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ADVANCED READING
SECOND EDITION
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SECOND EDITION
TEN STEPS
to
ADVANCED
READING
John Langan
Chapter 5
RELATIONSHIPS II
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
1 Illustration
Words That Show Illustration
Which item below is easier to understand?
A. Some common beliefs are really myths. Getting a chill will not
give you a cold.
B. Some common beliefs are really myths. For instance, getting a
chill will not give you a cold.
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
A. Some common beliefs are really myths. Getting a chill will not
give you a cold.
B. Some common beliefs are really myths. For instance, getting a
chill will not give you a cold.
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
Examples
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CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
Illustration
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B. Informal problems often call for a heuristica rule of thumb that suggests
a course of action without guaranteeing an optimal solution.
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Example 1
Example 2
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examples of
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(1)The planning fallacy refers to the fact that people consistently overestimate how
quickly and easily they will achieve a goal and underestimate the amount of time or
effort that will be required to reach that goal. (2)In a study that examined the planning
fallacy, college students were asked to list an academic project that had to be completed
within the next week and to estimate when they intended to begin the project, when they
expected to complete the project, and how many hours they expected to put into it. (3)A
week later, the students were asked if they had completed the project and when.
(4)Although all the students had estimated that they would complete the project
comfortably in the time indicated, one week later more than half the projects remained
incomplete. (5)Those that had been completed had typically taken, on average, nearly
five days longer than had been estimated. (6)So much for planning!
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A. As a fish swims, it moves its tail, applying force against the water.
The water, in turn, propels the fish forward. In a rocket motor,
forces are exerted by hot gases that accelerate out the tail end,
propelling the rocket forward.
B. As a fish swims, it moves its tail, applying force against the water.
The water, in turn, propels the fish forward. Similarly, in a rocket
motor, forces are exerted by hot gases that accelerate out the tail
end, propelling the rocket forward.
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Examples
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A. The movie was boring and pointless. It featured a talented cast and
an award-winning screenwriter.
B. The movie was boring and pointless even though it featured a
talented cast and an award-winning screenwriter.
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Even though and words and phrases like it are contrast words.
B. The movie was boring and pointless even though it featured a
talented cast and an award-winning screenwriter.
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
Examples
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
Examples
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Men and women, of course, often have different concerns, so we might expect
the content of their dreams to differand until recently, at least, that has been true.
Typically, women have been more likely than men to dream about children, family
members, familiar characters, friendly interactions, household objects, clothes, and
indoor events. In contrast, men have been more likely than women to dream about
strangers, weapons, violence, sexual activity,
achievement, and outdoor events. But as the lives and concerns of the two sexes
have become more similar, so have their dreams. In one recent study, the content
of mens and womens dreams bore a close resemblance. Only two differences
showed up: Men were more likely to dream about behaving aggressively, while
women were more likely to dream about their anxieties.
Is the paragraph
A. comparing?
B. contrasting?
C. comparing and contrasting?
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
Men and women, of course, often have different concerns, so we might expect
the content of their dreams to differand until recently, at least, that has been true.
Typically, women have been more likely than men to dream about children, family
members, familiar characters, friendly interactions, household objects, clothes, and
indoor events. In contrast, men have been more likely than women to dream about
strangers, weapons, violence, sexual activity,
achievement, and outdoor events. But as the lives and concerns of the two sexes
have become more similar, so have their dreams. In one recent study, the content
of mens and womens dreams bore a close resemblance. Only two differences
showed up: Men were more likely to dream about behaving aggressively, while
women were more likely to dream about their anxieties.
Is the paragraph
A. comparing?
B. contrasting?
C. comparing and contrasting?
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
Men and women, of course, often have different concerns, so we might expect
the content of their dreams to differand until recently, at least, that has been true.
Typically, women have been more likely than men to dream about children, family
members, familiar characters, friendly interactions, household objects, clothes, and
indoor events. In contrast, men have been more likely than women to dream about
strangers, weapons, violence, sexual activity,
achievement, and outdoor events. But as the lives and concerns of the two sexes
have become more similar, so have their dreams. In one recent study, the content
of mens and womens dreams bore a close resemblance. Only two differences
showed up: Men were more likely to dream about behaving aggressively, while
women were more likely to dream about their anxieties.
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
Men and women, of course, often have different concerns, so we might expect
the content of their dreams to differand until recently, at least, that has been true.
Typically, women have been more likely than men to dream about children, family
members, familiar characters, friendly interactions, household objects, clothes, and
indoor events. In contrast, men have been more likely than women to dream about
strangers, weapons, violence, sexual activity,
achievement, and outdoor events. But as the lives and concerns of the two sexes
have become more similar, so have their dreams. In one recent study, the content
of mens and womens dreams bore a close resemblance. Only two differences
showed up: Men were more likely to dream about behaving aggressively, while
women were more likely to dream about their anxieties.
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
Men and women, of course, often have different concerns, so we might expect
the content of their dreams to differand until recently, at least, that has been true.
Typically, women have been more likely than men to dream about children, family
members, familiar characters, friendly interactions, household objects, clothes, and
indoor events. In contrast, men have been more likely than women to dream about
strangers, weapons, violence, sexual activity,
achievement, and outdoor events. But as the lives and concerns of the two sexes
have become more similar, so have their dreams. In one recent study, the content
of mens and womens dreams bore a close resemblance. Only two differences
showed up: Men were more likely to dream about behaving aggressively, while
women were more likely to dream about their anxieties.
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
Men and women, of course, often have different concerns, so we might expect
the content of their dreams to differand until recently, at least, that has been true.
Typically, women have been more likely than men to dream about children, family
members, familiar characters, friendly interactions, household objects, clothes, and
indoor events. In contrast, men have been more likely than women to dream about
strangers, weapons, violence, sexual activity,
achievement, and outdoor events. But as the lives and concerns of the two sexes
have become more similar, so have their dreams. In one recent study, the content
of mens and womens dreams bore a close resemblance. Only two differences
showed up: Men were more likely to dream about behaving aggressively, while
women were more likely to dream about their anxieties.
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CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
A. The best time to buy a car is near the end of the month. Car
dealers often have a monthly quota of cars to sell.
B. The best time to buy a car is near the end of the month because
car dealers often have a monthly quota of cars to sell.
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Here are some common words that show cause and effect:
Cause and Effect Words
Examples
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Examples
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Effect:
Health
problems
Effect:
Psychological
difficulties
Effect:
Increased
suicide rate
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Effect:
Health
problems
Effect:
Psychological
difficulties
Effect:
Increased
suicide rate
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
During the 1950s and 1960s, airports, bus terminals, and train stations often
charged patrons to use the toilet. People would have to pay a ten- to twenty-five-cent
fee before they entered a stall. Owners hoped that the fee would help pay for the cost
of keeping the restrooms clean. But for several reasons, pay toilets failed miserably.
For one thing, they angered patrons. People accustomed to accessing a restroom for
free became upset when they discovered they had to pay. Many outraged bathroomusers vandalized the stalls and trashed the rooms in response, making cleanup even
more expensive. In addition, pay toilets caused more trouble than they were worth.
Employees had to be called in so often to fix broken locks that companies gradually
realized the extra work wasnt worth a few more dollars. A final explanation why pay
toilets failed is that they triggered lawsuits from womens groups who claimed the
toilets were unfair because females were forced to pay regardless while males could
use the urinals for free. Rather than spending money on high maintenance and
lawsuits, companies opened the bathrooms for free use.
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
During the 1950s and 1960s, airports, bus terminals, and train stations often
charged patrons to use the toilet. People would have to pay a ten- to twenty-five-cent
fee before they entered a stall. Owners hoped that the fee would help pay for the cost
of keeping the restrooms clean. But for several reasons
reasons, pay toilets failed miserably.
For one thing, they angered patrons. People accustomed to accessing a restroom for
free became upset when they discovered they had to pay. Many outraged bathroomusers vandalized the stalls and trashed the rooms in response, making cleanup even
more expensive. In addition, pay toilets caused more trouble than they were worth.
Employees had to be called in so often to fix broken locks that companies gradually
realized the extra work wasnt worth a few more dollars. A final explanation why pay
toilets failed is that they triggered lawsuits from womens groups who claimed the
toilets were unfair because females were forced to pay regardless while males could
use the urinals for free. Rather than spending money on high maintenance and
lawsuits, companies opened the bathrooms for free use.
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
During the 1950s and 1960s, airports, bus terminals, and train stations often
charged patrons to use the toilet. People would have to pay a ten- to twenty-five-cent
fee before they entered a stall. Owners hoped that the fee would help pay for the cost
of keeping the restrooms clean. But for several reasons, pay toilets failed miserably.
For one thing, they angered patrons. People accustomed to accessing a restroom for
free became upset when they discovered they had to pay. Many outraged bathroomusers vandalized the stalls and trashed the rooms in response, making cleanup even
more expensive. In addition, pay toilets caused more trouble than they were worth.
Employees had to be called in so often to fix broken locks that companies gradually
realized the extra work wasnt worth a few more dollars. A final explanation why pay
toilets failed is that they triggered lawsuits from womens groups who claimed the
toilets were unfair because females were forced to pay regardless while males could
use the urinals for free. Rather than spending money on high maintenance and
lawsuits, companies opened the bathrooms for free use.
Cause:
They angered
patrons.
Cause:
They caused more
trouble than
they were worth.
Cause:
They triggered
lawsuits from
womens groups.
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
During the 1950s and 1960s, airports, bus terminals, and train stations often
charged patrons to use the toilet. People would have to pay a ten- to twenty-five-cent
fee before they entered a stall. Owners hoped that the fee would help pay for the cost
of keeping the restrooms clean. But for several reasons, pay toilets failed miserably.
For one thing, they angered patrons. People accustomed to accessing a restroom for
free became upset when they discovered they had to pay. Many outraged bathroomusers vandalized the stalls and trashed the rooms in response, making cleanup even
more expensive. In addition, pay toilets caused more trouble than they were worth.
Employees had to be called in so often to fix broken locks that companies gradually
realized the extra work wasnt worth a few more dollars. A final explanation why pay
toilets failed is that they triggered lawsuits from womens groups who claimed the
toilets were unfair because females were forced to pay regardless while males could
use the urinals for free. Rather than spending money on high maintenance and
lawsuits, companies opened the bathrooms for free use.
Cause:
They angered
patrons.
Cause:
They caused more
trouble than
they were worth.
Cause:
They triggered
lawsuits from
womens groups.
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CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
Solution
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CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
Examples
Problem
Solution
Problem
Solution
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Problem
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A Final Point
Keep in mind that a paragraph or passage may often be
made up of more than one pattern of organization.
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A Final Point
Effect
Cause 1
Cause 2
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A Final Point
CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
A Final Point
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A Final Point
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CHAPTER 5 Relationships II
Continued