Prostems 237 “The differential form of the equation for conservation of mass can be used to evaluate the ‘relative rate of change of density of a fluid particle as it moves through a flow. Show that -veV the velocity field for a two-dimensional flow is given by P= Hr,8,0 " Show that the radial and tangential components of the acceleration of a particle are given a, a, idius, R= 4 in, is filled with water to a depth of 6 in. The tank is ‘about its vertical axis. During start up, 0 << r, the rate of rotatign is given by ‘@pt/t, where t = 2sec, and the steady state rotational speed is a = 78rpm. The no- ‘condition requires that fluid particles at the tank wall have zero velocity relative to the wall. Using the results of Problem 5.38, determine, for a particle at the wal! (a) The acceleration at time, ¢ = 1 sec (0). The steady state acceleration Ay 5, Ak (a) Show that this is a possible two-dimensional, incompressible flow. (0) For the steady state conditions of Problem 5.39, determine the value of A. (0) Find a, and a, for the particle located on the tank wall at 8 = 60°, ‘The velocity field for steady inviscid flow from left to right over a circular cylinder of radius ais given by rem ()f-emf Obtain expressions for the acceleration of a fluid particle moving along the stagnation | streamline (6 = x) and for the acceleration along the cylinder surface (r = a). Determine the locations at which these accelerations reach maximum and minimum values. Solve Problem 4.103 to show that the radial velocity in the narrow gap is V, = Q/2nrh Derive an expression for the acceleration of a fluid particle in the gap. ~ Consider the low-speed flow of air between parallel disks as shown. Assume that the flow compressible and inviscid, and that the velocity is purely radial and uniform at any © section, The flow speed is 15 m/sec at R = 75 mm. Simplify the continuity equation to a _ form applicable to this flow field. Show that a general expression for the velocity field is ¥ = V(R/nji for r; ba 5.44 Air lows into the narrow gap between closely spaced parallel disks through a porous surface as shown, Use a control volume with outer surface located at position, r, to show that the uniform velocity in the r direction is V = v,7/2h. Find an expression for the velocity component in the z direction (v « V). Evaluate the r component of acceleration | for a fluid particle in the gap. 5.45. An “air hockey” puck may be modeled as a circular disk supported by a layer of air thay issues from multiple tiny holes in the game table. Assume that a puck floats a distance, ‘= 1mm, above the table from which air flows at a volume flow rate per unit area of table, q = 0.08m?/sec/m*. Obtain an expression for radial flow speed under the puck if the flow is considered to be uniform and incompressible. If the puck diameter is 75 mm, determine the magnitude and location of the maximum radial acceleration experienced by a fluid particle under the puck (PEARY Consider the incompressible flow of a fluid through a nozzle as shown. The area of the nozzle is given by 4 = Ao(1—bx) and the inlet velocity varies according to Vo = U(I + ath, where 4g = 1 ft, L= 41, b= 0.1 ft" ,a = 2 sec"! and U = 10 fy/sec, The flow may be assumed one-dimensional. Find the acceleration of a fluid particle at x= L/2fort = Oand 0.5 sec. Yo — e Ao fe Te | : Lx a a P56 Psa7 (Consider the one-dimensional, incompressible flow through the circular channel shown, The velocity at section @ is given by U=Uy + U;sinaot, where Up = 20 m/se, U, = 2 m/sec, and « = 0.3 rad/sec. The channel dimensions are L = 1m, Ry = 02m, and R, = 0.1 m. Determine the particle acceleration at the channel exit. Plot the results as 1 function of time over a complete cycle. 5.48 The circular channel of Problem 5.47is replaced by a plane channel of uniform width with the same linear dimensions. For the conditions given, determine the particle acceleration at the channel exit and plot the results as a function of time over a complete cycle.jee, in the xy-plane. (Hint: Use the lower edge and cof the fluid particle, which intersect at 90° at the ‘comer of the particle at the initial time.) ‘your results with those obtained from the equa- in Cartesian coordinates, i.e. 1 (au, w a1 (au, oe 2 May” ax, Ba) 2, (0) 02 wider the steady, incompressible, two-dimensional cof Prob. 4-58. Using the results of Prob. 4-58(a), following: m the fundamental definition of the rate of rotation rotation rate of two initially perpendicular lines that fat a point) calculate the rate of rotation of the fluid ee in the -y-plane, «,. (Hint: Use the lower edge and the fedge of the fluid particle, which intersect at 90° at the left corner of the particle at the initial time.) Compare your results with those obtained from the equa- for w, in Cartesian coordinates, ie., {From the results of Prob. 4-61, his flow rotational or irrotational? | A two-dimensional fluid element of dimensions dx translates and distorts as shown in Fig. P4-63 during Fluid element attime f FIGURE 4-63 165 nase ponents at point P at the initial time are w and v in the x- and ‘directions, respectively. Show that the magnitude of the rate of rotation (angular velocity) about point P in the xy-plane is 4-64 A ‘two-dimensional fluid element of dimensions dx and dy translates and distorts as shown in Fig. Pa-63 during the infinitesimal time period dr = f, ~ f,, The velocity com- ponents at point P at the initial time are w and v in the x- and ‘ydirections, respectively. Consider the line segment PA in Fig. P4-63, and show that the magnitude of the linear strain rate in the x-direction is 4-65 A two-dimensional fluid element of dimensions dx and dy translates and distorts as shown in Fig. P4-63 during the infinitesimal time period dt = f = f}. The velocity com: ponents at point P at the initial time are w and v in the x- and yedirections, respectively. Show that the magnitude of the ‘Shear strain rate about point P in the x-plane is 1 (au, aw w+) 4-66 Consider a steady, two-dimensional, incompressible flow field in the xy-plane. The linear strain rate in the x- direction is 2.5 s~!. Calculate the linear strain rate in the y- direction, ‘A cylindrical tank of water rotates in solid-body rota- tion, counterclockwise about its vertical axis (Fig. P4-67) at angular speed ri = 360 rpm. Calculate the vorticity of fluid particles in the tank, Answer. 75.4 & reals, FIGURE P4-67ae nl of wae ots abst eel GH Conse ily toned Cea Ron 05 ten Bee P57) A DIV system i used wo measure the vor.” wo infteparliel Pc, Separated, by distance fi, ith ty ee of the How The measured vale of voriiy inte top plate moving and He Po plate stationary as usta Mt Mon 38-4 rads and is constant to within =0°5 per. in Fig. PATA The Soul steady, incompressible, and tv, diction anere that itis measured. Calculate the angular dimensional inthe "Plane "The velocity field is given by sfecd of rotation of the tank in rpm. Is the tank rotting STockwise or counterclockwise about the vertical axis? Ge un-vei+oy 40 ‘A cylindrical tank of radius rig, ~ 0.35 1 rotates about e iis vertical axis (Fig, P4-67). The tank is partially filled with SSL The speed of the rim is 2.6 m/s in the counterclockwise Girection (ooking from the top), and the tank fas been spin Sing long enough to be in soid-body rotation. For any fluid Paice in te tank, calulate the magninde ofthe component rrvortcity in the verical direction, Answer 15.0 rads (HERVE) plan te laonstipbeeven vrs and tionality. 471 Consider a two-dimensional, incompressible flow Feld in which an initially square fluid particle moves and {efonms. The fluid particle dimension is a at time f and is aligned with the x- and y-axes as sketched in Fig. P71. At aoe lotr time, the particle is still aligned with the x and y- Is this flow rotational oF irsotational? [fit is rotational, cau. late the vortieity component in the z-direction. Do fluid pai cles in this flow rotate clockwise or counterclockwise! ‘answers: yes, ~V/h, clockwise ee av, uve | h | | sone ltr ime: Ea into a rectangle of horizontal length FIGURE Pa-74 Ae el leng ofthe resangular Mu parce at this later time? 4-75 For the Couette flow of Fig. P4-74, calculate the lin- irae cone and ydectons, and alte Se = Shear ain ae 6 | | 4176. Combine your results from Prob. 4-75 0 form te isco ain ae X80 | aces) ‘Are the x- and y-axes principal axes? FIGURE P4-71 Reynolds Transport Theorem 4-72 Consider a two-dimensional, compressible flow field 4-77C True or false: For each statement, choose whet $72 Coney square Hid partici moves and deforms, Te SaIeTENT A false and discuss your answer bre in wth a le Gimension isa me and is aligned with () The Reyaels Se theorem is useful for transom: The fd pal cd in Fig, PET At some Inter ing conservation equa, Te their naturally occuit the a el aligned wit the z= and anes Bot consol volume forms 6 er forms. time, the particle fs feof horizons length 1.050 and @) The Reynolds anspor theorem i epelissile only © has dere esobia (Tne parce’ dimension in the = nondeforming contol volumes eric eat Oe ck the ow is two-dimensional) ) The Reynols wanspor theorem cane applied bt discon oerentage hes the density of the uid paricie steady an unsteady ow fel increased or decreased? (@ The Reynolds transport theorem can be applied 10 bat consider the following steady, thres-dimensional eloe- scalar and vestor quate. field: 4-78 Consider the general form of the Reynolds transpot ¥- wom) theorem (RTT) given by = G0 + 208 yi + 20x - 2p + OSMIE dnd f oe aed pave | pone ba Calculate the vorticity vector as a function of space ( ys 2) dt at les