn-
im punjenjem mase 6-7 kg.
Tržište
Danas u svetu postoji velik broj vozila iz doba Hladnog
rata koja još uvek imaju raspoloživog resursa s jedne strane,
a postoji potreba za povećanjem njihove oklopne zaštite.
Ovaj broj se kreće oko reda veličine nekoliko hiljada, a među
tipičnim predstavnicima treba spomenuti američke oklop-
ne transportere (OT) M113 i čitav niz vozila poreklom iz
bivšeg SSSR-a, kao što je serija OT - točkaša BTR-60, 70
i 80, gusenični OT BTR-50 u više varijanti, kao i gusenič-
na borbena vozila pešadije (BVP) BMP-1 i BMP-2 i laki
amfibijski tenkovi PT-76. Dalje, tu su i prilično raširena
francuska BVP AMX-10P, OT VAB, laki tenkovi AMX-13 i
oklopni automobili Panhard ERC, kao i britanski laki tenkovi
Scorpion i sva vozila iz ove familije (Scimitar, Spartan,
Striker, Sabre, Stormer itd.), oklopni automobili Saladin i
točkaški OT Saxon i Saracen. U „igri“ su i kineski OT
Type-63, BVP Type-85, laki tenkovi Type-63 i mnogi dru-
gi. Pri tome ne treba zaboraviti ni teža vozila poput tenko-
va, koji itekako mogu biti osetljivi pre svega na projektile
ručnih protivoklopnih bacača kao što je RPG-7, pre svega
sa boka ili krova. Spomenuti paketi modernizacije se mogu
iz tog razloga postavljati i na tenkove starije generacije kao
što su T-54/55, T-62, T-72, Type-59, 69/79, 85, M-48, M-
60, AMX-30, Leopard, Centurion, i dr. Naravno, ovaj spisak
potencijalnih vozila interesantnih za modernizaciju nije
konačan i svi spomenuti sistemi za dodatnu oklopnu zašti-
tu su vrlo prilagodljivi specifičnim dimenzijama i konfig-
uraciji najrazličitijih oklopnih vozila.
Jugoimprt-SDPR u svojoj ulozi integratora marketinško
– komercijalnog nastupa srpspke odbrambene industrije,
kao i posebno, u ulozi Sistema sistem integratora razvoja i
proizvodnje složenih oružnih sistema u republici Srbiji,
poklanja značajnu pažnju projektima razvoja sistema bal-
ističke zaštite namenjenih nadgradnji na postojeća borbe-
na i neborbena vozila, kao i integraciji u nove modele vozi-
la. Razvoj sistema zaštite borbenih i neborbenih vozila u
posebno usmeravamo ka iznalaženju efikasnih odgovora na
osnovne pretnje koje nastaju u uslovima zasednih dejsta-
va protivnika, a tokom upotrebe jednica KOV u pro-
tivterorističkim i protivgerilskim operacijama, uključujući
sverakursnu balističku zaštitu od streljačke vatre, prenos-
nih PO sredstava (ručnih bacača i raketnih lansera), kao i,
posebno, protivminsku zaštitu.
The market
ODBRAMBENE TEHNOLOGIJE - DEFENCE TECHNOLOGIES
There is a great number of vehicles from the age of Cold
War today which are still in operation, but their armor pro-
tection needs to be improved. We are talking about several
thousands of these vehicles, and among the typical repre-
sentatives we can mention the American M113 armour per-
sonnel carrier (APC) and a whole range of USSR vehicles
such as the APC family - wheeled BTR-60, 70 and 80, tracked
BTR-50 in several versions, as well as the tracked infantry
fighting vehicles (IFV) BMP-1 and BMP-2 and the light
amphibious tanks PT-76. This number also includes wide-
ly used French IFV AMX-10P, APC VAB, AMX-13 light tanks
and Panhard ERC armored vehicles, and British light tanks,
Scorpions and all vehicles of this family (Scimitar, Spartan,
Striker, Sabre, Stormer itd.), armored vehicles Saladin and
wheeled APCs Saxon and Saracen. Chinese APC Type-63,
IFV Type-85, light tanks Type-63 and many others are also
«in the game». Besides, one must not forget heavier vehi-
cles such as tanks that are sensitive primarily to projectiles
such as RPG-7 particularly when directed at the side or the
roof. The mentioned upgrade kits can therefore be applied
to older-generation tanks such as T-54/55, T-62, T-72, Type-
59, 69/79, 85, M-48, M-60, AMX-30, Leopard, Centurion,
etc. Of course, the list of vehicles apt for modernization does
not end here and the add-on armor systems are very adapt-
able to specific dimensions and configurations of diverse
armored vehicles.
As a marketing and commercial integrator of Serbian
defense industry, and especially, as the system integrator of
development and production of complex weapons systems
in the Republic of Serbia, Yugoimprt-SDPR pays full atten-
tion to the development projects of ballistic protection sys-
tems aimed at upgrading the existing combat and non-com-
bat vehicles and integration in new vehicle models.
Development of protection systems for combat and non-
combat vehicles is oriented towards finding efficient solu-
tions for common threats caused by enemy ambush actions,
and for Army operations against terrorist and guerilla actions,
including sverakursnu ballistic protection against small arms
ammunition, portable anti-tank weapons (personal rocket
launchers), and against mines in particular.
53
 Holding Holding Company
kompanija “Krušik” a.d.
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION

„Krušik“a.d.
Piše By
Krušik Marketing Krušik Marketing

Holding kompanija „Krušik“a.d. je Holding Company “Krušik” a.d. is

jedno od najvećih i najznačajnijih pre-
duzeća odbrambene industrije
Republike Srbije, koga odlikuje
dugogodišnja tradicija i svetski pre-
poznatljiv kvalitet proizvoda. U vlas-
ništvu je države u procentu od 65 %. HK „Krušik“a.d. se
nalazi u Valjevu, u Zapadnoj Srbiji, 95 kilometara jugoza-
padno od Beograda.
among the largest arms manufactur-
ers in Serbia with tradition of many
decades and world-recognized quality
of its products. The state owns 65% of
the Company.
HC ”Krušik” a.d. is situated in Valjevo, Western Serbia,
about 95 km Southwest from Belgrade.

Kompanija je osnovana 1939. godine sa osnovnom delat-
nošću proizvodnje sredstava ratne tehnike. Od osnivanja do
danas, kompanija je prolazila kroz različite faze svog posto-
janja, ali uvek nadograđujući svoj tehnološki, proizvodni i
razvojni potencijal.
It was founded in 1939 with the main purpose to develop
and produce defence equipment. Since its inception, the
Company has passed through different phases of existence,
while continually building up its technological, manufac-
turing and developing potential.

54
 Osnovna delatnost fabrike danas jeste proizvodnja
naoružanja i vojne opreme za potrebe kopnene vojske,
ratnog vazduhoplovstva i protivvazdušne odbrane, kao i
ratne mornarice. Takođe, zahvaljujući dugogodišnjem
iskustvu i kadru u proizvodnji naoružanja, HK
„Krušik“a.d. se bavi i kontrolno-tehničkim pregledom i
remontom sredstava naoružanja za potrebe oružanih
snaga Republike Srbije i inostranih partnera. Sve vrste
naoružanja koje proizvodi kompanija, ali i sredstva drugih
proizvođača analogna njenom proizvod-
nom programu predstavljaju predmet
radova koji se izvode radi produžetka nji-
hovog veka upotrebe ili popravke.
Poslednjih godina, u skladu sa aktuel-
nim trendovima smanjenja određenih
tipova naoružanja, kompanija se bavi
uništavanjem raznih tipova raketa kojima
je istekao rok upotrebe. Kompanija ima
ambicije da postane regionalni centar za
uništavanje viška municije.
Dugogodišnju tradiciju kompanija ima i
u transferima tehnologija proizvodnje sredstava
iz našeg proizvodnog programa. Širom sveta nalaze se
fabrike koje su podignute po principu „ green field“ invest-
cija, kao i fabrike koje su doopremljene sa novim tehnologi-
jama na osnovu transfera tehnologja HK «Krušik» a.d.
Inženjering poslovi jesu i dalje jedna od najznačajnijh
aktivnosti kompanije.
Svoje tehnološke kapacitete kompanija upošljava i usluga-
ma za treća lica koristeći opremu za mehaničku obradu stru-
ganjem, termičku obradu, opremu za presovanje i brizganje
termoplasta, hemijsku i elektrohemijsku zaštitu, tehnologi-
ju obrade hladnom deformacijom.
Koristeći svoja znanja i iskustvo u proizvodnji naoružan-
ja osvojili smo i proizvodimo sredstva koja se koriste za civil-
nu upotrebu a imaju elemente koji karakterišu naoružanje
- to su raketni sistem protivgradne odbrane koji obuhvata
rakete i univerzalni lanser, kao i veliki broj tipova električnih
detonatora i patrona za primenu u rudarstvu.
Visok kvalitet proizvoda garantuje sertifikovani sistem
menadžmenta kvalitetom, ISO 9001, koji je stalno podložan
proveri, osavremenjavanju i usklađivanju sa procesima u
kompaniji.
Ono po čemu nas prepoznaju
Komercijalno najznačajniji deo proizvodnog programa HK
”Krušik”a.d, po kojem je preduzeće u svetu posebno pre-
poznatljivo, jeste nesumnjivo program proizvodnje minoba-
cačkih mina.
Minobacački sistemi jesu i danas veoma značajni borbeni
sistemi vatrene podrške, koje karakterišu visoka prenosivost
i pokretljivost, sposobnost efikasnog nanošenja gubitaka
posrednim gađanjem.
Main activity of the Company is production of weapons
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
and defence equipment for use by land forces, air force and
air defence and the navy. Possessing long tradition and
employing skilled staff for arms production, HC ”Krušik”
a.d. is accepted as reliable partner of our army and of
numerous foreign customers for repairs, overhaul and
periodic inspections. All types of weapons produced by
our Company, but also other weapons similar to our pro-
duction range are subjected to programs designed to ren-
ovate or extend service life of such materials.
In recent years and according to requirement to
reduce the quantities of specific types of arma-
ment, we have been engaged in destruction of var-
ious types of rockets with expired service life. Our
aim is to become a regional center for disposal of
surplus ammunition.
We have long tradition in tech-
nology transfers to manufac-
ture arms from our production
range. A number of factories, built
as “green field” investments, oper-
ate in many regions of the world, as well
as factories re-equipped for more advanced
technologies. Engineering projects remain as one
of essential activities within our Company.
Our technological capacities are offered to third par-
ties as services in lathe machining, heat treatment, ther-
mo-plastic pressing and injecting, chemical and electro-
chemical protection and cold deformation processes.
Pooling on our expertise and experience in defence equip-
ment manufacturing, we have introduced production of civ-
il application items that share certain characteristics with
military products, such as anti-hail rockets and general pur-
pose launchers and extensive range of electric detonators
and mining blasting caps.
The quality of our products described above is supported
by certified quality management system ISO 9001 which is
subject to constant verification, updating and adaptation to
processes in use by the Company.
Where we excell
Best-selling product range of HC”Krušik” a.d. that enjoys
worldwide reputation is, undoubtedly, mortar ammunition.
Mortars still represent unbeatable, highly mobile, weapon
systems able to inflict rapid strikes by indirect fire.
HC ”Krušik” a.d. manufactures two families of mortar
ammunition:
- light mortar shells of shorter range, and
- heavy mortar shells for extended ranges.
Properties that distinguish all mortar shells made by HC
”Krušik” a.d. are:
55
- full safety in storing, handling and use,
 HK "Krušik"a.d. proizvodi dve tehnološke - very high reliability exceeding
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION

generacije minobacačke municije: 98%, or 95% for special purpose

shells,
- lake mine sa kratkim dometima - outstanding target hit preci-
- teške mine sa dugim dometima sion,
- excellent superquick action
Ono što odlikuje sve mine iz proizvodnog that assures high effectiveness
programa HK "Krušik"a.d. jeste: against targets.

- potpuna sigurnost pri skladištenju, ruko- This is achieved by suitable

vanju i upotrebi aerodynamic shape of shell case
- vrlo visoka pouzdanost od preko and the properties of fuze sub-
98%, a za specijalne mine 95% assembly and ignition cartridge.
- izuzetna preciznost na
cilju FUZE is the key element of
- odlična trenutnost mortar shell since it
što omogućava visoku directly affects shell
efikasnost na cilju safety in handling, firing
and storing. Especially
Pored aerodi- important is safety of the
namičkog oblika minobacačkih pro- crew during mortar fir-
jektila, podsklopovi upaljača i osnovnog punjenja ing. True target effec-
posebno doprinose postizanju navedenih osobina: tiveness is directly related to fuze superquick action. HK
”Krušik” a.d. produces modern mortar fuzes of mechani-
UPALJAČ jeste najznačajiji elemenat minobacačkog pro- cal impact type, standardized for all calibers. Fuzes are made
jektila jer od njega zavisi bezbednost i sigurnost mine pri in two versions: single action for smaller calibers, and dual
rukovanju, upotrebi i skladištenju. Posebno je značajna action for larger calibers.
bezbednost posade minobacača pri gađanju. Realna efikas-
nost mine na cilju jeste direktna posledica trenutnosti upal- These fuzes possess safety in front of the muzzle of 70 m,
jača. HK "Krušik"a.d. proizvodi savremeni minobacački as well as:
upaljač udarno-mehaničkog tipa, koji je univerzalan za sve - very high sensitivity (superquick action) on impact against
kalibre. Proizvodi se u dve varijante, jednostrukog dejstva obstacle that greatly increases true target
(samo trenutno dejstvo) za manje kalibre i dvostrukog dejst- effectiveness,
va (trenutno i usporeno dejstvo) za veće kalibre. - fuze status visual indicator showing when fuze is ready
Ove upaljače odlikuje: for use,
- sigurnost ispred usta cevi iznosi 70 metara - wide operating temperatures range expanding from –53o
- veoma visoka osetljivost (trenutnost) pri udaru u C to +71oC,
prepreku, što znatno povećava realnu - manual fuze setting (superquick or delayed) on dual
efikasnost na cilju action fuzes.
- indikator stanja (vizuelno zapažanje) koji ukazuje na
spremnost mine za korišćenje For special ammunition, HC ”Krušik” a.d. produces
- široki eksploatacioni temperaturni interval korišćenja pyrotechnical time fuzes of first generation. The reason for
od -53 do +71 stepeni Celzijusa. retaining this type is because these fuzes are many times
- izbor dejstva kod upaljača dvostrukog dejstva (trenutno less expensive compared to fuzes of second and third gen-
ili usporeno) se vrši ručno erations.

IGNITION CARTRIDGE is another important prime

mover of any mortar shell that should ensure:
-reliable activation of the shell within mortar tube, espe-
cially after long storage and in adverse weather
at the time of firing,
- mortar shell inner ballistics, i.e. timely and complete
ignition of increment charges,
- mortar shell precision which is directly related to its inner
ballistics.

HC ”Krušik” a.d. manufactures quality ignition cartridges

that ensure mortar shell firing in all weather conditions, even
firing of shells that were immersed in water. Our ignition
cartridges are usable within the temperature range from -
40oC to+60oC.

56
 Za specijalnu municiju HK "Krušik"a.d. proizvodi With these specifications, our mortar ammunition meets

PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
pirotehničke tempirne vre- all strict requirements placed by the clients, including
menske upaljače prve gen- those who apply strictest NATO standards in equip-
eracije. Razlog ping of their armies.
njihovog i daljeg
korišćenja je što su Courses of development
višestruko jeftiniji
od upaljača druge i HC ”Krušik” a.d.
treće generacije. keeps develop-
ing its techno-
OSNOVNO PUN- logical capabilities
JENJE je takođe vrlo važan and improving the specifications of
element minobacačke municije od koga zavisi: its products, expanding their
- da li će se minobacački projektil aktivirati u cevi minoba- range where required by
cača pogotovu posle dugotrajnog skladištenja i loših vre- demands of international markets. Thus, forging line that
menskih uslova pri korišćenju forges mortar shell cases, missile warhead cases and artillery
- unutrašnja balistika projektila, odnosno pravovremeno i shell cases for calibers up to 125 mm has been renewed. The
potpuno pripaljivanje baruta u capacity of this forging shop is rated at 800,000 shell cases
dopunskom punjenju. for cal. 60 mm mortar shells. Capacities are expanded and
- preciznost projektila koja je u direktnoj zavisnosti od renewed for processing of duroplast, used to manufacture
unutrašnje balistike. armor plates. Technology of smoke ammunition produc-
tion is modernized and expanded by installation of white
HK "Krušik"a.d. proizvodi savremeno osnovno punjen- phosphorus filling plant. New plant will have the capaci-
je koje omoguđava primenu minobacačke municije u svim ty of 60,000 filled smoke mortar shells cal. 120 mm.
vremenskih uslovima, uključujući i mogućnost izvođen-
ja gađanja municijom koja je izvađena iz vode. Takođe ova Speaking about specific products, intensive development
osnovna punjenja se mogu koristiti u širokom is under way to upgrade the WGAT missile
temperaturnom dijapazonu od -40o C do “Malutka” by introduction of three new war-
+60o heads – tandem, thermo baric and increased
penetration types. The upgrading means
Sa ovim elementima naša minobacačka retaining of all other missile components
municija proizvedena u preduzeću Krušik and replacing the warhead only. In parallel
zadovoljava sve stroge standarde kupaca with this development, work is under way
širom sveta, a naročito najstrožije zahteve to improve the rocket motor propellant.
zemalja koje koriste NATO standarde za
opremanje svojih armija. Cal. 40 mm sub-barrel grenade launcher
ammunition is permanently upgraded and
Razvojni pravci expanded to include new variants.

HK“Krušik“a.d. razvija svoje tehnološke Apart from developments in production of

mogućnosti, a poboljšavanjem karakteris- military equipment, recent years witnessed
tika sredstava iz proizvodnog programa adopting of a number of special products
povećava svoj proizvodni asortiman designed for use by the police and Special
usaglašavajući ga sa zahtevima svetskog Forces. Our mid-term development plans
tržišta. Tako je obnovljena kovačka linija za envisage introduction in production of a
kovanje košuljica za minobacačke mine, number of these special products in com-
košuljice za bojeve glave raketa kao i za artil- ing years. As we are currently introducing
jerijske projektile do kalibra 125mm. technologies for manufacturing of irritants,
Kapaciteti ove kovačnice su 800.000 koma- these will be adopted for application by spe-
da godišnje, svedeno na košuljicu minoba- cial police forces and for expansion of oth-
cačke mine 60mm. Povećava se i kapacitet er production ranges.
opreme za preradu duroplasta koja se koristi
za izradu specijanih pancirnih ploča. Broad range of final products, from hand
Osavremenjava se i povećava kapacitet grenades to heat-seeking missiles; decades
prozvodnje izrade dimne municije postavl- of experience and skilled specialists rec-
janjem pogona nalivanja belog fosfora. Novi ommend HC ”Krušik” a.d. for quality and
pogon ima kapacitet do 60.000 komada reliable partner, open for many type of coop-
nalivenih projektila svedeno na košuljicu eration in development of new products in
minobacačke mine kalibra 120mm. keeping with requirements of the
clients.

57
 MILITARY PROGRAMES
Kada je reč o proizvodima, u proizvodnju se uvodi nova,

PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
modernizovana generacija protivoklopnih vođenih raketa tipa
„Maljutka“, opremljena sa tri vrste novih bojnih glava – AIR FORCE AIR DEFENCE
kumulativnom bojnom glavom povećane probojnosti, tan- UNGUIDED MISSILES (ROCKETS) cal. 57 mm
dem kumulativnom bojnom glavom i i termobaričnom UNGUIDED PRACTICE AIRCRAFT ROCKETS cal. 57
bojnom glavom. Rešenje modernizacije podrazumeva zadrža- mm
vanje svih elemenata rakete jednostavnom zamenom stare PROGRAMMED ROCKET TARGET - 200
bojne glave novom. Paralelno sa ovim razvija se i poboljšana QUICK SIMULATOR OF AIR TARGET
varijanta pogonskog punjenja u raketnom motoru. AIR BOMBS

Municija u kalibru 40mm za podcevne bacače granate se ANTIARMOUR ACTIONS

konstantno osavremenjava i proširuje se asortiman sa novim SEMI-AUTOMATIC GUIDED ROCKET cal. 120 mm
varijantama. 82 mm HEAT CUMULATIVE SHELLS FOR RECOI-
LESS GUN 82 mm M79 and M60A
Pored razvoja proizvodnje naoružanja za potrebe vojske CUMULATIVE MINES 82 mm M80 for 44 mm MANU-
poslednjih godina je razvijen i usvojen određen broj speci- AL LAUNCHERS
jalnih sredstava za potrebe policijskih specijalnih jedinica.
U svojim razvojnim planovima za narednih nekoliko godi- DEVICES FOR MASS FIRE SUPORT AND SPECIAL
na definisali smo određen broj ovih tipova proizvoda koja se ACTIONS
moraju naći u našoj proizvodnji. Kako se trenutno kompanija UNGUIDED ROCKETS cal. 120 mm
nalazi u procesu uspostavljanja tehnologije za proizvodnju 82 mm SHELLS WITH IMPACT GRENADE FOR
iritanata, ona će naći svoju primenu, kako za specijalna sred- RECOILESS GUN 82 mm M79 and M60A
stva policije, tako i za proširenje asortimana ostalih proizvo- MORTAR LAUNCHERS cal. 60 ; 81/82 and 120 mm
da. MORTAR SHELLS cal. 60 ; 81/82 and 120 mm
ARTILERY SHELLS
Široki opseg vrsta proizvoda, od ručne bombe do samon- HAND GRENADE
avođene rakete, dugogodišnje iskustvo, stručni kadar, sve to 40 mm SHELLS
HK” Krušik”a.d. izdvaja kao vrlo kvalitetnog i sigurnog part-
nera otvorenog za sve vrste saradnje u razvoju novih sred- DEMOLITION DEVICES
stava u skladu sa zahtevima kupaca. ANTI-TANK MINES
DEMOLATION CHARGE

59
 POLITIKA KVALITETA HK “KRUŠIK”
a.d. NAVY
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION

DEVICES FOR ANTISABOTAGE ACTIONS

DEVICES FOR CLEAR-
– Poslovni ING OF MINE-
prioritet HK FIELDS
“Krušik” a.d. jeste
zadovoljenje klije- OTHER MILITARY
nata i drugih zain- PROGRAM
teresovanih strana. FUZES
– N a š a INITIAL DEVICES
misija je određena DEVICES USED IN
programom THE FIELD OF
proizvodnje sred- PUBLIC SAFETY
stava naoružanja i AND
vojne opreme, sa cil- PROTECTION:
jem dostizanja nivoa vodećeg proizvođača u ovom delu - SPECIAL AMMUNITION
Evrope. - "SHOCK" HAND GRENADE
– Vizija preduzeća vezana je za strategiju odbram- - ANTI-HAIL ROCKETS AND LAUNCHERS
bene industrije koju određuje Vlada Republike Srbije.
– Opredeljenje NAJVIŠEG RUKOVODSTVA i svih QUALITY POLICY PURSUED BY HC “KRUŠIK”
zaposlenih u HK “Krušik” a.d. je: a.d.
- Uspostavljanje INTEGRISANIH MENADŽMENT SIS-
TEMA i njihovo kontinuirano poboljšavanje; – Business priority pursued by HC ”Krušik” a.d. is
- Isporuka proizvoda u ugovorenim rokovima, koji će u to meet the requirements of the clients and other interest-
potpunosti zadovoljiti zahteve i očekivanja klijenata, ed parties.
zakonske propise i standarde; – Our mission is determined by the production pro-
- Ispitivanja i/ili eteloniranja će se uvek obavljati u skladu gram of arms and defence equipment; our objective is to
sa navedenim metodama i zahtevima klijenata. attain the level of leading manufacturer in our region of
- Ispunjavanje ekoloških zahteva okoline. Europe.
- Aktivna zaštita i prevencija bezbednosti i zdravlja – Vision of our Company is reflected in the strategy
zaposlenih, od bilo kojih rizika koji mogu nastati u toku rada. of defence industry as adopted by the Government of Serbia.
– Determination of HK ”Krušik” a.d. management
- Procesne aktivnosti i stalno poboljšavanje integrisanih leaders and all Company employees is:
menadžment sistema u - Establishing of INTEGRATED MANAGING SYS-
organizaciji TEMS and their permanent improving,
– Sve odluke u organizaciji se donose u skladu sa - Deliveries within the contracted terms that shall fully
ovlašćenjima, na osnovu objektivnih činjenica, što eliminiše meet the requirements and expectations
improvizacije i pogrešne odluke. of clients, as well as legal regulations and standards,
– Rezultate merenja zadovoljenja klijenata, eventu- - Testing and benchmarks shall be always applied accord-
alne reklamacije, primedbe i sugestije, prihvatamo i koris- ing to relevant methods and
timo kao mogućnost za poboljšanje. requirements of clients,
– Opredeljenje menadžmenta je da samo zadovoljni - Fulfilment of environmental protection requirements,
zaposleni mogu dati maksimum u procesima u kojima - Active protection and prevention of the safety and health
učestvuju. Stimulisanje i motivisanje zaposlenih direktno je of those employed from any risks
vezano za kvalitet obavljenog posla. that may be encountered at work.
- Process activities and permanent enhancement of inte-
grated management systems within the
Company.
- Decision within the Company shall be issued in
accordance with relevant authorizations, based on objective
facts in order to eliminate any improvisations and erroneous
decisions.
– Results of customer satisfaction, possible customer
claims, remarks and suggestions shall be accepted and con-
sidered as means for improvements.
– Determination of the management is that only sat-
isfied employees are prepared to give their maximum in the
processes where they are involved. Employee stimulation
and motivation is directly reflected in the quality of per-
formed work.

60
 SENZOR INFIZ SENZOR INFIZ
d.o.o. d.o.o.
Piše
Marketing SENZOR INFIZ
Preduzeće SENZOR INFIZ d.o.o. osnovano je 1994. The enterprise SENZOR INFIZ d.o.o. was founded in 1994
godine tako što se Laboratorija za senzore izdvojila iz
nacionalnog Instituta za fiziku Srbije, pri čemu je
Institut za fiziku ostao većinski vlasnik. Preduzeće
raspolaže sa 520 m2 laboratorijskog prostora od čega
je oko 170 m2 čisti prostor (clean room) klase 10 000,
kao i opremom za nanošenje tankih slojeva, fotoli-
tografske postupke, projektovanje i izradu elektron-
skih i optoelektronskih sklopova.
Institut za fiziku, sa svojih 200 zaposlenih, pruža
podršku SENZOR INFIZ-u, kako stalnu, kroz
korišćenje zajedničkih službi (računovodstvo, radion-
ica), tako i po potrebi kroz angažovanje doktora nau-
ka, magistara i tehničara.
Programska orijentacija i proizvodni program pre-
duzeća su uglavnom vezani za vojne programe. Od
1990. godine preduzeće se bavi održavanjem i remon-
tom sistema za upravljanje vatrom tenkova M-84 i T-
72.
Jedan od prvih proizvoda preduzeća (1990.
godine) je bio meteorološki senzor za SUV ten-
ka M-84. Prvo je razvijen jednoosni (MS-2), a
ubrzo zatim i dvoosni (MS-2d). Oba meteo-
rološka senzora mere temperaturu vazduha
i atmosferski pritisak, a razlika među nji-
ma je u tome što jednoosni meri samo
bočnu komponentu vetra dok dvoosni
meri intenzitet i smer vetra. Početkom
ove dekade ovi meteorološki senzori su
digitalizovani , tako da im je sada
izlazni signal u formatu RS-485.
Osim na tenkovima, ovi meteo-
rološki senzori se mogu koristiti i
na drugim borbenim vozilima.
Jedan od važnijih proizvoda je
ručni laserski daljinomer sa
opsegom merenja do 20 km. U toku
je i razvoj ručnog laserskog dalji-
nomera sa eye-safe laserom (1540
nm).
Za SUV tenka M-84 ovo preduzeće
proizvodi i podsistem laserskog dalji-
nomera.
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
By
SENZOR INFIZ Marketing
by separation of the Sensors Laboratory from the national
Institute of Physics of Serbia, whereby the Institute of Physics
has remained majority owner of the new entity. The enter-
prise possesses laboratory area totaling 520 m2, including a
class 10 000 clean room of about 170 m2 and equipment
for application of thin layers, for photo-lithographic process-
es, for design and fabrication of electronic and optoelec-
tronic assemblies.
The Institute of Physics with its 200 employees provides
support to SENZOR INFIZ by permanent engaging of com-
mon services (accounting, workshops) and through specif-
ic projects by engaging its Doctors and Masters of Science
and its specialist technicians.
Program orientation and manufacturing program of the
enterprise are primarily related to defence area. Since 1990,
this enterprise was assigned to provide maintenance and
overhaul of tank fire control systems for tanks type M-84 and
T-72.
One of the first products (in 1990) was the meteo sen-
sor for M-84 tank FCS. Its first developed ver-
sion was the single-axis sensor (MS-2), fol-
lowed by two-axis unit (MS-2d). Both meteo
sensors measure air temperature and
atmospheric pressure, the difference being
that single-axis version measures only wind
lateral components, while the two-axis mod-
el measures both wind velocity and wind
direction. Early in this decade both sensors
have been digitalized and their output signals
are now in format RS-485. In addition to appli-
cation on tanks, these meteo sensors can be used
on other combat vehicles.
Another important final product is the hand-held
laser range finder, with measuring range up to 20
km. Under development is a hand-held laser range
finder fitted with eye-safe laser (1540 nm).
This enterprise also produces laser range finder sub-
system for M-84 tank FCS.
In addition, SENZOR INFIZ manufactures laser markers
in visible and in invisible spectrum, as well as combined type.
Manufacturing program further includes reflex (red dot)
sights.
61
 Pored ovoga, SENZOR INFIZ proizvodi više
tipova laserskih obeleživača ciljeva u vidljivom
i nevidljivom spektru, kao i kombinovani.
U proizvodnom programu se nalaze i
refleksni (red dot) nišani.
U saradnji sa svojim kooperantima SEN-
ZOR INFIZ proizvodi i Sistem za koman-
du i upravljanje artiljerijskom vatrom za
oruđe NORA-B 155mm/52cal.
U toku je i razvoj snajperskog nišana
sa laserskim daljinomerom i balističkim
kompjuterom. Posle biranja cilja i
merenja daljine do njega, na osnovu
prethodno unetih balističkih tabli-
ca za dato oružje i tip municije, bal-
istički kompjuter proračunava tra-
jektoriju zrna i generiše u ravni
končanice odgovarajuću nišan-
sku tačku, čijim se dovođenjem
na cilj obezbeđu je siguran
pogodak.
Ovo je samo kratak prikaz
mogućnosti i proizvodnog programa
preduzeća SENZOR INFIZ, koje, u
saradnji sa svojim strateškim
parnerom Jugoimport SDPR, nastavlja da
radi na osvajanju novih proizvoda, kao i na
modernizaciji postojećih. Jedan od takvih pro-
jekata je i modernizacija dnevno-noćne nišanske
sprave DNNS-2 tenka M-84 u koju je za noćni kanal
ugrađena termovizijska kamera. Uporedo sa tim mod-
ernizuje se i SUV.
In collaboration with its sub-suppli-
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
ers, SENZOR INFIZ produces
the artillery fire command and
control system for cal.
155mm/152mm gun-howitzer
NORA-B.
Development is under way of
sniper sight incorporating
laser range finder and ballis-
tic computer. After target selec-
tion and measuring of its dis-
tance, based on ballistic data
entered beforehand for subject
weapon and ammunition type,
ballistic computer calculates pro-
jectile trajectory and generates
sighting point in reticle of the
sight, thus ensuring positive hit.
This is only a brief outline of the
capabilities and manufacturing
expertise of SENZOR INFIZ
which, in cooperation with its
strategic partner Jugoimport
SDPR, continues to develop
new products and to upgrade
existing systems. One of the
units that are the subject of
modernization is the day/night
gun sight DNNS-2 for M-84 tanks which
will be equipped with thermo vision camera for
its night channel. At the same time, upgrading of the entire
tank FCS is being reviewed.
63
 VOJNOTEHNIČKI MILITARY-
INSTITUT TECHNICAL
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
INSTITUTE
Piše
prof.dr. Dragoljub Vujić
V ojnotehnički institut institut (VTI) je prva
i najveća vojna naučnoistraživačka ustanova u
Republici Srbiji, (kao i u prethodnoj SFRJ)
u oblasti tehničkih nauka i vojnih tehnologi-
ja koja ove godine navršava i slavi 60 godi-
na postojanja i uspešnog rada. Osnovan je
3. novembra 1948. godine, a status
naučnoistraživačke ustanove stekao je 1976.
godine. Tada je pod rednim brojem jedan
(1) upisan u Registar vojnih naučnoistraži-
vačkih ustanova.
Za 60 godina postojanja i rada VTI je za potrebe
vojske razvio preko 1.300 sredstava naoružanja i vojne opreme.
Preko 75 procenata naoružanja i vojne opreme kojom je
opremljena Vojska Srbije je razvijeno u VTI. Više od 90 pro-
cenata proizvodnog programa naše vojne industrije nastalo
je u konstrukcionim biroima i laboratorijama VTI. Neki od
najznačajnijih borbenih sistema su: savremeni tenk sa
usavršenim sistemom za upravljanje vatrom, borbeno vozi-
lo pešadije, sredstva za protivoklopnu borbu na malim, sred-
njim i velikim daljinama, sistemi za protivvazdušnu odbranu,
samohodni višecevni bacač raketa, školski i borbeni avioni...
Institut raspolaže sa više od 20 savremenih laboratorija od
kojih su neke jedinstvene u zemlji, a neke svakako prevazi-
laze nacionalne potrebe i imaju međunarodni značaj kao što
su aerodinamička laboratorija, laboratorija za eksperimen-
talnu čvrstoću, laboratorija za elektro-inercijalne senzore,
laboratorija za HIL simulaciju i telemetrijska merenja, lab-
oratorija za ispitivanje raketnih motora na čvrsto gorivo i lab-
oratorija za nuklearno-hemijsku zaštitu.
OSNOVNE DELATNOSTI
VTI predstavlja matičnu ustanovu za veliki broj naučnos-
tručnih delatnosti i tehnologija od interesa za Vojsku Srbije,
a koje se isključivo neguju u njegovim okvirima.
Naučnoistraživačka delatnost, kao osnovna delatnost VTI,
obuhvata razvojna i primenjena istraživanja u više desetina
oblasti tehničkih nauka i vojnih tehnologija.
Pregled naučno-stručnih delatnosti i tehnologija orijenti-
sanih na realizaciju primenjenih istraživanja obuhvata
područja: aerodinamike, balistike (unutrašnje i spoljne),
raketnog pogona, raketodinamike, fizike eksplozije, projek-
tila (klasičnih i raketnih), bojevih glava i upaljača, mehanike
balističkih sistema (oružja, oruđa i lansera raketa), sistema
upravljanja vatrom, vođenja letelica, borbenih i neborbenih
64
By
prof.dr. Dragoljub Vujić
The Military-Technical Institute (VTI) ranks
as the first and the largest military scientific
and R&D establishment in the Republic of
Serbia (same as it was in the former SFRY)
in the field of technical sciences and
defense technologies. This year, the
Institute is celebrating 60 years of its exis-
tence and successful work. It was founded
back on 3rd November 1948 and in 1976 it
gained the status of a scientific and R&D
institution. The same year, it was entered in
the Registry of military R&D establishments
under Item No. 1.
During its 60-year operation, VTI has developed more than
1.300 weapons and defense equipment for the needs of the
armed forces. More than 75 percent of armaments and
defense equipment being in service with the Military of
Serbia have been developed by VTI. More than 90 percent
of our defense industry production programs have been cre-
ated in design bureaus and laboratories of VTI. Some of the
most significant combat systems such as: modern tank with
upgraded FCS, infantry fighting vehicle, anti-armour
weapons for small, medium and long range operations, air
defense systems, self-propelled multiple launch rocket sys-
tems, training and fighter aircraft.
Over 20 laboratories are available at the Institute. Some of
them are unique at country's level while the importance of
some others extends beyond national requirements:
Laboratory of Aerodynamics, Experimental Strength
Laboratory, Electro-Inertial Sensors Laboratory, Hardware
in the Loom (HIL) Simulation and Telemetry Laboratory,
Solid Propellant Rocket Motor Testing Laboratory and
Nuclear and Chemical Protection Laboratory are interna-
tionally renowned.
MAIN ACTIVITIES
VTI is a parent institution for a large number of science-
related and technical activities and technologies being of
interest for the Military of Serbia, which are exclusively dealt
with within the Institute framework.
R&D activities, as a basic orientation of VTI, cover R&D
and applied research in tens of technical sciences and defense
technology fields.
The scope of scientific and technical activities cover the
fields of: aerodynamics, ballistics (internal and external),
vozila, vazduhoplova, vazduhoplovne opreme i naoružanja,
podvodnog naoružanja, optike i optoelektronike, elektron-
skog izviđanja i ometanja, protivelektronske zaštite, teleko-
munikacija, radarske i računarske tehnike, laserske tehnike,
senzora, automatike, informatike, zaštite i dr.
Osim istraživanja i razvoja novih VTI se bavi i modern-
izacijom postojećih sredstava naoružanja i vojne opreme za
sve vidove vojske, a u poslednje vreme veoma uspešno sprovo-
di konverziju postojećih borbenih sistema i sredstava ratne
tehnike.
Pored toga, ostvarujući naučnu i stručnu delatnost, VTI
doprinosi i učestvuje u podsticanju i razvoju naučnih oblasti
od značaja za sistem odbrane, obezbeđenju stalnog
unapređenja naučnog i stručnog stvaralaštva za potrebe
odbrane i usavršavanju naučnog kadra.
RESURSI
Bitan preduslov za realizaciju naučnoistračvačke delatnosti
i vizije razvoja su kadrovi i laboratorijski resursi.
Kadrovi. Najveći deo kadra čini naučno-istraživačko osoblje
(76%) kao što je to slučaj i kod drugih tehnološki razvijenih
zemalja u svetu koje se bave ovom problematikom.
Laboratorije. VTI raspolaže sa preko 20 većih laboratori-
ja, od kojih su neke jedinstvene u zemlji, a neke među nji-
ma prevazilaze nacionalne potrebe i imaju međunarodni
značaj. Najveći broj laboratorija predstavlja jedinstvene
kapacitete velike materijalne vrednosti i neprocenjivog znača-
ja za zemlju, jer se mogu koristiti kao podrška naučnim i
razvojnim projektima za raznovrsne vojne i civilne programe.
rocket propulsion, rocket dynamics, blast physics, projec-
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
tiles (conventional and missiles), warheads and fuzes, bal-
listic systems mechanics (arms, weapons and rocket launch-
ers), FCS, aircraft guidance, combat and non-combat vehi-
cles, aircraft, airborne equipment and armament, underwa-
ter weapons, optics and optoelectronics, electronic recon-
naissance and warfare, ECM, telecommunications, radar
and computer technique, laser technique, sensors, automa-
tion, information technologies, protection etc.
In addition to R&D of new armaments and defense equip-
ment, VTI also deals in upgrading of the existing armaments
and defense equipment for all three armies, including con-
version of the existing combat systems and materiel con-
version in which it has been successfully involved lately.
Besides, through its scientific and technical activities, VTI
contributes to and gives impetus to development of scien-
tific fields that are important for the system of defense, pro-
motes scientific and technical creativity for defense needs
and encourages continuous improvement of scientific per-
sonnel.
RESOURCES
Human and laboratory resources are an essential prereq-
uisite for the performance of R&D activities and for achiev-
ing development visions.
Human resources. Human resources mostly consist of sci-
entific and R&D personnel (76%) which conforms to the
practice of other technologically advanced countries in the
world that deal with these issues.
Laboratories. VTI owns more than 20 large laboratories.
65
 Specijalizovane Laboratorije su :
• Aerodinamička laboratorija,
• Laboratorija za merenje prostornih oblika i dužina
• Laboratorija za eksperimentalnu modalnu analizu,
analizu vibracija i balansiranje,
• Laboratorija za eksperimentalnu čvrstoću,
• Laboratorija za eksperimentalnu balistiku,
• Laboratorija za ispitivanje raketnih motora na čvrsto
gorivo,
• Laboratorija za energetske materijale,
• Laboratorija za servosisteme,
• Laboratorija za HIL simulaciju i telemetrijska
merenja,
• Laboratorija za elektro-inercijalne senzore,
• Laboratorija za NH zaštitu,
• Laboratorija za elektromagnetsku kompatibilnost,
• Laboratorija za radio relejne sisteme i multiplek-
sne uređaje
• Laboratorija za mikrografiju
• Laboratorija za optoelektroniku,
• Laboratorija za vođenje i upravljanje,
• Laboratorija za elektroenergetiku
• Laboratorija za ispitivanje goriva i maziva,
• Laboratorija za podsisteme vozila,
• Metrološka laboratorija,
• Laboratorija za metalne materijale,
• Laboratorija za akustiku hidroakustiku i senzore,
• Laboratorija za ispitivanje uređaja u uslovima oko-
line
Some of them are unique at country’s level but there are
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
also laboratories of international importance that exceed
national requirements. Most laboratories represent unri-
valled facilities of great material value and of immeasurable
importance for the country as they can be used as support
to scientific and developmental projects within diversified
defense and civilian programs.
Specialized laboratories are:
• Laboratory for Aerodynamics,
• Laboratory for Spatial Forms and Lengths
Measuring
• Laboratory for Experimental Modal Analysis,
Vibration and Balancing Analysis,
• Laboratory for Experimental Strength,
• Laboratory for Experimental Ballistics,
• Laboratory for Testing of Solid Propellant Rocket
Motors,
• Laboratory for Power-Generating Materials,
• Laboratory for Servo-Systems,
• Laboratory for HIL Simulation and Telemetry,
• Laboratory for Electro-Inertial Sensors,
• Laboratory for NBC Protection ,
• Laboratory for Electromagnetic Compatibility,
• Radio-Relay Systems and Multiplex Equipment
Laboratory,
• Laboratory for Micrography,
• Laboratory for Optoelectronics,
• Laboratory for Guidance and Control,
• Laboratory for Electric Power Devices
67
 Aerodinamička laboratorija. Laboratorija je namenjena za
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
aerotunelska ispitivanja modela letelica, raketa, vozila, vago-
na, mostova, itd. Laboratorija ima pet aerotunela: mali sub-
sonični, kavitacioni, veliki subsonični, mali trisonični i
trisonični aerotunel. U laboratoriji su izvršena eksperimen-
talna ispitivanja modela svih domaćih aviona, modela rake-
ta, kao i niz modela za klijente iz inostranstva.
U sastavu laboratorije je i radionica za izradu modela,
opremljena CAD/CAM sistemima i CNC mašinama.
Laboratorija za eksperimentalnu čvrstoću.
Laboratorija je namenjena za statička i dinamička ispitivan-
ja struktura letelica i drugih konstrukcija, ispitivanja zamo-
ra materijala, vibraciona ispitivanja, kao i karakterizaciju svih
vrsta materijala. Laboratorija ima decenije iskustva u testi-
ranju svih domaćih vojnih letelica i opreme, raznih vrsta civil-
nih i vojnih vozila, opreme za termoelektrane, železnicu, itd.
Laboratorija za ispitivanje raketnih motora na čvrsto
gorivo. Laboratorija je specijalizovana za statička ispitivan-
ja raketnih motora, klimomehanička ispitivanja, ispitivanje
fenomena sagorevanja i ispitivanje rada raketnih motora u
simuliranim letnim uslovima. Poseduje jednokomponentne,
trokomponente i šestokomponentne opitne stolove, opitne
motore i instalacije za simuliranje visinskih uslova. Smeštena
je u namenski građenim opitnim prostorima.
Laboratorija za HIL simulaciju i telemetrijska
merenja. Laboratorija je specijalizovana za poslove istraži-
vanja i razvoja u oblastima simulacije sistema vođenja i upravl-
janja sa realnim hardverom, telemetrijskih merenja, akvizici-
je i procesiranja signala. Unutar Laboratorije instaliran je
petoosni simulator leta rakete i cilja koji omogućava ispiti-
vanja sistema vođenja i upravljanja rakete u zatvorenoj sim-
ulacionoj petlji.
Laboratorija za inercijalne senzore. Laboratorija je
specijalizovana za ispitivanje žiroskopa, akcelerometara i
drugih inercijalnih komponenata i sistema za vojne i civilne
primene. Glavni deo laboratorije je tzv. “bela soba” sa
visokom klasom čistoće u kojoj se nalaze “bela kabina”, jed-
noosni i dvoosni ispitni stolovi. .
68
• Laboratory for Fuels and Lubricants Testing,
• Laboratory for Vehicle Subsystems,
• Metrological Laboratory,
• Laboratory for Metals,
• Laboratory for Acoustics, Hydro-Acoustics and
Sensors,
• Laboratory for Environmental Tests
Laboratory for Aerodynamics. This laboratory is intend-
ed for wind tunnel tests of aircraft, vehicle, wagon, bridge
and other models. It consists of five wind tunnels: small sub-
sonic tunnel, cavitation tunnel, large subsonic, small trison-
ic and trisonic wind tunnel. The laboratory was used to car-
ry out experimental tests of all domestic aircraft models,
rocket models as well as of a series of test models for the
needs of foreign clients.
The laboratory also accommodates a test model manu-
facturing workshop equipped with CAD/CAM systems and
CNC machines.
Laboratory for Experimental Strength This laborato-
ry is intended for static and dynamic tests of airframes and
other structures, material fatigue tests, vibration tests, as
well as for determining characteristics of all types of mate-
rials. It has decades of experience in testing all home-made
military aircraft and equipment, various types of civilian and
military vehicles, thermoelectric plants equipment, and rail-
way equipment, etc.
Laboratory for Testing of Solid Propellant Rocket
Motors. This laboratory has specialized in rocket motors
static tests, environmental tests, combustion phenomenon
test and testing of rocket motors operation in simulated flight
conditions. It is equipped with single-component, three-
component and six-component test stands, test engines and
installations for altitude conditions simulation. It is situat-
ed in special test facilities built for that purpose.
Laboratory for HIL Simulation and Telemetry. The
laboratory has specialized in R&D activities in the fields of
simulation of guidance and control systems with real hard-
ware, in telemetry, acquisition and signal processing. The
laboratory is fitted with a five-axis missile and target
flight simulator that enables testing of missile guidance and
control system in a close simulation loop.
Inertial Sensors Laboratory. The laboratory has spe-
cialized in testing of gyroscopes, accelerometers and other
inertial components and systems intended for defense and
civilian purposes. The main part of the laboratory is the so
called "Clean Room" with high-class cleanliness, which
accommodates a "Clean Compartment", one-axis and two-
axis test stands.
Guidance and Control Laboratory. The laboratory has
specialized in applied research of electro-optical guidance
systems for air-to-ground missiles, anti-armour missiles and
ground-to-air missiles. It consists of three electronic labo-
ratories and a dark room for guidance systems assembling
and testing.
 Laboratorija za vođenje i upravljanje. Laboratorija je
specijalizovana za primenjena istraživanja elektrooptičkih
sistema za vođenje raketa vazduh-zemlja, protivoklopnih
raketa i raketa zemlja-vazduh. Sastoji se od tri elektronske
laboratorije i crne sobe za asembliranje i testiranje sistema
za vođenje.
Laboratorija za TV vođenje
Letni model TV glave za samonavođenje u toku ispitivan-
ja u vezanom letu TV glava za samonavođenje za rakete vaz-
duh-zemlja
Poluautomatski sis-
tem za vođenje
protivok-
lopnih
raketa
Laboratorija za goriva i maziva. Laboratorija s više od
50 godina iskustva, radi na istraživanju, razvoju i ispitivan-
jima kvaliteta u oblasti proizvodnje, transporta, skladišten-
ja i eksploatacije goriva, maziva, specijalnih tečnosti i tečnih
raketnih goriva.
Laboratorija za podsisteme vozila. Laboratorija je
namenjena za ispitivanje komponenata borbenih i nebor-
benih vozila. Tokom rada VTI-a na razvoju borbenih vozila,
za potrebe laboratorijskih ispitivanja formiran je veći broj
probnih stolova opšte i specijalizovane namene koji sada čine
osnovu ove Laboratorije. Osim toga u okviru laboratorije
realizuju se i sve vrste eksploatacionih ispitivanja vozila. U
sastav laboratorije ulaze probni stolovi za ispitivanje moto-
ra SUS snage do 1900 kW, pumpi visokog pritiska, uređaja
za hlađenje, prečistača za vazduh, transmisija snage do 900
kW, hidrauličkih komponenata, komponenata hodnog sis-
tema guseničnih vozila.
Bibliotečka i izdavačka delatnost
Značajan resurs VTI predstavlja tehnička dokumentacija
kao jedan od izlaza i kvantifikatora šezdesetogodišnjeg rada
VTI na zadacima istraživanja i razvoja. Institut raspolaže
tehničkom dokumentacijom za preko 1300 sredstava NVO
koja su razvijena u Institutu i usvojena u naoružanje. Ova
dokumentacija kao intelektualna svojina MO ima izuzetno
veliku vrednost.
Oragnizacija naučno-stručnih skupova
U okviru svojih redovnih aktivnosti, praćenja trendova i
tendencija razvoja tehničkih nauka i vojnih tehnologija VTI
redovno učestvuje na naučno-stručnim skupovima u zemlji
i inostranstvu kao i sajmovima naoružanja i vojne opreme.
Osim učešća, VTI često i sam organizuje manifestacije i sim-
pozijume ove vrste gde se okupljaju eminentni stručnjaci iz
TV homing head for air-to-ground missile Semi-automatic
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
system for anti-armour missiles
Fuels and Lubricants Laboratory. With its 50-year
experience, this laboratory is involved in research, develop-
ment and quality tests in the field of production, transport,
storing and exploitation of propellants, lubricants, special
fluids and liquid propellants.
Laboratory for Vehicle subsystems. This laboratory
is intended for test-
ing of combat and
non-combat vehi-
cle components.
During its activities on
development of com-
bat vehicles, VTI has
set in place a consid-
erable number of gen-
eral and special-pur-
pose test stands for
laboratory purpos-
es which now rep-
resent the core
part of this laboratory.
Besides, the laboratory carries out all types of vehicle exploita-
tion tests. The laboratory also integrates test stands for inter-
nal combustion engine testing, power up to 1900 KW, high
pressure pumps, cooling equipment, air filters, power trans-
missions up to 900 KW, hydraulic components and tracked
vehicles running gear components.
Documentary and publishing activity
Technical documentation represents an important
resource of VTI, as an output and quantifier of its sixty years
involvement in R&D missions. The Institute possesses tech-
nical documentation for over 1300 items of weaponry and
defense equipment developed at the Institute and introduced
in service in the armed forces. This documentation being
intellectual property of MoD, it has an outstanding value.
Organization of Scientific-Technical Gatherings
Within its regular activities that also include following of
trends and tendencies in development of technical sciences
and defense technologies, VTI regularly takes part in all sci-
entific and technical meetings in the country and abroad,
including exhibitions of armaments and defense equipment.
Very often, VTI also organizes events and symposia of this
type bringing together distinguished experts in the field of
defense technologies. Last year, the Institute organized the
biggest scientific-technical gathering in our country, OTEX
2007, with more than 300 participants and took part as
exhibitor at the Exhibition of armaments and defense equip-
ment, PARTNER 2007 which took place at the Belgrade
Fair.
From June 26 to June 29, 2007, VTI participated at the 3rd
International Exhibition of ADE, "PARTNER 2007" orga-
nized by Belgrade Fair and Yugoimport-SDPR of Belgrade,
under the auspices of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic
of Serbia. VTI exhibited more than fifty items of ADE from
69
its current development.
 IMPORTANT PROJECTS THAT HAVE BEEN
IMPLEMENTED
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION

• Anti-armour missile system BUMBAR.

• Model of an infantry warrior for the 21st century.
• 9mm M97 and M97K Submachine Gun.
• 5.56 mm M21 Automatic Rifle with 40 mm under-
barrel grenade launcher and optical sight.
• Cross-country vehicle FAP 1118 4x4.
• New engineering vehicle MUNJA.
• Fuel blast and fuel fire protection subsystem
• Tank engine protection from wrong start-up.
• Upgraded AD missile system NEVA.
• Upgraded aircraft G-4 SUPERGALEB.
• Aircraft for basic pilots training LASTA 95
• System of mini Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.

CONCLUSION

oblasti vojnih tehnologija. U protekloj godini Institut je orga-
nizovao najveći naučno-stručni skup u zemlji OTEH 2007
sa preko 300 učesnika i izlagao na sajmu naoružanja i vojne
opreme PARTNER 2007 na Beogradskom sajmu.
VTI je od 26. – 29. juna 2007. god. učestvovao na 3. među-
narodnom Sajmu naoružanja i vojne opreme “PARTNER
2007” kojeg je pod pokroviteljstvom Ministarstva odbrane
Republike Srbije organizovao Beogradski sajam i Jugoimport
SDPR Beograd. VTI je na ovom sajmu izložio više od pedeset
sredstava i modela naoružanja i opreme iz aktuelnog razvo-
ja.
In its sixty years long history, VTI has been, and we hope
will continue to be, the leader and the leading institution in
the field of R&D of armaments and defense equipment.
Resources of VTI are significant and, subject to system plan-
ning and definition of priorities at all levels, provide condi-
tions for development and mastering of state of the art tech-
nologies and for equipping the Military of Serbia with latest
generation ADE.

ZNAČAJNIJI REALIZOVANI PROJEKTI

• Protivoklopni raketni sistem BUMBAR.

• Model vojnika pešadije za 21. vek.
• Automat 9mm M97 i M97K.
• Automatska puška 5.56 mm M21 sa podcevnim
bacačem granata 40 mm i optičkim nišanom.
• Automobil terenski FAP 1118 4H4..
• Novo inžinjerijsko vozilo MUNJA.
•• Podsistem za zaštitu od eksplozije goriva i požara.
• Uređaj za zaštitu motora tenka od nepravilnog star-
tovanja.
• Usavršeni raketni sistem protivvazdušne odbrane
NEVA.
• Modernizovani avion G-4 SUPERGALEB.
• Avion za početnu obuku pilota LASTA 95
• Sistem mini bespilotne letelice.

ZAKLJUČAK

VTI je u svojoj šesdeset godina bogatoj istoriji bio, a

nadamo se da će i u budućnosti ostati nosilac i vodeća ustano-
va u domenu istraživanja i razvoja naoružanja i vojne opreme.
Resursi VTI su veoma respektivni i uz sistemsko planiran-
je i definisanje prioriteta na svim nivoima obezbeđuju uslove
za razvoj i osvajanje najsavremenih tehnologija i opremanje
vojske Srbije sredstvima NVO poslednjih generacija.

70
 IRITEL AD IRITEL AD
BEOGRAD BEOGRAD

PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
Piše By
Verica Marinkovic Verica Marinkovic

IRITEL A.D. Beograd je osnovan 1967. godine kao IRITEL A.D. Belgrade was founded back in 1967 as
Istraživačko-razvojni institut a Research and Development Institute of the Electronic
Elektronske industrije, a od 1991. Industry, and since 1991 it has done its
godine posluje kao samostalno pre- business as an independent company for
duzeće za telekomunikacije i elek- telecommunications and electronics equip-
troniku. Rešenjem Ministarstva ment. It was fully accredited again as R&D
nauke Srbije broj 640-01-1/35 od institute by the Decision of the Ministry of
12.7.2007. godine ponovo je u celini Science of Serbia, No. 640-01-1/35 of
akreditovan kao Istraživačko-razvo- 12 July 2007.
jni institut. IRITEL predstavlja već IRITEL has been a leading company in
40 godina vodeću kuću u zemlji u the country for forty years dealing with
poslovima istraživanja, razvoja, pro- research, development, design, manufacture and
jektovanja, proizvodnje i inženjeringa u oblasti telekomu- engineering in the field of telecommunications. IRITEL has
nikacija. IRITEL ima 200 zaposlenih od kojih su: 110 200 employees out of which 110 engineers (10 with doctoral and
inženjeri (10 doktora nauka i 16 magistara). IRITEL raspo- 16 with master degrees).
laže poslovnim prostorom koji čine dve zgrade i magacin IRITEL also has two buildings and a storehouse (5500 m2
(5500 m2 + 3000 m2+ 800 m2). U proteklih četrdeset + 3000 m2+ 800 m2) for its free use.
godina IRITEL je razvio, projektovao, proizveo i održavao
sisteme i uređaje iz sledećih oblasti u telekomunikacija- Over the past forty years, IRITEL developed, designed, man-
ma i elektronici: ufactured and maintained the systems and devices from the fol-
• Digitalni prenos lowing telecommunications and electronics fields:
• Digitalne komutacije
• Optički prenos • Digital transmission
• Bežične komunikacije • Digital commutation
• Digitalne GSM mobilne radio komunikacije • Optical transmission
• Radio i TV prenos • Wireless communication
• ISDN • Digital GSM mobile radio communication
• CTI • Radio and TV transmission
• Elektronski rat • ISDN
• Telekomunikacioni softver • CTI
• Electronic warfare
Softverski radio • Telecommunication software
• Digitalna obrada signala
Software radio
• Digital signal
FPGA tehnologija processing
• Daljinsko upravl- FPGA
janje i prikupljanje podata- technology
ka • Remote control
• Industrijska elek- and data collection
tronika • Industrial elec-
• H i b r i d n a tronics
mikroelektronika • Hybrid micro-
• Tehnologija electronics
površinske montaže • Surface-mount
• PCB dizajn i technology
proizvodnja • PCB design and
production

71
 PROIZVODNI PROGRAM U OBLASTI
ODBRAMBENIH TEHNOLOGIJA
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
Namenski proizvodni program obuhvata vojne radio i
radarske sisteme i sisteme za elektronski rat.
SISTEMI I MREŽE ZA ELEKTRONSKI RAT
• Komandne i kontrolne stanice
• Goniometri
• VF/VVF/UVF sistemi za radio ometanje
• Radio izviđački podsistemi
• Komunikaciona oprema
• TV izviđački i ometački sistemi
• Antiteroristički i potrošni ometači
Potpuno automatizovani radio izviđački i
ometački sistemi
IRITEL je razvio, projektovao i realizovao taktičke VF i
VVF/UVF ometače snage 1 kW i strategijski VF ometač
snage 10 kW. VF ometač snage 1 kW je namenjen za
ometanje i dezinformisanje operativno-taktičkih radio veza
u frekvencijskom opsegu od 1,5 MHz do 30 MHz. VVF/UVF
ometač snage 1 kW je namenjen za ometanje i dezin-
formisanje neprijateljskih radio komunikacija u frekvenci-
jskom opsegu od 20 MHz do 1000 MHz. Može da se koristi
za ometanje standardnih VVF/UVF radio komunikacija i
komunikacija sa frekvencijskim skakanjem. Svi ometači su
potpuno automatizovani i mogu da rade samostalno ili inte-
grisani u adekvatne ESM/ECM sisteme. Pri samostalnom
načinu rada operator preko računara upravlja radom
ometača, dok se pri radu u sistemu upravljanje vrši iz
upravljačke stanice preko optičke ili radio relejne veze.
Ometači raspolažu znatno većim sposobnostima radio
izviđanja i analize signala zahvaljujući konceptu sa dva pre-
traživačka prijemnika i klasifikatorom signala.
Poluprovodnički pojačavač i efikasani softverski algoritmi
obezbeđuju vrlo kratko vreme reakcije ometača. Upravljački
softver, urađen u Visual C++ programskom jeziku (MS
WINDOWS operativni sistem), obezeđuje kontrolu svih
funkcija ometača:
• Različite automatske načine rada
• Kompletnu analizu signala (uključujući
automatsku klasifikaciju signala u realnom vremenu)
• Upravljanje radio prijemnicima, pobuđivačem,
klasifikatorom signala, generatorom ometačkih signala,
kasetofonom...
• Upravljanje pojačavačem snage preko pobuđi-
vača
• Daljinsko upravljanje ometačem.
Sva oprema ometača je montirana u rekove na amorti-
zacionim postoljima. Moguće su mobilne i stacionarne
varijante ometača.
RMTA- 1004
Potpuno automatizovani radio sistemi za monitorisanje,
pretraživanje i analizu signala RMTA- 1004 Sistem
RMTA-1004 je računarski upravljan radio-izviđački sis-
72
tem namenjen za pretraživanje, monitorisanje i tehničku
PRODUCTION PROGRAM IN THE FIELD OF
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES
The defense program includes military radio and radar sys-
tems as well as electronic warfare systems.
ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEMS AND
NETWORKS
• Command and control stations
• Direction finders
• HF/VHF/UHF systems for radio jamming
• Radio-reconnaisance subsystems
• Communications equipment
• TV reconnaisance and jamming systems
• Anti-terrorist and disposable jammers
Fully automated radio reconnaisance and
jamming systems
IRITEL has developed, designed and executed tactical HF
and VHF/UHF 1 kW jammers and a strategic HF 10 kW jam-
mer. The 1 kW HF jammer is used for jamming and misin-
forming the operative and tactical radio-communications in the
1.5 MHz to 30 MHz frequency band. 1 kW VHF/UHF jammer
is used for jamming and misinforming the enemy radio com-
munications in the 20 MHz to 1000 MHz frequency band. It
can be employed in jamming standard VHF/UHF radio equip-
ment and frequency hopping equipment. All the jammers are
fully automated and are capable of independent operation or
integration in the appropriate ESM/ECM systems. In the inde-
pendent mode, the operator controls the jammer via a com-
puter while system operation is achieved from a control station
via an optical or radio-relay link. Jammers have substantially
improved radio reconnaisance and signal analysis features owing
to the concept with two scanning receivers and signal classifi-
er. The semi-conductor amplifier and efficient software algo-
rithms provide for a very short response time of the jammer.
Control software, made in the Visual C++ program language
(MS WINDOWS operating system), controls all jammer func-
tions:
• various automated operating modes
analizu radio emisija od interesa u
frekvencijskom opsegu od 1,6 MHz –
2600/3000 MHz. Svi relevantni podaci se
čuvaju u posebno dizajniranim bazama
podataka. Osnovnu konfiguraciju sistema
čine: antenski podsistem; dva operators-
ka radna mesta za pretraživanje, moni-
torisanje i analizu-TA; dva operatorska
radna mesta za pretraživanje i moni-
torisanje-RM; uređaj za daljinsko upravl-
janje (optički linijski terminal, GPRS
modem, radio relejni link). Antenski pod-
sistem se sastoji od četiri antene i anten-
skog razdelnika i komutatora ARK-1000.
TA operatorsko mesto opremljeno je sa
dva radio-prijemnika AR5000 (AR5000A);
računarom ADVANTECH i jedinicom za tehničku analizu,
demodulaciju i dekodovanje signala W 41 PC MK II, koja
je ugrađena u računar; komutatorom NF signala KNF-4/K
sa ugrađenim modulom za klasifikaciju signala i duplim
kasetofonom PMD 510 za snimanje audio signala. RM rad-
no mesto je opremljeno sa dva radio-prijemnika AR5000
(opciono AR5000A) i komutatorom NF signala KNF-4.
Aplikativni softver ARPK urađen u programskom jeziku
Visual Basic 6 (MS WINDOWS operativni sistem) ugrađen
u ADVANTECH računar obezbeđuje kontrolu svih funkci-
ja sistema RMTA-1004:
• Automatske načine rada: rad na jednoj frekvenci-
ji, memorijsko pretraživanje, pretraživanje po opsezima i
pretraživanje po bankama
• Upravljanje uređajima iz sistema: ARK-1000,
AR5000, KNF-4/K, PMD 510, W 41 PC MK II •
Kreiranje baza podataka
• Daljinsko upravljanje sistemom
• Klasifikaciju signala i određivanje parametara
• 3 D predstavljanje spektra (“waterfall”)
• Analizu spektra.
Antiteroristički ometač WRJ2004
Širokopojasni radio ometač WRJ2004 namenjen je za
zaštitu od daljinski upravljanih improvizovanih eksplozivnih
naprava. Primenjuje se za zaštitu konvoja, VIP osoba, anti-
terorističkih jedinica, elitnih vojnih i policijskih jedinica,
vojnih baza i komandi.
Glavne karakteristike su:
• Efektivni zaštitni opseg: vertikalno do 1000m; i
horizontalno do 500m (opciono do 3 km)
• Frekvencijski opseg: 2 MHz - 2GHz
• Karakteristike ometanja: tačkasto i baražno
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
• full signal analysis (including automatic classification
of signals in real time)
• Control of radio receivers, drivers, signal classifiers,
jamming signal generators, tape-recorders...
• Control of power amplifier via drivers
• Jammer remote control.
All jammer equipment is mounted in racks on supports with
shock-absorbers. Jammers are available in mobile and station-
ary variants.
Fully automated radio-systems for signal monitoring, search
and analysis
RMTA- 1004
RMTA-1004 system is a computer operated radio-reconnai-
sance system used for searching, monitoring and technical analy-
sis of 1.6 MHz to 2600/3000 MHz radio emissions. All the rel-
evant data are stored in the specially designed data bases.
The basic system configuration consists of: aerial subsystem;
two operating stations for searching, monitoring and technical
analysis (TA); two operating stations for searching and moni-
toring - RM; remote control device (optical line terminal, GPRS
modem, radio relay link). The aerial subsystem consists of four
antennas, an aerial separator and a commutator ARK-1000. The
TA operating station is equipped with two radio-receivers
AR5000 (AR5000A), an ADVANTECH computer and a unit for
technical analysis, demodulation and decoding of signals W 41
PC MK II, integrated in the computer; an LF signal commu-
tator KNF-4/K with a built-in module for signal classification
and a double cassette deck PMD 510 for audio signal record-
ing. The RM working station is equipped with two radio-
receivers AR5000 (option: AR5000A) and an LF signal com-
mutator KNF-4.
The ARPK application software made in the Visual Basic 6
program language (MS WINDOWS operating system) built in
the ADVANTECH computer controls all the functions of the
RMTA-1004 system:
• Automated operating modes: one frequency mode,
memo search, band and bank search modes
• System control of the following devices: ARK-1000,
AR5000, KNF-4/K, PMD 510, W 41 PC MK II
• Creation of data bases
• Remote system control
73
• Signal classification and parameter settings
 ometanje; opseg programabilan
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
• Daljinsko upravljanje
• Konfiguracija prema zahtevima kupca
• Mogućnost instalacije u željeno vozilo
Celularni ometač CJ-1
CJ-1 je visokokvalitetan uređaj za ometanje mobil-
nih komunikacija. Jedinstven dizajn obezbeđu-
je istovremeno efikasno ometanje željenog
prostora i zaštitu zdravlja ljudi shod-
no međunarodnim standaradi-
ma bezbednosti i elektromag-
netne kompatibilnosti. U toku
rada ometača obezbeđujno je
potpuno nesmetano
funkcionisanje komunikacija u
svim ostalim frekvencijskim opsez-
ima u prostoru koji se štiti kao i van
tog prostora.
Glavne karakteristike su:
• potpuno je digitalizovan
• efikasno ometanje u prečniku 5-
100 metara
• može da blokira do tri frekvencijska opsega istovre-
meno: GSM 900, GSM 1800 i UMTS
• daljinski upravljan
• ima mogućnost uključenja/isključenja ometanja
nezavisno u svakom od podopsega
• ima mogućnost podeševanja snage u svakom od
podopsega nezavisno, u granicama od 0 – 30 dBm sa rezolu-
cijom od 1dBm.
RADARI
U oblasti radara u IRITEL-u vrši remont, tehničko održa-
vanje i modernizacija postojećih radara. Takođe, razvijen
je i realizovan digitalni VVF radarski prijemnik, zasnovanog
na konceptu softverskog radara/ radija I i II generacije. Ovaj
uređaj je uspešno prošao laboratorijska ispitivanja u
Tehničkom Opitnom Centru Vojske Srbije, a sada su u toku
završna terenska ispitivanja.
Digitalni radarski prijemnik VVF DP/P-
12/18
VVF DR/P-12/18 je digitalni prijemnik razvijen kao zame-
na postojećeg prijemnika radara P-12/18 sa softverski razvi-
jenim prijemnikom boljih performansi. Bazira se na kon-
ceptu softverskog radara. Namenjen je za prijem i obradu
radarskih signala u opsegu od 150 do 170 MHz. VVF DR/P-
12/18 se lako adaptira za druge tipove radara modifikaci-
jom samo analognog RF bloka. Opciono je predviđena
mogućnost rada sa izdvojenog mesta:
• daljinsko upravljanje digitalnim radarskim pri-
jemnikom VVF DR/P-12/18
• prosleđivanje signala iz prijemnika VVF DR/P-
12/18 do digitalnog pokazivača na izdvojenom mestu
• za povezivanje kabine radara P-12/18 u kojoj je
montiran VVVF DR/P-12/18 sa izdvojenim mestom pred-
viđena je veza preko optičkog linka (8/155/622 Mbit/s) i/ili
74
univerzalnog modema. Prijemnik podržava multistatički
• 3D presentation of the spectrum (“waterfall”)
• Spectrum analysis.
WRJ2004 Anti-terrorist jammer
WRJ2004 broadband radio jammer
is used for protection against
remotely controlled improvised
explosive devices. It is
deployed to protect con-
voys, VIPs, anti-terrorist
units, elite military and
police forces, military
bases and headquarters.
Its main characteristics are:
• Effective protection range: up to
1000 m vertically; up to 500 m horizontally
(optional: up to 3 km)
• Frequency range: 2 MHz - 2GHz
• Jamming characteristics: point and multi-
point jamming; the range is programmable
• Remote control
• Customer-tailored configuration
• Possibility of installation into the required vehicle
CJ-1 Cellular jammer
CJ-1 is a high quality mobile communications jamming device.
Its unique design provides both for efficient jamming of the
desired area and for health protection according to the inter-
national standards of security and electromagnetic compatibil-
ity. While in use, it provides for smooth communication in all
other frequency bands of the protected area as well as out of it.
The main characteristics are:
• full digitalization
• efficient jamming up to 5-100 meters
• blocking of up to three frequency bands simultane-
ously: GSM 900, GSM 1800 i UMTS
• remote control
• independent turning on/off in all sub-bands
• independent power adjustment in all sub-bands, from
0 – 30 dBm and with the resolution of 1dBm.
RADARS
IRITEL deals with overhaul, technical maintenance and mod-
ernization of existing radars. We have also developed and exe-
cuted a digital VHF radar receiver based on the generation I
and II software radar/radio concept. This device passed all the
laboratory tests at the Technical Test Centre of the Military of
Serbia, and the final field tests are currently in progress.
Digital radar receiver VHF DP/P-12/18
VHF DR/P-12/18 is a digital receiver developed as a substi-
tute for the current radar receiver P-12/18 with a better per-
formance software developed receiver. It is based on the con-
cept of software radar and is used to receive and process radar
signals from 150 to 170 MHz.
VHF DR/P-12/18 is easily adapted to other types of radars by
modifying the analog RF block only.
 Optionally, it can be used from a remote place:
• remote control of the digital radar receiver VHF DR/P-

PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
12/18
• forwarding the signals from VHF DR/P-12/18 receiv-
er to the remote digital indicator
• radar P-12/18 shelter with VHF DR/P-12/18 is con-
nected to the remote place via an optical link (8/155/622 Mbit/s)
and/or a universal modem.
The receiver supports a multistatic operating mode.
The digital radar receiver VHF DR/P-12/18 consists of:
• Analog RF/MF block in its housing (19” wide and 2H
high) with the intelligent control panel (keyboard and display)
• Digital MF and LF block in the rugged central com-
puter- type PC ADVANTECH (also in a 19” shock-resistant
rack).

This is a universal solution for the P–radar family

P12/P14/P15/P18/P19.
The advantages of this solution are: easy maintenance, low
consumption, small weight and size, flexible design, improved
characteristics (sensitivity, dynamic range, MTI, CFAR, noise
figure) and easy handling.
Platform for system development in software radio/radar
SoftRad field
SoftRad platform enables fast system development and imple-
mentation in the field of software-defined radio, software radar,
Wireless IP,“Signal Intelligence”, digital television, etc...

SoftRad platform consists of FPGA-based PCI hardware

accelerator, supported by C/C++ and MATLAB software for
development of PC desktop applications.

režim rada. Digitalni radaski prijemnik VVF DR/P-12/18

se sastoji od:
• Analognog RF/MF bloka smeštenog u kućište
(širine 19” i visine 2H) sa inteligentnom prednjom pločom
(tastatura i displej)
• Digitalnog MF i NF bloka smeštenog u ojačani
centralni računar tipa PC ADVANTECH (takođe i u 19”
rek zaštićen od udara).
On predstavlja univerzalno rešenje za P-familiju radara
P12/P14/P15/P18/P19.
Osnovne prednosti ovakvog rešenja su: lako održavanje,
niska potrošnja, mala težina i dimenzije, fleksibilan diza-
jn, bolje karakteristike (osetljivost, dinamički opseg, MTI,
CFAR, šumna figura) i lako rukovanje.
Platforma za razvoj sistema u oblasti softverskog radi-
ja/radara SoftRad
SoftRad platforma omogućava brzi razvoj i imple-
mentaciju sistema u oblasti softverski definisanog radija,
softverskog radara, Wireless IP,“Signal Intelligence”, dig-
italne televizije, itd...
SoftRad platforma se sastoji od FPGA-baziranog PCI
hardverskog akceleratora, koji je podržan sa C/C++ i
MATLAB softverom za razvoj PC desktop aplikacija.
SoftRad hardver je PCI 64/33 sistem za snimanje, gener-
isanje i procesiranje signala. To je kombinacija do 8 mil-
iona korisničkih gejtova na Virtex-II FPGA ( FF1152 BGA
package), sa dva 105MSPS 14-bit analogna ulazna kanala,
dva 150MSPS 14-bit analogna izlazna kanala i memorijskim
baferom (do 1GB).

75
 PROIZVODNE I TEHNOLOŠKE MOGUĆNOSTI
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
Razvojni i proizvod-
ni kapaciteti IRITEL-
a sa timom stručnjaka
koji imaju višegodišn-
je iskustvo u input channels, two 150
mikroelektronskim
tehnologijama
omogućuje IRITEL-u
da bude lider na tržiš-
tu SMT, hibridnih i
složenih multi-chip
mikrokola.
Proizvodnja i mon-
taža elektronskih
sklopova (SMT)
P r o i z v o d n e
mogućnosti predstavl-
jaju: automatska kontinuirana linija za montažu površin-
skih komponenata, linija za montažu prototipova i manjih
serija i ostala proizvodna oprema. Automatska kontinuirana
linija za montažu površinskih komponenata (SMD) ima
kapacitet do 25.000 komponenata na sat. Sastoji se od:
automatskog štampača sa 2D vizuelnom kontrolom (SAM-
SUNG), dve automatske mašine za pozicioniranje površin-
skih komponenata (SAMSUNG CP45NEO), konvejerske
peći sa 7 temperaturnih zona (HELLER) i automatske
vizuelne kontrole (SAMSUNG).
Linija za montažu prototipova i manjih serija sastoji se
od: poluautomatskog štampača, automatske mašine za mon-
tažu površinskih komponenata (SMD) do 9.700 kompone-
nata na sat (SAMSUNG CP20FV) i konvejerske peći sa 4
temperaturne zone (DIMA).
Ostalu proizvodnu opremu čine: kalajno kupatilo za
automatsko lemljenje, sistem za ultrazvučno pranje u
dejonizovanoj vodi, sistem za ultrazvučno pranje u alko-
holnom rastvoru, četiri klima komore i sistem za reparaci-
ju namontiranih štampanih ploča.
Tehnološke mogućnosti obuhvataju:
• Tehnologiju površinske montaže SMT,montaža
komponenata veličine od 0402 do QFP 208
• Montažu: BGA, µBGA, komponenata sa finim ras-
terom 0,5 mm.
• Montažu klasičnih komponenata TH
• Tehnologiju montaže bez olova ROHS
• Mogućnost kombinovane montaže SMD i TH
• Mogućnost montaže komponenata sa obe strane
štampane ploče
• Temperaturno cikliranje modula i uređaja u kli-
ma komori i
• Završnu kontrolu prema zahtevu korisnika.
Proizvodnja hibridnih mikrokola
Proizvodne mogućnosti obuhvataju: tri linije za proizvod-
nju hibridnih mikrokola i ostalu proizvodnu opremu.
Linija za proizvodnju Hibridnih mikrokola tehnologijom
76
debeloslojnog filma sadrži: poluautomatski štampač, kon-
SoftRad hardware is a PCI 64/33 system for signal recording,
signal generation and processing. It is a combination of up to 8
million user gates on
Virtex-II FPGA (FF1152
BGA package), with two
105MSPS 14-bit analog
MSPS 14-bit analog out-
put channels and a mem-
ory buffer (up to 1GB).
PRODUCTION
AND TECHNOLOGI-
CAL CAPACITIES
IRITEL's development
and production capaci-
ties, including its team of
highly experienced experts in microelectronic tech-
nologies, have made it a leading company on the SMT, hybrid
and complex multi-chip microcircuits market.
Production and surface-mount devices (SMT)
Production capabilities include: automatic continuous line
for assembly of surface-mount devices, line for assembly of pro-
totypes, small batch products and other processing equipment.
Automatic continuous line for assembly of surface-mount
devices (SMD) has the output of up to
25.000 devices per hour. It consists of an automatic printer
with 2D visual control (SAMSUNG), two automatic machines
for positioning the surface-mount devices (SAMSUNG
CP45NEO), conveyor furnaces with 7 temperature zones
(HELLER) and an automatic visual control unit (SAMSUNG).
The line for assembly of prototypes and small batches con-
sists of a semiautomatic printer, automatic assembly machine
for surface-mount devices (SMD) that can produce up to 9.700
devices per hour (SAMSUNG CP20FV), as well as a conveyor
furnace with 4 temperature zones (DIMA).
The remaining processing equipment includes a tin bath for
automatic soldering, a system for ultrasound washing in deion-
ized water, a system for ultrasound washing in alcohol solutions,
four air-conditioning chambers and a reparation system for
assembled printed circuit boards.
Technological capabilities:
• Surface-mount technology, assembly of devices with
the size of 0402 to QFP 208
• Assembly of: BGA, µBGA - fine grid 0.5 mm.
• Assembly of standard components TH
• Lead-free assembly ROHS
• Combined assembly - SMD and TH
• Mounting of components on both sides of the print-
ed circuit board
• Temperature cycling of modules and devices in the
air-conditioning chamber
• Customer-tailored final control.
Production of hybrid microcircuits
Production facilities include: three processing lines for hybrid
vejersku sušnicu i peć za žarenje.
Ostalu proizvodnu opremu čine: laserski trimer, abrazivni
trimer, poluautomatski alat za nabacivanje pinova i
automatska kontinuirana linija za montažu površinskih
komponenata.
Tehnološke mogućnosti obuhvataju:
• Dizajn prema zahtevima korisnika
• Brzu izrada prototipa
• Višeslojne provodnike
• RoHS materijale
• Dizajn otpornika
• Lasersko trimovanje otpornika
• Foto laboratoriju za izradu sita za štampanje
• Kontinuiranu kontrolu
• Temperaturno cikliranje hibridnih kola u klima
komorama i
• Završnu kontrolu prema zahtevu korisnika.
SARADNJA SA INOSTRANIM
KOMPANIJAMA
Kroz specijalizacije saradnika i zajedničko učešće u
velikim i složenim projektima u oblasti telekomunikacija
ostvarivana je saradnja sa velikim i vodećim svetskim kom-
panijama kao što su RACAL, AEG TELEFUNKEN,
THOMSON CSF i LGT, ROCKWELL COLLINS,
ANRITSU, SAGEM i MPD.
REFERENCE OBLASTI ODBRAMBENIH
TEHNOLOGIJA:
• Razvoj i realizacija digitalnog VVF radarskog prijem-
nika, zasnovanog na konceptu softverskog radara/ radija,
2003-2005.;
• Realizacija razvojno- evaluacione FPGA platforme
SoftRad, 2005.;
• Isporuka deset VFVVF automatskih klasifikatora radio-
signala za britansku kompaniju RACAL, Projekat Sea Eagle,
1991.;
• Projektovanje, realizacija i inženjering KT radio-cen-
tra (prijemno – kontrolni i emisioni centar sa 15 predajni-
ka), 1987 – 1990., Bliski istok;
• Razvoj, projektovanje i inženjering osam složenih više-
namenskih mobilnih TV sistema, 1985-1992.
• Razvoj, projektovanje i realizacija 30 složenih autom-
atizovanih radio sistema za elektronska dejstva, 1985 – 2003.;
• Razvoj i realizacija i tehničko održavanje 4 radio- sis-
tema za monitorisanje i tehničku analizu signala u frekven-
cijskom opsegu 2 MHz - 2,6 GHz, 1997- 2002.;
• Razvoj i realizacija podsistema za detekciju radarskih
signala po vremenu i frekvenciji zasnovanog na multista-
tičkom konceptu, 2002.;
• Razvoj i realizacija familije antenskih razdelnika u
opsegu 2 - 30 MHz, 30 - 1000 MHz i 950- 2000 MHz;
• Razvoj i realizacija brzih automatskih antenskih pri-
lagođenja snage 1 kW u KT radio-opsegu.
• Kompletno tehničko održavanje IRITEL radio sistema
za elektronski rat i mobilnih TV sistema, 1993-2008.;
• Tehničko održavanje i remont radara, 2003-2008.
microcircuits and pertaining equipment.
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
The hybrid microcircuits process line using the thick-film
technology consists of: a semiautomatic printer, conveyor dri-
er and an annealing furnace.
The remaining production equipment includes: laser trim-
mer, abrasive trimmer, semiautomatic tool for pin mounting
and an automatic continuous line for surface-mount devices.
Technological capabilities include:
• Design as per user's requirements
• Fast prototype production
• Multi-layer conductors
• RoHS materials
• Resistor design
• Resistor laser trimming
• Photo laboratory for making printing screens
• Continuous control
• Temperature cycling of hybrid circuits in air-condi-
tioning chambers and
• Final control as per user requirements.
COOPERATION WITH FOREIGN COMPANIES
Through special trainings of our associates and joint partic-
ipation in huge and complex projects in the field of telecom-
munications, we established cooperation with large and lead-
ing international companies such as RACAL, AEG TELE-
FUNKEN, THOMSON CSF i LGT, ROCKWELL
COLLINS, ANRITSU, SAGEM and MPD.
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY REFERENCES:
• Development and execution of the digital VHF radar
receiver, based on the software radar/radio concept, 2003-2005;
• Development-evaluation of FPGA platform SoftRad,
2005;
• Delivery of ten HF
VHF radio-signal automatic
classifiers to the British company RACAL, Project Sea Eagle,
1991.;
• Design, implementation and engineering of SW radio-
center (receiver, control and emission center with 15 trans-
mitters), 1987 – 1990, Near East;
• Development, design and engineering of eight com-
plex multi-use mobile TV systems, 1985-1992.
• Development, design and implementation of 30 com-
plex automatic radio systems for electronic warfare, 1985 – 2003.;
• Development, implementation and technical mainte-
nance of four radio systems for monitoring and technical analy-
sis of signals ranging from 2 MHz – 2.6 GHz, 1997- 2002;
• Development and implementation of a subsystem for
radar signal detection based on time and frequency, in line with
the multistatic concept, 2002;
• Development and implementation of the family of
antennae separators, ranging from 2 - 30 MHz, 30 - 1000 MHz
and 950- 2000 MHz;
• Development and implementation of antenna fast auto-
matic matching circuits of 1 kW used in shortwave bands.
• Complete technical maintenance of IRITEL electronic
warfare radio systems and mobile TV systems, 1993-2008;
• Technical meintenance and overhaul of radars, 2003-
2008.
77
 GODINA VELIKOG “SLOBODA“ ČAČAK
JUBILEJA COMPANY
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION

KOMPANIJE THE YEAR OF THE

“SLOBODA“ ČAČAK GREAT
ANNIVERSARY
ŠEST DECENIJA POSTOJANJA, TRADICIJE I KVALITETA 60 YEARS OF EXISTANCE, TRADITION AND QUALITY

Piše By
Ozren Marković Ozren Marković
Zoran M. Živković Zoran M. Živković

S lušali smo mnogo o We have heard a lot about the

zlatnim vremenima golden times of “Sloboda”,
"Slobode", o prodoru na about its penetration of the
svetska tržišta, o ljudima world markets, about the per-
koji su znanjem i sons which have marked with
predanošću obeležili više their knowledge and dedication
decenija rada ovog pre- many decades of work of this
duzeća. Mnoge od njih sada srećemo samo na proslavama, company. Nowadays we meet most of them only on celebrations
a neke još uvek na ulazu u fabriku tačno u 7:00 svakoga jutra. and some of them can still be met at the factory entrance at 7.00
Znamo i za teška vremena. Kada je trebalo hrabrosti i viz- o’clock exactly every morning.
ije za prepoznavanje kuda i kako dalje. Iskusni radnici i We have known hard times as well. The times when courage
rukovodstvo nisu poklekli pred tada sumornom stvarnošću and a vision were needed to recognize where and how to go on.
i rezultati sve više postaju vidljivi. Što je najvažnije sačuvana Experienced workers and the management have not given way
je glavna vrednost fabrike: znanje, iskustvo i profesionalnost. faced to the somber reality and the results are becoming more
Nastajanje današnje Kompanije "Sloboda" vezuje se za and more visible. The most important thing is that the princi-
1948. godinu i odluku Vlade FNRJ kada je doneto rešenje o pal values of the Company have been preserved: knowledge,
osnivanju preduzeća sa zadatkom da proizvodi predmete experience and professionalism.
naoružanja i vojne opreme za potrebe vojske. The beginnings of today’s Company “Sloboda” are connect-
Za početak rada „Slobode“ usvaja se 6. oktobar 1948. ed with the year 1948 and with the decision of the FPRY
godine, a novembra 1949. godine počinje zvanično proizvod- Government to establish a company with a mission to manu-
nja. facture armament
Od stvaranja and defense
naše Kompanije equipment for the
do danas, istorija needs of the
Čačka i Slobode armed forces.
se preplitala.
Delili smo ista October 6, 1948
dobra i loša vre- has been adopted
mena, zajednički as the date of
pokušavali da se commencement
razvijemo, gradili of “Sloboda”
ljudima bolje operations, while
mesto za život i the production
rad, međusobno started officially in
se pomagali sves- November 1949.
ni da jedino na taj Since the forming
način možemo of our Company,
uspeti. the history of the
town of Čačak and

78
 Zauzvrat „Sloboda“ je uvek imala puno razumevanja, i
nikada u proteklih 60 godina, kada god su to uslovi dozvol-
javali, nismo ostavljeni bez svesrdne pomoći Čačka i njegovih
žitelja.
Šest decenija je bilo sasvim dovoljno da „Sloboda“ postane
jedna od većih Kompanija metalskog kompleksa u oblasti
naoružanja i vojne opreme.
Posedujemo modernu proizvodnu opremu, kvalitetne
stručnjake u svim fazama proizvodnje, od planiranja do pro-
jektovanja, posedujemo izuzetno opremljene laboratorije i
centre za ispitivanje i testiranje, tehnološki i poslovno smo
povezani sa vodećim svetskim firmama koje se bave istom
delatnošću. Imamo poznato i priznato ime na svetskom tržiš-
tu, ime koje je sinonim kvaliteta proizvoda i usluga, kvalite-
ta ukupne poslovnosti.
Od nekadašnje jednostavne proizvodnje realizovane na
starim strugovima, danas smo došli u situaciju da naši stručn-
jaci, zahvaljujući znanju i iskustvu već dokazanom na tržiš-
tima, pružaju usluge iz oblasti inženjering poslova, od
nabavke i instaliranja
proizvodne opreme, preko izrade konstrukcione i
tehnološke dokumentacije po zahtevu kupaca, do transfera
tehnologije po sistemu „ključ u ruke“.
ISTORIJSKI RAZVOJ
Razvoj „Slobode“ možemo podeliti u više perioda:
1948–1958. - Početak proizvodnje i pokušaj iznalaženja
tržišta, sa težištem na prvi izvozni posao 1958. godine.
1958–1991. - Period intenzivnog razvoja proizvoda i fab-
rike kao celine, sa posebnim naglaskom na inženjering
poslove u periodu od 1975-1985. godine.
1991–1996. - Period raspada SFRJ i sankcija međunaro-
dne zajednice. Posledica ekonomskog i političkog razdruži-
vanja zemlje bio je raspad Jugoslavije. Novonastala situaci-
ja podrazumevala je smanjenje primarnog tržišta, zaustavl-
jen protok roba, ljudi i kapitala. Pokidane su veze sa ino-part-
nerima koje su decenijama građene i više nismo bili u
mogućnosti da pratimo razvoj tehnologije, što je bilo alfa i
omega našeg dotadašnjeg uspeha.
1996–1999. - Ukidanje sankcija i povećanje fizičkog obi-
ma proizvodnje. Pun razvojni zamah dostignut je 1998.
godine. Tendencija ubrzanog razvoja i vraćanja na svetsko
tržište.
1999. - Bombardovanje SRJ. Uništeno 85% proizvodnih
kapaciteta „Slobode“.
1999–2002. - Ponovno uspostavljanje proizvodnje u krugu
Kompanije. Obnovljeno oko 80% porušenih kapaciteta. Sa
smanjenim brojem radnika uspostavljena proizvodnja. Veliki
uspeh predstavlja i činjenica da izvozni poslovi nisu preki-
dani. Uspešno je nastavljen kontinuitet.
2002. - Skupština Kompanije „Sloboda“ na sastanku
održanom 21. marta 2002. godine usvojila je odluku kojom
Država postaje većinski vlasnik Kompanije „Sloboda“ Čačak.
2002–2008. - Tendencija daljnjeg razvoja i osvajanja novih
proizvoda, sa posebnim osvrtom na izvozne poslove.
PROIZVODNI I TEHNOLOŠKI PROGRAM
Kompanija „Sloboda“ poseduje QMS sertifikat
(Quality Management System). Osnovni ciljevi Kompanije
su:
• očuvanje liderske pozicije u proizvodnji sredstava
NVO.
of “Sloboda” has been closely linked. Both have shared good
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
and bad times, striving together to attain better place for living
and working, helping each other, knowing that only so we will
be able to succeed.
In return, “Sloboda“ was always full of understanding and
throughout the past 60 years we never lacked wholesome sup-
port of the city and its people, to the extent possible under the
circumstances.
The period of six decades was quite sufficient to make
„Sloboda“ one of the major companies of the metalworking com-
plex in the field of armament and defense equipment.
We own modern production equipment, capable specialist for
all phases of production, from planning to design, we operate
highly equipped laboratories and testing facilities, we have busi-
ness ties with leading international companies engaged in sim-
ilar production. Our name is known and respected on the world
markets – a synonym for quality products and services and qual-
ity of overall business practices.
From initial simple production utilizing old lathes, nowadays
our skilled staffs with expertise and experience proven in the
marketplace are able to offer services in the field engineering
projects, procurement and installation of production equipment,
elaboration of manufacturing documentation according to clients’
requirements and technology transfers on the “turn key” prin-
ciple.
HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
Development of „Sloboda“ is distinguished by several peri-
ods:
1948–1958 – Commencement of production and attempts to
find markets, focused on first export business in 1958.
1958–1991 - Period of intensive growth of production range
and the factory as a whole, emphasized by engineering projects
realized in the period 1975-1985.
1991–1996 – Period of dissolution of the SFRY and sanctions
imposed by the international community. The period saw eco-
nomic and political disintegration of Yugoslavia. Ensued situa-
tion meant reduction of the primary market and ceasing of the
flow of goods, men and capital. Connections with foreign part-
ners, built over decades, were broken, access to technological
developments, the backbone of our preceding progress, was cut
off.
1996–1999 – Lifting of sanctions and increasing the physical
volume of production. Development was in full swing by 1998.
Trend of accelerated development and return to international
markets.
1999 – Bombing of the SRY that resulted in destruction of
85% of „Sloboda“’s manufacturing capacities.
1999–2002 – Renewal of production within the Company
perimeters. About 80% of demolished capacities were recon-
structed. Production was reestablished with reduced manpow-
er. The fact that export businesses were not interrupted and
that continuity was retained are viewed as major successes.
2002 – The assembly of „Sloboda“ Company, at its session
held on March 21, 2002, adopted the decision that the state is
the majority owner of „Sloboda“ Company, Čačak.
2002-2008 – Trend of continued development and acquiring
of new products, with the emphasis on export businesses.
79
 • očuvanje visokoprofesionalnog kadra i zapošljavan- MANUFACTURING AND TECHNOLOGICAL PRO-
je novih mladih stručnjaka. GRAM
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION

• očuvanje i kontinuirano poboljšavanje kvaliteta

proizvoda postignutog u prethodnom periodu. The „Sloboda“ Company was awarded the QMS
• nastavak razvijanja mreže ino-kupaca i očuvanje (Quality Management System) Certificate. Main objectives of
stečenog poverenja. the Company include:
Proizvodni procesi • Retaining of leading positions in production of arma-
Proizvodnja sredstava NVO, vojna i tržišna kooperacija: ment and defense equipment,
• Proizvodnja i prerada pirotehničkih smeša. • Maintaining the highly professional cadre and employ-
• PA municija kalibra 20 do 57mm. ing new young skilled personnel,
• Avionska municija kalibra 23 i 30mm. • Retaining and permanent improving of the quality of
• Tromblonske mine svih tipova (sa i products attained to date, and
bez hvatača zrna). • Continued development of the network of foreign cus-
• Ručni bacači raketa kalibra 64, 90 i tomers while retaining the confidence gained.
120mm.
• Municija za automatski bacač Manufacturing processes
granata 30 i 40mm. Production of armament and defense equipment, mil-
• Municija 40mm za podvesni itary and commercial cooperation
bacač granata 40mm tip GP25 i M203. • Production and processing of pyrotechnical
• Artiljerijska municija od 76 do compositions
155mm. • AA rounds cal-
• Upaljači svih tipova sa iber 20 mm to 57mm
sredstva iz svog • Aircraft gun
proizvodnog programa rounds cal. 23 mm and
i za potrebe remonta 30mm
municije. • Rifle grenades of
• Blizinski all types (with and with-
upaljači za PA i artil- out muzzle adapters)
jerijsku municiju i • Hand rocket
tempirani upaljači za launchers cal. 64, 90 and
artiljerijsku munici- 120mm
ju. •
• Topovske Ammunition
kapsle za municiju iz for automatic
svog proizvodnog grenade launchers cal.
programa i za 30 mm and 40mm
potrebe remonta • Ammunition for
municije. underslung grenade
• Signalna launcher cal. 40mm, type
municija 26 i 38mm, i GP25 and M203.
lovačka signalna municija za puške kalibra 12 i • Artillery rounds cal. 76 mm to
16mm. 155mm
• Specijalna municija iz policijskog programa. • Fuzes of all types for ordnance from own production
• Perforatori za potrebe naftne industrije. range and fuzes for ammunition overhaul.
• Vežbovna sredstva. • Proximity fuzes for AA and field artillery, time fuzes
• Remont svih sredstava NVO iz proizvodnog pro- for artillery rounds
grama. • Gun primers for own production range and for ammu-
Proizvodnja građevinske stolarije, enterijera i ambalaže nition overhaul
(za pakovanje municije svih kalibara): • Flares cal. 26 mm and 38mm, and hunting flares for
• Proizvodnja i ugradnja svih vrsta građevinske sto- carbines cal. 12 and 16 mm
larije. • Special ammunition for police forces
• Proizvodnja i ugradnja kompletnog enterijera. • Perforators for oil industry
• Proizvodnja ugradbenih kuhinja, sobnog, kuhin- • Practice ammunition
jskog i baštenskog nameštaja. • Overhaul of all defense items from own production
• Proizvodnja i ugradnja harmonika vrata, sigurnos- program.
nih vrata, krovnih prozora, spuštenih plafona, klasičnih rolet- • Production of building joinery, interiors and packag-
ni, aluminijum „venecijanera“ i platnenih roletni. ing (for packing of ammunition of all calibers)
• Proizvodnja drvene ambalaže, okova, svih tipova • Production and fitting of all types joinery for buildings
košnica, ramova, bežalica za pčele, delova košnica i ostalih • Production and fitting of complete interior items
proizvoda i usluga po želji kupca. • Production of kitchen elements, room, kitchen and
Proizvodnja alata i opreme: garden furniture
• Specijalni i vanstandardni rezni alat. • Production and fitting of sliding/folding doors, bur-

80
• Specijalni kontrolni alat. glar-proof doors, skylights, suspended ceilings, conventional
 • Specijalni stezni alat i pribor.
• Alati za obradu lima deformacijom (kovač-
ki lim, alati za formiranje delova od silumina, plas-
tičnih masa i gume).
Tehnološki procesi
• Obrada deformacijom.
• Obrada rezanjem.
• Obrada livenjem.
• Obrada kovanjem.
• Termička obrada.
• Izrada i prerada smeša i eksploziva.
• Galvanska zaštita.
• Hemijska zaštita.
• Zaštita lakovanjem.
• Obrada drveta.
Sa aspekta savremenosti i fleksibilnosti naša
tehnologija je u rangu srednje razvijenih
zemalja sa tendencijom razvoja. Kod pojedinih
tehnologija zastupljene su veoma savremene
tehnološke metode: u oblasti obrade defor-
macijom primer za to je hladno istiskivanje
na višestepenim presama, duboko izvlačenje
sa redukcijom debljine zida na automatskim
horizontalnim presama, rotaciono izvlačen-
je i drugo.
U oblasti obrade rezanjem zastupljena je
savremena CNC oprema, a u preradi eksplozi-
va oprema je na nivou savremenih svetskih
dostignuća.
POSLOVNE AKTIVNOSTI
Poslednjih nekoliko godine bio je izrazito
težak period za tržišno poslovanje. Situacija
u državi uslovila je i pad proizvodnje u
Kompaniji „Sloboda“.
U toku 2005. godine uspešno je sproveden
socijalni program u saradnji sa Ministarstvom
odbrane i Vladom Republike Srbije.
Trenutno 85% prihoda ostvaruje se proizvodnjom, 10%
uslugama i 5% trgovinom.
U toku 2007. i 2008. godine potpisani su novi ugovori i u
toku je realizacija izvoznih poslova.
RAZVOJNE AKTIVNOSTI
Razvojni planovi „Slobode“ vezani su kako za potrebe
Ministarstva odbrane, u isto vreme i za strane kupce.
„Sloboda“ svoje razvojne kapacitete usmerava u dva pravca.
Jedan pravac je modernizacija postojećih proizvoda NVO, a
drugi razvijanje i proizvodnja potpuno novih proizvoda na
našem tržištu. Na osnovu ovakvih razmišljanja dobila se izvoz-
na šansa, koja je u ovom trenutku jedini realni izvor priho-
da.
U periodu od 1994. do 2008. godine razvijeno je nekoliko
desetina novih artikala.
Grupa za razvoj pešadijskih sredstava osvojila je sledeće
artikle: metak 30mm, T M93, P1 za BGA 30mm sa upala-
jačem UT M99 SP; metak 30mm,V M93, P1 za BGA 30mm;
metak 30mm, VM M93, P1 za BGA 30mm sa upaljačem UT
M02 VM SP; metak 40mm x 46, T M99 sa upaljačem UT
M01 SP; metak 40mm x 46, TK M99 sa upaljačem UT M02;
metak 40mm x 46, VM M99; metak 40mm x 46, signalni M04;
metak 40mm x 46, dimni M99; metak 40mm x 46, dimni–CS
window shades, aluminum louvers and canvas shades
• Production of wooden cases, fittings, all kinds of bee
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
hives, bee frames, bee hive components and other items per
customers’ request
Production of tools and equipment
• Special and non-standard cutting tools
• Special control tools
• Special clamping tools and accessories
• Tools for sheet metal processing by deformation (forg-
ing sheets, forming tools for silumin, plastic and rubber com-
ponents parts
Technological processes
• Processing by deformation
• Processing by cutting
• Processing by casting
• Processing by forging
• Heat treatment
• Manufacture and processing of compositions and
explosives
• Galvanic treatment
• Chemical treatment
• Varnishing treatment
• Wood processing
Viewed in terms of its contemporariness and flexibility, our
technology compares with moderately developed countries, with
tendency of its further advancement. Certain technologies use
up to date processes: in processing by deformation, for exam-
ple, we use cold displacing with multi-stage presses; deep extrud-
ing with reduction of wall thickness employs automatic hori-
zontal presses; extruding by rotation, etc. Processing by cut-
ting employs advanced CNC machines; processing of explosives
is at the level of contemporary world achievements.
BUSINESS OPERATIONS
Last several years represented an extremely difficult period
for market-based operations. Prevailing situation in country led
to reduced volume of production at „Sloboda“ Company.
A social program, implemented in cooperation with the
Ministry of Defense and the Government of the Republic of
Serbia, was successfully completed in 2005.
Presently, 85% of revenues come from the production, 10%
from the services rendered and 5% from trading.
In 2007 and 2008 new contracts were concluded and imple-
mentation of new export deals is in progress.
DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
Development plans of “Sloboda“ Company are linked to
requirements of the Ministry of Defense and to the needs of
foreign customers as well. “Sloboda” is developing its capaci-
ties in two directions. One course is modernization of current
defense products; the other course is development and intro-
duction of entirely new products in our market. With such
approach the company has got export prospects which, under
present circumstances, represents the sole realistic source of
revenues.
We have developed several dozens of new products in the peri-
od from 1994 to 2008.
Group for development of infantry ammunition had acquired
the following items: round cal. 30mm, T M93, P1 for BGA 30mm
with the fuze type UT M99 SP; round 30mm, V M93, P1 for
81
BGA 30mm; round 30mm, VM M93, P1 for BGA 30mm using
 M99; metak 40mm, T M03–VOG 25 sa upaljačem UT M00,
SP; metak 40mm, TK M05–VOG 25; metak 40mm, osvetl-
PREDSTAVLJAMO - PRESENTATION
javajući sa padobranom M04 – VOG 25; metak 40mm dimni
M99; TTM sa hvatačem zrna M91, P1 sa upaljačem UT M91,
P1; TTM sa hvatačem zrna 40mm, M03 sa upaljačem UT
M00, SP; TTM sa hvatačem zrna 40mm, M03 sa upaljačem
UT M00, SP; VMTTM sa hvatačem zrna, M03 sa upaljačem
UT M02, VM, SP; VTTM sa hvatačem zrna M99; TOM sa
hvatačem zrna M04; TDM sa hvatačem zrna M04; signalni
metak ABC; signalni metak žuti osvetljavajući sa padobra-
nom; signalni metak dimni ljubičasti; signalni metak beli,
crveni, zeleni; metak 38mm, gumeni; metak 38mm sa
gumenom sačmom; metak 38mm šok–fleš; bomba ručna
šok–fleš; bomba ručna dimna–oranž; patrona–praskava
osvetljavajuća; eksplozivno punjenje–šuplje; patrona praska-
va 81.
Aktivna je bila i grupa za razvoj PVO sredstava: metak
20mm sa projektilom vežbovnim M79
za umetnute cevi M78 i M79 sa upaljačem UT M00, SM;
metak 20mm sa projektilom vežbovnim M80 za umetnute
cevi M78 i M79; metak 23mm sa TFG, M94 za automatske
topove GŠ–23L/GŠ–23 sa upaljačem UT M94; metak 30mm
sa TZP, M91 za avionski top GŠ–301; metak 30mm sa TZP,
M91 za avionski top GŠ–301 sa upaljačem UT M92 i
topovskom kapslom EKV 30M; metak 30mm sa POP, M90
za PA top 2A72; metak 30mm sa TZP, M90 za PA top 2A72
sa upaljačem UT M92, SP i topovskom kapslom KV–31;
metak 30mm sa POP, M90 za PA top 2A72; metak 30mm sa
POP, M90 za brodski top AK–630M; metak 30mm sa TZP,
M90 za brodski top AK–630M sa upaljačem UT M93, SP;
metak 30mm sa TOP, M90 za brodski top AK–630M; metak
30mm sa PZP, M90 za brodski top AK–630M; metak 30mm
sa POP, M91 za automatski top M53/59.
Istovremeno grupa za razvoj ručnih raketnih sredstava
uspešno je izvršila prenos tehnologije za RBR 90mm, M79/A
(„OSA“) sa upaljačem UT, PE M80, SP.
Dolazimo do najvećih kalibara koji se proizvode u „Slobodi“
za koje je zadužena grupa za razvoj artiljerijske municije:
metak 76mm sa TFP M70 sa upaljačem UTIU M68; metak
76mm sa dimnim projektilom M60; metak 100mm sa TFP
M63 P1 saupaljačem UTIU M72B1 i topovskom kapslom
KT M71; metak 105mm sa TFP M1 i topovskom kapslom
KT M24A2; metak 105mm sa HEER M02 sa upaljačem
UTIU M02 i topovskom kapslom KT M02; metak HEER–BB
M02; metak 122mm sa TFP M462A1 i topovskom kapslom
TK M71; metak 125mm sa TFP M86P2 sa upaljačem UTIU,
M85P1 i topovskom kapslom KT–EU, M84; metak 125mm
kumulativni M88 sa upaljačem UTP M87P1; metak 125mm
sa APFSDS–T M88; metak 155mm sa HEERFB–BB M03
sa topovskom kapslom KT M02.
POGLED U BUDUĆNOST
Ovako duga i kvalitetna ponuda novorazvijenih proizvoda,
prava je referenca za proboj na probirljivo svetsko tržište,
gde je kvalitetom i poslovnošću Kompanija „Sloboda“ pre-
poznatljivo ime.
Od „Slobode“ se u narednom periodu realno može očeki-
vati da utiče na povećanje spoljnotrgovinskog suficita zeml-
je zahvaljujući ovako energičnom razvoju.
U borbi za izgradnju brenda Srbija, ne treba zaboraviti na
brend „Sloboda“ Čačak.
82
the fuze UT M02 VM SP; round 40mm x 46, T M99 with the
fuze type UT M01 SP; round 40mm x 46, TK M99 with the fuze
UT M02; round 40mm x 46, VM M99; round 40mm x 46, flare
M04; round 40mm x 46, smoke M99; round 40mm x 46,
smoke–CS M99; round 40mm, T M03–VOG 25 with the fuze
type UT M00, SP; round 40mm, TK M05–VOG 25; round
40mm, illuminating, with parachute M04 – VOG 25; round
40mm smoke M99; TTM with muzzle adapter M91, P1 using
the fuze UT M91, P1; TTM with muzzle adapter 40mm, M03
with the fuze UT M00, SP; TTM with muzzle adapter 40mm,
M03 with the fuze type UT M00, SP; VMTTM with muzzle
adapter, M03 with the fuze type UT M02, VM, SP; VTTM with
muzzle adapter M99; TOM with muzzle adapter M04; TDM
with muzzle adapter M04; flare ABC; flare, yellow, illuminating
with parachute; flare, smoke, violet. Flare, white, red, green;
rubber round cal. 38 mm; round 38mm with rubber pellets;
shock-flash round 38 mm; hand grenade shock-flash; hand
grenade, smoke, orange; blast cartridge, illuminating; explosive
charge, hollow; blast cartridge 81. Activities of the anti-aircraft
ammo group resulted in the following new products:
round 20mm with practice shell M79 for subcaliber barrels
M78 and M79 with the fuze UT M00, SM; round 20mm with
practice shell M80 for subcaliber barrels M78 and M79; round
23mm with TFG, M94 for automatic guns type GŠ–23L/GŠ–23
with the fuze UT M94; round 30mm with TZP, M91 for air-
craft gun GŠ–301; round 30mm with TZP, M91 for aircraft gun
type GŠ–301 with the fuze UT M92 and primer type EKV 30M;
round 30mm with POP, M90 for AA gun 2A72; round 30mm
with TZP, M90 for AA gun 2A72 with the fuze UT M92, SP and
primer KV–31; round 30mm with POP, M90 for AA gun 2A72;
round 30mm with POP, M90 for naval gun AK–630M; round
30mm with TZP, M90 for naval gun AK–630M with the fuze
UT M93, SP; round 30mm with TOP, M90 for naval gun
AK–630M; round 30mm with PZP, M90 for naval gun AK–630M;
round 30mm with POP, M91 for automatic gun M53/59.
During the same period, the group for hand rocket launcher
development was able to transfer the technology for hand rock-
et launcher RBR 90mm, M79/A („OSA“) using the fuze UT,
PE M80, SP.
Finally, there is the group for development of artillery ammu-
nition, responsible for largest calibers produced by „Sloboda“:
round cal. 76mm with TFP M70 and the fuze type UTIU M68;
round 76mm with smoke shell M60; round 100mm with TFP
M63 P1 with the fuze UTIU M72B1 and gun primer KT M71;
round 105mm with TFP M1 and primer type KT M24A2; round
105mm with HEER M02 with the fuze type UTIU M02 and
primer KT M02; round HEER–BB M02; round 122mm with
TFP M462A1 and primer TK M71; round 125mm with TFP
M86P2 with the fuze UTIU, M85P1 and primer KT–EU, M84;
round 125mm shaped charge M88 with the fuze UTP M87P1;
round 125mm subcaliber APFSDS–T M88; round 155mm with
HEERFB–BB M03 and gun primer KT M02.
A LOOK IN THE FUTURE
This long and diverse list of newly developed products out-
lined above represents proper reference for the choosy world
market where thanks to its quality and businesslike attitude
“Sloboda” Company is an easily recognized brand name.
In the period to come it can be realistically expected that
“Sloboda“ will contribute to lower foreign trade deficit of the
country, owing to its dynamic development.
In efforts to build up Serbian brands, the brand name of
„Sloboda“ Čačak must not be overlooked.