Chng i: Tng quan v ma st- mn

1. Cc l thuyt v ma st.
Cng nh cc ngnh khoa hc khc, khoa hc v ma st pht
trin khng ngng v gn lin vi cc ngnh cng nghip c
lin quan nh cng nghip t, giao thng ng st v gia
cng kim loi. Vic nghin cu, tm hiu v bn cht ca ma
st l rt cn thit trc ht c th m hnh ho, tip theo
l lng ho v iu khin c cc qu trnh xy ra khi ma
st. Cc kin thc v ma st gip cho cc nh nghin cu
nh hng c cng vic v gii quyt c cc vn do
thc tin t ra.
Nhng nh khoa hc u tin nghin cu trong lnh vc
ma st l Amoton, Culong, Leona d Vinxi v sau ny l
M.L.Lomonoxop,.
Nga, khoa hc v ma st, bi trn v mi mn c hnh
thnh t khi thnh lp Vin hn lm khoa hc Nga. Nh khoa
hc v i M.L.Lomonoxop thit k thit b u tin
nghin cu s lin kt gia cc phn t ca cc vt th. l
tin thn cho cc thit b hin i sau ny nghin cu v
mi mn ca vt liu.
Ma st c nghin cu t lu nhng cc l thuyt v ma
st mi mn vn khng ngng c b xung v pht trin cng

vi s pht trin ca cc ngnh khoa hc khc. Bt u t l

thuyt c in, l thuyt phn t, l thuyt in cho n
cc l thuyt hin i ngy nay.

1.1 L thuyt c in
Nh bc hc u tin nghin cu v xut l thuyt c
in v ma st l Amoton. Trong ti liu vo nm 1969, tc
gi a ra nhng hiu bit v ma st v m t dng c dng
trong th nghim nghin cu. l mt dng c n gin
bao gm mt l so gn vo vt th nghim v tt c c
t trn mt mt phng. u kia ca l so c gn vi mt
ti trng nh m vt nghin cu c th trt trn mt
phng.
Nhiu th nghim c thc nghim v i n kt
lun sau:
- Lc ma st cn bng vi ti trng m vt bn trn tc
ng xung vt th bn di.
- Vi cc vt th khc nhau lc cn do ma st xp x 1/3 ti
trng.
- Lc ma st c lp vi din tch tip xc v ph thuc
vp bn cht ca hai vt th tip xc vi nhau.

Leona d Vinxi khi nghin cu v ma st cng ch ra

rng: lc ma st khng ph thuc vo hnh dng m ch ph
thuc vo trng lng ca vt th v rp b mt.
C th ni giai on pht trin u tin ca khoa hc kinh
in v ma st ngoi l nhng cng trnh nghin cu ma st
tnh. Bn cht ng ca ma st ngoi ln u tin c t
ra trong cng trnh nghin cu ni ting ca S.Culong vo
nm 1785. Quan im ca S.Culong gn ging vi Amoton,
cho rng lc ma st cn bng vi ti trng, khng ph thuc
vo din tch tip xc nhng ph thuc vo bn cht ca vt
liu. Culong cng ch ra l cn phn bit ma st tnh vi ma
st ng v lc ma st ng c lp vi tc chuyn
ng. Culong tip tc nghin cu nh hng ca lc phn
t v coi l phn ca lc ma st. Thnh cng ln ca tc
gi l tng hp ca hai sc cn, sc cn th nht l ca lin
kt khng ph thuc vo din tch tip xc m t l vi ti
trng, sc cn th hai l ca lin kt ph thuc vo din tch
tip xc. Bn cht hai mt c th hin qua phng tnh
sau:
F A N

(1)

Trong : F l lc ma st.
A l hng s c trng cho kh nng lin kt tng h ca vt th.
l h s ma st

N l phn lc php tuyn.

V mt gia cng th, tr s A l rt nh c th b qua c. Khi cng thc (1) chuyn thnh:
F= N (2)
Cng thc (2) thng c gi l nh lut CulongAmoton.
Tm li, l thuyt c in v ma st cho rng: lc ma st
ph thuc vo hai yu t chnh l ti trng t ln vt th
( bao gm c trng lng ca vt th v tng ngoi lc tc
dng ln vt th) v bn cht ca hai vt th tip xc vi
nhau
1.2 L thuyt phn t
Cc tc gi thuc trng phi ny m i din l F.P.Bowden,
D.Tabor lm nhiu th nghim nghin cu nh hng ca
rp b mt, din tch tip xc, tc trt v s chuyn
di ca vt liu t b mt tip xc ny sang b mt tip
xc khc n lc ma st. V nh hng ca rp b mt
n h s ma st, Athur Morin (1934) cho rng: lc ma st
khi hai vt th chuyn ng tng i vi nhau l khng i
khi rp b mt thay i v h s ma st gim i dn
n mi mn thp.
Khi nghin cu nh hng ca din tch tip xc, cc tc gi
cho rng khi b mt hai vt th rt gn nhau lc s

im tip xc thc t s cn bng vi din tch tip xc

gia hai b mt v khi lc ma st l ln nht. Nh vy lc
ma st ph thuc vo din tch tip xc thc t gia hai b
mt.
Mt nh bc hc khc nh: H.Shaw (1986), F.P.Bowden
(1938- 1942) khi nghin cu v ma st nhn thy b mt
ca cc vt th thng b co xc v ny sinh vic kho st
qu trnh vn chuyn vt liu t b mt ny n b mt
khc. Cc tc gi trn cho rng bn cht ca qu trnh l do
lc tng tc gia cc phn t trn b mt ca hai vt th v
rt ra nhn xt sau: khi lng chuyn di ph thuc vo qung
ng ch khng ph thuc vo ti trng. Khi mt vt th
cng hn chuyn ng trn b mt ca vt th mm hn
th lng vt liu chuyn sang vt th cng hn ph thuc
vo rp b mt ca hai vt th.
L thuyt phn t cng cp ti nh hng ca tc trt ti lc ma st. Galton (1978) khi nghin cu ma st xy ra khi
tu chuyn ng trn ng ray a ra nhn xt sau:
- Khi tc trt thp, lc ma st tng ln cng vi tc .
- Ti tc trt trung bnh khong 1 m/s ti vi ft/s, lc
ma st gn nh khng ph thuc vo tc .
- Vi tc trt cao, lc ma st gim i cng vi tc .

Ti cn di ca di tc P.P.Ewald, T.Poschl, L.Prandtl

(1930) a ra cng thc lin h gia h s ma st v tc
trt nh sau:

1 0,0112
0
1 0,06

Trong : 0 : h s ma st tnh.
: tc trt (m/s).

Tuy nhin, cc tc gi cha ch ra l cng thc trn c p

dng c hay khng khi hai vt th chuyn ng vi tc
ln, b mt chuyn ng sang trng thi mm cao thm ch
b chy nht lm gim ng k h s ma st.
Tm li, l thuyt phn t v ma st cho rng bn cht ca
lc ma st l lc ht gia cc phn t khi hai b mt vt th
tip xc vi nhau. Do lc ma st khng ph thuc hay ni
cch khc l c lp vi ti trng. Lc ma st ch ph thuc
vo din tch tip xc thc t v tc chuyn ng tng
i ca hai vt th.
1. 3 L thuyt in.
L thuyt ny c xut do trong thc t khi hai vt
th tip xc vi nhau gy ra s pht sng v c kh nng ht
cc vt th nh khc. Hin tng ny nhn thy nhiu nht

trong cng nghip giy khi giy c cn qua hai trc. Cc tc

gi J.A.Jon (1925), P.Schnurmann (1940), E.Warlow- Davises
(1942) cho rng in ma st (triboeletricity) v ma st l hai
mt ca cng mt s kin: ph hu lin kt gia cc nguyn
t ca cc b mt tip xc vi nhau.
Theo l thuyt in th ma st l tng hp ton b cc
lin kt in gia cc nguyn t ca hai b mt khi chng
tip xc vi nhau. Tng tc nguyn t- phn t c coi l ch
yu cn cc tng tc c hc ch l kt qu ca cng lin kt
nguyn t- phn t.
1.4 L thuyt hin i.
Cc l thuyt trnh by trn tuy c tha hng, pht trin
nhng kt qu t c ca cng trnh l thuyt trc ,
nhng do iu kin, mc nghin cu v theo cc xu hng
khc nhau nn xut hin nhng quan im khng ging
nhau v ma st. Mt khc, do cha c nhng phng tin my
mc hin i nghin cu mt cch chnh xc cc hin tng
xy ra trong qu trnh ma st nn cc kt lun rt ra thng t
trc quan v dn ti s bt ng v quan im.
Nhc im ln nht ca cc l thuyt v ma st trc y l
chng u da trn cc hin tng c bit nh c hc, vt l
hoc in m khng xt ti nh hng tng h gia chng,

do khng phn bit c lc ma st vi sc cn ca cc

khuyt tt trn b mt vt liu.
S pht trin ca khoa hc v ma st c gn lin vi s
pht trin chung ca khoa hc. Nh nhng nh lut v ph
hu bin dng do- n hi, cc cng trnh nghin cu v b
mt ca vt th khi chuyn ng, kt cu mng ca kim loi
cc b mt khi lm vic m cc nh nghin cu v ma st
a ra l thuyt v ma st ngoi tng qut bao gm c
ch vt l, c hc, ho hc, nng lng
Theo cc l thuyt hin i th lc ma st khng ch l
hm ca lc php tuyn m cn ph thuc vo t hp cc yu
t: tc trt, vt liu, iu kin mi trng,S ph thuc
ny c th biu din bng cng thc tng qut nh sau:
T(n) = f(n,v,c)

(4)

Trong : T(n)- L lc ma st ng vi ti php tuyn n.

v- Tc trt.
c- Cc thng s nh mi trng, vt liu,
Cc khi nim mi v ma st sau ny do Suh v Sin xng (1981). Theo cc tc gi ny th cc tnh cht v c hc
c nh hng ln hn so vi cc tnh cht ho hc i vi lc
ma st, nu trong qu trnh chuyn ng khng c hin tng

tng nhit . Theo quan im ny c th phn chia lc ma

st ra lm 3 thnh phn:
- Bin dng ca cc nhp nh trn b mt.
- S bm dnh ca cc din tch tip xc.
- S trc ca b mt.
Cc nh nghin cu khc cng a ra nhng l thuyt v
ma st, bi trn, hao mn cho tng trng hp c th. Khi
nghin cu v ma st xy ra mt vt th c kh nng phc
hi cao tng t nh cao su, G.M.Bartenev, V.V.Lavrentjev v
N.A.Konstantinova (1971) a ra cng thc sau:

S
F c.S 1 1 0 e N / S E
S

Trong : F- Lc ma st.
c- H s ph thuc vo gc trt.
S

-Din tch tip xc thc t.

SO- Din tch tip xc khi khng c p lc (P

O).

- Yu t hnh hc ca b mt vt th.

N- Ti trng.
Vt liu ma st trn c s nha phenol- formandehyt rt
ph bin, do vy thu ht c d quan tm ca cc nh

nghin cu S.K.Rhee v cng s (1971). Cc tc gi nghin

cu v nh hng ca cc yu t nh p lc, vn tc v thi
gian ti lng mi mn ca vt liu ma st trn c s nha
phenol- formandehyt n si amiang v a ra cng thc
sau( p dng cho nhit b mt nh hn 220 oC ):
W= K.Pa.Vb. c.

Trong :

W- Lng vt liu b mt i.

P- Ti trng.
V- Tc .

- Thi gian.
a,b,c- Hng s ph thuc vo tng cp ma st.
ng dng cc l thuyt v ma st em li li ch to ln
gip cho nhng nh nghin cu, ngi sn xut nhn thc v
khc phc c nhng hn ch cn tn ti ca vt liu. Hn
ch ti mc ti a nh hng c hi do ma st gy ra.
2. Cc loi vt liu c kh nng lm gim ma st
Gim ma st v mi mn c ngha quan trng i vi
nn kinh t quc dn. Cc nh nghin cu a ra 3 loi vt
liu chnh c kh nng lm gim ma st v mi mn bao
gm: gm, hp kim v polyme.

So vi kim loi v polyme, gm c u im l h s ma st

thp, cng b mt tng i cao, t b mi mn v
khng b xy ho trong qu trnh lm vic. Tuy nhin, gm li
b nh hng ca nhit, dao ng v c bit d b v khi
va p.
Kim loi v hp kim c s dng rng ri nht trong lnh vc
vt liu chng ma st do nhng u im ni bt nh: c
cng b mt cao, c kh nng lm vic nhit
cao.....Nhc im ca chng l kh gia cng, c gi thnh cao
v khng bn ho cht.
Vic nghin cu s dng vt liu Polyme cho cc kt cu
ma st cho kt qu bt ng. So vi kim loi, polyme c h
s ma st nh hn, t mn hn, t b nh hng ca dao
ng v va p, c gi thnh r, tnh cng ngh cao hn
trong vic ch to chi tit, c kh nng lm vic trong mi trng ho cht v bi trn bng nc.
Tuy nhin s thay th kim loi bng Polyme khng phi lc
no cng c li. i vi kt cu chng ma st, hng nghin cu
c nhiu trin vng nht l kt hp gia polyme v cc vt
liu khc.
3. Cc phng php nghin cu ma st v mi mn
Trong qu trnh c xt s xy ra tng tc cc b ca cc lp
b mt vt liu trn cc din tch rt nh. S tng tc ny

lm thay i cu trc v tnh cht vt liu trn b mt c

xt. i vi cc cht do, cc thay i ny rt mnh v chng
xy ra di tc dng ca nhit, tc ng c hc, cc cht hot
ng b mt, in tch xut hin
sn phm t cht dro vi mt t hp tnh cht cho trc,
iu quan trng l s dng cc s th nghim ma st
m phng c cc iu kin d s dng nht, in hnh
nht.
Khi nghin cu su v ma st v mi mn trong iu kin
bi trn ngi ta s dng n rbt.
Trong a s cc trng hp, cc c trng cn nh gi hn
c l lc ma st, bm dnh, cc thay i c l b mt,
chuyn v ngang v vung gc.
Lc ma st thng c o bng cc phng php cn lc k
hoc tenx, hoc theo tt dn ca con lc. V tnh
cht b mt c xt thng xt theo kt qu o tuyn hnh
b mt c nh gi theo kt qu khi ph, ph in t
v phn tch cu trc Rghen. S tng tc , nhit v
ti trng k thut hin i dn n s gia tng khc
nghit ca cc th nghim v mi mn vt liu. Bn cnh ,
i khi phi tnh n cc yu t nh hng nh chn khng
su, bc x v mi trng xm thc
H s ma st ph thuc rt ln vo ti trng vung gc, tc
trt, nhit v cc yu t khc.

S ph thuc ca cc h s ma st vo ti trng thay i

theo nhit . nhit th nghim c nh th h s ma
st gim khi tng ti trng cn nu ti trng c nh h s
ma st tng khi ti trng tng.
Khi thay i nhit th c vn tc trt ca cht do
cng c th c cc c tnh khc nhau nh mt vt thu tinh,
vt mm cao hoc vt do.
Khi nh gi chu mi mn ca cht do nn chn mt
c trng khng thay i theo cng c xt. V d: chn
t s gia cng mi mn chung v cng c xt. S
nh gi chu mi mn, theo t s trn c tnh cht gn
ng do s ph thuc ca s mi mn khng ch vo tnh
cht vt liu m c vo iu kin th nghim.
Cng mi mn c th nh gi nh lng theo mt i
lng thng s o:
In = h/ L = V/(A. L)
Trong : h- b dy lp b mi mn i.
V- th tch lp b mi mn i.
L- qung ng c xt.

A- din tch chun ca b mt.

mi mn cng c th nh gi bng ch tiu nng lng
In = V/W
Trong : W- nng lng c xt.

Chng II: Tng quan vt liu polyme CompozitVt liu ma st, cc yu t nh hng
1. Tng quan v vt liu Polyme Compozit. Khi
nim c bn - c im - Phn loi.
1.1 Khi nim.

Vt liu Compozit c lch s pht trin t rt sm. Ngay t

khi hnh thnh vn minh nhn loi nhng vic nghin cu ch
to vt liu Compozit mi c thc s ch trong nhng nm
50 tr li y. Mc ch ch to vt liu Compozit l lm sao
phi hp c cc tnh cht m mi vt liu ban u khng
th c c. Nh vy c th ch to vt liu Compozit t nhng
cu t m bn thn chng khng th p ng c cc yu
cu i vi vt liu.
Vt liu Compozit ni chung l loi vt liu ng nht
trong th tch ln nhn c bng cch hp nht cc th tch
nh ca cc vt liu khc. V bn cht vt liu Compozit l
h thng hai hay nhiu pha khc nhau v bn cht ho hc
gn nh khng tan ln trong nhau, phn cch nhau bng ranh
gii pha trong pha lin tc hay nn l polyme, pha phn
tn l ph gia tng cng. Ngoi ra cn c mt s hp cht khc
nh: cht to mu, cht tng cng c bit.

Vt liu Compozit c th ch to bng cc phng php c

nhit t cc thnh phn hay bng phn ng ho hc m dn
n s phn chia pha trong hn hp ng nht ban u.
Vt liu Compozit c th c ch to bng nhiu phng php
khc nhau nh c p, qun ng...
1.2 c im.

Vic a cht gia cng vo nn polyme a li cho vt liu

Compozit nhiu u im ni bt so vi vt liu truyn thng:
bn c nng cao, m un n hi cao, t trng thp,
n nh tnh cht trong nhiu mi trng ho cht, chng
mi mn tt...
Nhng c im ni bt ca vt liu Compozit l: L
vt liu nhiu pha, trong thc t ph bin nht l loi vt
liu Compozit hai pha, pha gin on l ct c bao bc bi
nhiu pha lin tc l nn polyme. Cc pha tng tc vi nhau
qua b mt phn chia pha nn tnh cht ca vt liu khng
ch ph thuc vo bn cht ca cc thnh phn m c ph
thuc rt nhiu vo lin kt gia cc thnh phn. Vt liu c
tnh cht cng cao khi lin kt gia cc thnh phn cng
cht ch. C tnh ca vt liu cn ph thuc vo hnh thi
hc nh hnh dng, kch thc....mt phn b v phng,
th t sp xp ca ct. Mt ca ct c xc nh qua t
l khi lng hoc th tch. y l mt thng s quan trng
trong vic quyt nh tnh cht c hc ca vt liu. Khi ct

phn b khng ng u vt liu s b ph hu trc ti

nhng v tr mt ct thp do lm gim bn kt
cu ca vt liu. y l mt c trng tri nht ca vt liu
Compozit. V vy vi nhng phng php ch to khc c th
a li nhng vt liu Compozit c tnh cht c l khc mc
d c cng thnh phn ging nhau nh phng php qun ng v
c ko lin tc.
- Trong vt liu Compozit t l hnh dng - kch thc cng
nh s phn b ca nn, ct tun theo cc qui nh thit k
trc, ni cch khc vi s la chn thch hp cht tng cng v
nha nn tnh cht ca vt liu Compozit c th tnh ton trc.
- Tnh cht ca cc pha thnh phn c kt hp to nn
tnh cht chung ca Compozit. Tuy vy, tnh cht Compozit
khng bao hm tt c cc tnh cht ca cc pha thnh phn
khi chng ng ring r m ch la chn v pht huy thm
nhng tnh cht tt.
- C nhiu phng php gia cng cho php ch to nhiu
dng sn phm c c tnh khc.
Tuy nhin vt liu Compozit cn c mt s nhc im:
- L vt liu a thnh phn nn vic ng thi tho mn
tt c cc yu cu ca vt liu rt kh khn. Ch c th la

chn cc thnh phn v phng php ch to thch hp c

th p ng nhng yu cu quan trng nht.
- M un n hi khng cao.
- Nhit lm vic tng i thp.
1.3 Phn loi vt liu Compozit.

phn loi vt liu compozit ngi ta da vo cc c

im chung ca chng:
- Theo bn cht vt liu nn: compozit nn polyme, gm,
graphit, kim loi.
- Theo hnh hc ct: compozit ct ht (th, mn),
compozit ct si (di, ngn).
- Theo cu trc vt liu: compozit tm, lp, tm 3 lp, khi,
t ong..
- Theo phng php ch to: c, p, c phun, ln l
- Theo phm vi ng dng: compozit cao cp, compozit k
thut.
a. Phn loi theo bn cht vt liu nn:
*

Nn kim loi: Kim loi c bn, cng, do kh cao, c

th chu c nhit cao hn polyme trong mi trng

khng c oxy. Vt liu compozit nn kim loi c modun rt cao
(110GPa) nn i hi si tng cng phi c modun cao. Al, Mg,
Ti, Ni, Cu c nghin cu ng dng lm nn compozit nhiu

hn c, c bit cc kim loi nh rt c a chung trong

ngnh hng khng.
Nn kim loi c mt s u im so vi nn polyme:
- Kim loi ni chung do, kh bn nn ci thin ch tiu c
l ca polyme nh modun n hi.
- C dn in, nhit cao hn.
- Khng bc chy, t b nh hng ca mi trng m.
- C tnh n hi tt nn trong mt s trng hp d gia
cng lp rp.
Nhc im chnh ca nn kim loi l c khi lng ring ln.
Cng ngh ch to compozit nn kim loi phc tp hn rt
nhiu so vi nn polyme v do vy gi thnh sn phm s cao
hn. Chnh iu ny hn ch vic la chn v trin khai ng
dng chng trong cng nghip.
Compozit nn nhm ct si bo c c tnh cao l mt trong
nhng compozit nn kim loi c ng dng kh nhiu trong
cc ngnh cng nghip nh hng khng, v tr, ch to t.
*Nn polyme: Compozit nn polyme chim 90% trong
tng s cc loi compozit. Nn polyme rt c a chung do c
t trng thp, cch in, cch nhit tt, d gia cng. Polyme
dng lm nn c 2 loi: nha nhit rn v nha nhit do.

1. Nha nhit do c cu trc mch thng hoc mch

nhnh, chy mm nhit cao v c th ly li trng thi
rn khi lm lnh. Nha c th dng tinh th hoc v nh
hnh. Kh nng chu dung mi, chu nhit km hn nha
nhit rn. Ngi ta thng tng bn, chu ti v chng
ro cho vt liu bng cc loi si ngn. Nha nhit do gia
cng ch yu bng phng php c. nhit thng,
compozit nha nhit do c tnh dai, bn, cng nhng u b
mt tnh bn nhit cao. C th khc phc phn no
nhc im ny bng cch tng cng cht n. Cc loi nha
nhit do thng dng: polyetylen (PE), polypropylene (PP),
polystyrene
2. Nha nhit rn c to thnh t cc polyme cng chnh
l compozit nhit rn, c kh nng to c cc lin kt ngang
(lin kt ho hc). Qa trnh to cc lin kt ngang gi l qu
trnh ng rn. Cc phn ng to lin kt ngang ny lin
kt cc phn t polyme l vi nhau to thnh mng li khng
gian ba chiu c khi lng phn t ln. Chnh iu ny khin
cho nha nhit rn sau khi ng rn khng c kh nng
nng chy hoc ho tan m ch c th b phn hu.
T hp ca nha phenol fomandehyt vi si aming bn vi
axit, kim nng nh hn 40%, bn vi axeton 50 0C v
bn vi axetic bt k nhit no.

Vt liu polyme compozit trn c s nha phenol

fomandehyt vi cht n thch hp nh: si thu tinh, si
amiang, c kh nng lm vic nhit cao ti 250 0C hoc
trong iu kin nhit lm vic thay i trong mt phm
vi rng m khng c nguy c b thay i kch thc.
chu mi mn ca tm phng t nha phenol fomandehyt c th so snh vi nhm, ng. Tuy nhin kh
nng ny b suy gim khi m ca mi trng tng. H s
ma st ca nha phenol- fomandehyt tng t nh cc loi nha
nhit rn khc, nm trong khong 0,2- 0,3, tng i thp so
vi cao su v kim loi nhng vi cc cht n thch hp c th
tng h s ma st ca vt liu ln ti 0,7- 0,8.
Vt liu polyme compozit i t cc loi nha nhit rn c
tng cng cc loi si di s dng nhiu trong cng nghip
hng khng, v tr, qun s, t, Nha nhit rn ph
bin nht l epoxy, polyeste khng no, phenolic, polyuretan
Tnh cht c l ca phenol- fomandehyt so vi cc loi nha
nhit rn khc c trnh by qua bng sau:
Tnh

Polyest

cht

Epoxy

Khng

Phenol-

Ure-

fomande

fomande

hyt

hyt

25 65

25 45

no

ko

bn

Mpa

25 80

30 100

bn

Mpa

60 160

60 90

45 125

40 120

bn

Mpa

70 140

60 180

45 95

45 95

ht

Mpa

10 30

7 20

15 30

15 30

g/cm3

1,1 1,1

1,15 1,

1,15 1,3

1,1 1,4

25

nn

un

nc
T trng

Nn gm v thu tinh: T chc in hnh ca gm

l a pha v a tinh th. Hai pha chnh to nn t chc ca

gm: pha v nh hnh phn b xen ln gia cc vng pha
tinh th v gn kt chng li vi nhau. Gm l vt liu c
bn cao, duy tr c bn nhit cao (1650oC), kh
nng chu oxy ho cao. Tuy nhin c bn ko thp, chu
va p km.
Thu tinh v c l vt liu nhn c bng cch lm ngui
mt hp cht v c t trng thi nng chy hon ton nhit
cao n trng thi rn khng kt tinh. Qa trnh ny
ging nh i vi nha nhit do nn c th p dng cc phng
php gia cng ca cht do. Thu tinh c bn v modun
n hi cao (69GPa), gin n nhit thp. Nh tnh chy
tt nn khi tng nhit v p lc p th hm lng si tng cng c th s tng nhng khng lm gim bn vt liu.

* Nn cacbon/ graphit : L vt liu chu nhit rt tt,

cng, bn nhit (25000K) in hnh l compozit cacboncacbon. Vt liu ny c s dng nhiu trong ngnh hng
khng, ho dc, y t...
b. Phn loi theo hnh hc ct:
* Compozit ct ht: c cu to gm cc phn t ct dng ht
ng trc phn b u trong nn. Cc phn t ct rt a
dng: cc loi khong t nhin, oxit, cacbit, nitritCompozit ct
ht gm hai loi: ct ht th v ct ht mn.
- Compozit ct ht mn thng c nn l kim loi hoc hp
kim, ct c kch thc nh (<0,1mm) thng l cc vt liu bn
cng, c tnh n nh nhit cao nh cacbit, nitrit Tng tc
nn ct xy ra mc vi m ng vi kch thc nguyn t
hoc phn t.
- Compozit ct ht th: nn c th l polyme, kim loi hoc
gm. Ct thng c a vo ci thin bn ko, nn,
un, chng mi mn, n nh kch thc, chu nhit
hoc ra mt tnh cht mi theo yu cu. Tng tc nn- ct
khng xy ra mc nguyn t, phn t.
* Compozit ct si ngn: di ct thng nh hn 5 cm
i khi c gi l ria. Compozit ct si ngn thng c gia
cng bng cc phng php gia cng nha thng thng nh

c, n, c phun. Khi n hoc c phun vo khun, si

phi c kh nng i qua c cc khe h nh trong thn thit
b. Si ngn thng c dng tng cng cho nha nhit do.
Nha nhit rn do c khi lng phn t ln khi ng rn s
khng c li khi dng si ngn. Tt c compozit ct si ngn
u thuc compozit k thut.
* Compozit ct si c chiu di trung bnh: di ct t 10
n 100 mm, thng c dng tng cng cho nha nhit rn
c thm bt m vi hm lng kh ln. Phng php gia cng
thng c s dng l phng php t. Si phi c nha thm t
hon ton compozit t c cc tnh cht cao nht.
Compozit ny cng thuc nhm compozit k thut.
* Compozit ct si di: Si di hay cn gi l si lin tc thng c dng tng cng cho nha nhit rn, ch to compozit
cht lng cao. Compozit ct si di c th c ch to vi c
nn v c, gm kim loi.
c.

Phn loi theo phm vi ng dng

Polyme compozit c chia thnh 2 nhm. Hai nhm ny

khc nhau ch yu loi si, chiu di si tng cng v loi
nha c s dng lm nn.
Nhm th nht c gi l compozit tin tin, c ch to t
cc loi si di v c bn cao. Nha nn cng l cc loi

nha c c tnh tt, chu nhit, bn ho hc. Compozit

cht lng cao thng c ng dng trong ngnh hng khng, v
tr, cng nh cc dng c th thao cao cp nh vt tennis, gy
chi gn
Nhm th hai c gi l compozit k thut: gm cc
compozit ct si ngn, c tnh cht c l thp hn. Nha nn
cng c tnh cht thp hn. Cc sn phm lm t compozit
k thut bao gm: v tu, can, bn tm, b cha
2. Nghin cu tng quan v vt liu ma st- Cc yu
t nh hng n tnh cht c l ca t hp vt liu
ma st.
2.1 Nghin cu tng hp bt ma st.

Vi mc ch ch to c loi bt ma st c cht lng cao

chng ta c th tin hnh tng hp Este arylborat thay cho
vic s dng phenol nguyn th.
Este arylborat l sn phm phn ng ca hai hay nhiu
phenol vi hp cht ca Bo c kh nng to este nh axit boric,
cc andehyt ca Bo....
Bt ma st c tng hp bng cch cho Este arylborat phn
ng vi fomandehyt.
Qu trnh tng hp bt ma st c th m t nh sau:

Cho hn hp phenol cacdanol vi t l nh sn vo thit

b phn ng nng dn nhit n 90-95 0C. Trn axit boric
vo khuy u n khi tan ht. Thi gian phn ng ca giai
on ny ko di 45'. Tip tc nng nhit ti 140-145 0C,
cho xc tc v fomandehyt vo (xc tc c th l kim, axit).
Hn hp to thnh c tch nc vi thi gian 2 gi. Sau tip
tc nng nhit ca phn ng ln 1600 C v gi nhit
ny trong thi gian 1 gi 30 pht. Sn phm c ly ra khi
c lm bay hi ht nc. Dung mi ng sn nhit
2000C em nghin mn vi kch thc ht t 74-104 m. Tin
hnh tng hp bt ma st vi 4 t l khc nhau: fenol fomandehyt (1: 1,12; 1: 1,13; 1: 1,14; 1: 1,15) c k hiu
FR1, FR2, FR3, FR4 tng ng. Qua mt s th nghim s b c
c t l cc cu t cho vo tng hp vt liu ma st.
- Phi liu ca hn hp c trnh by bng sau: (theo %
trng lng)
Bng 1.
Cu t

Nha

29

Bt aming

61

Bt ma st

9,5

Axit Stearic

0,5

Kt qu nh gi mi mn c trnh by bng 2.

Bng 2.
T l phenol : Fomandehyt (mol)
Loi

bt

ma st

Khng
c

bt

1:1,
2

ma st

1:1,
3

FR1

1:1,
4

FR

1;1,
5

FR3

FR4

mi mn

0,1065

0,0405

0,036

0,037

0,0382

(g/1000
vng)
H s ma st

0,34
7

0,35
6

0,51

0,506

0,494

T kt qu nh gi ti bng 2 cho thy: Vic a bt ma

st vo t hp vt liu lm gim mi mn ca vt liu ma
st xung gn 3 ln t 0,1065 g/1000 vng 0,0405g/ 1000
vng ng thi h s ma st tng ln t 0,3470,512 (xp x
1,5 ln).
T hp vt liu c cha bt ma st k hiu FR2 sau khi tri
qua 1000 vng mi mn c tip tc cho mi mn tip v o
h s ma st. Kt qu cho thy khng c s sai khc nhiu v
kt qu gia hai ln o, mi mn sai lch khong 0,8%
v h s ma st sai lch xp x 1%. iu ny chng t khi a
bt ma st FR2 vo trong vt liu lm cho tnh cht ca
sn phm n nh hn trong qu trnh s dng. Kt qu

o mi mn v h s ma st sau vi ln th nghim c
trnh by bng 3.
Bng 3
S

vng

th

mi mn

mi mn (vng)

(g/1000 vng)

H s ma
st

1000

0,036

0,512

2000

0,0358

0,512

3000

0,0362

0,509

4000

0,0360

0,51

5000

0,0364

0,507

2.2 Nghin cu nh hng ca cc cu t chnh trong

t hp vt liu.
Tnh cht c l ca vt liu Polyme- Compozit khng ch
ph thuc vo tnh cht ca nha nn, bt n m cn ph
thuc vo t l ca chng trong t hp. T l ca cc cu t
trong t hp c th thay i ty tng trng hp c th. Khi
hm lng nha qu thp kh nng ch to vt liu tr nn kh
khn do t hp c chy km, cc tnh cht nh bn va
p, bn ho gim, hp th nc tng ln do lng nha
qu t khng lin kt cc cht n li vi nhau. Nu hm lng qu cao (>50%) th vic to hnh cng kh do t hp vt
liu c nht thp. nh hng ca hm lng nha n tnh
cht c l ca vt liu Polyme-Compozit trn c s nha

phenol fomandehyt vi bt n thng dng c trnh by

bng sau (Bng 4)

bn
(Tn/in2)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

20

40

60
80
10
Hm lng nha theo 0
% trng lng

Qua hnh 4 c th thy vic thay i hm lng ca mt

cu t no trong t hp vt liu t mong mun l
tng mt s tnh cht c l no th li lm gim mt s
tnh cht c l khc. i vi trng hp vt liu ma st trn c
s nha phenol fomandehyt t c tnh cht c l mong
mun cn phi xc nh c mt t l nht nh cc thnh
phn trong t hp ng thi gi c mt t l cht dnh kt
thp nht khng lm thay i mi mn, h s ma st ca
sn phm.
Qua tham kho ti liu: "Nghin cu ch to vt liu
Compozit s dng trong lnh vc vt liu ma st" ca tin s

Nguyn Thanh Lim tc gi tm ra c t l ti u ca cc

cu t nh sau:

Bng 4: Thnh phn hn hp p.

Cu t

Nha

27

Bt

64

aming
Bt ma st

8,5

axit

0,5

Stearic
Kt qu o kim tra c l c trnh by bng 5.
Bng 5.
Thng

thut

Kt

qu

H s ma st

0,52

ht nc %

0,021

ht du %

0,023

mi

mn

0,032

(g/1000 vng)
cng HB

36,02

bn va p

4,000

(KJ/m2)

2.3 Nghin cu vn a cao su vo t hp vt liu

ma st.
gii quyt vn c c mt vt liu va c y
tnh cht c l ca nha tng hp s dng cho vt liu ma
st ng thi c tnh mm do, c kh nng phc hi cao th
vic s dng cao su bin tnh nha c bit l cc loi
nha phenol fomandehyt em li hiu qu cao. Cao su dng
bin tnh l cao su Butadienitil v cao su Clopreu.
Nguyn tc bin tnh nha bng cao su l trn hn
hp nha vi cao su sau cho ng rn. Trong qu trnh
ng rn cao su phn ng vi nha v cng tham gia vo qu
trnh khu mch. Cng c th nha tham gia vo qu trnh
lu ho cao su v c coi nh mt mt xch trong mng li. Tuy
vy t hp nha - cao su c coi nh mt h thng hai pha
ring bit. Cao su c th lin kt vi nha bi lin kt ho hc
(nu phn ng ho hc gia cao su v nha xy ra) hoc
n thun l lin kt vt l tc l ch c s trn hp thng
thng.
- Cao su sau khi lu ho thng c chu mi mn ln, h
s ma st cao, kh nng bin dng, phc hi cao.

- Nha l mt hp cht sau khi ng rn c cng cao,

gin, mi mn ln v h s ma st nh hn cao su t 5-6
ln. Sn phm bin tnh thu c ngoi nhng tnh cht c
bn ca nha nn c thm nhng tnh cht qu gi khc, ni
bt nht l kh nng chu va p tng ln, cng ca sn
phm gim xung r rt.
Da trn cc ti nghin cu khoa hc c th khi qut,
gii thch kh nng tng cng bn va p ca t hp c
cao su nh sau: Di tc ng ca ngoi lc vt liu bt u b
bin dng im b ph hng l nhng ch c lin kt yu
nht. Nu vt liu ch c nha v cht n hoc trong cc
lin kt ca cc phn t nha. Khi c mt cao su trong t hp
th di tc dng ca ngoi lc cht dnh kt l nha vi chc
nng l cht chuyn ng sut tp trung s ngay lp tc
chuyn lc tc ng ny cho cc ht cao su. Do cao su l mt
thnh phn c kh nng phc hi, hp th v phn tn nng lng ln nn nng lng ca ngoi lc s b tiu tn nhiu hn so
vi trng hp khng c cao su ko t phn t cao su
hoc ph hu lin kt gia cao su v nha. c bit khi
nghin cu bin tnh nha fenol formandeluyt bng cao su
cho thy: khi lng nha fenol formandehyt trong t hp cng
ln th lin kt ni chung cng cao nhng sn phm tr nn
gin hn. Khi hm lng cao su tng dn n cng ca sn
phm gim xung.

Theo ti nghin cu ca tin s Nguyn Thanh Lin

th vt liu cao su c s dng a vo t hp l cao su
Butadienitil.
Loi cao su ny sau khi c lu ho c kh nng chu c tc
ng ca mi trng du m v cc dung mi hu c. Khi lng ring ca cao su ny bin i t 0,95-1,02g/cm 3 tu theo
hm lng ca nhm nitril. Ngoi ra cao su ny c kh nng dn
nhit cao, mi mn thp kh nng trn hp tt vi cc
polyme phn cc (c bit nha fenol formandeluyt l loi
nha c phn cc cao, kh nng trn hp tt). Cho ta c
mt t hp vt liu c nhiu u im nh chu nhit cao,
bn dnh kt tt, chng x rnh ln, phn gii u in tch
tch t khi c ma st.
Trong qu trnh ch to vt liu ma st, cht dnh kt l
nha fenol formandeluyt c thay mt phn bng cao su theo
t l 21:6. Tnh theo trng lng (ti liu tham kho), nhit
gia cng l 140-150 v 1600C vi thi gian p l 10-20-30 pht
p lc l 50kg/cm2. iu kin gia cng nh hng n tnh
cht c l ca vt liu ma st c trnh by bng sau:
Bng 6.
Nhit 0C
140

150

160

Tnh

Thi gian: Pht

cht c
l

10

20

30

Thi gian: Pht

10

20

30

Thi gian: Pht

10

20

30

Vt liu cha cao su Butadiennitril

mi

mn

0
0,16

(g/1000

0,14

0,09

0,02

0,08

0,18

0,1

,209

0,28
5

vng)

ma st

0
0,42

0,46

0,49

0,56

0,51

0,49

0,4

,461

Qua bng 6 chng ta thy vi t hp cha cao su

Butadienitil iu kin gia cng tt nht l nhit 150 0C
vi khong thi gian l 10 pht.
- nhit 1500 C mi mn v h s ma st km.
Nu tng nhit hoc thi gian gia cng h s ma st
gim nhng mi mn tng ln nhiu.
- Vn hm lng cao su c trong t hp vt liu ma st
cn c quan tm. Theo mt s cng trnh nghin cu v
ng gp kin ca cc chuyn gia th hm lng cao su
a vo t hp vt liu l 15% (tnh theo trng lng).

0,32

Ta c bng nh gi sau: Khi hm lng cao su thay i t 3%15%.

Bng7
T

cao

su

mi mn

s ma

g/1000

st

ht

cng

bn

nc %

HB

va

vng

ht
du %

p
KJ/m2

0,032

0,520

36,2

0,021

0,0230

0,031

0,559

26,5

0,024

0,0254

6
6

0,0298

0,561

23,6

0,024

0,0262

9
9

0,0319

0,538

19,7

0,035

0,0375

5
12

0,0339

0,492

16,3

0,043

0,0496

4
15

0,0381

0,490

14,8

0,051
6

0,053

Nhn xt: khi hm lng cao su trong t hp vt liu ma

st tng t 3%-15% th cng gim t 36,2 HB xung cn
14,8HB.
- Vi 6% trng lng cao su trong t hp bn va p t
4-7 KJ/m2.
- Nu tip tc tng hm cao su trong t hp vt liu th
mi tnh cht c l u gim.
2.4 Nghin cu nh hng ca cc yu t n tnh cht
c l ca vt liu ma st.
1. Yu t x l nhit.
ci thin tng cng bn vng ca cu trc, nng
cao c tnh c l ca t hp vt liu ma st trn c s ca
cc polyme th phng php s l nhit c s dng nhiu
nht v em li hiu qu ng k. N lm gim ni ng sut
bn trong vt liu, tng mt mng li khng gian ca
polyme to ra sn phm c gn kt cao ci thin c mt
s tnh cht nh bn nn, chu mi mn v bn va
p.
Cng cn lu rng i vi nhit fenol - formandehyt
nhit bng 2200C xy ra phng trnh oxy ho nha, lm
yu cc lin kt metylen, phn hu qu trnh to gc nu
phi chu mt khong thi gian di.

iu kin kho st ngin cu: nhit 100 0C v 1400C,

thi gian 6 gi.
Mu vt c chun b vi t l ti u song khc nhau ch
khng c cao su v c 6% cao su Butadielnitril.
Cui qu trnh cc mu c x l nhit trong l xy. Kt
qu nh hng ca yu t x l nhit c th hin bng 8
v 9

Bng 8: Vt liu khng c cao su.

Ch
x l

mi

H s ma

bn va

bn

mn

st

p KJ/m2

nn MPa

g/1000
vng
Khng x

0,0377

0,482

3,2

88,1

0,0365

0,487

3,5

92,4

0,0320

0,520

4,2

99,4

l
1000C
trong 6h
1400C
trong 6h
Bng 9: Vt liu c 6% cao su Butadielnitril
Ch
x l

mi
mn

H s
ma st

bn
va p

bn
nn MPa

g/1000
vng

KJ/m2

Khng
x l

0,0344

0,532

5,3

92,0

1000C
trong 6h

0,0334

0,534

5,7

117,4

1400C
trong 6h

0,0298

0,561

120,0

Nhn xt: Vt liu khng cha cao su. X l nhit lm

tng bn va p - bn nn - gim mi mn.
- nhit 1400C, cho kt qa tt. i vi vt c cha 6%
cao su Butadien nitril tng bn va p t 5,3 n 7KJ/m 2
2. Yu t khuych tn ca nc vo vt liu.
Mi trng nh hng rt nhiu n ma st th hin cht
lng b mt thng qua cc ch tiu mi mn, h s ma
st... Nu mi trng tc ng ln vt liu trong mt thi gian
di c th nh hng ti cu trc bn trong, ph hu mi lin
kt trn b mt, gim bn ca vt liu m in hnh l
bn va p v bn nn.
Tc ng ca mi trng rt a dng c th l m - nc
du m hoc cc cht hot ho n mn khc.
Nc c th xm nhp vo vt liu ma st, tc dng nh mt
cht bi trn trn b mt lm gim h s ma st, tng

mi mn hoc cng ph vo lin kt trn b mt phn chia

pha gia cht dnh kt v cc cht n lm yu i kh nng
lin kt dn ti ko theo cc tnh cht c l khc ca vt liu
b suy gim theo.
nh gi kh nng bo v ca vt liu ma st trn c
s nha phenol-fomandehyt vi mi trng nc thng s dng
h s khuych tn. Vt liu ma st c coi l c kh nng bo
v t b nh hng ca m, nc nn vt liu c h s
khuych tn thp.
Mc khuych tn ca nc vo vt liu polyme-Compozit
ch yu tp trung vo 3 yu t:
- Kh nng khuych tn qua cht dnh kt.
- Xm nhp qua mi lin kt gia cht dnh kt v cht
n.
- Kh nng khuych tn qua cht n.
Theo kt qu ca mt s ti nghin cu cho thy s
khuych tn ca nc vo vt liu khng c cao su nh hn khi
vt liu c 6% cao su Butadielnitril. y cng l mt hn ch
ca vt liu c cao su v khi a cao su vo trong t hp vt
liu th hm lng nha phenol cacdanol-fomandehyt gim i
mt cch tng ng, do lm gim i kh nng lin kt cc
bt n vi nhau dn ti to iu kin cho nc thm nhp vo

vt liu qua bt n. Tuy nhin hn ch rt nh khng ng

k nu em n so snh vi cc mt tch cc khc m cao su
butadielnitril em li cho t hp vt liu ma st.
3. nh hng ca cc cht hot ho khc n vt liu.
Ngoi nc ra xng du, m bi trn l ba yu t m vt liu
thng xuyn tip xc trong qu trnh s dng. Vic nghin
cu nh gi nh hng ca n n tnh cht c l ca vt
liu ma st l rt cn thit qua nh gi c thi gian lm
vic ti a ca vt liu trong mi trng ng thi cho
php ta la chn c vt liu lm vic trong mt mi trng
xc nh.
Cc t hp vt liu c s dng kho st nh hng ca
mi trng hot ho gm: vt liu khng cha cao su v vt
liu cha 0,6% cao su Butadielnitril.
Kt qu c phn nh cc bng sau:

Bng 10: nh hng ca du n tnh cht c l ca vt

liu ma st.

Thi

Tn hao

gian

khi lng

(ngy)

(%)

suy gim c l tnh %

mi

mn

ma st

bn

va

bn

nn

Vt liu khng c cao su

5

4,2

10

7,0

3,8

20

0,040

17,4

4,2

30

0,048

0,023

18,4

6,25

4,6

Vt liu c 6% cao su Butadielnitril

5

2,1

10

4,2

20

0,018

8,6

2,4

30

0,025

9,6

3,5

3,6

Du (-): Khng quan st thy.

Bng 11: nh hng ca xng n tnh cht c l ca vt
liu ma st.
suy gim c l tnh %

Thi

Tn

gian

hao khi

mi

(ngy)

lng (%)

mn

H s
ma st

bn va

bn

nn

Vt liu khng c cao su

5

1,5

3,6

5,2

10

0,2

3,1

4,1

6,0

20

0,5

4,7

7.4

6,3

8,2

30

0,8

0,3

7,7

6,3

10,
4

Vt liu cha 6% cao su Butadielnitril

5

0,6

1,9

10

1,2

2,4

20

2,2

4,7

6,4

30

0,2

3,0

5,3

3,2

7,7

Du (-): Khng quan st thy.

Bng 12: nh hng ca du phanh n tch cht c l
ca vt liu ma st.
suy gim c l tnh %

Thi
gian

Tn
hao khi

mi

(ngy)
lng (%)
mn
Vt liu khng c cao su
5
4,4
2,

s ma

bn

st

va

bn
nn

5,2

7,0

9,

6,0

7,7

10,5

8,8

6,3

10,3

16,0

4,2
1

10,

6,3

15,1

6
10

6,8
0

20
30

9,1
5
Vt liu c 6% cao su Butadielnitril
5
1,7
1,
2,1
9
10

2,5

5,

4,7

8,

5,3

6,8

7,0

9,0

0
20

5,3
6

30

8,0

2,2
Du (-): Khng quan st thy.

Nhn xt:
- Sau 30 ngy chu mi trng du BP, tnh cht c l ca
tt c cc mu vt tn hao khi lng rt nh t 0,03-0,06%.

- Mc suy gim cc tnh cht c l thp, mn tng

0,03%.
bn va p v bn nn suy gim khng ng k.
Vt liu c cha 6% cao su Butadielnitril suy gim t hn.
- Trong mi trng xng cc vt liu b tn hao trng lng
nhiu hn so vi du v nm trong khong t 0,2-0,6%.
bn va p gim t 3-6%. bn nn t 8-10% h s ma
st gim t 5-8%.
- Hnh dng, mu sc ca vt liu khng thay i.
- i vi mi trng du phanh, cc tnh cht c l thay i
mnh. C th thy b mt vt liu b phng rp v mn ra,
vi vt liu khng c cao su cn b rn nt, cong vnh.
- Tn hao trng lng kh ln. Cc tnh cht c l khc b
suy gim mnh c bit l vi vt liu khng c cao su. Vt
liu c cha 6% cao su Butadielnitril t b nh hng hn.
2.5 Nghin cu nh hng ca cc cht gia cng nh
hng n tnh c l ca vt liu ma st.
Nh phn trn cp n: Vic a cc cht gia cng
vo t hp vt liu ma st em li cho vt liu nhng u
im ni bt so vi vt liu truyn thng. bn ring cao -

m un n hi cao, t trng thp n nh tnh cht trong

nhiu mi trng ho cht, chng mi mn tt...
Vn tp trung nghin cu l kho st nh hng ca mt
s cht n ch yu l oxyt km, Bazit v oxyt magie n
tnh cht c l ca vt liu ma st. Phn tch a ra c t
l ti u ca chng trong t hp vt liu.
Hnh 13: nh hng ca cc loi bt n mi mn ca
vt liu (mg/1000 vng).
mi mn (mmg/1000m2)
4

34
1- oxyt
magie.
2- oxyt km.
3- Cao su.
4- Birit.

33
32

3
2

31
30

29
28
5

10

15

20

25

30

T l

Hnh 13: nh hng ca cc loi bt n mi mn ca

vt liu (mg/1000 vng)

H s ma st
1- oxyt magie.
2- oxyt km.
3- Cao su.
0.
4- Birit.
7

4
3

0.
6
0.
5
0.
4

0.
3
0.
2

0.
1
5

10

15

20

25

T l %

Hnh 14: nh hng ca bt n n h s ma st ca

vt liu.

Nhn xt:
- Nu tng nh hng ca bt axit magie- oxyt km th
mi mn lc u gim xung sau tng ln nu kt hp a
bt Bazit vo th mi mn tng ln r rt.
- Khi hm lng cao su a vo t hp n 15% th mi
mn tng ln khng ng k, sau tng mnh.
- Hm lng bt cao su v oxyt km tng cng th h s ma
st ca t hp vt liu cng tng theo. Mc lm tng h s
ma st ca t hp vt liu c cha bt cao su nhanh hn mc
tng ca t hp c cha bt oxyt km. Vi bt oxyt magie
v bt Bazit c lm gim h s ma st nh khng ng k.
Qua cho thy cc bt n cao su - oxyt magie, oxyt
km vi nhng hm lng thch hp c nh hng tt n
mi mn v h s ma st ca vt liu. Bt Barit trong t hp
vt liu khng nh hng nhiu n c l tnh ca vt liu
t hp.

CHNG III. KHI QUT V LY HP MA ST V

TNH TON A MA ST
1. Khi qut v ly hp ma st
1.1-Cng dng phn loi v yu cu i vi ly hp.
Ly hp l mt trong nhng cm nh ch yu ca t my ko. Ly hp
dng ni trc khuu ng c vi h thng truyn lc, truyn m men
quay c m du v ct truyn ng n h thng truyn lc c nhanh
chng, dt khot.
Ly hp phi m bo c cc yu cu sau:
l. Truyn c mmen quay ln nht ca ng c m khng b trt
bt c iu kin s dng no. Mun nh vy th mmen ma st ca ly hp
phi ln hn mmen cc i ca ng c mt t, ngha l h s d tr mmen
ca ly hp phi ln hn l.
2. ng m du tng t t mmen quay ln trc ca h thng truyn
lc, khng gy va p cc bnh rng. Ngoi ra khi ly hp ng m du th
mmen ko khi hnh t t khng git, lm cho ngi li xe mt, nht l
khi t chy ng ph hoc khi my ko lm vic cnh ng nh phi s
dng ly hp nhiu.

3. M dt khot v nhanh chng, ngha l ct hon ton truyn ng t

ng c n h thng truyn lc thi gian rt ngn. Nu m khng rt khot
th kh gi s m du v mmen quay ca ng c v mmen qui dn n trc
khuu cu tt c cc chi tit chuyn ng ca ng c s truyn mt phn n
trc s cp ca hp s, cho nn khi dch cc bnh rng khi s n khp gi
s khc s rt kh khn v trn bnh rng ta mun dch chuyn s c tc dng
ca lc do mmen ni trn sinh ra. Ngoi ra mmen ma st ni trn ca ly hp
s lm quay trc s cp v trc trung gian ca hp s lm kh khn cho vic
ng u tc cc bnh rng cn gi. M dt khot v nhanh chng s gim
lc va p ca cc bnh rng.
4. Mmen qun tnh ca cc chi tit th ng phi nh gim cc lc
va p ln bnh rng.
5. Lm nhim v b phn an ton trnh tc dng ln h thng truyn
lc nhng lc qu ln khi gp qu ti.
6. iu khin d dng, lc tc dng ln bn p nh.
7. Cc b mt ma st thot nhit tt, bo m s lm vic bnh thng.
8. Kt cu n gin, trng lng nh, lm vic bn, iu chnh v chm
sc d dng.
Ly hp c phn loi theo cc phng php sau:
Tu theo cch truyn mmen quay t trc khuu n trc h thng
truyn lc ngi ta chia ra cc loi:
l. Ma st - truyn mmen quay bng cc b mt ma st.

2. Thu lc - truyn mmen quay nh cht lng.

3. Nam chm in - truyn mmen quay nh tc dng ca trng nam
chm in.
4. Lin hp - truyn mmen quay bng cch kt hp cc loi k trn.
t my ko ly hp loi ma st c dng nhiu nht. Ly hp loi
thu lc ngy nay cng ang c pht trin trong ngnh ch t my ko v
n c u im cn bn l gim c ti trng va p ln h thng thu lc.
Tu theo hnh dng ca cc chi tit ma st ly hp loi ma st ngi ta
chia ra: ly hp a ( phn th ng gm mt, hai hoc nhiu a) ly hp hnh
cn (a th ng c dng hnh cn) v ly hp hnh trng( phn th ng lm
theo kiu m phanh v tang trng).
Loi ly hp hnh cn v tang trng ngy nay khng c dng trn cc
t my ko na l v mmen qun tnh ca chi tit th ng ca chng ln
gy nn ti trng va p l h thng truyn lc khi ng ly hp
Tu theo s a th ng m ngi ta chia ly hp ma st ra mt, hai
hoc nhiu a.
Ly hp mt a hin nay dng nhiu trn t my ko v n n gin, r
v mmen qun tnh ca chi tit th ng b.
t tu theo phng php pht sinh lc ln a p ngi ta chia ly
hp loi l xo, y lc p sinh ra bi cc l xo nh t A 3-51A,

3-130, 3-164, MA3-200; loi na ly tm, y lc p sinh ra bi cc

l xo v lc ly tm ca cc trng khi ph thuc nh t du lch 3-110
v loi ly tm.
Loi na ly tm dng t du lch v vn ti ti trng nh v y
mmen cc i ca ng c tng ng vi s vng quay tng i cao.
Loi ly tm thng dng lm d dng iu khin t. Trong cc ly
hp loi ly tm th lc ly tm dng ng v m ly hp, cn lc p l do
l xo; it khi dng lc ly tm p a. Loi ly hp nay khng c s dng
rng ri.
my ko tu theo kt cu ca c cu p cn chia ra cc loi thng
ng nh my ko xch T-54, T-75, my ko bnh bm MT3-5, MT3-52 v
loi khng thng ng nh my ko xch C-100, C-80.
Theo phng php iu kin ly hp c th chia ra loi iu khin bng
sc ngi v loi iu khin t ng.
1.2 - nh hng ca ly hp n s gi s.
hnh dung c nh hng ca ly hp n cc lc tc dng ln rng
ca bnh rng trong khi gi s v nu ln c cc yu cu chnh i vi ly
hp ta cn xt qu trnh gi s hp s.
Chng ta c s sau y nghin cu qu trnh gi s:

Cc i lng biu th trn hnh v l:

Jm mmen qun tnh cc chi tit chuyn ng ca ng c v ca phn ch
ng ca ly hp ( phn ch ng ca ly hp thng c ni vi bnh v
trc khuu ng c) tnh theo Nms2.
J1- mmen qun tnh phn th ng ca ly hp v ca cc chi tit hp s c
lin h ng hc vi phn th ng ca ly hp c quy dn v trc ca ly
hp( gm a th ng, trc s cp vi bnh rng 1, trc trung gian vi bnh
rng 2 v 3), tnh theo Nms2.
Ja mmen qun tnh ca bnh tng trng t trn trc th cp tng
ng vi trng khi chuyn ng tnh tin ca t hoc my ko, tnh theo
Nms2, Mmen ny xc nh theo iu kin cn bng ng nng ca t my
ko chuyn ng tnh tin v ng nng ca bnh tng trng cho chuyn
ng quay.

J
2
a

2
a

G
v
2g

v
i
r
b. x

G r
J g.
i

Hay l

b. x
2

,Nms2

y : a - tc gc ca trc A, tnh theo rad/s;

G - trng lng t hoc my ko, N;
v - tc chuyn ng ca t hay my ko, m/s;
io - t s chuyn ca truyn lc chnh hay truyn lc trung ng;
rb.x bn knh ln ca t hay my ko, m;
g gia tc trng trng 9,81m/s2
Cng thc xc nh Ja trn cha tnh n nh hng cc trng khi
chuyn ng quay ca cc bnh x t hoc my ko. Khi tnh n nh hng
trng khi chuyn ng quay ca cc bnh xe th cn phi thay vo cng thc
trn trng khi G bng G( l +). H s c xc nh theo cng thc:

G J b. x
2
g
r

(2)

b. x

Trong : Jb.x mmen ca bnh xe, Nms2;

rb.x bn knh ln ca bnh xe, m;
Khi tnh theo cng thc (2) ta b qua mmen qun tnh cc chi tit
chuyn ng quay ca cc na trc, truyn lc chnh, cm vi sai, trc ccng
v trc th cp vi cc bnh rng trn , v coi chng khng ng k.

Gi s ta dch chuyn bnh rng 4 trn trc th cp gi vi bnh

rng 3 sau khi ly hp ng, ngha l sau khi trc khuu ng c M v trc
s cp hp s B c ni vi nhau (m = b).
ng dng phng trnh mmen xung lng i vi chuyn ng quay
ca trc A trong thi gian hai bnh rng ni trn ta c.
P4.r4.t = Ja(a - a)

(3)

Trong :
P4 - lc tc dng ln rng ca bnh rng 4 trong thi gian gi s;
r4 bn knh vng trn ln ca bnh rng 4;
t thi gian lc P4 tc dng, trong thi gian trc A thay i tc
gc t a n a;
a - tc ca trc A trc khi gi s;
a - tc gc ca trc A sau khi gi s.
Tng t nh th chng ta thnh lp phng trnh mmen xung lng i vi
trc trung gian E.
2

r 2 r
r

r
r
r1

P3.r3.t = ( Jm + J1)

'

(4)

Trong : P3 - lc tc dng ln rng ca bnh rng 3 trong thi gian gi s;

R1, r2, r3 bn knh vng trn ln ca cc bnh rng l, 2,3;

b - tc ca trc s cp hp s.
Khi lp cc phng trnh (3) v (4) ta khng tnh n mmen ng c
v mmen cn chuyn ng ca t hoc my ko sinh ra trn trc M v A l
v khi gi cng ( khng m ly hp) cc bnh rng th thi gain t rt b v
mmen xung kch rt ln cho nn nh hng ca mmen cn chuyn ng c
th b qua.
Lc P3 v P4 tc dng gia cc rng trong thi gian gi s s bng nhau
v thi gian gi s t l thi gian chung.
T s truyn ca hp s ih l L

ih =

r .r
r r
2

gii hai phng trnh (3) v (4) chng ta s xc nh c tc gc a.

n gin ta nhn hai v ca phng trnh (4) vi r4/r3 s c:

P3.r3.t.

r
r

r 2 r
r

r
r
r1

= ( Jm + J1)

'

r
r

4
3

Hay l
P3.r4.t = (Jm +J1)b.ih (Jm +J1). a .i2h
V P3 = P4 cho nn

P3.r4.t = P4.r4.t

(5)

Nh th v bn phi ca phng trnh (5) cn bng vi v bn tri ca phng

trnh (3), ta c:
Ja(a - a) = (Jm +J1)b.ih (Jm +J1). a .i2h

t y :

J J . .i J .
=
J J .i J
m

h
2

(6)

bit c a ta thay vo phng trnh (3) s c:

J J .i i
J
P .r .t =
J J .i J
a

a h

(7)

T phng trnh (7) thy rng lc xung kch tc dng ln cp bnh rng
khi gi s ph thuc bi tng s mmen qun tnh (Jm +J1). Lc xung kch ny
c th gim bng cch gim tng s mmen qun tnh, mun th khi gi s ta
cn phi m ly hp trc khuu ng c khng ni vi trc s cp ca hp
s. Mmen qun tnh Jm ln hn J1 rt nhiu cho nn khi khng ni trc khuu
ng c vi trc s cp ca hp s th lc P1 s gim kh nhiu.
Gi s ta tin hnh gi s khi m ly hp. Khi y nh hng ca
mmen qun tnh Jm khng cn na, ngha l Jm = 0 v phng trnh (70 s c
dng sau:

P4.r4.t =

J J . i i
J i J
a

a h

1 h

(8)

Trong :
P4 - lc tc dng ln cp bnh rng c gi s khi m ly hp.
T phng trnh (8) thy rng lc P 4 ph thuc bi mmen qun tnh
J1. Mun gim P4 cn phi gim J1. Mmen qun tnh J1 ph thuc nhiu bi
kt cu phn th ng ca ly hp, v th khi thit k ly hp cn phi m bo
yu cu gim mmen qun tnh phn th ng n mc nh nht.
Phng trnh (7) v (8) cn cho ta thy rng, tr s ca lc P 4 hoc P4 t
l thun vi hiu s (b - a.ih). trnh va p cc rng khi gi s cn phi
lm ng u vn tc gc ca bnh rng c gi, mun th trong hp s cn
t b ng tc. Tc gc ch c th ng u nhanh chng trong trng
hp khi ly hp m dt khot. Trng hp ngc li s kh ng u tc v
c mmen ng c v mmen cc lc qun tnh ca ng c tc dng ln trc
B.
So snh phng trnh (7) vi (8) ta thy rng khi gi s c m ly hp
mmen xung lng hay l lc xung kch s gim nhiu nu hiu s
(b-a.ih) nh nhau. T s cc xung lng P4. t v P4.t xc nh nh sau:

J
P' .t J
P .t J
i
J
2

ih

a
m

(9)

Sau y trnh by tr s ca t s nu trn i vi trng hp gi s

truyn III ca t Ypan-355 khi bit trc s liu sau:

ih = 1,84
Jm = 1,5 Nms2
J1 = 0,022 Nms2
Ja = 10,2 Nms2
s dng phng trnh (9) ta c:

P' .t =0,022
P .t
3

Nh th l nh c ly hp m trong trng hp ny mmen xung lng

gim c 50 ln khi gi s, do m bo c thi gian ph thuc cn thit
ca bnh rng. T s cc mmen qun tnh J a/J1 thng ln hn t s J a/Jm rt
nhiu ln, cho nn t phng trnh (9) ta thy khi tng t s truyn i h th t s

xung lng

P' .t
P .t
4

s tng. Nh th l lc xung kch tc dng ln cc rng

khi gi s c m ly hp cc s truyn thp s ln hn cc s truyn cao.

Mmen xung lng cng gim nhiu khi gim mmen qun tnh J t ca phn
th ng ca ly hp. ly hp loi a th mmen qun tnh phn th ng nh
hn ca ly hp hnh cn v hnh trng. Cng v th m hin nay loi ly hp
hnh cn v hnh trng khng c dng na.
Khi bit mmen quay cn truyn th mmen qun tnh J t ca ly hp
loi a thc t khng ph thuc vo s lng a th ng, l v khi tng s
a th ng knh bn ngoi ca a s gim v do gi c mmen qun
tnh phn th ng ca ly hp hai hoc nhiu a gn bng ly hp mt a.

1.3. Phn tch kt cu ca b ly hp ma st.

1.3.1 S cu to chung
Ly hp c th chia lm hai phn:
-

Phn dn ng: truyn lc (v tng lc) t bn p ly hp n c cu ly

hp

C cu ly hp ( cu to ca c cu gm 3 phn)
+ Phn ch ng: bao gm nhng chi tit c lp ghp trc tip hoc
gin tip vi bnh ng c v c vn tc gc vi bnh , ( gm c v ly
hp, cc a p, cc l xo p, cc gi t, thanh ni, n m).
+ Phn b ng: bao gm cc chi tit c chuyn ng quay cng vi
trc b ng ca ly hp ( hay trc s cp ca hp s) Gm c: a ma st (1
hoc 2 a), trc ly hp.
+ C cu m: gm cc n m, bc m, l xo hi v
S nguyn l cu to ca ly hp loi mt a ma st

1: trc khuu ng c; 2: Bnh ; 3: a b ng; 4: a p; 5: V ngoi ca

ly hp; 6: V ly hp; 7: Thanh ni; 8: Gi t; 9: n m ly hp; 10: Bc m;
11: Trc b ng ly hp( trc s cp ca hp s); 12: Bn p m ly hp; 13:
n ko; 14: Cng m ly hp; 15: L xo hi v; 16: L xo p; 17: Cht nh
hng
1.3.2.Nguyn l lm vic
Nguyn l lm vic ca hai loi: 1 a v 2 a gn ging nhau.
+ Trng thi ng l trng thi lm vic thng xuyn ca ly hp lun
lun ng.

Khi ngi li cha tc dng lc bn p (12), di tc dng ca cc l

xo p bin s y a p (4) p st a b ng (3) vo bnh (2) ca ng c.
2, 3, 4, l xo 16, v 6 c p thnh mt khi cng s quay cng vi trc
khuu ng c (1). Mmen xon t trc khuu ng c truyn qua cc b mt
ma st 2 3; 4 3; n moay a ma st 3 v n trc ly hp 11. Ly hp
thc hin chc nng ca khp ni truyn mmen xon.
+ Trng thi m : Ngi li tc dng mt lc Q ln bn p 12, qua 13,
14 s y 10 chuyn ng dc trc 11 v bn tri t ln 9, qua 8 ko 7, a p
4 v bn phi, nn cc l xo 16 tch ri cc b mt ma st 4 -3 ; 3 2 lc
a ma st 3 v trc 11 khng quay. Mmen xon c ct khng truyn
xung h thng truyn lc.
Vi loi 2 a ma st: cc b mt ma st 20 21; 21 22 c tch
cng bc khi m, sau nhng l xo 18 y tch b mt ma st 23 v bnh
2, b mt ma st 22 khng chm vo b mt ma st 21 nh c bulng 19.
Ti cc thi im ng, m ly hp do tc quay ca phn ch ng v
b ng khc nhau s sinh ra trt tng i gia cc b mt ma st ca ly
hp, (hoc lc qu ti s c trt ly hp) hin tng ny khng trnh c
i vi ly hp ma st.

Hnh bn l ly hp ca xe t A3-51.
1 a p
2 Bnh

3 L xo p
4 - Cm a th ng
5 - Trc
6 n m
7- Bc m

1.3.3.Kt cu v tnh ton cc chi tit ch yu ca ly hp.

3.3.1.1.a th ng.
t v my ko thng dng loi ly hp mt hoc hai a th ng
vi tm ma st c h s ma st cao nhm mc ch lm gim kch thc v
gim kim loi ca ly hp. Cn ly hp nhiu a c th lm a thu ng c
tm ma st hoc khng c tm ma st. Ly hp vi a thp khng c tm ma
st thng lm vic trong du tng kh nng thot nhit ( ly hp ny t
trong hp s ca my ko hoc truyn ng trc thu cng sut).
Ly hp mt a ca t hin nay ch dng a th ng loi n hi,
cn my ko loi a th ng loi n hi s dng cn t. n hi ca
a th ng m bo bng cch cho n nhng hnh th nht nh hoc dng
thm nhng chi tit c bit c kh nng gim cng ca a. gim
cng trn cc a trn cc a th ng c x cc ng hng tm. Cc
ng x ny chia a th ng ra lm nhiu phn. Cc phn ny un v cc

pha khc nhau. S lng ng x t 4 n 12 tu theo ng knh ca a.

Cc ng x ny lm cho a th ng vnh khi b nung nng lc lm
vic.

 gim chiu rng ( tng n hi ) ch ni tip ca phn ngoi vi phn

trung tm ca a th ng x c th theo hnh ch T. Cc a n hi tng
thm m du khi ng ly hp nhng ng thi cng ko di thi gian ng
ly hp. Khuyt im ca a th ng c cc phn c un v cc pha khc
nhau l kh c c cng nh nhau tt c cc phn.
Khi t l xo tm gn sng gia a th ng v tm ma st th cng
trn b mt ca a th ng tng i u hn.
tng tip xc ng u v tng b mt tip xc ca tm ma st
trong qu trnh ng ly hp th s l xo ca tm khng c nh hn 6. Khi
t l xo tm gia a th ng v tm ma st m mun m ly hp dt khot
th hnh trnh dch chuyn ca a p phi tng thm mt t. iu ny c th
thc hin nu gi nguyn hnh trnh ca bn p bng cch gim t s truyn
ca h thng dn ng ly hp v nh vy tng lc tc dng ln bn p. Chnh
v th m cc ly hp truyn mmen quay ln khng dng cc a th ng n
hi c dng l xo tm.
tng m du khi ng ly hp th a th ng khng lm phng
m lm hnh cn ( khong 176). Khi ng ly hp th a hnh cn x tip xc
vi b mt ma st ca a p v bnh khng tc thi, m tin hnh t t
theo qu trnh p a, do lm tng m du khi ng ly hp v mmen
quay c truyn t t.
a th ng c ni vi trc ly hp nh moay, moay ni vi a
th ng nh inh tn rt t dng bulng. Cc inh tn c ch to bng thp

vi ng knh 6-10mm. inh tn c tnh ton theo ng sut dp. ng sut

ct cho php [] = 30MN/mm2, ng sut dp cho php[d ]=80MN/mm2
M hiu t my ko

Vt liu
a th ng

t vn ti A3-51
,,

3-150

,,

3-130

,,

MA3-200

,,

EA3-210

My ko xch T-54A

Thp 85 loi l mng, chiu dy

1,3+0,11mm
Thp 50 dy 2,10,14mm
Thp 50 dy 1,8mm
Thp 20
Thp 65 dy 2-0,12mm
Thp 40

1.3.3.2.Vng ma st:
Vng ma st gi vai tr quan trng khi ly hp lm vic v cn c cc
c tnh sau:
-

m bo h s ma st cn thit v h s ma st t b nh hng khi c s

thay i ca nhit , tc trt v p sut trn b mt.

c kh nng chng mn ln nhit cao (573-623

tr li kh nng ma st ban u c nhanh chng sau khi b nung nng

hoc b lm lnh.

Lm vic tt, nhit cao b si cc cht dnh, khng c mi kht,

khng b xp.

C tnh cht c hc cao( bn, n hi v do).

Nguyn liu hin nay thng dng lm vng ma st l phra.
Nhng lun n ny chng ti chng minh c th dng vt liu
compozit trn c s nha phenol fomandehyt lm a ma st trong ly
hp t hoc my ko. Nh chng ta bit nha phenol
fomandehyt l loi polyme c pht hin u tin c nhiu u
im v c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu ngnh. Nha c
nhiu c tnh tt nh cch in cao (in p nh
thng t 8 n 12 KV/mm), khng chu tc ng ca vi
khun, bn vi ho cht v cc mi trng hot ho khc.

hp nha phenol fomandehyt vi si aming bn vi

axit, kim nng nh hn 40%, bn vi axeton 50 0C
cng nh bn vi axit axetic bt k nng no. ng thi

nha c bn nhit cao, nhit lm vic t 150 - 2000C.

Da vo c tnh ny khi cho trn vi cht n nh si thu
tinh, si aming th kh nng lm vic cn c nng cao hn
ti 2500C hoc trong iu kin phm vi thay i nhit
rng v khng lm nh hng n kch thc.
Kh nng chu mi mn ca tm phng t nha phenol
fomandehyt c th so snh vi nhm, ng. Tuy nhin kh
nng ny b suy gim khi m ca mi trng tng do nc c
th thm thu qua b mt phn chia gia nha v bt n.
H s ma st ca nha nm trong khong 0,2-0,3.
So snh tnh cht c l ca mt s loi nha nhit rn c
tnh bng:

Tnh cht

Polyeste

khng no

Epoxy

phenol

fomand

fomande

ehyt

hyt
bn ko

MPa

25-28

30-100

25-65

25-45

bn nn

MPa

60-160

60-190

45-95

45-95

bn un

MPa

70-140

60-180

45-95

45-95

ht nc

Mg

10-30

7-20

15-30

15-30

T trng

g/cm3

1,1-1,15

1,15-

1,15-1,3

1,1-1,4

1,25

Qua bng so snh trn ta thy khi lng ring ca nha

phenol fomandehyt thp 1,15-1,31 g/cm 3, do c th trn
thm cc cht n vi hm lng 50-70% v khi sn phm c
to thnh c khi lng ring khong 1,23 -1,67 g/cm3, thp hn
khong t 2-3 ln khi so vi cc kim loi thng dng (khi lng
ring ca nhm l 2,8-3,1 g/cm3, ca thp l 7-8 g/cm3).
Cc bt n thng dng l:
Bt aming: t trng l 2,55 g/cm3
Bt g: t trng l 1,3-1,9 g/cm3
Bt grafit: t trng l 1,75-1,95 g/cm3
Cc cht n dng khong khc: t trng 1,5 - 1,7g/cm3
Song song vi nhng u im c nu trn th nha
phenol fomandehyt cn c mt s hn ch cn quan tm nh
cng cao: 30-35HB, bn va p thp: 1-4KJ/m 2 v
co ngt ca sn phm cn cao: 0,04-0,08 cm/cm c bit l
i vi cc sn phm c kch thc ln, hnh dng phc tp.
Qua phn tch trn hon thin vt liu polyme
Compozit trn c s nha phenol fomandehyt th vn
cn gii quyt l cc gii php bin tnh nha khc phc
nhng hn ch nu. Khi nghin cu vt liu ma st ch to
t vt liu polyme Compozit ngoi vic xem xt n cc yu
cu, c im ca vt liu polyme Compozit cn phi p
ng tt c cc i hi ring ca vt liu ma st. Cc cp ma

st dng lm a ma st cn phi tho mn nhng yu cu

sau:
- C h s ma st n nh.
- C tnh chng mi mn cao v chu c p lc ln.
- B mt khng b co xc, tch lp, khng dnh kt vo
vt liu cn hm trong qu trnh s dng.
- Cc vt liu ma st chu c nhit cao, khng b
chy hoc sinh khi khi s dng.

1.3.3.3.Moay a th ng:
Moay a th ng ca ly hp t v my ko c t trn trc then
hoa ca ly hp theo lp ghp trt.

 c th mi nhn d dng cc mt bn ca cc then trc then hoa th ch

ni tip mt bn ca then vi bn knh trong ca trc then hoa ngi ta lm
rnh hoc ln chuyn tip u n vi bn knh r. Hnh dng ca then nh
hng n vng bn ca trc ly hp. Nu chuyn tip t t th chn
then s c ng sut cc b rt ln. Cc then c th lm dng thn khai hoc
vung gc. Dng then thn khai m bo bn v chnh xc trng tm tt
hn loi vung gc.
Cc then ca may tnh theo dp v ct. Khi c nhiu a th ng v
mi a nm trn mi may ring bit th coi nh mmen quay truyn n
mi a u bng nhau.
Lc tc dng trn bn knh trung bnh ca cc then i vi mt may l:

4M d

Z D d
1

Trong :
Q: Lc tc dng ln then, N;
Md Mmen quay cc i ca ng c(i vi t) hoc mmen quay danh
ngha ca ng c (my ko), Nm;
Z1 - S lng may
D - ng knh ngoi ca cc then trc ly hp, m;
d - ng knh trong ca cc then may a th ng, m;

ng sut dp then s l:

8. M d
2.Q
d l D d
2
2
.
l

Z2
Z 1Z 2 D d

Trong :
Z2 - S lng then ca may.
l - Chiu di lm vic ca then, m;
ng sut ct then l:

c
Trong :

4. M d
2.Q

Z 2 lb Z 1 Z 2 .lb D d

b - chiu rng ca chn then, m.

May a th ng ch to bng thp 40 hoc 40X. ng sut dp cho

php n 20MN/m2, ng sut ct cho php n 10MN/m2.
ly hp mt v hai a th ng c chung mt may th chiu di ca
may c thit k tng i ln gim o ca a. i vi iu kin
lm vic bnh thng chiu di ca may phi ly gn bng ng knh bn
ngoi ca cc then trc ly hp. i vi iu kin lm vic nng nhc th
chiu di ca may c ly gn bng 1,4 ln ng knh ngoi ca cc then
trc ly hp.
Khi c 2 hoc 3 may th chiu di ca mi may phi gim hn nhiu.

1.3.3.4.Trc
Do s b tr chung ca t c khc my ko cho nn kt cu trc ly hp
ca t khc my ko. t ly hp v hp s c b tr lin nhau m
bo cn gt s nm vo v tr bung li v th trn trc ly hp cn c bnh rng
ch ng lun lun n khp ca hp s v thng chng c ni vi nhau
qua khp ni hoc truyn ng khp ccng cho nn trc ly hp khng c
bnh rng ch ng ca hp s.
Trc ly hp phi m bo ng tm vi trc khuu ng c. Trong a
s trng hp ng tm c thc hin nh 2 bi, mt t l khot ca
bnh hoc trc khuu ng c, cn mt c t v ly hp(i vi my
ko) hoc v hp s (i vi t) bo bo ng tm ca hai bi khi lp
khp nn lm cht nh v v ng c v v ly hp.
t trn trc ly hp c bnh rng ch
ng ca hp s, bnh rng ny c th l rng
thng hoc rng nghing. Gi trc ca trc
ly hp c t vo bnh . Khi ny
khng nhn lc chiu trc. trc ly hp
khng chuyn dch theo chiu trc do thnh
phn lc chiu trc bnh rng gy nn, cn
t chi tit nh v nm trn v hp s.
Gi trc ca trc ly hp t thng c
t trn bi hng knh mt dy. t du lch
c khi gi trc c t trn trt hoc
thn ln loi kim.

 my ko hin nay dng bi v thanh

ln kim loi gi trc ca trc, cn trt
hin nay khng dng na.
Trong a s trng hp ca t v my ko
bi trn bi ng trc ca trc ly hp bng cch
cho m khi tho ly hp, m ny dng trong sut
thi gian phc v cho n khi tho ly hp ln khc.
Trong trng hp ny bi nn c vng bo v hay vng chn u gi m
bi trn bi trc ca trc ly hp c thc hin nh v m mt bt trn
bnh qua cc rnh 2 bnh , hoc bng v m nm trn trc ly hp qua
rnh tm trc hoc bng dy n 1 t ng tm trc khuu.
Trc ly hp ca t v my ko thng c ni vi may cc a th
ng nh then hoa. Trong mt vi trng hp n gin vic sa cha trc,
cc then c kha trn mt vnh ring, vnh ny ni vi trc bng inh tn.
Khi trc khng c bnh rng ( thng my ko) trc c tnh theo
ng sut xon theo cng thc:

M
0,2 d

n
3

,MN/m2

Trong : Mn Mmen quay danh ngha ca ng c, MNm;

d - ng knh tit din b nht ca trc ly hp nm trong
phm vi tc dng mmen xon, m.

Nu trc trn c bnh rng (thng t) th lc ca bnh rng s sinh

ra cc mmen un, xon ph thm. Trong trng hp cn phi phn tch lc
tc dng c th v biu mmen xon v mmen un tc dng ln trc.
ng sut tng hp (th) do mmen xon v mmen un tc dng ti tit din
nguy him l:
2

th

MxMu
0,1 d

MN/m2 ,

Trong :
Mx Mmen xon tc dng ti tit din nguy him, MNm
Mu Mmen un tc dng ti tit din nguy him, MNm
d - ng knh ti tit din nguy him, m.
Trc ly hp ca t ch to bng cc loi thp 40X, 18XT, 12XH3A,
30XT, ngha l bng cc loi thp ch to bnh rng, v a s trc ly hp ca
t ch to lin vi bnh rng ch ng lun n khp.
Trc ly hp my ko ch to bng thp 40X vi cng HRC =35-40,
thp C45 vi cng HB=288-321
ng sut xon cho php l []=80-120 MN/m2, nh th l i vi thp
ccbon m bo khong 3 ln d tr bn theo gii hn chy.

Cc then ca trc ly hp cng c tnh theo ng sut dp v ct. ng

sut dp cho php khng qu 25 MN/m2, ng sut ct cho php khng qu
30MN/m2
1.3.3.5. a p v a p trung gian (ch ng).
a p ngoi v a p trung gian phi quay cng chiu vi bnh , khi
m hoc ng ly hp phi c kh nng dch chuyn theo chiu dc trc bi th
chng c ni vi bnh bng cht gn vi thn ly hp.
Khi ng c lm vic cc a ny quay cung vi bnh cho nn khi
tnh mmen qun tnh ca cc trng khi quay ca ng c cn phi thm
mmen qun tnh ca cc a ny.
a p ngoi v a p trung gian ch ng phi c trng lng kh ln
thot nhit tt t cc b mt ma st, bng cch ht nhit vo bn thn chng
v truyn ra khng kh.
Cc a p phi cng m bo p u ln cc vng ma st. Mun
thot nhit tt i khi trn a lm cc gn nh cnh qut gy gi.

 cc ly hp 2 hoc 3 a th ng, khng kh lnh tun hon tt th

a p trung gian ch ng c cc rnh thng gi hng tm. Hin nay n
c dng cho c ly hp mt a.
a p ngoi v a p trung gian khi lm vic chung vi cc vng ma
st phi chng mn tt, khng c xuc cc b mt lm vic, d ch to,
thot nhit tt v c bn c hc cao s vng quay ln. Bi cc a p c
hnh dng tng i phc tp nn thng c c bng gang xm c pha
pclt.
tng cng bn v tui th cc a p ca ly hp ngi ta ch to
chng bng gang hp kim. Ngoi ra cng ho cc ch c cc b ngi ta
c t ct bng dy ng ng knh 5-7mm c un cong theo hnh cung
vo khun c. Nh c bin php trn m bn ca cc a p ny so vi
nhng a khc c c bng gang thng s tng gn 1,5 ln.
1.3.3.6. L xo p.

Ly hp t v my ko s dng l xo hnh tr, cn v l xo a. L xo

tr c s dng rng ri. p lc ca a p c truyn trc tip hoc qua
cc n. S lng v ng knh ca l xo c chn th no m bo lc
p cn thit ln cc a v b tr hp l trn a p, nn thng t t 9-12
l xo. L xo tnh trng p c ta mt u ln a p, cn u kia ln thn
ly hp. Kiu b tr nh th s m bo gn gng v kt cu v c rng ch
t bi p ca bc m ly hp nm trn trc ly hp.
B tr l xo xung quanh c khuyt im l nu cng ca l xo khc
nhau th lc p ca chng s khc nhau do lm lc p ln b mt ma st
khng u. Mun trnh khuyt im ny cn phi tng yu cu khi chn cc l
xo v phn loi thnh b. Mun cho ly hp lm vic tt cn phi c b phn
dn hng l xo khi lp ghp, v d lm g ni ln thn ly hp hoc a p.
Cc g ny gip l xo khng b bt ra di tc dng ca lc ly tm ln.
trnh nung nng cc l xo th mt ta l xo vo a p c t tm
cch nhit c chiu dy khong 3mm .
Cc l xo ly hp thng ng c t trng thi p ban u. Lc
p tp chung ca cc l xo khi tt c cc l xo tc dng ln a p phi bng
lc P cn thit truyn mmen quay.
Lc P c xc nh bi cng thc sau:

M
R p
1

tb

Khi m ly hp khe h gia cc vng l xo ln cn khng c t hn

1mm. Mc d cc l xo cu ly hp lm vic trong u kin rt gn iu kin
tnh, nhng kim loi ch to n i hi c tnh cht cao, ngha l phi c

tnh n hi n nh v phi c bn cao. L xo ca ly hp thng c ch

to bng thp C80, thp Mn, thp silic 60C2. ng sut cho php []=500700MN/m2.
1.3.3.7. n m
Cc n m ly hp c ta mt u trn ly hp, u cn li ni vi a
p. n m dng m ly hp, n cn c cng tt nht l trong mt phng
tc dng lc; cn ng m da ly hp l nh dng a th ng n hi. S
lng ca n m tu thuc v kch thc ca ly hp v khng c t hn 3
chic.

gim tiu hao do ma st khi m ly hp th cc n c t trn cc

chn ta hay trn cc thanh ln hnh tr hay cc ngng. trt khng c
dng v n cn phi bi trn, khi quay di tc dng ca lc ly tm du s bn
tung te hoc khi ly hp b nng th du s chy, do du c th ri vo vng
ma st lm nh hng n kh nng lm vic ca chng.
Khi a p dch chuyn tnh tin th cc n m phi quay t do gi
1. Khi m ly hp, bc m phi t cng mt lc ln cc n m. Mun th
cc u trong ca chng phi nm trn mt mt phng
1.3.3.8. Bc m ly hp.

Bc m ly hp l b phn trung gian c cu iu khin c th tc

dng ln n m m ly hp.
bc m ly hp c th c bi t hay bi
hng knh. Cng c khi ngi ta thay bi
bc m bng vng t ch to bng than p c
thm m s khng cn bi trn khi s dng.
Bi trn cc bi v cc chi tit trt ca bc
m c tin hnh nh v m t ngay trn
bi hoc nh v m c t ca s ca ly hp
qua ng mm hoc nh vng n ht du t bnh
cha du.
cc kt cu hin nay, bi t khng c ch bm m. Trong trng
hp ny bi c t trong v mng bng thp l, do bi khng tch ri
v c bt kn vi bung cha m. Bung cha m c m bi trn
trong sut thi k lm vic ca t cho n khi i tu.
2. Tnh ton ly hp ma st
2.1.Cc cng thc tnh ton.
Tnh ton ly hp loi ma st nhm mc ch xc nh s lng v kch
thc cc b mt ma st cn thit truyn mmen quay ca ng c, xc
nh lc p ln b mt ma st, xc nh t s truyn ca c cu iu khin ly
hp, cng nh xc nh kch thc ca cc chi tit khc.
Kch thc ca ly hp c xc nh t c s c kh nng truyn
mmen quay ln hn mmen quay ca ng c mt t. S d phi tnh ly hp

theo mmen quay ln hn mmen quay ca ng c l m bo truyn

c ht mmen quay ca ng c n ht h thng truyn lc trong trng
hp khi a ma st b du nhn ri vo, hoc khi cc a ma st b hao mn,
hoc khi cc l xo p mt tnh cht n hi i mt t.
Mmen ma st m ly hp cn truyn l:
M1 = M

(1)

Trong :
M1 mmen ma st ca ly hp , Nm;
M mmen quay ca ng c, i vi t ly mmen cc i
ca ng c ( Md = Memax), i vi my dng trong nng nghip ly mmen
danh ngha ca ng c ( Md = Mn), Mmen;
- h s d tr ca ly hp.
Chn h s d tr cn phi cn thn. Nu ly nh th khng m
bo mmen tt; nu ly ln th ly hp khng th lm nhim v b phn an
ton trnh ti trng ln tc dng ln h thng truyn lc khi thay i t
ngt ch lm vic. H s cn lm cho ly hp khi b mt nhiu cng do
s trt, nht l t trng lng ln. Khi cc tm ma st b hao mn a p s
chuyn dch n bnh , do chiu di lm vic ca l xo p tng ln v lc
p s gim. cho ly hp m bo vic truyn mmen ln nht ca ng c
(i vi t) hoc mmen danh ngha ca ng c (i vi my ko) trong
iu kin hao mn cho php cc tm ma st trong s dng, th h s cn phi
tng i ln, nht l cc kt cu ca ly hp khng c iu chnh l xo p.

Khi cng trt cng gim v tng thi gian phc v ca ly hp; nhng ln
cn phi c lc p ln a ln, phi tng s a hoc kch thc a; do i
hi lc tc dng ln bn p iu khin ly hp phi ln v lm tng lng kim
loi trong kt cu.
Hin nay cha c phng php tnh ton xc nh tr s ca . Tr s
c xc nh bng phng php thc nghim c tnh n nhng iu phn
tch trn dng khi thit k nh sau:
i vi t:
t du lch
- vn ti, khng lm vic vi rmoc
- vn ti, lm vic vi rmoc
i vi my ko
a) my ko vn chuyn vi ly hp thng ng
b) my ko nng nghip:
- vi ly hp thng ng, khng c l xo ph
- vi ly hp thng ng v ly hp khng thng ng

Tr s
1,3 1,75
1,6 2,25
2,0 3,0
1,5 2,0
2,0 4,0
2,0 2,5

c cc l xo ph
Phng trnh (32) cn c th c vit nh sau:
M1 = Md = .P.Rt.b.p

(2)

Trong :
- h s ma st ;
p - s lng i b mt ma st; p = m+n-1 ( m :s lng a
ch ng; n: s lng a th ng)
P- lc p ln cc a ma st, N;

Rt.b bn knh ma st trung bnh, tc l bn knh ca im t lc ma st tng

hp, m;
T phng trnh (33) c th xc nh lc p cn thit ln cc a
truyn c mmen ma st Ml.

M
R

Md

p Rt .b p
t .b

(3)

Bn knh trung bnh c xc nh theo cng thc

3

2 R 2 R1

R t .b 3 . 2 2
R R
2

(4)

Cng thc ny c chng minh trn c s lp lun sau:

Gi s rng c lc P tc dng ln vng ma st vi bn knh trong l R 1
v bn knh ngoi l R2 lc p xut trn vng ma st s l:

R R
2

Trn vng ma st ta xt mt vng phn t nm cch tm O bn knh R

cc phn t tc dng ln vng l:

dM = q. 2R. dR. R = 2qR2dR

Mmen cc lc ma st tc dng trn vng ma st l:

R2

R2
2
M dM 2 .q. R .dR
R1
R1
3

R R

R .dR
2

R1

2
M P . R22 R12
3 R R
2

R2

2 P

(5)

Nhng mmen cc lc ma st tc dng trn ton vng ma st s bng

lc ma st tng hp P nhn vi bn knh trung bnh, ngha l:

M =PRt.b

(6)

So snh cng thc (5) v (6) ta c:

3

2 R 2 R1

R t .b 3 . 2 2
R R
Nu khng yu cu chnh xc cao, bn knh trung bnh c th xc nh
theo cng thc gn ng sau:

Rt.b

R R
1

(7)

Khi dng cng thc (7) i vi cc kch thc hin c R 1 v R2 ca t

v my ko th khng chnh xc vo khong 1 4. Nu b mt ma st l
mt a khng c l trong ngha l R1 = 0 th khng chnh xc ca cng
thc (7) c th ln ti 25.
ng knh ngoi ca vng ma st b gii hn bi ng knh ngoi
ca bnh ng c. i vi t c th chn ng knh ngoi ca vng ma
st theo cng thc kinh nghim sau:

D2=2R2=3,16

e max

Trong :
D2 - ng knh ngoi ca vng ma st, cm;
Memax mmen quay cc i ca ng c, Nm;

C - h s kinh nghim, i vi t du lch C=4,7; i vi t vn

ti thng C=3,6; i vi t t hng v t vn ti trong iu kin s
dng nng nhc C=1,9.
Khi thit k, bn knh trong ca vng ma st c th xc nh s b nh
sau:
R1 =(0,53 0,75)R2

(8)

Gii hn di (0,53R2) dng cho trng hp ng c c s vng

quay khng ln. tr s ny s khc nhau gia bn knh R1 v R2 ln, gy nn
s chnh lch tc trt tip tuyn ln, nn s hao mn tm ma st s khng
u t trong ra ngoi. trnh tnh trng th gii hn di ch dng cho

ng c c s vng quay thp; cn ng c c s vng quay cao nn ch tr s

R1 theo gii hn trn(0,75R2).
H s ma st ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: nguyn liu ca i b mt
ma st, tnh trng ca tm ma st, nhit v p sut trn b mt ma st.
nh hng ca cc yu t trn c th thy r th hnh bn.
n gin cho tnh ton c th tha nhn rng h s ma st ch ph
thuc bi nguyn liu ca i b mt ma st.
H s ma st ca cc i b mt khc nhau c ch dn bng sau:
Nguyn liu ca cc b mt

H s ma st

ma st

Kh

p sut cho
Trong du

php
q kN/m2

Thp vi gang

0,15-0,18

150-300

Thp vi thp

0,15-0,20

0,03-0,07

250-400

Thp vi phra hoc phra ng

0,25-0,35

0,07-0,15

100-250

Gang vi phra

0,2

100-250

Thp vi phra cao su

0,40-0,50

0,07-0,15

100-250

Thp hoc gang vi kim loi s

0,40-0,55

0,09-0,12

400-600

Thp vi Compozit

0,40-0,50

0,08-0,.12

100-250

t v my ko thng dng ly hp mt hoc hai a th ng.

Ly hp c mt a th ng (p=2) dng nhiu nht v n n gin v kt cu.
Ly hp c hai a th ng (p=4) c t t v my ko c mmen quay
ca ng c ln nh t 3150, MA3-525, KAMA3-5320 v my ko xch
T-75.

S lng i b mt ma st p c th t chn da trn kt cu hin c,

sau tm lc p P cn thit ln b mt ma st theo cng thc (3), tip cn
kim tra p sut ln b mt ma st theo cng thc sau:

R R q
2

(9)

Nu trng hp khng th d kin trc c s lng i b mt ma

st p th c th xc nh theo cng thc sau:
M1=Md=2R2t.b.b..q.p
Trong : Md mmen ng c, Nm;
b - chiu rng ca tm ma st (b=R2-R1), m;
q p sut cho php ln b mt ma st i vi nguyn liu chn, N/m2;
T y c th xc nh s lng i b mt ma st:

.M d

2qb Rtb

(10)

t b mt ma st thng l thp vi phra cho nn p sut cho

php ln b mt t 100 250 kN/m2. Gii hn trn 250 kN/m2 dng cho ng
c c nhiu xy lanh vi ng c tnh ng lc hc tt (t phi gi s), cn
di hn di 100kN/m2 dng cho ng c t xy lanh vi c tnh ng lc
hc km.

p sut trn b mt ma st cha nh gi c kh nng chng mn ca

ly hp. Khi cc ly hp c cng mt p sut ln b mt ma st nhng t trn
t hoc my ko c trng lng khc nhau thi hao mn ca ly hp y s khc
nhau. Ly hp ca t hoc my ko c trng lng ln s hao mn nhiu v
thi gian trt khi ng ly hp s ko di hn. Bi th cn phi kim tra cng
trt khi khi ng on xe t hoc lin hp my ko.
Nu ngoi hp s ra, h thng truyn lc cn c thm hp s ph
hoc hp phn phi lm tng t s truyn chung ca h thng truyn lc th
khi s dng s truyn ny ly t, cng trt s gim i.
Khi xc nh cng trt Lo ca ly hp t c ko rmoc th trng
lng ca rmoc c k vo khi tnh gi tr ca J a ri t lp vo tnh
cng trt L. Lc ta s nhn c gi tr cng trt vi tr s ln hn mt
t bi v nh th l ta coi s khi hnh ti ch ca t v rmoc tin hnh
cng mt lc. Thc t ra v c khe h khp ni ca b phn mc cho nn
rmoc s khi hnh chm i mt t do cng trt cng t i.
Cng trt ni chung khng cho chng ta xt on v iu kin lm
vic ca ly hp c. Mun xt iu kin lm vic nng nhc ca ly hp cn
phi tnh cng trt ring, ngha l cng trt trn n v din tch b mt cc
tm ma st, c trng cho s hao mn tm ma st.

L
F

(11)

Trong :
l : cng trt ring, J/m2

L: cng trt, J(N/m2);

F: din tch b mt ma st, m2, F=(R22-R12);
p: s lng i b mt ma st ;
cng trt ring c kim tra theo cc s liu sau y:
t vn ti trng lng n 50kN

150-250 kJ/m2

t vn ti vi trng lng ln hn 50 kN

400-600

t du lch

1000-2000

My ko

300

Ngoi vic kim tra cng trt ring l cn cn phi kim tra nhit
ca cc chi tit b nung nng trong qu trnh trt ly hp, bi v s to hao
mn cc tm ma st ca t v my ko chu nh hng ln bi s nung nng
cc chi tit y. V cc tm ma st c dn nhit rt km cho nn c th coi tt
c nhit pht sinh khi ly hp b trt s truyn cho cc chi tit tip xc trc
tip vi cc tm ma st( c th l cc a p, a ch ng trung gian ca ly
hp, bnh ca ng c). Thi gian trt thng khng ln do s thot
nhit ra mi trng bn ngoi trong thi gian y cng khng ng k. Bi th
cc chi tit tip thu nhit trong thi gian ly hp b trt phi c trng khi ln
m bo tip thu c nhit lng pht sinh khi ly hp b trt m nhit
ca chi tit y s khng tng ln nhiu, do khng lm nh hng n s
lm vic ca cc tm ma st ( tc l khng lm nh hng n h s ma st
v khng gy nn s chy cc tm ma st ).
Cng trt ln nht sinh ra khi khi hnh t hoc my ko ti ch,
cho nn tnh ton nhit cn phi tnh lc khi hnh.

Nhit tng ln ca chi tit tip xc trc tip vi tm ma st trong thi

gian ly hp b trt, c xc nh theo cng thc:

v. L0

c. g

Trong :
T - nhit tng ln ca chi tit ; K;
- h s xc nh phn cng trt dng nung nng chi
tit cn tnh (a p hoc a ch ng trung gian). H s ny bng t s ca s
b mt ma st ca chi tit ang tnh chia cho s b mt ma st ca ton b ly
hp, hoc c th xc nh nh sau =1/2n i vi a p (n - s lng a th
ng) v = 1/n i vi a ch ng trung gian;
Ngha l i vi: a p ly hp 1 a

=0,50

a p ly hp 2 a

=0,25

L0 cng trt ton b sinh ra khi ng ly hp; J(Nm);

c - nhit dung ring ca chi tit b nung nng, i vi thp
v gang c = 500 J/kg. ;
gn - khi lng chi tit b nung nng, kg;
i vi t mi ln khi hnh ti ch trong iu kin s dng ng
ph T 8 - 10K. i vi my ko mi ln ng T 5K.

Mun gim nhit cn lm a p v a ch ng trung gian c trng

khi ln ngha l tng gn v bng cch thng gi qua ca s ly hp.
Tnh c cu iu khin ly hp loi ly hp thng ng.
iu khin ly hp thng ng ngi ta vn dng loi dn ng c
kh hoc c kh c cng ho thu lc hay cng ho kh nn.
i vi dn ng c kh t s truyn ca dn ng i v hnh trnh ca
bn p S c xc nh nh sau:
i

a c e
. .
q d g

S F .i

a c
.
b d

Trong :
F hnh trnh ca a p khi m ly hp
- khe h gia n m ly hp v bc m, hay hnh trnh
chy khng ca bc m ly hp;
a,b,c,d,e,f cc kch thc ca cc n dn ng.
Hnh trnh ca a p khi m ly hp c xc nh nh sau:
F=f.p
Trong :

f : khe h gia i b mt ma st khi ly hp m hon

ton. i vi t my ko ta ly f =0,75-1 mm;

p : s lng i b mt ma st;

Khe h cn thit ly hp c th lm vic c khi cc vng ma st

b hao mn ( v khi khe h gim v cc a p c th khng p c a
th ng vo bnh do n m b hm bi bc m).

i vi t tu theo

hao mn cho php ca vng ma st khe h =2-3 mm .

Thng t s truyn ca dn ng ly hp t vo khong i = 24 45.
gim hnh trnh ca bn p ly hp S khi thit k cn phi tng cng
ca cc chi tit dn ng. Nu cc dn dn ng v cc trc b bin dng nhiu
th hnh trnh ca bn p s tng.
Lc tc dng ln bn p Pbd m ly hp xc nh theo cng thc:
Pbd = P/(i.)
Trong : P - tng lc p l xo tc dng ln a p.
- hiu sut ca dn ng ( 0,7 -0,8);
Khi thit k ly hp cn phi ch lc tc dng ln bn p v gim hnh
trnh ca bn p vi mc ch gim cng lao ng cho ngi li. i
vi t vn ti lc tc dng ln bn p ly hp khi m hon ton khng c
qu 200N, cn i vi t du lch lm vic ng ph khng c qu
150N. i vi my ko lc tc dng ln bn p ly hp trong khong 120N.
Hnh trnh ca ton b bn p i vi t vn ti khng qu 180mm , i vi
t du lch khng qu 150mm. i vi my ko hnh trnh bn p chn di
200mm
2.2. Tnh ton a ma st.
Ta xt ng c t A3-51 c cc thng s sau:

Cng sut ng c : 52 m lc 3600 vng/ pht

Mmen quay cc i ca ng c: 12,5 kgm 2200 vng/pht
Tng cc lc p ca l xo ln a ma st l P = 630KG
Dng ly hp c s i b mt ma st p =1, tc l c 1 a ch ng v 1 a b
ng
Nhim v tnh ton h s ma st trn b mt ma st. t ch to
vt liu lm a ma st bo m cc iu kin nu trn.
Mmen ma st m ly hp cn truyn l:
M1 = M

(32)

Trong :
M1 mmen ma st ca ly hp , Nm;
M mmen quay ca ng c, i vi t ly mmen cc i
ca ng c ( Md = Memax), i vi my dng trong nng nghip ly mmen
danh ngha ca ng c ( Md = Mn), Mmen;
- h s d tr ca ly hp.
Md = 12,5kgm = 125000Nmm
= 2. Chn i vi t vn ti khng lm vic vi romoc (1,6 2,25)
M1 = 2 x 125000 = 250000 Nmm
p dng cng thc: M1 = Md = .P.Rt.b.p
Trong Rt.b c xc nh theo cng thc gn ng nh sau:

Rt.b

R R
1

R2 c xc nh bng cng thc kinh nghim sau:

D2=2R2=3,16

e max

Trong :
D2 - ng knh ngoi ca vng ma st, cm;
Memax mmen quay cc i ca ng c, Nm;
C - h s kinh nghim, i vi t du lch C=4,7; i vi t vn
ti thng C=3,6; i vi t t hng v t vn ti trong iu kin s
dng nng nhc C=1,9.
D2 = 2R2 =3,16

125
3,6

= 18 cm

Chn R2 = 100 mm
R1 = 0,7R2 = 70mm
Do : Rtb= (100 + 70)/2 =85mm
T ta c h s ma st l
= M1/ P.Rtb.p = 125/630.9,8.0,085.1=0,23
Nh vy ta phi ch to vt liu c h s ma st c =0,25 l m bo yu
cu.

chng iv: Ch to a ma st bng vt liu

Compozit trn c s nha phenol fomandehyt.
1. a ma st ch to bng vt liu Compozit trn c
s nha phenol fomandehyt.
Nh chng ta bit nha phenol fomandehyt l loi
polyme c pht hin u tin c nhiu u im v c ng
dng rng ri trong nhiu ngnh. Nha c nhiu c tnh tt
nh cch in cao (in p nh thng t 8 n 12
KV/mm), khng chu tc ng ca vi khun, bn vi ho cht
v cc mi trng hot ho khc. T hp nha phenol
fomandehyt vi si aming bn vi axit, kim nng nh
hn 40%, bn vi axeton 50 0C cng nh bn vi axit axetic
bt k nng no. ng thi nha c bn nhit cao,
nhit lm vic t 150 - 2000C. Da vo c tnh ny khi
cho trn vi cht n nh si thu tinh, si aming th kh nng
lm vic cn c nng cao hn ti 2500C hoc trong iu
kin phm vi thay i nhit rng v khng lm nh hng
n kch thc.
Kh nng chu mi mn ca tm phng t nha phenol
fomandehyt c th so snh vi nhm, ng. Tuy nhin kh
nng ny b suy gim khi m ca mi trng tng do nc c
th thm thu qua b mt phn chia gia nha v bt n.
H s ma st ca nha nm trong khong 0,2-0,3.

So snh tnh cht c l ca mt s loi nha nhit rn c

tnh bng:
Tnh cht

n
v

Polyest

Epoxy

phenol

fomande

fomandehyt

hyt

khng
no
bn ko

MPa

25-28

30-100

25-65

25-45

bn nn

MPa

60-160

60-190

45-95

45-95

bn un

MPa

70-140

60-180

45-95

45-95

ht nc

Mg

10-30

7-20

15-30

15-30

T trng

g/cm

1,1-

1,15-

1,15-1,3

1,1-1,4

1,15

1,25

Qua bng so snh trn ta thy khi lng ring ca nha

phenol fomandehyt thp 1,15-1,31 g/cm 3, do c th trn
thm cc cht n vi hm lng 50-70% v khi sn phm c
to thnh c khi lng ring khong 1,23 -1,67 g/cm3, thp hn

khong t 2-3 ln khi so vi cc kim loi thng dng (khi lng

ring ca nhm l 2,8-3,1 g/cm3, ca thp l 7-8 g/cm3).
Cc bt n thng dng l:
Bt aming: t trng l 2,55 g/cm3
Bt g: t trng l 1,3-1,9 g/cm3
Bt grafit: t trng l 1,75-1,95 g/cm3
Cc cht n dng khong khc: t trng 1,5 - 1,7g/cm3
Song song vi nhng u im c nu trn th nha
phenol fomandehyt cn c mt s hn ch cn quan tm nh
cng cao: 30-35HB, bn va p thp: 1-4KJ/m 2 v
co ngt ca sn phm cn cao: 0,04-0,08 cm/cm c bit l
i vi cc sn phm c kch thc ln, hnh dng phc tp.
Qua phn tch trn hon thin vt liu polyme
Compozit trn c s nha phenol fomandehyt th vn
cn gii quyt l cc gii php bin tnh nha khc phc
nhng hn ch nu. Khi nghin cu vt liu ma st ch to
t vt liu polyme Compozit ngoi vic xem xt n cc yu
cu, c im ca vt liu polyme Compozit cn phi p
ng tt c cc i hi ring ca vt liu ma st. Cc cp ma
st dng trong a ma st cn phi tho mn nhng yu cu
sau:
- C h s ma st n nh.

- C tnh chng mi mn cao v chu c p lc ln.

- B mt khng b co xc, tch lp, khng dnh kt vo
vt liu khc trong qu trnh s dng.
- Cc vt liu ma st chu c nhit cao, khng b
chy hoc sinh khi khi s dng.
Theo mt s chuyn gia nghin cu v ma st nh
DN.Garkinov, B.I Kotextetxki, I.B Kragenxki, A.V Chichinaze
pht trin v a ra cc yu cu chi tit hn i vi vt liu
ma st. Tc gi nu yu cu c bn i vi vt liu ma st
l:
* H s ma st ln, i vi cc trng hp s dng lm
a ma st th cn phi ln hn hoc bng 0,2 nu khng s
khng m bo an ton trong qu trnh s dng.
* Mt trong cc bin php nng cao tui th ca vt
liu ma st l trc khi em vo s dung cn phi c qu trnh
chy v chuyn b mt sang trng thi lm vic. Thi k
ny c nh hng n ton b hot ng sau ny ca vt liu
ma st.
* Trong qa trnh s dng chi tit ma st, di tc dng ca
nhit pht sinh khi ng ly hp trn b mt khng c
xy ra cc hin tng trt a ma st, dnh....

* Gii hn bn t ca vt liu ma st s dng lm a

ma st ni chung nh hn1,5kg/cm2 ng vi nhit cc i
to ra trong qu trnh ng m ly hp.
Vic nghin cu hon thin vt liu polyme Compozit trn
c s nha phenol fomandehyt dng trong lnh vc ch to
vt liu ma st tho mn y cc yu cu l mt lnh vc
rt rng i hi nhiu kinh nghim, phn tch tng hp c
v l thuyt v thc t. Vi khun kh ca bn lun n ch
yu tp trung i su v hai vn sau:
- Bin tnh, nng cao mm do ca nha phenol
fomandehyt vt liu ma st c th m bo an ton khi
ng m ly hp qua m bo c h s ma st, gim
mi mn.
- La chn b cht n thch hp cho t hp vt liu c tc
dng n nh mi mn v h s ma st.
2. La chn phng php bin tnh Polyme.
Chng ta bit tnh cht c l ca vt liu polyme
Compozit ph thuc rt nhiu vo bn cht ho hc v cu
trc ca nha nn, cht n v mi lin kt trn b mt
phn chia pha. bn lin kt gia cht dnh kt v cht
n ph thuc vo kh nng thm t b mt cht n ca
nha. Nha phenol fomandehyt cng nh mt s loi nha
nhit rn khc cha nhiu nhm chc trong mch, c
phn cc ln, sc cng b mt khong 35 -45 qua c th

thy c rng khi s dng n lm cht dnh kt em li

nhiu kh quan. ng thi kt hp vi cht ng rn
Urotropin c kh nng tng cng lin kt gia cc nhm chc
c trn b mt cht n v nha nn.
Ngoi ra cc tnh cht c l ca cht n, din tch b
mt ring, kch thc ht... cng c tc ng n bn lin
kt gp phn ci thin c c tnh ca vt liu. Kho st vt
liu polyme Compozit n si lm v d. Khi chu nn, nha
chu ti trng nn tt hn nn trnh c cho si tng cng
khng b ph hu, gy t. Di tc dng ca lc ko th nha
chu trch nhim chuyn ti trng sang cho si l thnh phn
c kh nng chu ko tt hn. Khi mt b phn ca cht n
tng cng b ph hu (mt phn si b t) cht dnh kt c
tc dng nh mt mi trng truyn cng sut lm cho vt liu
khng b mt kh nng chu ti trng. iu ny c th thy
chc nng chnh ca nha nn l chuyn ng sut tp trung
sang cho cht n khi vt liu chu tc ng ca ngoi lc.
D.F Power v J.H Dumbleton (1972) khi nghin cu vt liu
polyme Compozit trn c s nha amino fomandehyt cho
thy tc dng ca nha nn v ch ra rng ngay khi vt liu
bt u chu tc ng mi mn, nha nn truyn tc ng
cho cht n, s mi mn xy ra trn b mt phn chia pha
gia nha v cht n. Cc tc gi cng ch ra rng vi
nhng nha c n cng cao nh nha phenol fomandehyt,
nha amino fomandehyt kh nng chuyn ng sut tp trung

ca nha nh dn n mi mn ca sn phm cao. Ngoi

ra cht dnh kt cn c tc dng ngn chn tc ng ca
mi trng xung quanh vo cht n. vt liu c tnh cht
c l cao, cht kt dnh cn phi c nhng iu kin sau:
- C kh nng thm ph hon ton ln cht n v cc
cht tng cng.
- C cu trc mng li khng gian sau khi ng rn.
- C kh nng phc hi trong qa trnh ho rn lm
gim ni ng sut.
- Cht dnh kt cha cc nhm hot ng hay phn cc.
c th bin tnh nha phenol fomadehyt lm cht kt
dnh cho vt liu ma st, p ng c cc yu cu ca vt
liu ma st c th s dng nhng phng php bin tnh sau:
1. Nha c tng hp t cc phenol c nhm thay th nh
cc alkylphenol nh to cho sn phm c kh nng ho tan
trong cc loi du thc vt, tng hp t cc clophenol sn
phm c tnh chu la, kh bt chy hoc trn hp vi phenol
vi cacdanol, ligin, tananh... vt liu c mm do cao.
c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu nng cao tnh cht c
l ca nha phenol fomandehyt trong tc gi cp n
vn thay th mt phn hoc hon ton phenol bng cc
phenol khc nhau c Chataway v ng s nghin cu

vo nm 1928 s dng ligin thay th mt phn phenol

sn xut cht do nm 1963 kt qu c l bn cnh
nhng tnh cht u vit ca nha ban u, sn phm thu c
c mm do cao, chu mi mn tt, mu sng hn v gi
thnh r hn....
2. Nha c tng hp t cc andehyt bc cao nh
axetandehyt butyraudehyt, benzendehyt, fafaran hoc c
tng hp t hn hp cc andehyt.
Loi nha sn xut theo phng php ny c bit t
lu. Phn ng ngng t phenol vi axetandehyt do Bacyer tin
hnh t nhng nm 1872, Baleeland v Beuder nghin cu
phn ng ca phenol vi Butylandehyt vo nhng nm 1927
nhng c l loi andehyt c s dng rng ri nht l fufuran c
bit t nhng nm 1860 v ngy nay vn thu ht s quan
tm ca cc nh khoa hc. Tuy nhin, khi lng nha phenol
trn c s cc andehyt ny khng ln, thp hn nhiu so vi
loi nha tng hp t phenol v fomandehyt.
3. Trong qu trnh tng hp nha, s dng cc cht xc tc
c kh nng nm li trong sn phm sau khi phn ng kt
thc. y cng lm mt gii php rt tt v nh bin i
c tnh cht ca nha to thnh, v d: axit Naphtalen
sunfonic.
4. Trn hp nha phenol fomandehyt vi cc cht c khi lng phn t cao nh cao su tng hp v cc loi nha tng hp

khc. Trn hp cao su vi nha nhm to ra mt loi sn phm

kt hp c nhng tnh cht u vit ca cc loi nha ban u
vi nhng tnh cht qu bu ca cao su nh mm do cao,
kh nng phc hi ln v c c h s ma st cao.
Theo phng hng ny c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu
s dng t hp gia nha vi cc loi cao su tng hp trong
s dng cao su nh l mt cht ho do trong vt liu. Sn
phm c s dng trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc
nhau nh ch to t, sn xut sn, keo dn.... Cc loi cao su
tng hp thng c s dng l cao su butadiennitril, cao su
butadiel styren v cao su colpren. Kt qu cho thy khi s
dng cao su bin tnh nha, sn phm thu c c u
im ni bt l tng kh nng chu va p, gim cng.
Vic s dng nhng phng php nu trn c kh nng
khc phc nhng hn ch ca nhm phenol fomandehyt. Tuy
nhin do cht kt dnh dng trong vt liu polyme Compozit
thng phi tho mn ng thi nhiu yu cu v nhng mc
ch t ra i khi mu thun nhau nn vic la chon nn
polyme v phng php bin tnh chng cn phi c xem
xt la chn tu thuc vo mc ch s dng m chn nn
pholyme v phng php bin tnh cho thch hp.

Vi mc ch tng hp c mt loi cht kt dnh thch

hp cho vt liu ma st. cn c vo kt qu nghin cu ca cc
chuyn gia, ng thi tn dng ngun nguyn liu sn c
trong nc, la chn nhng nguyn liu sau:
Nha phenol-cacdanol-fomadehyt vi t l phenol:
cacdanol: fomadehyt = 0,9:0,1:1,25 l loi nha thch hp lm
cht kt dnh cho vt liu ma st.
- Cc loi cao su tng hp: Butadiennitril, Clopren v poly
lm cht ho do ngoi.
3. La chn cht n cho vt liu ma st.
Vic s dng cht n trong cc vt liu phenol
fomandehyt rt a dng v phong ph, n ng mt vai tr
ht sc quan trng trong vic ci thin, nng cao c l ca
vt liu. Theo cc nh sn xut v cc chuyn gia nghin cu
s dng cht n trong ch to vt liu ma st nhm gii
quyt ba yu t sau:

* Ci thin, tng cng c l ca vt liu ma st, gim

s bin dng di tc dng ca ngoi lc, tng tc bn
va p.
iu ny c th thy r khi nghin cu bng sau:
Tnh cht c l

co ngt

Nha

Nha

Nha

n si

khng

n bt

n bt

thu

aming

tinh

0,08

0,00

0,003

0,00
5

bn un MPa

10

62

82

85

Nhit

lm

150

160

175

175

ring

1,15

1,4

1,4

1,6

vic
Khi

lng

g/cm3
* Tng bn nhit, kh nng dn nhit ca sn
phm.
n nh cc tnh cht c l khc khi nhit ca b
mt v ton b vt liu tng ln trong qu trnh s dng.
Theo cc cng trnh nghin cu ca M.Antle(1964),
I.VKragelski (1965), JBbaler th s phn tn nhit ca lp b
mt, vt liu cng l mt tc nhn gy nh hng n
mi mn v h s ma st ca vt liu. Khi lm vic, nhit to

ra trn b mt ma st rt ln do nu sn phm c dn
nhit km dn n c s chnh lch nhit gia lp b
mt v lp trong ca vt liu b qu nhit cc b, xut hin
cc rn nt lin kt trn b mt phn chia pha gy nn lm
tng mi mn v kh nng duy tr s n nh h s ma
st b suy gim.
Vi kh nng dn nhit cao hn polyme v d cht n
kim loi c dn nhit cao hn khong 1000 ln cc
polyme nn khi a cc cht n vo vt liu ma st polyme
Compozit nht l cht n dng bt th dn nhit ca
sn phm tng ln. Cc cht n dng bt vi hm lng trong
t hp vt liu nh hn 70% th tch th c th tng
dn nhit ca sn phm ln 20 ln.
Thay i mi mn n nh cc c tnh v ma st
ca vt liu: J.K Laucaster (1968),Pratt (1972) tin hnh
th nghim, nghin cu nh hng ca mt s loi cht n
nh mica, bt titan, grafit, oxyt ch, si aming.. n tnh c
l ca vt liu ma st trn c s nha PE rt ra c nhng
kt lun:
- Cc loi cht n lm nn ln t 2-3 ln.
- Gim mi mn t 47.10-10cm3/cm.kg xung cn 7-8.1010

cm3/cm.kg, thm ch xung cn 3.10-10cm3/cm.kg vi trng

hp thm 25% si aming.

Bn cnh l gim bin dng khi c tc dng ca ti

trng ti trng 10MPa bin dng gim t 13,5% xung
cn 3,4% vi bt mica v 5,9% vi bt grafit.
Ngoi ra vic s dng cht n cn l mt yu t gim c gi thnh ca sn phm. Ngoi yu t cht lng th yu t
gi thnh sn phm c cc nh sn xut rt lu tm.
Cht n s dng sn xut vt liu ma st polyme
Compozit trn c s nha phenol fomandehyt thng c
phn loi theo bn cht ho hc ca chng v chia lm hai
loi chnh.
- Cc cht n hu c: bt g, si bng grafit than en...
- Cc cht n dng khong: aming, mica, si thu tinh,
oxyt kim loi.
Ngoi tnh cht c l ho v hm lng cht n trong vt
liu c nh hng n tnh cht ca sn phm. Din tch b
mt quyt nh ng k n bm dnh gia cht n
v cht dnh kt.
C ht (si) cng nh th din tch b mt ring cng
nh, mc phn tn vo cc cht dnh kt cng cao lm
tng kh nng bm dnh ca polyme vi cht n to cho vt
liu c ng u cu trc, tng kh nng phn tn nhit
n nh h s ma st mi mn trong qu trnh lm vic
dn n nng cao tui th ca sn phm. Thng thng cht

n dng ht c s dng c kch thc c ht t 40-50 m.

Trong mt s trng hp c bit c th dng c ht ti 300m.
Khi so snh s dng cht n dng si vi dng ht th cht
n dng si c tc dng tng cng tnh cht ca vt liu
nhiu hn, so vi cht n dng bt. Tuy nhin cht n dng
bt li c kh nng phn tn tt, cu trc ca sn phm ng
u hn, gim c co ngt trong qu trnh ch to.
Ti y kho st c th mt s loi cht n thng dng
trong qu trnh ch to vt liu trn c s nha Phenolfomanehyt.
1. Aming:
L cht n c ngun gc khong cht, cu trc t nhin
dng si. Aming cng c nhiu loi nhng thng c dng ch
yu l Crysolit l hyrat mage Silicat(3Mg0.2Si0 2..2H20).
Aming d dng c thm t bi cc loi nha k c nhng
loi c nht cao. Tr v mt ho hc, trong mi trng kim
aming c th cha c 1000C vi thi gian di.
u im ln nht m nh n c s dng nhiu trong
t hp vt liu ma st l kh nng khng chy v tu thuc
vo thnh phn c th b phn hu nhng nhit khc
nhau t 1170 -14500C. p ng c yu cu v bn nhit
cao trong qu trnh lm vic ca vt liu ma st.

2. Mica.
Mica c s dng 2 loi ch yu l Musconit-H2KAl3(SiO4)3
v phologopit-HK(MgF)3Mg3(AlSiO4)3.
Mc ch s dng: Gim mi mn ca sn phm.
3. Bt g
L loi cht n r nht v c s dng rng ri trong cng
nghip sn xut vt liu p trn c s phenol fomandehyt.
Bt g c sn xut t nhng loi g mm nh g thng,
vn sam, g bch dng... Bt g c kh nng phi trn tt to
cho sn phm khng b co ngt, nt rn.
Cng cn lu rng bt g l mt tc nhn lm tng ht
m v kh nng hp th cc ho cht khc do cc nhm chc
nh -OH, -CO,-NH... c trong g. Do vy cn c sy kh (
m di 8%) v chim khong 50% trng lng so vi ton b hn
hp p.
4. Silicat.
Cng thc ho hc: MgO.2SiO2.2H2O thng c dng vi c
ht 0,015 mm. Silicat c tc dng tng n nh kch thc
bn nhit, bn ho, tng cng v tnh cch in ca sn
phm.
5. Bt kim loi.

Thng s dng cc loi bt oxyt km, oxyt magie, bt ng,

nhm... cc bt kim loi ny cho vo c tc dng lm tng mt
s c tnh ca sn phm nh gim mi mn, tng kh
nng dn nhit... Trong mt s trng hp lm tng h s ma
st ca vt liu.
6. Bt cao su
Thng c sn xut t cc loi cao su tng hp lu ho vi
cc c ht t vi trc n vi trm m. Bt cao su lm tng
bn va p, bn un ca vt liu.
4. Cc phng php xc nh tnh cht c l ca vt
liu:
4.1 bn nn.
bn nn c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTMD 695- 91
hoc theo tiu chun JIS K7208- 1975 trn my WPM
2500(c). Mi trng o: khng kh, nhit 25 oC, m
50 2%, tc nn 5mm/pht, kch thc mu 10 10 10
(mm).
bn nn c tnh theo cng thc:
n

Pn
F

Trong :

Pn- Ti trng ph hu mu (Kg)

F - Din tch tit din ngang mu (cm2)

4.2 bn va p.
bn va p c tnh theo tiu chun ASTMO 256- 56
trn my BKL 4501 ca Nga.
Mi trng o: Khng kh- nhit 250C- m 502%.
Kch thc mu: 10 x 15 x 120 (mm)
bn va p (v) xc nh theo cng thc:
v

Av
F

Trong :

Av: cng cn thit ph hu mu (KJ)

F : Din tch ngang ca mu (m2)

4.3 cng Brinel

cng Brinel c xc nh theo tiu chun IN 57302.
dy ca mu khng nh hn 6 mm.
Mi trng o: Khng kh- nhit 25oC - m 50 2%.
cng Brinel (H) c xc nh theo cng thc:
H

P
100; HB
.h.D

Trong :

P: p lc nn (kg)
h: su ca vt nn (cm)

 = 3,14
: ng knh bi nn (cm). i vi vt liu
polyme compozit thng chn bi c ng knh 0,5 cm.
4.4 mi mn:
mi mn c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTMD 1044- 94
hay theo tiu chun JIS K 7204- 1997. Trn my Taber Abraser5130 (M).
Vi bnh th mi mn Calibrase CS- 10. Ti trng t ln 2
bnh xe th mi mn c th thay i t 250- 1000g. Thng
thng vi vt liu Polyme compozit chu mi mn th ti
trng t ln 2 bnh xe l 1000g. Tc quay ca my 72
vng/pht. Mi trng o khng kh- nhit 25oC- m
50 2%.
-Chun b mu th: Mu th mi mn hnh ch nht,
kch thc 100 x 1000 mm. Khoan l C15 gia. Mu c mi
nhn, lm sch v n nh nhit phng trong 24
gi.
- Tin hnh th : mu c cn trn cn phn tch c
chnh xc10-4 g. Sau khi chu 1000 vng quay ly ra lau sch
ri cn li. mi mn (M) c tnh theo lng hao ht khi lng mu gam sau 1000 vng quay.
M = W1 - W2 (g/1000 vng)

Trong : W1 : Trng lng mu trc khi th mi mn (gam)

W2 : Trng lng mu sau khi th mi mn (gam)
4.5. H s ma st.
c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM 1894- 93 trn my o
usurrometre (Php).
Mi trng o: khng kh- nhit 25oC - m 50 2%.
Ch o: p lc 1,5N - vn tc o 0,5m/s.
Mu c dng hnh khi ch nht kch thc 14 x 10 x 7 mm.
Mu c lau sch, nhit phng trong 24h. Mu c cho r trong vng 30 pht trc khi o h s ma st, sao
cho b mt ca mu c tip xc hon ton vi b mt my
o.
H s ma st c tnh theo cng thc:

A
B

Trong : A: ch s c trn lc K (g).

B: Trng lng mu v gia trng (g).
4.6 hp th nc.

c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM D570- 81. Mu c dng

hnh trn dy 3 mm. Hoc hnh khi hp vung 50 x 50 x
3mm.
Mu c sy kh n khi lng khng i v c
trong bnh ht m trong vng 24 gi. Cn mu trn cn
phn tch vi chnh xc 10 -4g hi ngm mu thong nc
ct ti nhit phng. Sau mt thi gian nht nh ly ra
sy kh bng giy lc v cn li.
hp th nc c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Q

W2 W1
W1

Trong :

x 100

Q : hp th nc %
W1 : Trng lng mu trc khi ngm , (gam)
W2 : Trng lng mu sau khi ngm , (gam)

Ch : Khi ngm mu khng cc mu chm nhau.

4.7 hp th du.
hp th du ca vt liu c xc nh theo tiu chun
ASTM D543- 87. Kch thc mu, quy tnh chun b v phng
php th nh i vi cch xc nh hp th nc ca vt
liu.

 hp th du c tnh theo cng thc:

m

W2 W1
x 100%
W1

trong : m : hp th du 100%
W1:trng lng mu trc khi ngm du (g)
W2:trng lng mu sau khi ngm du (g)
Ch : cc mu khi ngm khng c chm nhau.
4.8 xc nh bn ho cht.
bn ho cht ca vt liu c xc nh theo tiu chun
ASTM D543. Mu c dng hnh trn 50 dy 3mm hoc
hnh khi vung kch thc 50 x 50 dy 3mm.
Mu c lau sch, sy kh n khi lng khng i v
t trong bnh ht m trong vng 24h, cn mu trn cn
phn tch chnh xc 10-4 gam. Sau em ngm trong
mi trng ho cht nh xng du bi trn- du phanh. Sau mt
thi gian ly ra v cn li.
Mc thay i trng lng ca mu phn nh bn vi
mi trng ho cht. Khi lng ca mu c th tng hoc gim.
4.9 phn tch nhit.

phng php phn tch nhit c thc hin trn my

Mettler TA-HE-20 (my Mettler TA-HE-20) ca Thy S.
Khi lng mu o: 0,03 0,05g
Khong nhit o: 25 1000 oC
Tc tng nhit: 10 oC/pht
Mi trng o: khng kh
5. Thnh phn t hp vt liu Compozit s dng p
a p ma st.
Vi mc ch t c h s mi mn nh nht, h s ma
st tt, qua nghin cu mt s ti v vt liu ma st trong
c ti nghin cu ng dng vt liu ma st trn c s
vt liu Compozit. c s ng gp kin ca cc thy hng
dn kt hp vi mt s th nghim xy dng c hai mu
t hp vt liu vi cc thnh phn nh sau.
a. Mu 1.
Nha kt dnh l fenol cacdanol fomandehyt pha trn vi
t l 0,9 mol: 0,1 mol: 1,25 mol.
Cc thnh phn gm: (Tnh theo phn trm trng lng)
Nha: 21%
Cao su nitril: 6%
Bt aming + bt g: 33%

Bt oxyt km: 5,5%

Bt magie: 7,5%
Bt cao su: 18%
Axit stearic: 0,5%
b. Mu 2.(Tnh theo phn trm trng lng)
Cht kt dnh l nha nitril + bt g: 55%.
Bt ng: 10%
Bt gang: 10%
Bt Grafit: 5%
Bt thu tinh: 10%
Axit stearic: 0,5%
Bt cao su: 10%
Tng trng lng vt liu: 1,8 kg.
c. Mt s nh gi v nhn xt.
- Nhn chung v mt trng lng: a ma st c c t
hai mu vt liu trn nh hn nhiu so vi ch to bng vt
liu khc, trng lng trung bnh ca vng ma st Compozit
khong t 3,5 - 4kg.

- hp th nc: Vi mu 1 t hp th nc hn mu 2 c th
do hm lng cao su mu 1 cao hn nn kh nng gim
hp th nc tt hn.
- Mu 2 c cng cao hn mu 1. iu ny thy c khi
ch to vng ma st theo 2 mu vng th nghim th vng
theo mu 2 chu mi mn tt hn mu 1 v c thi gian lm
vic cng di hn. Tuy nhin cng cn lu trong qu trnh
lp rp cn trnh va p qu mnh gy st m vng ma st
(vi mu 2).
- Khi o v h s ma st cho thy mu 1 c h s ma st
ln hn mu 2. Tuy nhin khi so snh vi h s ma st ca vt
liu truyn thng th mu 2 vn m bo tng ng v
kh nng thay th.
- C 2 mu u lm vic tt nhit cao, t b nh hng bi cc mi trng hot ho nh du, m, axit.....
- Tnh c ca 2 mu vt liu trn tt, qui trnh c
n gim khng i hi nhiu v mt k thut.

Chng V

Cng ngh ch to a ma st

1. Cng ngh ch to ct kim loi ca a ma

st.
Ct kim loi ca a ma st c cu to bng thp vi kt
cu nh sau:

Vi kt cu nh trn chng ta s tin hnh gia cng theo cc

bc sau:

Ct kim loi a ma st c ch to sau 5 nguyn cng :

Nguyn cng 1 : Ch to phi.

Nguyn cng 2 : Dp ct l trn 80mm
Nguyn cng 3 : Dp ct 6 l 7,5mm, 6 l 12mm v18 l
4,5mm
Nguyn cng 4: Dp ct 6 khe 60x6 mm
Nguyn cng 5: Dp ct a 229 mm
I./ Nguyn cng I : Ch to phi bng vt liu thp40,
y ta ct cc di vt liu c kch thc 220 mm x 175 mm
t cc tm ln c chiu dy S = 2mm.
Ct vt liu : Ct vt liu tm thnh di c thc
hin trn my ct li bng. Ngoi ra trong thc t sn xut
nc ta cn dng cc loi ko ct bng tay.

Bn v phi
II./ Nguyn cng 2 : Dp ct l trn 80. Trong dp ct
nu ly phn vt liu ct ra th gi l ct hnh. Nu b
phn vt liu ct ra th gi l t l, nh vy y l
nguyn cng t l.
Xc nh kch thc lm vic v dung sai ch to chy
ci ca khun: Ct hnh a trn 80 tra bng dung sai
kch thc t l (Cng ngh dp ngui - L Vn Thim - 1966)
vi kch thc v dy 2mm ta c =+0,4.
Tra bng 2 trang 35 (Cng ngh dp ngui - L Vn Thim 1966)vi chiu dy 2mm ta c:
Zmin =0.090

Zmax =0.240

M=0.100

n=0.050

Kch thc ca sn phm l 800,4. Khi t l kch thc v

dung sai ca l l cn c thnh lp vng lm vic ca
chy. Ci ly theo chy sao cho khe h trong khong Z min Zmax.
a) Xc nh kch thc c bn ca chy v ci :
Kch thc v dung sai ca chy
Dch =(ddn + )-n Dch = (80 + 0.4)-0.065

Dch = 80,4-0.050
Kch thc v dung sai ca ci l:
Dc =(ddn + + Zmin)+M Dch = (80,4 + 0.090)+0,10
Dc = 80,49+0.10
iu kin :
* /M/ + /n/ Zmax - Zmin
c /M/ + /n/ = 0.10 + 0.050 = 0.150
Zmax - Zmin = 0.240 - 0.090 = 0.150 => tho mn
* /M/ /4 v /n/ /4
c /4 = 0.10 => tho mn.
b) Xc nh lc t l
Lc dp ct hay t l vi chy ci c mt ct phng
c xc nh theo cng thc :
P = K.L.S. c ( kg)
k = 1,1 1,3 : H s tnh n s khng ng u v
chiu dy, tnh cht vt liu, mp ct b mn, ch to v
lp ghp khun khng chnh xc.
L : Chu vi vng dp ct hay t l.

S : Chiu dy vt liu.
c = ng lc ct ca vt liu.
L = D.= 80.3,14 = 251,2 mm.
S = 2 mm.
Tra bng 14 - 15 trang 50,51 (Cng ngh dp ngui - Tn
Yn - 1974)
C: c = 50 Kg/mm2
P = 1,2 . 251,2.2.50 = 30144 kg =30,1 T
c) Lc cn thit tng nguyn vt liu ra khi ci
Pnp=Knp.Pt.n
Trong : Knp : h s ph thuc vo t s gia P np v Pt khi
y sn phm t trn xung , ly Knp=0.07
Pt : tng p lc ct t
n : s chi tit c trong ci n=h/S =2
Pnp=0.07*30144*2 4220,16 (kg)
d) Lc cn thit g sn phm ra khi chy
c tnh theo cng thc : Pch=Kch.Pt

Trong : Kch:h s xc nh ph thuc loi khun v chiu

dy nguyn vt liu.
Tra bng vi S=2mm v ct bng mt chy ta c Kch=0.03
Pch=0.03*30144 904,32(kg)
e)Tnh l xo gi chi tit trong khi dp v y sn phm
ra khi chy
y ta s dng 4 l xo kt hp vi 4 cht y:
Lng co tng cng ca l xo gm:
-lng co ca l xo trong hnh trnh lm vic F1=10mm
-lng d p ca l xo khi mi lp F2=(0.30.5)*F1=4mm
- h an ton gia cc vng F3=0.15(F1 + F2)=2 mm
Vy F = F1+ F2+ F3 = 10 + 4 + 2 = 16
Lc ca l xo cn c theo l thuyt Qnp
Do ta thit k 4 b con y cng l xo y nn lc l thuyt
l xo cn c : Qnp=1/4*Pch= 1/4*904,32 = 226,08 (kg)
Nhng trong thc t lc y ca l xo cn c :
P=1.15*Qnp= 1,15*226,08 = 260 (kg)
Tnh ton kch thc ca l xo:

Lc n hi ca l xo c tnh theo
cng thc :
P

.d 3
max
8.Dcp

8.P.Dcp

. max d

iu kin Dcp/d 4 ta chn Dcp/d = 4

Trong :
P : lc n hi thc t ca l xo cn c
d : ng knh dy lm l xo
Dcp: ng knh l xo
max : ng sut ct cho php ln nht ca thp lm l xo
y chn thp
6C2A c max = 137.6 (kg/mm2)
d

8.P.Dcp

. max d

8 * 260 * 4
*137,6

=4,39 (mm), chn d =4 mm

=> Dcp = 4*d = 16 mm.

Lng co ti a ca mi vng tnh theo cng thc :
f

.Dcp
G.d

max =

.16 2
8000.4

137.6

=3,46 (mm)

G : modun trt ly 8000 kg/mm2

S vng ca l xo

F 16

f
4

= 4 , thc t s vng ti thiu

phi ly
nt= n + (1.52) = 6 vng
khong cch mi vng S = d + f = 4 + 4 = 8 mm
Chiu cao ca l xo
H = S.nt + (1.5 2).d = 8.6 + (1.52).4 = 56 mm
Chiu di ca dy l xo

L = .Dcp.nt=.16.6= 301,6 (mm)

f) Chn my
Lc dp ca my cn thit phi ln hn lc dp yu cu
Pm ( 1,25 1,3 ) P
Pm ( 1,25 1,3 ) 30144 = 37,7 tn
Khi chn my: Chiu cao kn ca my ( khong cch t
mt bn my n mt di ca u trt v ca khun phi
ph hp v bt ng thc:
H - 5mm Hk H2 + 10mm
Hoc c th theo iu kin
H - 2/3 M Hk H - ( 0,1 0,3 )M

Trong
H : Chiu cao kn ln nht ca my.
H2 : Chiu cao kn nh nht ca my.
M : Khong cch iu chnh ca u trt my H2 = H-M
Kch thc bn my v u trt cn m bo cho g lp
v kp cht khun chc chn. Da vo cc cn c trn ta
chn my dp PU x60.
g)Thit k cc chi tit c bn ca khun dp
Khun dp ny gm : Chy, ci, tm chy, tm ci,
tm chn phi, cung khun, tr bc dn hng, l xo t phi,
bu lng (Cc chi tit ny c thit k phn bn v)
*/ Vt liu ch to chy ci
i vi khun dp ct ny ta chn loi thp Y8A n l
thp cc bon c tnh thm ti tt, thp d gia cng sau khi
v ti c cng b mt cao, tnh chu mi mn tt dng
ch to chy ci dp ct, kch thc khun ln lm vic
nh, c th t ti 58 - 60 HRC.
*/ iu kin bn nn ca chy l
n = P/ F [n ]
n : ng sut nn chy

P : Lc dp cn thit
F : Din tch tit din nh nht ca chy
F = D

= 50,24 cm

[n ] : ng sut nn cho php ca vt liu ch to chy

n = 30144 / 50,24 = 600 ( kg/cm2)
Thp Y8A ti t 58 -62 HRC - [n] = 5500 kg/ cm2
Vy n < [n ]
*/ iu kin bn un ca chy
n. P Pth
2 .E.J
4l 2

Trong

Pth

Do P

2 . E .J
4 . n .l 2

n : H s an ton
i vi thp cha ti n = 4 5
i vi thp ti n = 2 3
Pth : Lc ti hn (kg)

4 2 .E . J
4.n. P

P : Lc dp thc t
E : Mun n hi ca vt liu ch to chy (kg/cm 2)
J : mmen qun tnh ca tit din ( cm4)
l : Chiu di ca chy phn t do (cm)
Trng hp c dn hng
Pth

2 2 . E . J
l2

do

Mum n hica vt liu Y8A l :

E = 2150000 kg/cm2
mmen qun tnh i vi trc X
Jx = .r4/4 = 3,14 .44/4 = 201 cm4
Pth. x

2. 2 .E.J x 2.3,14 2.2150000.201

1180664,23kg
l2
852

Ly h s an ton n = 3
Pth/n = 1180664,23/3 = 393554,74 kg
Lc t P = 30144 kg
Vy

P < Pth /n

*/ Xc nh kch thc c bn ca ci,

.E.J
n. P

Vi b = 80 HM=(0.5 0.25).b HM>15mm ly HM =

40mm

HM

BM b + (2.5 4) HM = 200mm

b
BM

Kch thc c bn ca ci
*/ Ci c nghim bn theo iu kin chu nn v
chu un trong chu un l c bn. iu kin bn ca ci
l:
n [n ]
Trng hp ci hnh vung t trn tm m ch nht a
.b
iu ki bn
n

1,5.P
2r
. 1
2
H
3r0

1,5 .30144
2.40
1

2
3.50
40

13,18 kg / cm 2

1,5.P
[ n ]

-> [n ] =

-> [n ] =

1,5.P
H2

1,5 . 30144
28,26 kg / cm 2
2
40

->Vy n < [n ]
*Cc chi tit khc:

Cung khun : 60 lp vp tm trn ca my dp di

120mm, phn ren M26 bt cht vo tm trn cung
khun. Cung khun c lm bng thp thng 45

Tm trn : 700 x 540 x 60

Tm chy: 200 x 50

Tm o chy : 200 x 60

Dn hng phi : 60 x 44

Vt liu thp 45

Tr dn hng : 60 x 280

Vt liu thp 20 ti -

Vt liu thp 45
Vt liu thp 45
Vt liu thp 45

58HRC

Bc dn hng : 60 x 60

Vt liu thp 20 ti -

58HRC

Tm di : 700 x 540 x 60

Cht nh v: Lm bng thp 45 c ti thm b mt.

Vt liu thp 45

Bu lng M24 + M18 lm bng vt liu CT5 ti t cng

50 52 HRC.

C chn phi : 90 x 150 x 50

Vt liu thp 45

Kt cu khun dp l 80
II./ Nguyn cng 3: Dp ct 6 l 7,5mm, 6 l 12mm
v18 l 4,5mm. Trong dp ct nu ly phn vt liu ct ra
th gi l ct hnh. Nu b phn vt liu ct ra th gi l
t l, nh vy y l nguyn cng t l.
Xc nh kch thc lm vic v dung sai ch to chy
ci ca khun:

II.1t l 7,5

Tra bng dung sai kch thc t l (Cng ngh dp ngui

- L Vn Thim - 1966) vi kch thc v dy 2mm ta c
=+0,2.
Tra bng 2 trang 35 (Cng ngh dp ngui - L Vn Thim 1966)vi chiu dy 2mm ta c:
Zmin =0.130
Zmax =0.205
M=0.050
n=0.025
Kch thc ca sn phm l 7,50,2. Khi t l kch thc v
dung sai ca l l cn c thnh lp vng lm vic ca
chy. Ci ly theo chy sao cho khe h trong khong Z min Zmax.
a) Xc nh kch thc c bn ca chy v ci :
Kch thc v dung sai ca chy
Dch =(ddn + )-n Dch = (7,5 + 0.2)-0.025
Dch = 7,7-0.025
Kch thc v dung sai ca ci l:
Dc =(ddn + + Zmin)+M Dch = (7,7 + 0.130)+0,050

Dc = 7,83+0.050
iu kin :
* /M/ + /n/ Zmax - Zmin
c /M/ + /n/ = 0.050 + 0.025 = 0.075
Zmax - Zmin = 0.205 - 0.130 = 0.075

=>

tho

mn
* /M/ /4 v /n/ /4

c /4 = 0.05 => tho mn.

b) Xc nh lc t l
Lc dp ct hay t l vi chy ci c mt ct phng
c xc nh theo cng thc :
P = K.L.S. c ( kg)
k = 1,1 1,3 : H s tnh n s khng ng u v
chiu dy, tnh cht vt liu, mp ct b mn, ch to v
lp ghp khun khng chnh xc.
L : Chu vi vng dp ct hay t l.
S : Chiu dy vt liu.
c = ng lc ct ca vt liu.
L = D.= 7,5.3,14 = 23,56 mm.

S = 2 mm.
Tra bng 14 - 15 trang 50,51 (Cng ngh dp ngui - Tn
Yn - 1974)
C: c = 50 Kg/mm2
P = 1,2 . 23,56.2.50 = 2827,43 kg =2,827 T
c/ iu kin bn nn ca chy l
n = P/ F [n ]
n : ng sut nn chy
P : Lc dp cn thit
F : Din tch tit din nh nht ca chy
F = D
4

= 4,42 cm

[n ] : ng sut nn cho php ca vt liu ch to chy

n = 2827,43 / 4,42 = 63,9 ( kg/cm2)
Thp Y8A ti t 58 -62 HRC - [n] = 5500 kg/ cm2
Vy n < [n ]
d/ iu kin bn un ca chy

n. P Pth
2 .E.J
4l 2

Trong

Pth

Do P

2 . E .J
4 . n .l 2

4 2 .E . J
4.n. P

n : H s an ton
i vi thp cha ti n = 4 5
i vi thp ti n = 2 3
Pth : Lc ti hn (kg)
P : Lc dp thc t
E : Mun n hi ca vt liu ch to chy (kg/cm 2)
J : mmen qun tnh ca tit din ( cm4)
l : Chiu di ca chy phn t do (cm)
Trng hp c dn hng
Pth

2 2 . E . J

l2

do

Mum n hica vt liu Y8A l :

E = 2150000 kg/cm2
mmen qun tnh i vi trc X

.E.J
n. P

Jx = .r4/4 = 3,14 .0,754/4 = 0,25 cm4

Pth. x

2. 2 .E.J x 2.3,14 2.2150000.0,25

11788,7 kg
l2
30 2

Ly h s an ton n = 3
Pth/n = 11788,7/3 = 3929,56 kg
Lc t P = 2827,46 kg
Vy

P < Pth /n

e/ Ci c nghim bn theo iu kin chu nn v chu un

trong chu un l c bn.
iu kin bn ca ci l:
n [n ]
Trng hp ci hnh trn bn knh r t trn tm m
trn r0
iu kin bn
n

1,5.P
2r
. 1
3r0
H 2

1,5 .2827,43
2.7,5
1

2
3.12
40

1,5.P
[ n ]

-> [n ] =

1,55 kg / cm 2

1,5.P
H2

-> [n ] =

1,5 . 2827,43
2,65 kg / cm 2
40 2

->Vy n < [n ]
II.2t l 12
Tra bng dung sai kch thc t l (Cng ngh dp ngui
- L Vn Thim - 1966) vi kch thc v dy 2mm ta c
=+0,2.
Tra bng 2 trang 35 (Cng ngh dp ngui - L Vn Thim 1966)vi chiu dy 2mm ta c:
Zmin =0.130 Zmax =0.205
M=0.050

n=0.025

Kch thc ca sn phm l 120,2. Khi t l kch thc v

dung sai ca l l cn c thnh lp vng lm vic ca
chy. Ci ly theo chy sao cho khe h trong khong Z min Zmax.
a) Xc nh kch thc c bn ca chy v ci :
Kch thc v dung sai ca chy
Dch =(ddn + )-n Dch = (12 + 0.2)-0.025
Dch = 12,2-0.025
Kch thc v dung sai ca ci l:

Dc =(ddn + + Zmin)+M Dch = (12,2 + 0.130)+0,050

Dc = 12,33+0.050
iu kin :
* /M/ + /n/ Zmax - Zmin
c /M/ + /n/ = 0.050 + 0.025 = 0.075
Zmax - Zmin = 0.205 - 0.130 = 0.075

=>

tho

mn
* /M/ /4 v /n/ /4
c /4 = 0.05 => tho mn.
b) Xc nh lc t l
Lc dp ct hay t l vi chy ci c mt ct phng
c xc nh theo cng thc :
P = K.L.S. c ( kg)
k = 1,1 1,3 : H s tnh n s khng ng u v
chiu dy, tnh cht vt liu, mp ct b mn, ch to v
lp ghp khun khng chnh xc.
L : Chu vi vng dp ct hay t l.
S : Chiu dy vt liu.

c = ng lc ct ca vt liu.
L = D.= 12.3,14 = 37,7 mm.
S = 2 mm.
Tra bng 14 - 15 trang 50,51 (Cng ngh dp ngui - Tn
Yn - 1974)
C: c = 50 Kg/mm2
P = 1,2 . 37,7.2.50 = 4524 kg =4,5 T
c/ iu kin bn nn ca chy l
n = P/ F [n ]
n : ng sut nn chy
P : Lc dp cn thit
F : Din tch tit din nh nht ca chy
F = D
4

= 113,1 cm

[n ] : ng sut nn cho php ca vt liu ch to chy

n = 4524/ 113,1 = 40 ( kg/cm2)
Thp Y8A ti t 58 -62 HRC - [n] = 5500 kg/ cm2

Vy n < [n ]
d/ iu kin bn un ca chy
n. P Pth
2 .E.J

4l 2

Trong

Pth

Do P

2 . E .J
4 . n .l 2

4 2 .E . J
4.n. P

n : H s an ton
i vi thp cha ti n = 4 5
i vi thp ti n = 2 3
Pth : Lc ti hn (kg)
P : Lc dp thc t
E : Mun n hi ca vt liu ch to chy (kg/cm 2)
J : mmen qun tnh ca tit din ( cm4)
l : Chiu di ca chy phn t do (cm)
Trng hp c dn hng
Pth

2 2 . E . J
l2

do

.E.J
n. P

Mum n hica vt liu Y8A l :

E = 2150000 kg/cm2
mmen qun tnh i vi trc X
Jx = .r4/4 = 3,14 .1,24/4 = 1,63 cm4
Pth. x

2. 2 .E.J x 2.3,14 2.2150000.1,63

19215,6kg
l2
60 2

Ly h s an ton n = 3
Pth/n = 19215,6/3 = 6405,2 kg
Lc t P = 4524 kg
Vy

P < Pth /n

e/ Ci c nghim bn theo iu kin chu nn v chu un

trong chu un l c bn.
iu kin bn ca ci l:
n [n ]
Trng hp ci hnh vung t trn tm m ch nht a
.b
iu kin bn
n

1,5.P
2r
. 1
2
H
3r0

1,5 .4524
2.12
1

2
3.16
40

1,5.P
[ n ]

-> [n ] =

2,12 kg / cm 2

-> [n ] =

1,5.P
H2

1,5 . 4524
4,24 kg / cm 2
40 2

->Vy n < [n ]
II.3t l 4,5
Tra bng dung sai kch thc t l (Cng ngh dp ngui
- L Vn Thim - 1966) vi kch thc v dy 2mm ta c
=+0,2.
Tra bng 2 trang 35 (Cng ngh dp ngui - L Vn Thim 1966)vi chiu dy 2mm ta c:
Zmin =0.130
M=0.050

Zmax =0.205
n=0.025

Kch thc ca sn phm l 4,50,2. Khi t l kch thc v

dung sai ca l l cn c thnh lp vng lm vic ca
chy. Ci ly theo chy sao cho khe h trong khong Z min Zmax.
a) Xc nh kch thc c bn ca chy v ci :
Kch thc v dung sai ca chy

Dch =(ddn + )-n Dch = (4,5 + 0.2)-0.025

Dch = 4,7-0.025
Kch thc v dung sai ca ci l:
Dc =(ddn + + Zmin)+M Dch = (4,7 + 0.130)+0,050
Dc = 4,83+0.050
iu kin :
* /M/ + /n/ Zmax - Zmin
c /M/ + /n/ = 0.050 + 0.025 = 0.075
Zmax - Zmin = 0.205 - 0.130 = 0.075 => tho mn
* /M/ /4 v /n/ /4
c /4 = 0.05 => tho mn.
b) Xc nh lc t l
Lc dp ct hay t l vi chy ci c mt ct phng
c xc nh theo cng thc :
P = K.L.S. c ( kg)
k = 1,1 1,3 : H s tnh n s khng ng u v
chiu dy, tnh cht vt liu, mp ct b mn, ch to v
lp ghp khun khng chnh xc.

L : Chu vi vng dp ct hay t l.

S : Chiu dy vt liu.
c = ng lc ct ca vt liu.
L = D.= 4,5.3,14 = 14,14 mm.
S = 2 mm.
Tra bng 14 - 15 trang 50,51 (Cng ngh dp ngui - Tn
Yn - 1974)
C: c = 50 Kg/mm2
P = 1,2 . 14,14.2.50 = 1696,8 kg =1,7 T
c/ iu kin bn nn ca chy l
n = P/ F [n ]
n : ng sut nn chy
P : Lc dp cn thit
F : Din tch tit din nh nht ca chy
F = D
4

= 15,9cm

[n ] : ng sut nn cho php ca vt liu ch to chy

n = 1696,8/ 15,9 = 106,7 ( kg/cm2)

Thp Y8A ti t 58 -62 HRC - [n] = 5500 kg/ cm2
Vy n < [n ]
d/ iu kin bn un ca chy
n. P Pth
2 .E.J
4l 2

Trong

Pth

Do P

2 . E .J
4 . n .l 2

4 2 .E . J
4.n. P

n : H s an ton
i vi thp cha ti n = 4 5
i vi thp ti n = 2 3
Pth : Lc ti hn (kg)
P : Lc dp thc t
E : Mun n hi ca vt liu ch to chy (kg/cm 2)
J : mmen qun tnh ca tit din ( cm4)
l : Chiu di ca chy phn t do (cm)
Trng hp c dn hng

Pth

2 2 . E . J
l2

do

.E.J
n. P

Mum n hica vt liu Y8A l :

E = 2150000 kg/cm2
mmen qun tnh i vi trc X
Jx = .r4/4 = 3,14 .0,454/4 = 0,03 cm4
Pth. x

2. 2 .E.J x 2.3,14 2.2150000.0,03

5658,6kg
l2
152

Ly h s an ton n = 3
Pth/n = 5658,6/3 = 1886,2 kg
Lc t P = 1696,8 kg
Vy

P < Pth /n

e/ Ci c nghim bn theo iu kin chu nn v chu un

trong chu un l c bn.
iu kin bn ca ci l:
n [n ]
Trng hp ci hnh vung t trn tm m ch nht a
.b
iu kin bn

1,5.P
2r
. 1
2
H
3r0

1,5 .1696,8
2.4,5
1

2
3 .9
20

1,5.P
[ n ]

-> [n ] =

3,18 kg / cm 2

-> [n ] =

1,5.P
H2

1,5 .1696,8
6,36 kg / cm 2
20 2

->Vy n < [n ]
II.4 Lc ct thc t.
Ta c 30 chy cng ct mt lc nn:
Lc ct thc t l:
P= 6.P1 + 6P2 + 18P3
= 2827,43.6 + 4524.6 + 1696,8.18 = 74650,1 kg
II.5 Lc cn thit tng nguyn vt liu ra khi
ci
Pnp=Knp.Pt.n
Trong : Knp : h s ph thuc vo t s gia P np v Pt khi
y sn phm t trn xung , ly Knp=0.07
Pt : tng p lc ct t

n : s chi tit c trong ci n=h/S =2

Pnp=0.07.74650,1.2 10451 (kg)
II.6. Lc cn thit g sn phm ra khi chy
c tnh theo cng thc : Pch=Kch.Pt
Trong : Kch:h s xc nh ph thuc loi khun v chiu
dy nguyn vt liu.
Tra bng vi S=2mm v ct bng mt chy ta c Kch=0.03
Pch=0.03.74650,1 2239,5(kg)
II.7.Tnh l xo gi chi tit trong khi dp v y
sn phm ra khi chy
y ta s dng 4 l xo kt hp vi 4 cht y:
Lng co tng cng ca l xo gm:
-lng co ca l xo trong hnh trnh lm vic F1=10mm
-lng d p ca l xo khi mi lp F2=(0.30.5)*F1=4mm
- h an ton gia cc vng F3=0.15(F1 + F2)=2 mm
Vy F = F1+ F2+ F3 = 10 + 4 + 2 = 16
Lc ca l xo cn c theo l thuyt Qnp

Do ta thit k 4 b con y cng l xo y nn lc l thuyt

l xo cn c : Qnp=1/4.Pch= 1/4.2239,5= 559,87 (kg)
Nhng trong thc t lc y ca l xo cn c :
P=1.15.Qnp= 1,15.559,87 = 643,86 (kg)
Tnh ton kch thc ca l xo:
Lc n hi ca l xo c tnh

theo

.d 3
max
8.Dcp

8.P.Dcp

. max d

cng thc :

iu kin Dcp/d 4 ta chn Dcp/d =

4

Dcp

Trong :
P : lc n hi thc t ca l xo
cn c
d : ng knh dy lm l xo
Dcp: ng knh l xo
max : ng sut ct cho php ln nht ca thp lm l xo,
y ta chn thp

6C2A c max = 137.6 (kg/mm2)

d

8.P.Dcp

. max d

8 * 643,86 * 4
*137,6

=6,9 (mm), chn d =7 mm

=> Dcp = 4*d = 28 mm.

Lng co ti a ca mi vng tnh theo cng thc :
.Dcp
.28 2
f
max = 8000.7 137.6 =6,05 (mm)
G.d
2

G : modun trt ly 8000 kg/mm2

S vng ca l xo
n

F 16

f
6

= 3 , thc t s vng ti thiu phi ly

nt= n + (1.52) = 5 vng

khong cch mi vng S = d + f = 6 + 7 = 13 mm
Chiu cao ca l xo
H = S.nt + (1.5 2).d = 13.5 + (1.52).7 = 79 mm
Chiu di ca dy l xo
L = .Dcp.nt=.28.5= 439,8 (mm)
II.7. Chn my

Lc dp ca my cn thit phi ln hn lc dp yu cu
Pm ( 1,25 1,3 ) P
Pm ( 1,25 1,3 ) 74650,1= 93,3 tn
Khi chn my: Chiu cao kn ca my ( khong cch t
mt bn my n mt di ca u trt v ca khun phi
ph hp v bt ng thc:
H - 5mm Hk H2 + 10mm
Hoc c th theo iu kin
H - 2/3 M Hk H - ( 0,1 0,3 )M
Trong
H : Chiu cao kn ln nht ca my.
H2 : Chiu cao kn nh nht ca my.
M : Khong cch iu chnh ca u trt my H2 = H-M
Kch thc bn my v u trt cn m bo cho g lp
v kp cht khun chc chn. Da vo cc cn c trn ta
chn my dp PU x60.
II.8. Vt liu ch to chy ci
i vi khun dp ct ny ta chn loi thp Y8A n l
thp cc bon c tnh thm ti tt, thp d gia cng sau khi

v ti c cng b mt cao, tnh chu mi mn tt dng

ch to chy ci dp ct, kch thc khun ln lm vic
nh, c th t ti 58 - 60 HRC.
II.9 Xc nh kch thc c bn ca ci,
Ta c: bmax = 12 HM=(0.5 0.25).b HM>15mm ly HM =
20mm
Ta c cmax = 206 => BM c + (2.5 4) HM = 320 mm

Kch thc c bn ca ci

II.8.Thit k cc chi tit c bn ca khun dp

Cung khun : 60 lp vp tm trn ca my dp di

120mm, phn ren M26 bt cht vo tm trn cung
khun. Cung khun c lm bng thp thng 45

Tm trn : 700 x 540 x 60

Tm chy: 320 x 50

Tm o chy : 320 x 20

Dn hng phi : 60 x 56,5

Tr dn hng : 60 x 206

Vt liu thp 45
Vt liu thp 45
Vt liu thp 45
Vt liu thp 45
Vt liu thp 20 ti -

58HRC

Bc dn hng : 60 x 60

Vt liu thp 20 ti -

58HRC

Tm di : 700 x 540 x 60

Cht nh v: Lm bng thp 45 c ti thm b mt.

Bu lng M24 + M18 lm bng vt liu CT5 ti t cng

Vt liu thp 45

50 52 HRC.

C chn phi : 90 x 150 x 50

Vt liu thp 45

Kt cu khun dp cho nguyn cng 3

II./ Nguyn cng 4 : t 6 l hnh ch nht 40 x 6 . Trong
dp ct nu ly phn vt liu ct ra th gi l ct hnh.
Nu b phn vt liu ct ra th gi l t l, nh vy y
l nguyn cng t l.
Xc nh kch thc lm vic v dung sai ch to chy
ci ca khun: t l x 6 tra bng dung sai kch thc t l
(Cng ngh dp ngui - L Vn Thim - 1966) vi kch thc v
dy 2mm ta c 1=+0,4. 2=+0,2.
Tra bng 2 trang 35 (Cng ngh dp ngui - L Vn Thim 1966)vi chiu dy 2mm ta c:
Zmin1 =0.090

Zmin2 =0.130

Zmax1 =0.240

Zmax2 =0.205

M1=0.100

M2=0.050

n1=0.050

n2=0.025

Kch thc ca sn phm l 400,4 x 60,2. Khi t l kch thc v dung sai ca l l cn c thnh lp vng lm vic

ca chy. Ci ly theo chy sao cho khe h trong khong Z min

Zmax.
a) Xc nh kch thc c bn ca chy v ci :
Kch thc v dung sai ca chy
Dch1 =(ddn1 + 1 )-n1 Dch1 = (60 + 0.4)-0.050
Dch1 = 60,4-0.050
Dch2 =(ddn2 + 2 )-n2 Dch2 = (6 + 0.2)-0.025
Dch2 = 6,2-0.025
Kch thc v dung sai ca ci l:
Dc 1=(ddn1 + 1 + Zmin1)+M1 Dch1 = (60,4 + 0.090)+0,100
Dc1 = 60,49+0.100
Dc 2=(ddn2 + 2 + Zmin2)+M2 Dch2 = (6,2 + 0,130)+0,050
Dc2 = 6,33+0.050
iu kin :
* /M/ + /n/ Zmax - Zmin
c /M1/ + /n1/ = 0.100 + 0.050 = 0.150

Zmax1 - Zmin1 = 0.240 - 0.090 = 0.150

=>

tho mn
c /M2/ + /n2/ = 0.050 + 0.025 = 0.075
Zmax2 - Zmin2 = 0.205 - 0.130 = 0.075

=>

tho mn
* /M/ /4 v /n/ /4
c 1/4 = 0.1 => tho mn.
c 2/4 = 0.05 => tho mn.
b) Xc nh lc t l
Lc dp ct hay t l vi chy ci c mt ct phng
c xc nh theo cng thc :
P = K.L.S. c ( kg)
k = 1,1 1,3 : H s tnh n s khng ng u v
chiu dy, tnh cht vt liu, mp ct b mn, ch to v
lp ghp khun khng chnh xc.
L : Chu vi vng dp ct hay t l.
S : Chiu dy vt liu.
c = ng lc ct ca vt liu.

L = 2.(60 + 6) = 132 mm.

S = 2 mm.
Tra bng 14 - 15 trang 50,51 (Cng ngh dp ngui - Tn
Yn - 1974)
C: c = 50 Kg/mm2
P = 1,2 . 132.2.50 = 15840 kg =15,8 T
Ta c 6 chy cng ct mt lc nn:
Lc ct thc t l: 6.P = 15840.6 = 95040 kg
c) Lc cn thit tng nguyn vt liu ra khi ci
Pnp=Knp.Pt.n
Trong : Knp : h s ph thuc vo t s gia P np v Pt khi
y sn phm t trn xung , ly Knp=0.07
Pt : tng p lc ct t
n : s chi tit c trong ci n=h/S =2
Pnp=0.07.95040.2 = 13305,6 (kg)

d) Lc cn thit g sn phm ra khi chy

c tnh theo cng thc : Pch=Kch.Pt

Trong : Kch:h s xc nh ph thuc loi khun v chiu

dy nguyn vt liu.
Tra bng vi S=2mm v ct bng mt chy ta c Kch=0.03
Pch=0.03.95040 = 2851,2 (kg)
e)Tnh l xo gi chi tit trong khi dp v y sn phm
ra khi chy
y ta s dng 4 l xo kt hp vi 4 cht y:
Lng co tng cng ca l xo gm:
-lng co ca l xo trong hnh trnh lm vic F1=10mm
-lng d p ca l xo khi mi lp F2=(0.30.5)*F1=4mm
- h an ton gia cc vng F3=0.15(F1 + F2)=2 mm
Vy F = F1+ F2+ F3 = 10 + 4 + 2 = 16
Lc ca l xo cn c theo l thuyt Qnp
Do ta thit k 4 b con y cng l xo y nn lc l thuyt
l xo cn c : Qnp=1/4.Pch= 1/4.2851,2 = 712,8 (kg)
Nhng trong thc t lc y ca l xo cn c :
P=1.15.Qnp= 1,15.712,8= 819,72 (kg)

Tnh ton kch thc ca l xo:

Lc n hi ca l xo c tnh
theo

cng thc :
d

8.P.Dcp

. max d

.d 3
max
8.Dcp

iu kin Dcp/d 4 ta chn Dcp/d =

4

Dcp

Trong :
P : lc n hi thc t ca l xo
cn c
d : ng knh dy lm l xo
Dcp: ng knh l xo
max : ng sut ct cho php ln nht
ca thp lm l xo, y ta chn thp
6C2A c max = 137.6 (kg/mm2)

8.P.Dcp

. max d

= d

8.819,72.4
=7,8 (mm), chn d = 8 mm
.137,6

=> Dcp = 4*d = 32 mm.

Lng co ti a ca mi vng tnh theo cng thc :

.Dcp
G.d

.322
137.6 = 6,9 (mm)
max =
8000.8

G : modun trt ly 8000 kg/mm2

S vng ca l xo

F 16

= 2, thc t s vng ti thiu phi ly

f
7

nt= n + (1.52) = 4 vng

khong cch mi vng S = d + f = 8 + 7 = 15 mm
Chiu cao ca l xo
H = S.nt + (1.5 2).d = 15.4 + (1.52).8 = 76 mm
Chiu di ca dy l xo
L = .Dcp.nt=.32.4 = 402,12 (mm)
f) Chn my
Lc dp ca my cn thit phi ln hn lc dp yu cu
Pm ( 1,25 1,3 ) P

Pm ( 1,25 1,3 ) 95040 = 118,8 tn

Khi chn my: Chiu cao kn ca my ( khong cch t
mt bn my n mt di ca u trt v ca khun phi
ph hp v bt ng thc:
H - 5mm Hk H2 + 10mm
Hoc c th theo iu kin
H - 2/3 M Hk H - ( 0,1 0,3 )M
Trong
H : Chiu cao kn ln nht ca my.
H2 : Chiu cao kn nh nht ca my.
M : Khong cch iu chnh ca u trt my H2 = H-M
Kch thc bn my v u trt cn m bo cho g lp
v kp cht khun chc chn. Da vo cc cn c trn ta
chn my dp PU x60.
g)Thit k cc chi tit c bn ca khun dp
Khun dp ny gm : Chy, ci, tm chy, tm ci,
tm chn phi, cung khun, tr bc dn hng, l xo t phi,
bu lng (Cc chi tit ny c thit k phn bn v)
*/ Vt liu ch to chy ci

i vi khun dp ct ny ta chn loi thp Y8A n l

thp cc bon c tnh thm ti tt, thp d gia cng sau khi
v ti c cng b mt cao, tnh chu mi mn tt dng
ch to chy ci dp ct, kch thc khun ln lm vic
nh, c th t ti 58 - 60 HRC.
*/ iu kin bn nn ca chy l
n = P/ F [n ]
n : ng sut nn chy
P : Lc dp cn thit
F : Din tch tit din nh nht ca chy
F = = 360cm
[n ] : ng sut nn cho php ca vt liu ch to chy
n = 95040/ 360 = 264 ( kg/cm2)
Thp Y8A ti t 58 -62 HRC - [n] = 5500 kg/ cm2
Vy n < [n ]
*/ iu kin bn un ca chy
n. P Pth
Trong

Pth

2 .E.J

4l 2

Do P

2 . E .J
4 . n .l 2

4 2 .E . J
4.n. P

n : H s an ton
i vi thp cha ti n = 4 5
i vi thp ti n = 2 3
Pth : Lc ti hn (kg)
P : Lc dp thc t
E : Mun n hi ca vt liu ch to chy (kg/cm 2)
J : mmen qun tnh ca tit din ( cm4)
l : Chiu di ca chy phn t do (cm)
Trng hp c dn hng
Pth

2 2 . E . J
l2

do

Mum n hica vt liu Y8A l :

E = 2150000 kg/cm2
Mmen qun tnh i vi trc x

6.0,63
Jx
0,108cm 4
12

.E.J
n. P

2. 2 .E.J x 2.3,142.2150000.0,108
Pth. x

289653kg
l2
302
Ly h s an ton n =3
Pth /n = 289653/ 3 = 96551 kg
Vy P < Pth /n
i vi trc y
Jy = 0.6 . 63 /12 = 10,8 cm4

2 2 . E . J y
2 2 . 2150000 . 10,8
Pth

509271 kg
l2
302

Pth
509271

169757 kg
n
3
Vy P < Pth.y / n
*/ Xc nh kch thc c bn ca ci,
Ta c: b = 60 HM=(0.5 0.25).b HM>15mm ly HM =
20mm
Ta c c = 250 => BM c + (2.5 4) HM = 380 mm

Kch thc c bn ca ci
*/ Ci c nghim bn theo iu kin chu nn v
chu un trong chu un l c bn. iu kin bn ca ci
l:
n [n ]
Trng hp ci hnh vung t trn tm m ch nht a
.b
iu kin bn
n

1,5.P
2r
. 1
2
H
3r0

1,5 .95040
2.60

2
40
3.62

1,5.P
[ n ]

-> [n ] =

-> [n ] =

1,5 . 95040
402

31,6

kg / cm 2

1,5.P
H2

89,1 kg / cm 2

->Vy n < [n ]
*Cc chi tit khc:Cung khun : 60 lp vp tm trn
ca my dp di 120mm, phn ren M26 bt cht vo tm
trn cung khun. Cung khun c lm bng thp thng
45

Tm trn : 700 x 540 x 60

Tm chy: 380 x 60

Tm o chy : 380 x 20

Dn hng phi : 60 x 56

Vt liu thp 45

Tr dn hng : 60 x 245

Vt liu thp 20 ti -

Vt liu thp 45
Vt liu thp 45
Vt liu thp 45

58HRC

Bc dn hng : 60 x 60

Vt liu thp 20 ti -

58HRC

Tm di : 700 x 540 x 60

Cht nh v: Lm bng thp 45 c ti thm b mt.

Bu lng M24 + M18 lm bng vt liu CT5 ti t cng

Vt liu thp 45

50 52 HRC.

C chn phi : 90 x 150 x 50

Vt liu thp 45

Kt cu khun dp khe 60x6

II./ Nguyn cng 8 : Dp ct a trn 229. Trong dp
ct nu ly phn vt liu ct ra th gi l ct hnh. Nu
b phn vt liu ct ra th gi l t l, nh vy y l
nguyn cng ct hnh.
Xc nh kch thc lm vic v dung sai ch to chy ci ca
khun: Ct hnh a trn 229 tra bng dung sai kch thc
t l Cng ngh dp ngui vi kch thc v dy 2mm ta c
=+0,6.
Tra bng 2 trang 35 Cng ngh dp ngui vi chiu dy 2mm
ta c:
Zmin =0.070
M=0.12

Zmax =0.255
n=0.065

Kch thc ca sn phm l 2290,6. Khi t l kch thc v

dung sai ca l l cn c thnh lp vng lm vic ca
chy. Ci ly theo chy sao cho khe h trong khong Z min Zmax.

a) Xc nh kch thc c bn ca chy v ci :

Kch thc v dung sai ca chy
Dch =(ddn - - Zmin)-n Dch = (229 - 0.6 - 0.07)-0.065
Dch = 228,33-0.065
Kch thc v dung sai ca ci l:
Dc =(ddn - )+M Dch = (229 - 0.6)+0,12
Dc = 228, 4+0.12
iu kin :
* /M/ + /n/ Zmax - Zmin a
c /M/ + /n/ = 0.12 + 0.065 = 0.185
Zmax - Zmin = 0.225 - 0.07 = 0.185

=>

tho

mn
* /M/ < /4 v /n/ < /4
c /4 = 0.15 => tho mn.
b) Xc nh lc ct hnh v t l
Lc dp ct hay t l vi chy ci c mt ct phng
c xc nh theo cng thc :

P = K.L.S. c ( kg)
k = 1,1 1,3 : H s tnh n s khng ng u v
chiu dy, tnh cht vt liu, mp ct b mn, ch to v
lp ghp khun khng chnh xc.
L : Chu vi vng dp ct hay t l.
S : Chiu dy vt liu.
c = ng lc ct ca vt liu.
L = D.= 229.3,14 = 719,06 mm.
S = 2 mm.
Tra bng 14 - 15 trang 50,51 (Cng ngh dp ngui - Tn
Yn - 1974)
C: c = 50 Kg/mm2
P = 1,2 . 719,06.2.50 = 86287,2 kg =86,3 T
c) Lc cn thit tng sn phm ra khi ci
Pnp=Knp.Pt.n
Trong : Knp : h s ph thuc vo t s gia P np v Pt khi
y sn phm t trn xung , ly Knp=0.07
Pt : tng p lc ct t

n : s chi tit c trong ci n=h/S =2

Pnp=0.07*86287,2*2 12080,21 (kg)

d) Lc cn thit g nguyn vt liu ra khi chy

c tnh theo cng thc : Pch=Kch.Pt
Trong : Kch:h s xc nh ph thuc loi khun v chiu
dy nguyn vt liu.
Tra bng vi S=2mm v ct bng mt chy ta c
Kch=0.060.08, ta chn Kch=0.03 (Bmh 21 trang 59 Cng
ngh dp ngui - Tn Yn - 1977)
Pch=0.03*86287,2 2588,6(kg)
e)Tnh l xo gi chi tit trong khi dp v y sn phm
ra khi chy
y ta s dng 4 l xo kt hp vi 4 cht y:
Lng co tng cng ca l xo gm:
-lng co ca l xo trong hnh trnh lm vic F1=10mm
-lng d p ca l xo khi mi lp F2=(0.30.5)*F1=4mm
- h an ton gia cc vng F3=0.15(F1 + F2)=2 mm

Vy F = F1+ F2+ F3 = 10 + 4 + 2 = 16
Lc ca l xo cn c theo l thuyt Qnp
Do ta thit k 4 b con y cng l xo y nn lc l thuyt
l xo cn c : Qnp=1/4*Pch= 1/4*2588,6 =647,15 (kg)
Nhng trong thc t lc y ca l xo cn c :
P=1.15*Qnp 1,15*647,5 = 744,23 (kg)
Tnh ton kch thc ca l xo:
Lc n hi ca l xo c tnh

theo

.d 3
max
8.Dcp

8.P.Dcp

. max d

cng thc :

iu kin Dcp/d 4 ta chn Dcp/d =

4
Trong :
P : lc n hi thc t ca l xo
cn c
d : ng knh dy lm l xo
Dcp: ng knh l xo

Dcp

max : ng sut ct cho php ln nht

ca thp lm l xo, y ta chn thp
6C2A c max = 137.6 (kg/mm2)
d

8.P.Dcp

. max d

8 * 744,23 * 4
*137,6

=7,4 (mm), chn d = 7 mm

=> Dcp = 4*d = 28 mm.

Lng co ti a ca mi vng tnh theo cng thc :
f

.Dcp

G.d

max =

.28 2
8000.7

137.6

=6,05(mm)

G : modun trt ly 8000 kg/mm2

S vng ca l xo
n

F 16

f
6

=3 , thc t s vng ti thiu phi ly

nt= n + (1.52) = 5 vng

khong cch mi vng S = d + f = 6 + 7 = 13 mm
Chiu cao ca l xo
H = S.nt + (1.5 2).d = 13.5 + (1.52).7 = 80 mm
Chiu di ca dy l xo

L = .Dcp.nt = .28.5 = 439,8 (mm)

f) Chn my
Lc dp ca my cn thit phi ln hn lc dp yu cu
Pm ( 1,25 1,3 ) P
Pm ( 1,25 1,3 ) 60401,04 = 75,5 tn
Khi chn my: Chiu cao kn ca my ( khong cch t
mt bn my n mt di ca u trt v ca khun phi
ph hp v bt ng thc:
H - 5mm Hk H2 + 10mm
Hoc c th theo iu kin
H - 2/3 M Hk H - ( 0,1 0,3 )M
Trong
H : Chiu cao kn ln nht ca my.
H2 : Chiu cao kn nh nht ca my.
M : Khong cch iu chnh ca u trt my H2 = H-M
Kch thc bn my v u trt cn m bo cho g lp
v kp cht khun chc chn. Da vo cc cn c trn ta
chn my dp PU x60.

g)Thit k cc chi tit c bn ca khun dp

Khun dp ny gm : Chy, ci, tm chy, tm ci,
tm chn phi, cung khun, tr bc dn hng, l xo t phi,
bu lng ( Cc chi tit ny c thit k phn bn v)
*/ Vt liu ch to chy ci
i vi khun dp ct ny ta chn loi thp Y8A n l
thp cc bon c tnh thm ti tt, thp d gia cng sau khi
v ti c cng b mt cao, tnh chu mi mn tt dng
ch to chy ci dp ct, kch thc khun ln lm vic
nh, c th t ti 58 - 60 HRC.
*/ iu kin bn nn ca chy l
n = P/ F [n ]
n : ng sut nn chy
P : Lc dp cn thit
F : Din tch tit din nh nht ca chy
F = D
4

= 411,87 cm

[n ] : ng sut nn cho php ca vt liu ch to chy

n = 86287,2 / 411,87 = 209,5 ( kg/cm2)

Thp Y8A ti t 58 -62 HRC - [n] = 5500 kg/ cm2

Vy n < [n ]
*/ iu kin bn un ca chy
n. P Pth
2 .E.J
4l 2

Trong

Pth

Do P

2 . E .J
4 . n .l 2

4 2 .E . J
4.n. P

n : H s an ton
i vi thp cha ti n = 4 5
i vi thp ti n = 2 3
Pth : Lc ti hn (kg)
P : Lc dp thc t
E : Mun n hi ca vt liu ch to chy (kg/cm 2)
J : mmen qun tnh ca tit din ( cm4)
l : Chiu di ca chy phn t do (cm)
Trng hp c dn hng

Pth

2 2 . E . J
l2

do

.E.J
n. P

Mum n hica vt liu Y8A l :

E = 2150000 kg/cm2
mmen qun tnh i vi trc X
Jx = .r4/4 = 3,14 .11,454/4 = 13499,3 cm4
Pth. x

2. 2 .E.J x 2.3,14 2.2150000.13499,3

70728497,3kg
l2
90 2

Ly h s an ton n=3
Pth/n = 70728497,3/3 = 23576165,76 kg
Lc t P = 86287,2 kg
Vy

P < Pth /n

*/ Xc nh kch thc c bn ca ci,

Vi b=229 HM=(0.5 0.25).b HM>15mm ly
HM=60mm
BM b+(2.5 4) HM=360mm

HM

b
BM

Hnh 1.2: Kch thc c bn ca ci

*/ Ci c nghim bn theo iu kin chu nn v
chu un trong chu un l c bn. iu kin bn ca ci
l:
n [n ]
Trng hp ci hnh vung t trn tm m ch nht a
.b
iu kin bn
n

1,5.P
2r
. 1
2
3r0
H

1,5 .86287,2
2.114,5
1

2
3.130
60

1,5.P
[ n ]

-> [n ] =

-> [n ] =

14,84 kg / cm 2

1,5.P
H2

1,5 . 86287,2
35,953 kg / cm 2
60 2

->Vy n < [n ]
*Cc chi tit khc:

Cung khun : 90 lp vp tm trn ca my dp di

160mm, phn ren M36 bt cht vo tm trn cung
khun. Cung khun c lm bng thp thng 45

Tm trn : 700 x 540 x 60

Tm chy: 360 x 90

Tm o chy : 360 x 60

Dn hng phi : 60 x 44

Vt liu thp 45

Tr dn hng : 60 x 333

Vt liu thp 20 ti -

Vt liu thp 45
Vt liu thp 45
Vt liu thp 45

58HRC

Bc dn hng : 60 x 60

Vt liu thp 20 ti -

58HRC

Tm di : 700 x 540 x 60

Cht nh v: Lm bng thp 45 c ti thm b mt.

Bu lng M24 + M18 lm bng vt liu CT5 ti t cng

Vt liu thp 45

50 52 HRC.

C chn phi : 90 x 150 x 50

Vt liu thp 45

Kt cu khun dp a 229

1.2.3. Ch nhit luyn thp khun dp

Ch ti thp khun dp c quy nh theo bng
sau:
Tn

Nhit

thp

nung 0C

Y10

800 810

Y11

810 820

Y12

820 830

11X

820 830

XBP

830 845
840 850

XBCP

860 875
870 880
870 880

iu kin lm ngui

cng
HRC

Nc ho tan mui ( 10%

60

NaCl)

63

nt

60

63
Du ( 30 50o )

58

62
Dim tiu 150170o, khng

58

kh

62

Du

60

62
Dim tiu 150170o, khng

59

kh

62

Du

60

62
Khng kh thi ( gi)

58

61
Dim tiu 150170o, khng

59

kh

62

930

X12

Du ( 3050o )

60

1030

X12M

X121

63

1000

nt

59

1030

62

1020

nt

59

1050

61

950 970

X6B

nt

59

61

Ch ram sau khi ti quy nh theo yu cu v

rn, i vi cc loi thp lm chy, ci trnh by trong bng
sau

Thp

Nhit ram oc

cng HRC

Thp cacbon

160 170

60 62

180 210

59 60

160 170

60 62

180 210

59 60

160 170

59 60

Thp

hp

kim

thp

Thp thm ti
cao

Thp thm ti
rt cao
X12M

230 250

57 58

X6B

280 300

57

X121

390 400

57

7XP2BM

200 220

60

S dng khun dp
S dng ng khun dp m bo thi gian mi mn
quy nh v khc phc c cc trng hp h hng. Do cn
phi theo di c h thng khun dp lm vic, sa cha v
bn ca n.
Mun vy cn phi c trong nh my v trong phn xng h thng t chc bo qun v kho khun dp, y
cho php tin hng kim tra trng thi ca khun v theo di
khun dp lm vic qua tt c cc giai on s dng ca n,
trc khi lp khun ln my, cn phi kim tra trng thi ca
my.
1. Kim tra trng thi ca my p
chnh xc v tui bn ca khun dp ph thuc
nhiu vo trng thi ca my p. c bit quan trng l:
song song ca mt bn vi mt di ca u trt

 vung gc ca hng chuyn ng ca u trt vi

mt bn my
song song ca trc l lp chui khun vi hng
chuyn ng ca u trt
sai lch cho php v cc ch tiu c quy nh
trong s thuyt minh ca my
2. Phng php kim tra v chnh xc ca my nh
sau
song song ca mt di cu trt v mt bn my
ng h o t trn mt tm phng dng kim tra,
t trn bn my. u kim t cho tip xc vi mt di ca
u trt, y ng h i li theo 2 hng vung gc. sai
lch biu th trn mt ng h o
vung gc ca hung chuyn ng ca u trt vi
mt bn my
Trn mt bn my t tm phng kim tra, trn
t ke kim tra. ng h o c kp cht di u trt sao
cho u kim o tip xc vi mt thng ng ca ke. Cho
u trt my xung v ln t t, kim tra theo 2 hng vung
gc v tr trn v di ca u trt. sai lch xc nh trn
mt ng h o

 song song ca trc l lp chui vi hng chuyn ng

ca u trt.
Trong l ca u trtkp cht mt thanh hnh tr. Trn
bn my t tm kim tra trn t ng h o, sao
cho u kim tip xc vi thanh hnh tr. Cho u trt ln v
xung t t, kim tra theo 2 hng vung gc. sai lch xc
nh trn ng h o v tr trn v di ca u trt.
3. Lp khun dp ln my.
Lp khun khng chnh xc c th dn n lm hng
khun dp hay my p, gy nn ph phm khi dp v chng
lm mn cc b phn lm vic ca khun dp, bi vy khi lp
khun ln my cn phi theo ng cc yu cu sau:
Ch lp khun trn my c quy nh trong quy
trnh cng ngh.
Ch lp khun trn my c chiu cao kn (khong
cch t mt bn my n mt di u trt khi n im
thp nht v c iu chnh ln trn cng) ln hn chiu cao
kn ca khun.
Khi lp khun trn bn my khng c dng c v
mt bn my phi sch.
Trc khi lp khun lm vic c b phn p bng l xo,
cao sau hay kh nn th phi kim tra phn lp trc l xo vi

tm m, chiu cao cc cht y ln phi bng nhau v v

tr cn i ca l xo vi trc ca n. Ngoi ra phi kim tra
chiu di ca l xo c

ph hp vi tnh cht cng vic hay

khng.
Phi kim tra s liu v lau chi khun trc khi lp.
Khi lp cc khun ct t cn phi iu chnh sao
cho phn chy i vo trong ci tng ng vi chiu dy vt
liu, nhng khng nh hn 0,5mm. i vi cc khun dp vut
m sn phm c gt xung di khun th phn chy i qua
cc chu gt phi ln hn chiu cao sn phm t 1- 2mm. Nu
sn phm c y ln pha trn ming ci th phn chy i
vo trong lng ci bng chiu cao ca sn phm.
i vi cc khun un v to hnh c l phng th phi
iu chnh u trt my im thp nht, sao cho chy v
ci va tip xc vi vt liu gia cng.
Khi lp cc khun khng c b phn dn hng th tin
hnh lp chy ln u trt my trc, sau iu chnh ci
theo chy m bo khe h ng u gia chy v ci.
Sau khi lp phi kim tra khe h v tin hnh dp th.
Lp cc khun khng c b phn dn hng lm ko di
thi gian lp khun ln my.
Khi lp khun c b phn dn hng, tin hnh kp
cht phn trn ca khun vi u trt my v phn di vi bn

my, sau cho my chy khng qua mt vi ln, kim tra s

lm vic ca b phn dn hng. Nu pht hin thy lm vic
khng tt, v d c s c st gia tr v bc dn hng th phi
ni lng c kp cht phn di ca khun, tip tc cho my
chy khng qua hai ba ln ri xit cht cc c kp.
Sau khi lp khun, trc khi dp hng lot phi tin
hnh dp th. Kim tra cc vt dp u tin, nu thy hp
quy cch mi bt u sn xut hng lot. S kp cht khun
dp ln my c nh hng n bn ca khun v m
bo an ton khi khun lm vic, bi vy cn c nhng g
chuyn dng kp cht khun dp.
4. bn khun dp.
bn khun dp c xc nh theo s ln dp t u
cho n khi sa cha khun hay gia hai ln sa cha,
hoc tnh theo s ln dp cho n khi khun b mi mn
hon ton . bn ca khun dp ph thuc vo:
Loi v tnh cht c hc ca vt liu dp
Hnh dng vt dp
Hnh thc khun v chnh xc ca kt cu khun
Vt liu lm khun v ch nhit luyn
Trng thi my dp

 iu kin s dng khun dp (lp khun, bo qun

khun v bi trn).
S lng sn phm dp ( S ln dp ).
bn trung bnh cc phn lm vic ca khun dp cho
n khi b mn hon ton c trnh by trong bng di.
bn cc phn lm vic ca khun dp c th c
nng cao bng cc phng php gia cng ho, nhit luyn, ti
cao tn v m cng, thng thng l m crm.
i vi cc nguyn cng ho nhit luyn bao gm: Thm
cacbon, nit ho, v xialuya ho.
Ho nhit luyn nhm lm tng bn cc chi tit ca
khun dp chu mi mn, lm tng cng b mt trong
khi phn kim loi bn trong do dai.
Bng1.1: bn trung bnh cc phn lm vic ca khun
dp
cho n khi b mi mn hon ton

Kiu khun

Ct hnh (c tr dn hng)

Chiu dy
vt
liu
(mm)
0, 25
0,5
1,0
1,5

bn (tnh theo 1000 ln dp)

ph thuc vo vt liu ch to
Thp cacbon
Thp hp kim
(Y8A,Y10A)
(
X12M,
X121)
700 1000
1100 1400
500 700
350 550

700 1000
550 800

2,0
3,0
6,0
n
n
n
n
n
-

t l
Un n gin
Un phc tp
Dp vut n gin
To hnh
Dp ni mt

250 450
250 400
150 300
150 250
900 1100
450 600
1200 1600
250 400
100 150

4
3
3
3
3

400 680
400 600
250 450
250 400
1400 1700
700 900
1800 2400
400 600
150 250

Bng1.2: bn trung bnh cc phn lm vic ca khun

dp gia
hai ln mi sa hay phc hi ( tnh theo 1000 ln dp )
Chiu dy vt liu , mm
Kiu

0,5 1

12

23

khun

Vt liu phn lm vic ca khun

34

46

Y10

X12

Y10

X12

Y10

X12

Y10

X12

Y10

X12

45

55

35

45

30

35

20

25

15

20

50

65

40

55

35

40

25

30

20

25

Ct

35

45

25

30

20

25

15

20

12

15

hnh

40

50

30

40

25

30

20

25

15

18

t l

40

35

30

22

18

Ct ri

45
Un

50

khng p

60

Unc p

40

40
-

To hnh

55
-

45
Dp vut

45

35

25

30

25
-

40
-

30

25

60

35

50

50

70

40

60

40

55

30

45

45

65

35

55

20

40
35
45

23

15

25
20
30

12
15

35
-

30
20

50
-

35
25

45

20

15
20

12
15

Chnh

25

30

22

27

20

25

hnh

30

40

27

35

25

32

20

15

12

Dp

ni

mt

30

20

20

28
-

15

10

15
20

12

81
0

M crm c dng lm tng bn ca cc chi tit khun

dp mi ch to, hoc phc hi cc chi tit ca khun dp
b mi mn, cc chi tit t thp cacbon
B dy ca lp m crm dao ng trong khong 2,5 5. Khi
phc hi cc chi tit b mi mn, b dy lp m c th ln
n 50 60
nhn b mt sau khi m crm, anh bng c th t ti
10 12.
5. Sa cha v bo qun khun dp
Sau qu trnh lm vic ca khun, ngi th dp ngui cn
phi xem xt khun v cn c vo tnh trng ca n m a
khun vo kho hay a i sa cha.
Sa cha khun nh ngi ta chia ra sa cha nh, va v ln
ph thuc vo d phc tp v khi lng cng vic sa cha.
Sa cha nh gm cc cng vic nh : mi mp ct
chy, ci ct t, nh bng, lm sch b mt chy ci dp
vut v un, hiu chnh li tr v bc dn hng b vnh. Thay
th n 25% cc chi tit ph v lm vic ca khun dp.
Sa cha va khi phi thay th t 25% n 50% cc
chi tit lm vic v ph ca khun dp.

 Sa cha ln khi phi thay th 75% cc chi tit ca

khun dp.
Khun dp sau khi sa cha cn phi tin hnh dp th.
Kim tra t 25 n 50 sn phm u tin xem c ph hp vi
bn v khng, bt c mt thay i no v kt cu khun
cng u phi da trn c s chng l bn v khun v phi
theo ng cc quy nh k thut trnh gy ph phm
cc phn xng dp ln, ngi ta t chc thnh trm sa cha
khun dp, ti y c b tr cc thit b ch to cc chi
tit ca khun dp, my p dp th v lp khun sau khi
sa cha.
Khun dp c ct gi mt ni ring, khng gn k bn
my p, trnh gy ln xn v tr lm vic, thu hp din
tch sn xut v kh khn t chc lao ng. Cc khun dp
nh v trung bnh c sp xp trn cc gi bng thp, cc
khun dp ln c t mt din tch ring. Mi mt khun
dp u c bin ghi r s hiu khun dp, sn phm dp,
nguyn cng v tn my p

2. Quy trnh cng ngh p vng ma st

2.1. Thnh phn t hp vt liu Compozit s dng p
vng ma st
Vi mc ch t c h s mi mn nh nht, h s
ma st tt qua nghin cu mt s ti v vt liu ma st

trong c ti nghin cu ng dng vt liu ma st trn

c s vt liu Compozit xy dng c mu t hp vt liu
p a ma st vi cc thnh phn nh sau:
Cht kt dnh l nha phenol fomandehyt v thnh
phn gm: (tnh theo % trng lng).
Thnh phn vt liu Copozit s dng p Vng ma
st
Phenol fomandehyt
Bt ng
nhm
Bt grafit
Si aming
Bt mu
Mn ca

bt

25 45
10
35
20 25
2
Cn li

Ngoi ra, cho khun khng b dnh trong qu trnh

p cn s dng thm 0,4% (tnh theo % trng lng) cht
chng dnh, bi trn, nha DOP.
Vic tng, gim liu lng ca nha phenol fomandehyt v
si aming tu thuc vo kinh nghim ca ngi ch to v yu
cu k thut ca vng ma st. Nu mun c cng cao, h
s ma st cao th tng t l si aming ln, ng thi ta cng
phi tng nha phenol fomandehyt ln v ngc li. Nu mun
vng ma st c mi mn cao hn th tng t l bt grafit
v ngc li.

Nhn chung v mt trng lng, vng ma st c p t

mu vt liu trn nh hn nhiu so vi ch to vng ma st
bng cc vt liu khc.
a ma st lm t mu vt liu trn c h s ma st cao
v m bo kh nng thay th a ma st lm bng
phra hoc kim loi x hin nay.
Mu vt liu ny u lm vic tt nhit cao, t b
nh hng ca cc mi trng hot ho nh du, m, axt...
Tnh c ca mu vt liu trn tt, quy trnh c n
gin khng i hi nhiu v mt k thut.
2.2. Chun b vt liu p
Sau khi c c t l pha trn ca vt liu ma st trn c
s kt qu ca cc th nghim cng nh cc yu cu ca vng
ma st ta chun b vt liu p theo cc bc sau:
- Bc 1: Cho hn hp nha, cht tng cng v cc ph gia
vo my trn u. Tc dng ca my trn l lm ng u
cc thnh phn ca vt liu ma st. C th dng cc loi my
c trc rnh xon accimet.
- Bc 2: Sau khi trn u cc thnh phn ca vt liu,
hn hp c ly ra em ln my cn, cn i cn li nhiu ln.

- Bc 3: Cho hn hp c cn k sy nhit 800C

nhm tch nc (tt nht sy bng gi nng) m bo kh
kit.
- Bc 4: Hn hp sau khi sy kh c a vo my nghin
thnh bt, ht nh mn.
- Bc 5: Cho hn hp bt nghin mn trn u vi bt
cao su.
- Bc 6: Sy tip mt ln na hn hp. Sau giai on ny
ta c hn hp p hon chnh.
2.3. Cng ngh p vng ma st
Sau khi chun b y vt liu p, qu trnh p
c thc hin trn my p thu lc. Trc khi g lp khun ln
my cn phi kim tra k tnh trng ca thit b, cc ch
lm vic, hnh trnh ln xung nhanh, chm ca bn v u
my. Ch lm vic ca l ra nhit, kim tra cc rle
khng ch nhit , h thng ng h bo p lc p nn.
Cho my hot ng th kim tra h thng bm, cc van
iu tit du, m bo lm vic tt v n nh. B sung
du p, chun b cc trang thit b ph, cc c cu kp,
nh v khun ci y . Sau khi kim tra my xong tin
hnh g kp chy v o bt ln my. m bo chc chn,
cng vng trong sut qu trnh lm vic, kim tra ng
tm ca chy v o bt, trnh khng b lch gy
st m, ph hng khun ci v h thng dn hng, nh v.

Cn chnh c cu ly sn phm ra khi khun hot ng nh

nhnh v chnh xc.

Qu trnh p vng ma st c tin hnh theo

trnh t sau:
- Bc 1: vt liu p vo khun, vic xc nh chnh
xc lng vt liu vo khun l ht sc cn thit. N gip
sn phm sau khi c p khng sinh tha, d dng tho d
sn phm ra khi khun. Ngc li nu tha vt liu p, sn
phm c in y nha, li lm khng m bo cht lng.
Vic nh lng c th vt liu cn c nhiu kinh nghim ca
th vn hnh kt hp vi p th nghim mt vi chi tit qua
ta s c c khi lng vt liu p chnh xc cho mt chi
tit. y ta ly th tch vt liu p gp 6 ln th tch ca
sn phm
- Bc 2: Sau khi cho y khi lng vt liu p vo
khun ta cho u my c lp chy p t t i xung p trc
tip vo hn hp trong lng o bt. L ra nhit c m
cp nhit cho ton b khun ci. Khng ch nhit
khong 1500C, tng dn lc p t 200 kg/cm2 (200 bar).

- Bc 3: Duy tr lc p v nhit trong khong thi

gian t 35 40 pht. y l khong thi gian cn thit
vt liu ng rn hon ton. L cung cp nhit c tt. Cho
u my mang chy p t t i ln. Vn hnh c cu y
sn phm cng vi ci ln v ly sn phm ra.
- Bc 4: V sinh sch s ton b khun ci, sau tip
tc quy trnh p sn phm tip theo.

2.4. Khun mu p
Khun p vng ma st Compozit l khun kim loi c
ch to trn cc my cng c chuyn dng. Khun p gm cc
b phn chnh sau:

1.o bt 2. Chy p 3.Chy p

4.Ci p 5.Vt M6 6. Cn p 7.Vng ma st 8. Vt M3

- Ci khun: c ch to bng thp C45, sau ch to tin

hnh nhit luyn t cng 38 42 HRC. Phn lng ci c nh bng 7 8, ci c hnh dng, kch thc ging mt

di ca vng ma st. Ton b phn ci c lp lng trong lng

o bt v khi vn hnh c cu y sn phm, ci khun
cng vi sn phm c y ln. Ci khun c kch thc v
dung sai nh hnh v.

Bn v ci p
- o bt: l phn cha vt liu p sn phm v ng
gp mt phn trong qu trnh to hnh sn phm. o bt

c lp ghp st trt vi ci khun v c c nh trn bn

my p nh 2 bu lng M10 bt vo rnh trn o bt.
o bt c ghp li t cc tm thp c vt liu l thp
C45. Sau ch to c nhit luyn t cng 38 42 HRC.
Ton b phn lng o c gia cng t bng 7 8.
Hnh dng v cu to o bt nh hnh v.

Bn v o bt

- Chy p: chy c lp ghp vi chy thng qua 8

bulng M6. Trn chy c ch to hai rnh bt 2
bulng M10 nh v trn u di trt ca my p. chy c
ch to bng thp CT6 c dy 10 mm. Chy p l phn
p nn vt liu to hnh cho sn phm. Vt liu ch to chy
l thp C45. Sau ch to c nhit luyn t cng 38
42 HRC. B mt lm vic ca chy c nh bng 7 8
v c bin dng, kch thc nh hnh v.

Bn v chy p

Khi ch to c ct kim loi v vng ma st ta tin

hnh ghp chng li vi nhau bng inh tn.