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SECOND EDITION

TEN STEPS
to

ADVANCED
READING
John Langan

2013 Townsend Press

Chapter 4

RELATIONSHIPS I

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Authors use two common methods to show

relationships and make their ideas clear.
These two methods are transitions and
patterns of organization.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Two common types of relationships are:

Relationships that involve addition
Relationships that involve time

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Transitions
Which item below is easier to read and
understand?
A. Most people choose a partner who is about as attractive as themselves.
Personality and intelligence affect their choice.
B. Most people choose a partner who is about as attractive as themselves.
Moreover, personality and intelligence affect their choice.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Transitions

You probably found the second item easier to understand.

A. Most people choose a partner who is about as attractive as themselves.
Personality and intelligence affect their choice.
B. Most people choose a partner who is about as attractive as themselves.
Moreover, personality and intelligence affect their choice.

The word Moreover makes it clear that the

writer is presenting several factors in
choosing a romantic partner.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Transitions

Transitions are words or phrases (like moreover) that

show relationships between ideas. They are like signs on
the road that guide travelers. Or they can be seen as
bridge words, carrying the reader across from one idea
to the next.
B. Most people choose a partner who is about as attractive as themselves.
Moreover, personality and intelligence affect their choice.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Transitions

Two major types of transitions are words that show

addition and words that show time.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Transitions

Words That Show Addition

Which item below is easier to read and

understand?
A. There are several reasons not to fill babies bottles with sugary juice.
It can rot their teeth.
B. There are several reasons not to fill babies bottles with sugary juice.
First of all, it can rot their teeth.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Transitions / Words That Show Addition

You probably found the second item easier to understand.

A. There are several reasons not to fill babies bottles with sugary juice.
It can rot their teeth.
B. There are several reasons not to fill babies bottles with sugary juice.
First of all, it can rot their teeth.

The words first of all make it clear that the

writer plans on giving a series of reasons why
babies should not be fed sugary juice.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Transitions / Words That Show Addition

First of all and words like it are known as addition words.

B. There are several reasons not to fill babies bottles with sugary juice.
First of all, it can rot their teeth.

Addition words signal added ideas. These words tell you

a writer is presenting one or more ideas that continue along
the same line of thought as a previous idea.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Transitions / Words That Show Addition

Here are some common words that show addition:

Addition Words

Examples

Depression can be eased through therapy and medication. Physical

exercise has also been shown to help.
Bananas are the most frequently purchased fruit in the U.S. Why are
bananas so popular? To begin with, they are convenient to carry
around and to eat.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Transitions / Words That Show Addition

In these examples, notice how the addition words

introduce ideas that add to what has already been said.
Examples

Depression can be eased through therapy and medication. Physical

exercise has also been shown to help.
Bananas are the most frequently purchased fruit in the U.S. Why are
bananas so popular? To begin with, they are convenient to carry
around and to eat.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Transitions

Words That Show Time

Which item below is easier to read and

understand?
A. The dog begins to tremble and hide under the couch. A thunderstorm
approaches.
B. The dog begins to tremble and hide under the couch when a
thunderstorm approaches.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Transitions / Words That Show Time

You probably found the second item easier to understand.

A. The dog begins to tremble and hide under the couch. A thunderstorm
approaches.
B. The dog begins to tremble and hide under the couch when a
thunderstorm approaches.

The word when in the second item makes clear

the relationship between the two events. It is
when a thunderstorm approaches that the dogs
behavior changes.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Transitions / Words That Show Time

When and words like it are time words.

B. The dog begins to tremble and hide under the couch when a
thunderstorm approaches.

Time words tell us at what point something happened in

relation to when something else happened. They help
writers organize and make clear the order of events, stages,
and steps in a process.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Transitions / Words That Show Time

Here are some common words that show time:

Time Words

Examples

The old woman on the park bench opened a paper bag, and a flock
of pigeons immediately landed all around her.
After completing medical school, a future doctor continues her
training as a resident in a hospital.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Transitions / Words That Show Time

In these examples, notice how these words show us when

something takes place.

Examples

The old woman on the park bench opened a paper bag, and a flock
of pigeons immediately landed all around her.
After completing medical school, a future doctor continues her
training as a resident in a hospital.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Transitions / Words That Show Time

Time Words

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Transitions

Helpful Tips about Transitions

TIP

TIP 1 Some transition words have the same meaning.

For example, also, moreover, and furthermore all mean

in addition. Authors typically use a variety of
transitions to avoid repetition.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Transitions / Helpful Tips about Transitions

TIP

TIP 2 In some cases the same word can serve as two different
types of transitions, depending on how it is used.

For example, the word first may be used as an addition

word to show that the author is beginning to list a series
of ideas, as in the following:
There are a number of reasons not to share personal
information on the Internet. First, you cant be sure of
the identity of the person youre talking to.
Moreover, . . .

First may also be used to signal a time sequence, as in

this sentence:
Follow these instructions for daily use of the nasal
spray. First, shake the bottle gently for a few seconds
and remove the protective tip.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization
You have learned that transitions show the relationships
between ideas in sentences. In the same way, patterns of
organization show the relationships between supporting
details in paragraphs, essays, and chapters.
Two major patterns of organization are:
The list of items pattern
(Addition words are often used in this pattern of organization.)

The time order pattern

(Time words are often used in this pattern of organization.)

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization

1 The List of Items Pattern

A list of items refers to a series of reasons, examples,

facts, or other supporting details that support an idea.
The items have no time order, but are listed in whatever
order the author prefers.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 1 The List of Items Pattern

See if you can arrange the following sentences in a

logical order. Which sentence should come first?
Second?
A. Next isThird?
moderate Last?
poverty, defined as living on $1 to $2 a day, which refers
to conditions in which basic needs are met, but just barely.

B. Nearly half of the six billion people in the world experience one of three
degrees of poverty.

C. Last, relative poverty, defined by a household income level below a given

proportion of the national average, means lacking things that the middle
class now takes for granted.

D. First is extreme poverty, defined by the World Bank as getting by on an

income of less than $1 a day, which means that households cannot meet
such basic needs for survival as food, clothing, and shelter.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 1 The List of Items Pattern

The sentences should read as follows:

Main idea

1
2
3

Nearly half of the six billion people in the world experience one of three
degrees of poverty. First is extreme poverty, defined by the World Bank as
getting by on an income of less than $1 a day, which means that households
cannot meet such basic needs for survival as food, clothing, and shelter. Next is
moderate poverty, defined as living on $1 to $2 a day, which refers to conditions
in which basic needs are met, but just barely. Last, relative poverty, defined by a
household income level below a given proportion of the national average, means
lacking things that the middle class now takes for granted.

This paragraph begins with the main

Theidea.
next three
sentences go on to describe the three degrees of
poverty. The result is the pattern of organization
known as a list of items.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 1 The List of Items Pattern

Addition words are often used in a list of items to tell us

that other supporting points are being added to a point
already mentioned.
Addition Words Used in the List of Items Pattern

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 1 The List of Items Pattern

In this paragraph, the transitions First, Next, and

Last each introduce one of the kinds of poverty.
Nearly half of the six billion people in the world experience one of three
1
degrees of poverty.
First is extreme poverty, defined by the World Bank as
getting by on an income of less than $1 a day, which means that households
2
cannot meet such basic needs for survival as food, clothing, and shelter. Next is
moderate poverty, defined as living on $1 to3 $2 a day, which refers to conditions
in which basic needs are met, but just barely. Last, relative poverty, defined by a
household income level below a given proportion of the national average, means
lacking things that the middle class now takes for granted.
Addition Words Used in the List of Items Pattern

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 1 The List of Items Pattern

The paragraph below is organized as a list of items.

Because women were not allowed to act in English plays during Shakespeares time,
young male actors pretended to be women. Acting companies had to work hard to make
boys sound and look like women. To begin with, they chose teenage boys who had not
reached puberty. They found boy actors who had high-pitched voices and didnt need to
shave. Next, they dressed the boys in womens clothing. An upper cloth called a bodice
was tightened with string so that the boys looked as if they had feminine waists. The boys
wore dresses and high-heeled shoes that matched their characters. A long-haired wig
completed the costumes. Finally, they added makeup. A white paste made the boys look
pale, and red blush gave them rosy lips and cheeks. The boy actors would step on stage
looking like ladies.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 1 The List of Items Pattern

What is the main idea in the paragraph?

Because women were not allowed to act in English plays during Shakespeares time,
young male actors pretended to be women. Acting companies had to work hard to make
boys sound and look like women. To begin with, they chose teenage boys who had not
reached puberty. They found boy actors who had high-pitched voices and didnt need to
shave. Next, they dressed the boys in womens clothing. An upper cloth called a bodice
was tightened with string so that the boys looked as if they had feminine waists. The boys
wore dresses and high-heeled shoes that matched their characters. A long-haired wig
completed the costumes. Finally, they added makeup. A white paste made the boys look
pale, and red blush gave them rosy lips and cheeks. The boy actors would step on stage
looking like ladies.

Main idea: Shakespearian acting companies had to work hard to

make boys look and sound like women.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 1 The List of Items Pattern

What addition transition signals the first major

detail?
Because women were not allowed to act in English plays during Shakespeares time,
1

young male actors pretended to be women. Acting companies had to work hard to make
boys sound and look like women. To begin with, they chose teenage boys who had not
reached puberty. They found boy actors who had high-pitched voices and didnt need to
shave. Next, they dressed the boys in womens clothing. An upper cloth called a bodice
was tightened with string so that the boys looked as if they had feminine waists. The boys
wore dresses and high-heeled shoes that matched their characters. A long-haired wig
completed the costumes. Finally, they added makeup. A white paste made the boys look
pale, and red blush gave them rosy lips and cheeks. The boy actors would step on stage
looking like ladies.

Main idea: Shakespearian acting companies had to work hard to

make boys look and sound like women.

1. Chose boys who had not yet reached puberty

The addition phrase To begin with signals the first

major detailthat they chose boys who had not
reached puberty.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 1 The List of Items Pattern

What addition transition signals the second major

detail?
Because women were not allowed to act in English plays during Shakespeares time,

young male actors pretended to be women. Acting companies had to work hard to make
boys sound and look like women. To begin with, they chose teenage boys who had not
reached puberty. They found boy actors who had high-pitched voices and didnt need to
shave. Next, they dressed the boys in womens clothing. An upper cloth called a bodice
was tightened with string so that the boys looked as if they had feminine waists. The boys
wore dresses and high-heeled shoes that matched their characters. A long-haired wig
completed the costumes. Finally, they added makeup. A white paste made the boys look
pale, and red blush gave them rosy lips and cheeks. The boy actors would step on stage
looking like ladies.

Main idea: Shakespearian acting companies had to work hard to

make boys look and sound like women.

1. Chose boys who had not yet reached puberty
2. Dressed boys in womens clothing

The addition transition Next signals the second

major detailthat they dressed boys in womens
clothing.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 1 The List of Items Pattern

What addition transition signals the third major

detail?
Because women were not allowed to act in English plays during Shakespeares time,

young male actors pretended to be women. Acting companies had to work hard to make
boys sound and look like women. To begin with, they chose teenage boys who had not
reached puberty. They found boy actors who had high-pitched voices and didnt need to
shave. Next, they dressed the boys in womens clothing. An upper cloth called a bodice
was tightened with string so that the boys looked as if they had feminine waists. The boys
wore dresses and high-heeled shoes that matched their characters. A long-haired wig
completed the costumes. Finally, they added makeup. A white paste made the boys look
pale, and red blush gave them rosy lips and cheeks. The boy actors would step on stage
looking like ladies.

Main idea: Shakespearian acting companies had to work hard to

make boys look and sound like women.

1. Chose boys who had not yet reached puberty
2. Dressed boys in womens clothing
3. Added makeup

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 1 The List of Items Pattern

Because women were not allowed to act in English plays during Shakespeares time,
young male actors pretended to be women. Acting companies had to work hard to make
boys sound and look like women. To begin with, they chose teenage boys who had not
reached puberty. They found boy actors who had high-pitched voices and didnt need to
shave. Next, they dressed the boys in womens clothing. An upper cloth called a bodice
was tightened with string so that the boys looked as if they had feminine waists. The boys
wore dresses and high-heeled shoes that matched their characters. A long-haired wig
completed the costumes. Finally, they added makeup. A white paste made the boys look
pale, and red blush gave them rosy lips and cheeks. The boy actors would step on stage
looking like ladies.

Main idea: Shakespearian acting companies had to work hard to

make boys look and sound like women.

1. Chose boys who had not yet reached puberty
2. Dressed boys in womens clothing
3. Added makeup

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization

2 The

Time Order Pattern

Authors usually present events and processes in the

order in which they happen, resulting in a pattern of
organization known as time order.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 2 The Time Order Pattern

See if you can arrange the following sentences in a

logical order. Which sentence should come first?
Second? Third? Last?
A. Then, in 1638, a press in Cambridge, Massachusetts printed a book of
psalms that became an instant bestseller.

B. The first books in the United States were imports, brought by the new
settlers.

C. Eventually, in 1731, Benjamin Franklin asked fifty subscribers to help him

start Americas first circulating library.

D. During the years that followed, booksellers emerged in the Boston area,
and by 1685 the leading bookseller offered over three thousand books.

Clues to the order of the above sentences are time

transitions.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 2 The Time Order Pattern

The sentences should read as follows:

Time word
Time words
Time word
Time words
Time words

The first books in the United States were imports, brought by the new
settlers. Then, in 1638, a press in Cambridge, Massachusetts printed a book
of psalms that became an instant bestseller. During the years that followed,
booksellers emerged in the Boston area, and by 1685 the leading bookseller
offered over three thousand books. Eventually, in 1731, Benjamin Franklin
asked fifty subscribers to help him start Americas first circulating library.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 2 The Time Order Pattern

The two most common kinds of time order are

1)

a series of events or stages and

and

2) a series of steps (directions for how

to do something).

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 2 The Time Order Pattern

Series of Events or Stages

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 2 The Time Order Pattern / Series of Events or Stages

This paragraph is organized according to time order.

People who move into affordable city neighborhoods may not realize it, but they are
often part of a process that ends in the change of a community. The first stage of this
gentrification process begins when young artists move into a low-income working-class
neighborhood. These artists are often attracted by the low rents and the proximity to the
urban centers where they cant afford to live. In the next stage, young professionals follow
the artists into the neighborhood. They are often attracted to the trendy restaurants,
galleries, and nightclubs that open in neighborhoods popular with artists. The final stage of
the gentrification process occurs when upper-class families take over the neighborhood.
The end result is a neighborhood where the rising rents are too costly for the artists who
started the process of gentrification to begin with. The artists, therefore, are forced to move
on to another working-class neighborhood, where they will start this process over again.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 2 The Time Order Pattern / Series of Events or Stages

The main idea of the paragraph is suggested in the first sentence.

People who move into affordable city neighborhoods may not realize it, but they are
often part of a process that ends in the change of a community. The first stage of this
gentrification process begins when young artists move into a low-income working-class
neighborhood. These artists are often attracted by the low rents and the proximity to the
urban centers where they cant afford to live. In the next stage, young professionals follow
the artists into the neighborhood. They are often attracted to the trendy restaurants,
galleries, and nightclubs that open in neighborhoods popular with artists. The final stage of
the gentrification process occurs when upper-class families take over the neighborhood.
The end result is a neighborhood where the rising rents are too costly for the artists who
started the process of gentrification to begin with. The artists, therefore, are forced to move
on to another working-class neighborhood, where they will start this process over again.

Main idea: The process of gentrification can transform a

community.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 2 The Time Order Pattern / Series of Events or Stages

What time transition introduces the first stage?

People who move into affordable city neighborhoods may not realize it, but they are
often part of a process that ends in the change of a community. The first stage of this
gentrification process begins when young artists move into a low-income working-class
neighborhood. These artists are often attracted by the low rents and the proximity to the
urban centers where they cant afford to live. In the next stage, young professionals follow
the artists into the neighborhood. They are often attracted to the trendy restaurants,
galleries, and nightclubs that open in neighborhoods popular with artists. The final stage of
the gentrification process occurs when upper-class families take over the neighborhood.
The end result is a neighborhood where the rising rents are too costly for the artists who
started the process of gentrification to begin with. The artists, therefore, are forced to move
on to another working-class neighborhood, where they will start this process over again.

Main idea: The process of gentrification can transform a

community.
Stage 1Young
artists move into a low-income working-class
neighborhood.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 2 The Time Order Pattern / Series of Events or Stages

What time transition introduces the second stage?

People who move into affordable city neighborhoods may not realize it, but they are
often part of a process that ends in the change of a community. The first stage of this
gentrification process begins when young artists move into a low-income working-class
neighborhood. These artists are often attracted by the low rents and the proximity to the
urban centers where they cant afford to live. In the next stage, young professionals follow
the artists into the neighborhood. They are often attracted to the trendy restaurants,
galleries, and nightclubs that open in neighborhoods popular with artists. The final stage of
the gentrification process occurs when upper-class families take over the neighborhood.
The end result is a neighborhood where the rising rents are too costly for the artists who
started the process of gentrification to begin with. The artists, therefore, are forced to move
on to another working-class neighborhood, where they will start this process over again.

Main idea: The process of gentrification can transform a

community.
Stage 1Young
artists move into a low-income working-class
neighborhood.
Stage 2Young professionals follow the artists into the neighborhood.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 2 The Time Order Pattern / Series of Events or Stages

What time transition introduces the third stage?

People who move into affordable city neighborhoods may not realize it, but they are
often part of a process that ends in the change of a community. The first stage of this
gentrification process begins when young artists move into a low-income working-class
neighborhood. These artists are often attracted by the low rents and the proximity to the
urban centers where they cant afford to live. In the next stage, young professionals follow
the artists into the neighborhood. They are often attracted to the trendy restaurants,
galleries, and nightclubs that open in neighborhoods popular with artists. The final stage of
the gentrification process occurs when upper-class families take over the neighborhood.
The end result is a neighborhood where the rising rents are too costly for the artists who
started the process of gentrification to begin with. The artists, therefore, are forced to move
on to another working-class neighborhood, where they will start this process over again.

Main idea: The process of gentrification can transform a

community.
Stage 1Young
artists move into a low-income working-class
neighborhood.
Stage 2Young professionals follow the artists into the neighborhood.
Stage 3Upper-class families take over the neighborhood, the artists
move out, and the process begins again elsewhere.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 2 The Time Order Pattern / Series of Events or Stages

People who move into affordable city neighborhoods may not realize it, but they are
often part of a process that ends in the change of a community. The first stage of this
gentrification process begins when young artists move into a low-income working-class
neighborhood. These artists are often attracted by the low rents and the proximity to the
urban centers where they cant afford to live. In the next stage, young professionals follow
the artists into the neighborhood. They are often attracted to the trendy restaurants,
galleries, and nightclubs that open in neighborhoods popular with artists. The final stage of
the gentrification process occurs when upper-class families take over the neighborhood.
The end result is a neighborhood where the rising rents are too costly for the artists who
started the process of gentrification to begin with. The artists, therefore, are forced to move
on to another working-class neighborhood, where they will start this process over again.

Main idea: The process of gentrification can transform a

community.
Stage 1Young
artists move into a low-income working-class
neighborhood.
Stage 2Young professionals follow the artists into the neighborhood.
Stage 3Upper-class families take over the neighborhood, the artists
move out, and the process begins again elsewhere.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 2 The Time Order Pattern

Series of Steps (Directions)

When authors give directions, they use time order.

They explain step 1, then step 2, and so on through the
entire sequence of steps that must be taken toward a
specific goal.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 2 The Time Order Pattern / Series of Steps (Directions)

Here is a paragraph that gives directions.

Its important to take time to reflect upon your goals in life. To begin with, take
out a sheet of paper and label it My Lifetime Goals. Imagine that you are very old,
looking back at your life. What did you want to accomplish? What do you feel best
about? Write down anything that pops into your mind. Next, take a second sheet of
paper and write My Three-Year Goals. On this, write what you would like to
accomplish within the next three years. Third, take a sheet of paper and title it What I
Would Do If I Knew I Had Six Months to Live. Assume that you would be in good
health and have the necessary resources, and list everything you might like to squeeze
into those six months. Now go back over all three lists, and rate each item as A (very
important), B (somewhat important), or C (least important.) Finally, evaluate the A
items on your lists and select the goals that are most important to you.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 2 The Time Order Pattern / Series of Steps (Directions)

The first sentence states the main idea.

Its important to take time to reflect upon your goals in life. To begin with, take
out a sheet of paper and label it My Lifetime Goals. Imagine that you are very old,
looking back at your life. What did you want to accomplish? What do you feel best
about? Write down anything that pops into your mind. Next, take a second sheet of
paper and write My Three-Year Goals. On this, write what you would like to
accomplish within the next three years. Third, take a sheet of paper and title it What I
Would Do If I Knew I Had Six Months to Live. Assume that you would be in good
health and have the necessary resources, and list everything you might like to squeeze
into those six months. Now go back over all three lists, and rate each item as A (very
important), B (somewhat important), or C (least important.) Finally, evaluate the A
items on your lists and select the goals that are most important to you.

Main idea: Its important to take time to reflect upon your goals in

life.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 2 The Time Order Pattern / Series of Steps (Directions)

What time phrase introduces the first step?

Its important to take time to reflect upon your goals in life. To begin with, take
out a sheet of paper and label it My Lifetime Goals. Imagine that you are very old,
looking back at your life. What did you want to accomplish? What do you feel best
about? Write down anything that pops into your mind. Next, take a second sheet of
paper and write My Three-Year Goals. On this, write what you would like to
accomplish within the next three years. Third, take a sheet of paper and title it What I
Would Do If I Knew I Had Six Months to Live. Assume that you would be in good
health and have the necessary resources, and list everything you might like to squeeze
into those six months. Now go back over all three lists, and rate each item as A (very
important), B (somewhat important), or C (least important.) Finally, evaluate the A
items on your lists and select the goals that are most important to you.

Main idea: Its important to take time to reflect upon your goals in

life.1. Take out a sheet of paper and write down My Lifetime Goals.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 2 The Time Order Pattern / Series of Steps (Directions)

What time word introduces the second step?

Its important to take time to reflect upon your goals in life. To begin with, take
out a sheet of paper and label it My Lifetime Goals. Imagine that you are very old,
looking back at your life. What did you want to accomplish? What
do you feel best
2
about? Write down anything that pops into your mind. Next, take a second sheet of
paper and write My Three-Year Goals. On this, write what you would like to
accomplish within the next three years. Third, take a sheet of paper and title it What I
Would Do If I Knew I Had Six Months to Live. Assume that you would be in good
health and have the necessary resources, and list everything you might like to squeeze
into those six months. Now go back over all three lists, and rate each item as A (very
important), B (somewhat important), or C (least important.) Finally, evaluate the A
items on your lists and select the goals that are most important to you.

Main idea: Its important to take time to reflect upon your goals in

life.1. Take out a sheet of paper and write down My Lifetime Goals.
2. Take a second sheet and write down My Three-year Goals.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 2 The Time Order Pattern / Series of Steps (Directions)

What time word introduces the third step?

Its important to take time to reflect upon your goals in life. To begin with, take
out a sheet of paper and label it My Lifetime Goals. Imagine that you are very old,
looking back at your life. What did you want to accomplish? What do you feel best
about? Write down anything that pops into your mind. Next, take a second sheet of
paper and write My Three-Year Goals. On this,
3 write what you would like to
accomplish within the next three years. Third, take a sheet of paper and title it What I
Would Do If I Knew I Had Six Months to Live. Assume that you would be in good
health and have the necessary resources, and list everything you might like to squeeze
into those six months. Now go back over all three lists, and rate each item as A (very
important), B (somewhat important), or C (least important.) Finally, evaluate the A
items on your lists and select the goals that are most important to you.

Main idea: Its important to take time to reflect upon your goals in

life.1. Take out a sheet of paper and write down My Lifetime Goals.
2. Take a second sheet and write down My Three-year Goals.
3. Take a third sheet and list What I Would Do If I Knew I Had Six
Months to Live.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns
PatternsofofOrganization
Organization
/ 2 /The
2 The
Time
TimeOrder
OrderPattern
Pattern
/ Series
/ Series
of of
Steps
Steps(Directions)
(Directions)

What time word introduces the fourth step?

Its important to take time to reflect upon your goals in life. To begin with, take
out a sheet of paper and label it My Lifetime Goals. Imagine that you are very old,
looking back at your life. What did you want to accomplish? What do you feel best
about? Write down anything that pops into your mind. Next, take a second sheet of
paper and write My Three-Year Goals. On this, write what you would like to
accomplish within the next three years. Third, take a sheet of paper and title it What I
Would Do If I Knew I Had Six Months to Live. Assume that you would be in good
health and have the necessary4 resources, and list everything you might like to squeeze
into those six months. Now go back over all three lists, and rate each item as A (very
important), B (somewhat important), or C (least important.) Finally, evaluate the A
items on your lists and select the goals that are most important to you.

Main idea: Its important to take time to reflect upon your goals in

life.1. Take out a sheet of paper and write down My Lifetime Goals.
2. Take a second sheet and write down My Three-year Goals.
3. Take a third sheet and list What I Would Do If I Knew I Had Six
Months to Live.
4. On the three lists, rate each item as A, B, or C.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 2 The Time Order Pattern / Series of Steps (Directions)

What time word introduces the last step?

Its important to take time to reflect upon your goals in life. To begin with, take
out a sheet of paper and label it My Lifetime Goals. Imagine that you are very old,
looking back at your life. What did you want to accomplish? What do you feel best
about? Write down anything that pops into your mind. Next, take a second sheet of
paper and write My Three-Year Goals. On this, write what you would like to
accomplish within the next three years. Third, take a sheet of paper and title it What I
Would Do If I Knew I Had Six Months to Live. Assume that you would be in good
health and have the necessary resources, and list everything you might like to squeeze
into those six months. Now go back over all three lists, and rate each5 item as A (very
important), B (somewhat important), or C (least important.) Finally, evaluate the A
items on your lists and select the goals that are most important to you.

Main idea: Its important to take time to reflect upon your goals in

life.1. Take out a sheet of paper and write down My Lifetime Goals.
2. Take a second sheet and write down My Three-year Goals.
3. Take a third sheet and list What I Would Do If I Knew I Had Six
Months to Live.
4. On the three lists, rate each item as A, B, or C.
5. Evaluate the A items and select the goals that are most important to you.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / 2 The Time Order Pattern / Series of Steps (Directions)

Its important to take time to reflect upon your goals in life. To begin with, take
out a sheet of paper and label it My Lifetime Goals. Imagine that you are very old,
looking back at your life. What did you want to accomplish? What
do you feel best
2
about? Write down anything that pops into your mind. Next, take a second sheet of
paper and write My Three-Year Goals. On this,
3 write what you would like to
accomplish within the next three years. Third, take a sheet of paper and title it What I
Would Do If I Knew I Had Six Months to Live. Assume that you would be in good
health and have the necessary4 resources, and list everything you might like to squeeze
into those six months. Now go back over all three lists, and rate each5 item as A (very
important), B (somewhat important), or C (least important.) Finally, evaluate the A
items on your lists and select the goals that are most important to you.

Main idea: Its important to take time to reflect upon your goals in

life.1. Take out a sheet of paper and write down My Lifetime Goals.
2. Take a second sheet and write down My Three-year Goals.
3. Take a third sheet and list What I Would Do If I Knew I Had Six
Months to Live.
4. On the three lists, rate each item as A, B, or C.
5. Evaluate the A items and select the goals that are most important to you.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization

Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization

A paragraphs main idea often indicates its

pattern of organization.
Paying close attention to the main idea can
give you a quick sense of a paragraphs
pattern of organization.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization

Here is an example of a main idea sentence that

suggests a list of items will follow:
Luckily, modern medicine has developed a variety of techniques
for tattoo removal.

The words a variety of techniques suggest that the

paragraph will be a list of items.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization

Here is a sentence that suggests the paragraph will

have a time order:
People who move into affordable city neighborhoods may not
realize it, but they are often part of a process that ends in the
change of a community.

The word process suggests that this paragraph will be

organized according to time order.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization

Try to figure out the pattern of the

paragraph with this main idea:
Research has uncovered a number of possible explanations for the
link between hostility and heart disease.

A. List of items

B. Time order

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization

Research has uncovered a number of possible explanations for the

link between hostility and heart disease.

A. List of items

B. Time order

The phrase a number of possible explanations is

a strong indication that the paragraph will list
those explanations.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization

Two Final Points

1 While many passages have just one pattern of organization,

often the patterns are mixed. For example, you may find
that part of a passage uses a list of items pattern, and
another part of the same passage uses a time pattern.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / Two Final Points

In the passage below, the highlighted sentences list two ways to

complete the third step in the series of directions:
Do you know what to do if you lose a tooth in an accident, fall, or fight?
Doctors can replace a knocked-out tooth, but only if you act quickly. First, find
the loose tooth. Pick it up by the top part, and dont touch the roots. Second, rinse
the tooth with milk. Dont use tap water, soap, or chemicals because they could
cause harm. Third, keep the tooth from getting dry. If possible, put the tooth back
in its socket. If you cannot do this, store it in milk or keep it between your tongue
and cheek, taking care not to swallow it. Finally, go as quickly as possible to a
dentists office or an emergency room. If more than an hour or so passes, your
tooth will become unusable.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

Patterns of Organization / Two Final Points

2 Remember that not all relationships between ideas are

signaled by transitions. An author may present a list of
items, for example, without using addition words.
As you read, watch for the relationships themselves, not
just the transitions.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I