2

Supplementary Figure 2: Modulation of the event-related potential (ERP) by the

ongoing gamma oscillatory activity. Subjects were passively listening to auditory pulses
(65dB, 50ms, 1000Hz or 1200Hz) during a concentrative meditation on a visual object,
reading and another objectless meditative state called open presence (rig pa'i cog bgzag
in Tibetan). This objectless meditation is similar to the pure compassion state, but
without its affective components. In particular, it requires a complete relaxation of all