ME235A Finite Element Analysis

Fall, 2001
Solution to Problem Set #5
Nov. 19 2001
Exercise 1 (page 71)
q i = ij u ,hj

nen

q ( x ) = {q i } = D( x )u h = D( x ) N a d ae
a =1

nen

nen

= D( x ) N a d = D( x ) B a d ae
a =1

e
a

a =1

Exercise 2 (page 71)

Given f: W , g: Gg , and h: Gh , find u: such that
q i ,i = f in

u=g

on g

u q i n i = h on h
Weak formulation
0 = w(q i ,i f )d

= w ,i q i d + wq i ni d wfd

= w ,i q i d + w(u h )d wfd

So, the variational equation is

a(w , u ) + (w , u )h = (w , f ) (w , h )h
and the element stiffness matrix is given by
e
k ab
= a(N a , N b )e + (N a , N b )he
Positive definiteness of K
K PQ = a (N A , N B ) + (N A , N B )h
where P = ID(A), Q = ID(B)
Let c = {cP}, and the associated wh Vh be wh =

A g

i.

c Kc =
T

neq

P ,Q =1

K PQ cQ =

c [a(N
A

A ,B g

c A , where c A = cP , P = ID(A).

, N B ) + (N A , N B )h c B

= a N A c A , N B c B + N A c A , N B c B

A
A
B g
B g
g
g
h

ME235A Finite Element Analysis

Fall, 2001

) (

= a wh , wh + wh , wh

( )

h 2

= w ij w d + w d 0
123
1
424
3

h
,i

h
,j

ii. Assume c Kc = 0.

w d + (w ) d = 0
w1424
123
3
h
,i

ij

h 2

h
,j

which means w ij w = 0 and w h = 0

h
,i

h
,j

Therefore wh = 0, i.e., cp = 0 and c = 0.

Exercise 1 (page 75)
global node numbers (A)
644444
44
4744444444
8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

ID = [1 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 5

8]

IEN array
numbers (e)
6element
447
448
1 2 3 4 5

local node
numbers (a)

9
5 7 8 10
3 9 10 12

4 3 9 11

1 4
2 3
3 1

4 2

6 5

LM array
numbers (e)
6element
447
448
1 2 3 4 5

local node
numbers (a)

0 0 0 5
0 0 0 6
3 5 6 8

4 3 5 7

1 4
2 3
3 1

4 2

Exercise 8 (page 107)

i.

w,i q i d = wfd + whd + whd

(the bar over h is to distinguish between the known (prescribed) flux on Gh and the
unknown flux on Gg.)
Integrating by parts,

ME235A Finite Element Analysis

Fall, 2001

wq

i ,i

d wqi ni d wq i ni d = wfd + whd + whd

h

0 = w(q i ,i f )d w(q i ni + h )d w qi ni + h d

Let = qi ,i f , = qi ni + h , = qi ni + h .
Following the text, choose w = aj, where j = 0 on G, j > 0 in W and j is smooth (j V).
2
Then, 0 =
{ d + 0 so that a = 0 in W.
{
>0 0

Now, choose w = bf, where f = 0 on Gg, f > 0 on Gh, and f is smooth (f V).
2 d + 0 so that b = 0 on Gh.
Then, 0 = { {
h > 0 0

Now, choose w = gy, where y = 0 on Gh, y > 0 on Gg, and y is smooth (y V).
Then, 0 =
2 d so that g = 0 on Gg.
{{
g > 0 0

The Euler-Lagrange equations are

qi ,i = f in W
qi ni = h on Gh
qi ni = h on Gg

ii. The variational equation is

a(w , u ) = (w , f ) + (w , h )h + w , h

( )

The Galerkin formulation

uh = vh + g h

) (

d A , hh =

h
a w h , v h w h , h = w h , f + w h , h
g

Let w h = N A c A , v h =
A

a wh , g h

h A , and g h =

A g

(note that wh is over all the nodes)

Then, for "A h
a(N A , N B )d B (N A , N B )g h B = (N A , f ) + (N A , h)h
B g

B g

The matrix formulation is

Kd K h = F
where
K = K PQ , K PQ = a(N A , N B )

[ ]

K = K PQ , K PQ = (N A , N B )g

gA

a (N

B g

, N B )g B

(nnp neq)
(nnp (nnp neq))

d = {d Q }

(neq 1)

h = hQ

((nnp neq) 1)

{ }

ME235A Finite Element Analysis

Fall, 2001
F = {FP }, FP = (N A , f ) + (N A , h )h

a (N

B g

, N B )g B

(nnp 1)

P = ID(A), Q = ID(B)
Or, we can write (check to see that the matrix dimensions allow this, letting us solve for
both d and h)
d
K K = F
1
424
3 h n{1
nnp nnp
{ np

nnp 1

Exercise 1 (page 81)

symmetry
a (w, u ) = w(i , j )cijkl u (k ,l ) d = u (k ,l )c klij w(i , j ) d = a (u, w )

(w, f ) = wi f i d = f i wi d = ( f, w )

(w, h)

nsd
nsd

= wi hi d = hi wi d = (h, w )h

i =1

i =1 h
i

hi

bilinearity
a (c1 u+ c 2 v, w ) = (c1 u+ c 2 v )(i , j ) cijkl w(k ,l ) d

(c1 u+ c2 v )(i , j ) = 1 (c1u i + c2 vi ), j + (c1u j + c2 v j ),i = c1u (i , j ) + c2 v(i , j )

2
a (c1 u+ c 2 v, w ) = (c1u (i , j ) + c 2 v (i , j ) )cijkl w(k ,l ) d

= c1 u (i , j )cijkl w(i , j ) d + c 2 v(i , j )cijkl w(i , j ) d

= c1 (u, w ) + c 2 (v, w )

(c1 u+ c2 v, w ) = (c1u + c2 v )i wi d = c1 ui wi d + c2 vi wi d = c1 (u, w ) + c2 (v, w )

nsd
nsd
nsd

(c u + c v )w d = c
u w d + c
v w d
=

i
2 i
h
1 i
1
i i 2
i i
i =1 h
i =1 h
i =1 h
i

= c1 (u, w )h + c 2 (v, w )h

(c1 u+ c 2 v, w )
Exercise 2 (page 82)

w(i , j )cijkl u (k ,l ) = w(1,1)c1111u (1,1) + w(1,1)c1122 u (2 ,2 ) + w(1,1)c1112 u (1,2 ) + w(1,1)c1121u (2 ,1)

+ w(2 ,2 )c 2211u (1,1) + w(2 ,2 )c1122 u (2 ,2 ) + w(2 ,2 )c 2212 u (1,2 ) + w(2 ,2 )c 2221u (2 ,1)
+ w(1,2 )c1211u (1,1) + w(1,2 )c1122 u (2 ,2 ) + w(1,2 )c1212 u (1,2 ) + w(1,2 )c1221u (2 ,1)
+ w(2 ,1)c 2111u (1,1) + w(2 ,1)c 2122 u (2 ,2 ) + w(2 ,1)c 2112 u (1,2 ) + w(2 ,1)c 2121u (2 ,1)

ME235A Finite Element Analysis

Fall, 2001
= w(1,1) (c1111u (1,1) + c1122 u (2 ,2 ) + 2c1112 u (1,2 ) )

+ w(2 ,2 ) (c 2211u1,1 + c 2222 u (2 ,2 ) + 2c 2212 u (1,2 ) )

+ 2 w(1,2 ) (c1211u (1,1) + c1222 u (2 ,2 ) + 2c1212 u (1,2 ) )

Since
2w(1,2 ) = w1,2 + w2 ,1 , 2u (1,2 ) = u1,2 + u 2 ,1
and c1211 = c1112, c2211 = c1122, c1222 = c1212,
w(i , j )cijkl u (k ,l ) = {w1,1

w2 ,2

w1,2

c1111
+ w2 ,1 }c1122
c1112

c1122
c 2222
c 2212

= (w ) D (u )

c1112 u1,1

c 2212 u 2 ,2
c1212 u1,2 + u 2 ,1

Exercise 3 (page 82)

(w )

w1,1
w

2 ,2

w3 ,3
D (u ) =

w2 ,3 + w3 ,2
w1,3 + w3 ,1

w1,2 + w2 ,1

D11

D12

D13

D14

D15

D22

D23

D24

D25

D33

D34

D35

D44

D45

D55

(The dots indicate symmetric elements)

DIJ = cijkl

I/J
1
2
3
4
4
5
5
6
6

i/k
1
2
3
2
3
1
3
1
2

Exercise 4 (page 82)

j/l
1
2
3
3
2
3
1
2
1

D16 u1,1

D26 u 2 ,2
D36 u 3 ,3

D46 u 2 ,3 + u 3 ,2
D56 u1,3 + u 3 ,1

D66 u1,2 + u 2 ,1

ME235A Finite Element Analysis

Fall, 2001
1
2

ij = cijkl u (k ,l ) = cijkl (u k ,l + u l ,k )
= cij11u1,1 + cij 22 u 2 ,2 + cij12 (u1,2 + u 2 ,1 )
c1112 u1,1

c 2222 c 2212 u 2 ,2
c 2212 c1212 u1,2 + u 2 ,1
c1111u1,1 + c1122 u 2 ,2 + c1112 (u1,2 + u 2 ,1 ) 11

= c 2211u1,1 + c 2222 u 2 ,2 + c 2212 (u1,2 + u 2 ,1 ) = 22 =

c u + c u + c (u + u )
2 ,1
12
1211 1,1 1222 2 ,2 1212 1,2

c1111
D (u ) = c1122
c1112

c1122

And similarly for nsd = 3.

Exercise 5 (page 83)

cijkl = ( x )( ik jl + il jk ) + ( x ) ij kl

for nsd = 2
D11 = c1111 = 2m + l
D12 = c1122 = l
D13 = c1112 = 0
D22 = c2222 = 2m + l
D23 = c2212 = 0
D33 = c1212 = m
So that

2 +

D=
2 +

0
0

for nsd = 3
D11 = c1111 = 2m + l
D12 = c1122 = l
D13 = c1133 = l
D22 = c2222 = 2m + l
D23 = c2233 = l
D33 = c3333 = 2m + l
D44 = c2323 = m
D55 = c1313 = m
D66 = c1212 = m
D14 = D15 = D16 = D24 = D25 = D26 = D34 = D35 = D36 = D45 = D46 = D56 = 0
So that,

ME235A Finite Element Analysis

Fall, 2001
2 +

D=

2 +

2 +

0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0

Exercise 1 (page 87)

K PQ = a (N A e i , N B e j ) = (N A e i ) D (N B e j )d
T

for nsd = 2,
N A ,1 i1
N A ,1

(N A e i ) =
N A ,2 i 2
= 0
N + N N
A ,1 i 2
A ,2
A ,2 i1

since, e i = i1
i 2
(N A e i ) = B A e i
where
N A ,1
0

B= 0
N A ,2
N A ,2 N A ,1

0

N A ,2 i1

N A ,1 i 2

for nsd = 3,

N A ,1 i1
N A ,1

N A ,2 i 2

N A ,3 i 3
(N A e i ) =
=
N A ,3 i 2 + N A ,2 i 3 0
N A ,3 i1 + N A ,1 i 3 N A ,3

N A ,2 i1 + N A ,1 i 2 N A ,2

where

0
N A ,2
0
N A ,3
0
N A ,1

0
0

N A ,3 i1
= B A e i
N A ,2 i 2

N A ,1 i 3

ME235A Finite Element Analysis

Fall, 2001
N A ,1
0

0
BA =
0
N A ,3

N A ,2

0
N A ,2
0
N A ,3
0
N A ,1

0
0
N A ,3

N A ,2
N A ,1

Exercise 1 (page 91)

( )

( x ) = D( x ) u h

nen

N a ,1 ( x )u1h x ae

a =1
u1h,1

nen

h
h
h
e
u = u 2 ,2 =
N a ,2 ( x )u 2 x a

a =1

u h + u h n
nen
2 ,1
1 ,2
en
h
e
h
e
N a ,2 ( x )u1 x a + N a ,1 ( x )u 2 x a
a =1

a =1
e
nen
d nen
= Ba ( x ) 1ea = Ba ( x ) d ae = B ( x ) d e
a =1
d 2 a a =1

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

nen

( x ) = D( x ) u h = D( x ) B ( x ) d e = D( x ) Ba ( x ) d ae
a =1

Exercise 1 (page98)

ID array
node numbers (A)
644Global
44
4
744444
8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Golbal degrees of freedom ( i )

1
2

1 3 0 5 7 9 0 12
2 4 0 6 8 10 11 13

IEN array
Element numbers ( e )

64748
1 2 3 4

Local node numbers ( a )

LM array

1 1
2 2
3 8

4 7

1 4 8
3 3 6
4 5 5

2 6 7

ME235A Finite Element Analysis

Fall, 2001
Element number ( e )
6
44744
8
1 2 3 4

1
2
3
Local equation numbers ( p )

4
5
6
7
8

1
2

4
12

13
0

11

1
2
0
0
5
6
3
4

12
13
9

0 10
7 7

8 8
9 0

10 11
5
6
0