he three terms represents a flux. The first term, cv4, can be represented by the flux ol Asm’. This is the total flux of A relative to the stationary point, ‘The second the diffusion flux relative to the maving fluid, The third term is the convective flux dative to the stationary paint. Hence, Eq, (6.2-9} becomes Na = Ji + caus (6.2-10) N be the total convective flux of the whole stream relative to the stationary point. Nscvy = Nat Nu (6.2-11) N,+N, vy = tt (6.2-12) Eg, (6.2-12) into (6.2-10), Nya Shr AN + Ny) (6.213) This Fick's law, Eq. (6.1-7), dx, Nye Daw S48 + (6.2-14) ‘Equation (62-14) is the final general equation for diffusion plus convection to use when Ny is used, which is relative to a stationary point. A similar equation can be written (6.2-15) solve Eq, (6.2-14) or (6.2-15), the relation between the flux N, and Ny must be known. pations (6:2-14) and (6.2-15) hold for diffusion in a gas, liquid, or solid. For equimolar counterdilfusion, NV, = ~Ny and the convective term in Eq, (6.2-14) be- pmeszero. Then, Ny = J % Spectat Case for A Diffusing Through Stagnant, Nondiffusing B he case of diffusion of A through stagnant or nondiffusing B at steady state often occurs. In ase one boundary at the end of the diffusion path is impermeable to component B, so it nol pass through, One example, shown in Fig, 6.2-2a, is in the evaporation of a pure liq- bid such as benzene (A) al the bottom of a narrow tube, where a large amount of inert or ondiffusing air (B) is passed over the top. The benzene vapor (A) diffuses through the air B)in the tube, The boundary at the liquid surface at point 1 is impermeable to air, since air insoluble in benzene Jiquid. Hence, air (B) cannot diffuse into or away from the surface, {point 2 the partial pressure p> = 0, since a large volume of air is passing by. Another example, shown in Fig, 6.2-2b, occurs in the absorption of NH; (A) vapor which in air (B) by water. The water surface is impermeable to the air, since air is only very ly soluble in water. Thus, since B cannot diffuse, Ny = 0. 1 Transport Processes: Moment, Heat, aid Mass 4i7el NH (A) Na air (B) liquid benzene (A) fa) Ficure 6.2-2. Diffusion of A through stagnant, nondiffusing B: (a) benzene evaporating into air, (b) ammonia in air being absorbed into water. To derive the case for A diffusing in stagnant, nondiffusing B, Ny = 0 is substituted into the general Eq. (6.2-14): tke Na = ~¢Dan Ge Me AN, +0) (6.2-1) The convective flux of A is (c,/c)(Ny + 0). Keeping the total pressure P constant, substitit: ing ¢ = PIRT, py = x4P, and calc = p4/P into Eq, (6.2-16), — Paw dPa , Pa Nase ge tp Na (62-17) Rearranging and integrating, _ _ Dan aPa wn ~ RT dz (62-16) Day (?" dpa va | = i nT (6.2-19) RT Joy, 1 = PalP DaP e Na aot yy Par (62-20) Pat Equation (6.2-20) is the final equation to be used to calculate the flux of A, However, it is often written in another form. A log mean value of the inert B is defined as follows. P= Part Por = Part Por Par = P ~ par and Pm = P~ Par mm Pa uw Par Pm Pe __Pa Pa 6.2221 inpialPm) — In(P — Pal? — Pas) ony Substituting Eq. (6.2-21) into (6.2-20), Pam = - - 6.2.22 RT = 2)Pou OP) eee 418 Chapter 6 Principles of Mass TransferEXAMPLE 6.2-2. Diffusion of Water Through Stagnant, Nondiffusing Air Water in the bottom of a narrow metal tube is held at a constant temperature of 293K. The total pressure of air (assumed dry) is 1.01325 % 10° Pa (1.0. atm) and the temperature is 293 K (20°C). Water evaporates and diffuses through the air in the tube, and the diffusion path z) ~ z; is 0.1524 m (0.5 ft) long. The diagram is similar to Fig. 6.2-2a, Caloulate the rate of evaporation at steady state in Ib mol/h ft? and kg mot/s-m?. The diffusivity of water vapor at 293 K and | atin pressure is 0.250 x 30-* ms. Assume that the system is isothermal, Use SI and English units. Solution: The diffusivity is converted to ft’/h by using the conversion factor from Appendix A.1: Dyn = 0.250 X 1074(3.875 x 10") = 0.969 f7/h From Appendix A.2 the vapor pressure of water at 20°C is 17.54 mm, or Pa = 17.54/760 = 0.0231 atm = 0.0231 (1.01325 * 10°) = 2.34% LO Pa, pay = 0 (pure air), Since the temperature is 20°C (68°F), T = 460 + 68 = 528°R = 293K. From Appendix A.1, R = 0.730 ft atm/Ib mol -°R. To calculate the value of pgs, from Eq, (6.2-21), Pa = P = pry = 1,00 ~ 0.0231 = 0.9769 atm Pr = P= py = 3.00 ~ 0 = 1.00 atm Pa~ Pa _ 1.00 ~ 0.9769 Pow In(peo/ Py) In(1.00/0.9769) = 0.988 atm = 1.001 x 10° Pa 1 Since ppy is close to pya, the linear mean (py; + py2)/2 could be used and would be very close to pay. Substituting into Eq, (6.2-22) with 2) — 2) = 0.5 ft (0.1524 m), DanP 0.969(1.0)(0.0231 - 0) aie ee (Pal ~ Paz) = Daan <5e\ =v oeny RT (2 ~ 21)Paw 0.730(528)(0.5)(0.988) = L175 < 107 Ib mol/h- ft? __ (0.250 x 10™*)(1.01325 10°)(2.341 x 10° ~ 0) a 8314(293)(0.1524)(1.001 X 10°) 595 X 10-7 kg mol/s-m? Ny= EXAMPLE 6.2-3. Diffusion in a Tube with Change in Path Length Diffusion of water vapor in a narrow tube is occurring as in Example 6.2-2 under the same conditions. However, as shown in Fig, 6.2-2a, at a given time 1, the level is z m from the top. As diflusion proceeds, the level drops slowly. Derive the equation for the time ¢, for the level’ to drop from a starting point of z, mats = 0. to zpat = tps. as shown, Solution: We assume a pseudo-steady-state condition since the level drops very slowly, As time progresses, the path length z increases. At any time /, Eq. (6.2-22) holds; but the path length is z and Eq. (6.2-22) becomes as follows, where N, and z are now variables:EXAMPLE 6.2-2, Diffusion of Water Through Stagnant, Nondiffusing Air ‘Water in the bottom of a narrow metal tube is held at a constant temperature of 203K. The total pressure of air (assumed dry) is 1.01325 x 10° Pa (1.0 atm) and the temperature is 293 K (20°C). Water evaporates and diffuses through the air inthe tube, and the diffusion path z; — z, is 0.1524 m (0.5 ft) long. The diagram is similar to Fig. 6.2-2a. Calculate the rate of evaporation at steady state in tmol/h- ft? and kg mol/s-m?. The diffusivity of water vapor at 293 K and | atm pressure is 0.250 X 10™ m’¥s, Assume that the system is isothermal. Use SI and English units. Solution: The diffusivity is converted to f’/h by using the conversion factor from Appendix A.1: Day = 0.250 X 10-4(3.875 x 104) = 0.969 ft’7h From Appendix A.2 the vapor pressure of water at 20°C is 17.54 mm, or Pay = 17.54/760 = 0. (pure air). Since the temperature is 20°C (68°F), T = 460 + 68 = $28°R = 293 K, From Appendix A.1, R = 0.730 ft*- atm/Ib mol -°R. To calculate the value of pyyy from Eq. (6.2-21), Pm = P= pay = 1.00 — 0.0231 = 0,9769 atm Pm = P— paz = 1.00 —0 = 1.00 atm Pm = Pm _ 1.00 ~ 0.9769 _ 4 998 stm = 1,001 x 10° Pa In(py2/Pm:) _ ‘In(1.00/0.9769) Pas = Since pp, is close to pp» the linear mean (pq; + Py2)/2 could be used and would be very close to ppy. Substituting into Eq. (6.2-22) with z, ~— 2, 5 tt (0.1524 m), N= DanP __ 0.969(1.0)(0.0231 — 0) 4 Rie — 2) Pay ("> PA) = 0:730(528)(0.5)(0.988) = 1,175 X 10 Ib mol/h- fe (0.250 x 10 *)(1.01325 x 10°)(2.341 x 10° - 0) 8314(293)(0.1524)(1.001 % 40°) Naa 1,595 X 10 7kg mol/s+m? EXAMPLE 6.2-3. Diffusion in a Tube with Change in Path Length Diffusion of water vapor in a narrow tube is occurring as in Example 6.2-2 under the same conditions. However, as shown in Fig. 6.2-2a. at a given time, the level is z m from the top. As diffusion proceeds, the level drops slowly, Derive the equation for the time fy for the level to drop from a Starting point of z)m ats =0 to zpat ¢ = 1,8 as shown. Solution: We assume a pscudo-steady-state condition since the level drops very slowly. As time progresses, the path length z increases, At any time 1. Eq, (6.2-22) holds; but the path length is z and Eq. (6.2-22) becomes as follows, where N, and z are now variables: Transport Processes: Momentum, Heat, and Mass 419a20 Dau? N,= 7788 = (pa - par 62-23) RF zpay (?"" Pa2) 62-23) Assuming a cross-sectional area of 1m’, the level drops dz m in dé s, and paldz+ iM, is the kg mol of A that have leit and diffused. Then, Pade) N 2 4 Madi (62.2 4) to (6.2-23), rearranging, and integrating between the limits and z = zp when 1 = (* DawPlias ~ Poa) {" Pa. | zde = ante) | a 62-25) a RT paw Jy “0 Solving for fy, 1 = fale = BRT Pn 12M DanP(pm ~ Pra (6,2-26) ‘The method shown in Example 6.2-3 has been used to experimentally determine the dif fusivity D,,y. In this experiment the starting path length zp is measured at / = 0 together with the final zy at 7. Then Eq. (6,2-26) is used 10 calculate Dy 62D Diffusion Through a Varying Cross-Sectional Area So far, in the cases at steady state we have considered N,, and J% as constants in the integra- tions, In these cases the cross-sectional area A m* through which the diffusion occurs has been constant with varying distance z. Jn some situations the area A may vary. Then it is con venient to define Ni, as CLM where WV, is kg moles of A diffusing per second or kg mol/s. At steady state, V, will be con= stant but nat A tar a varying area. 1. Diffusion from a sphere. To illustrate the use of Eq. (6.2-27), the important case of diffue sion to or from a sphere in a gas will be considered. This situation appears often, in such cases as the evaporation of a drop of liquid, the evaporation of a ball of naphthalene, and the diffusion of nutrients 1 a sphere-like microorganism in a liquid. In Fig, 6.2-3a is shown a sphere of fixed radius r; m in an infinite gas medium. Contponent (A) at partial pressure pa, at the surface is diffusing into the surrounding stagnant medium (B), where py) = 0 at some. large distance away. Steady-state diffusion will be assumed. The flax NV, can be represented by Eq. (6.2-27), where A is the cross-sectional area 4ar? at point r distance from the center of the sphere. Also, NV, is a constant at steady state: (6,2-28) Chapter 6 Principles of Mass Transfer