fA 40) Passive (1) (be done / have been done) ED seis snaps Study is evap: ‘This house was built in 1920. ‘This isa passive sentence. Compare: Somebody built this house | in 1920. (active) ‘This house | was built in 1920. (passive) We often prefer the passive when it is not so important who or what did the action. In thisexample, it is not so important (or not known) who built the house In a passive sentence, if you want to say who did or what caused the action, use by: ® This house was built by my grandfather. (= my grandfather built it) m Have you everbeen bitten by adog? (= Has a dog ever bitten you?) In passive sentences we use the correct form of be (is'arelwasiwere/has been, cic.) + the past participle: (be) done (be) cleaned (be) damaged (be) built (be) seen For irregular past participles (done/seen/written, cic.) see Appendix 2. For the passive of the present and past tenses see Unit 41 EAI We use the base form (...be done, be cleaned, be built, etc.) after modal verbs (will, can, must, etc.) and some other verbs (for example: have to, be going to, want to). Compare: Active: We ean solve | this problem. | ——— —_—— Passive: [This problem ] can be solved. = The new hotel will be opened next year. = George might be sent to Venezuela by his company in August. m= The musicat the party was very loud and could be heard from far away. = This room is going to be painted next week. = Go away! I want to be left alone, Active: Somebody should have cleaned | the windows | yesterday. ——T Passive: {The windows |should have been cleaned yesterday. = My bicycle has disappeared. It must have been stolen. = She wouldn’t have been injured if she had been wearing a seat belt = The weather was terrible. The tennis match should have been canceled.UNIT 40 Exercises 40.1] Complete these sentences with one of the following verbs (in the correct form): arrest wake knock check translate find drive make spend Jpew€ carry Example: The music at the party was very loud and could .2e Mearcd... {rom far away, 1. A decision will not s-sseuse nti the next meeting, 2. That building is dangerous. It ought to down before it falls down, 3. When you go through Customs, your luggage may... .. by acustoms officer. 4, Ttold the hotel receptionist that I wanted to. son Up 86:30. 5. Her new book will probably into a number of foreign languages, 6. Ifyoukicked apolice officer, you'd... 7. The police are looking for the missing boy. He can’t anywhere 8. Do you think that less money should on the military? 9. The injured woman couldn’t walk and had to sone 10. Tdon’t mind driving, but I prefer 10 ....-.0.enuo---BY other people. 40.2] Complete the sentences. This time use these verbs: must Jed shouldn't. — might — would Example: Did anyone clean the windows? No. They .should have. beencleaned. but they weren't Did anyone invite Ann to the party? I don’t know. She seonsennnnnesuseensese = PMMOLSUTE. Did anyone see you? 2 No, butD «if it hadn't been so dark. Has someone fixed this machine? Well, it’s working again soit Did someone throw those old letters away? : Yes, but it was a mistake. They BP epwre> Example: Wecan solve the problem. The problem .24/7.4€..8a/vecl » 1. People should send their complaints to the main office. Complaints 2. They had to postpone the meeting because of iliness. ‘The meeting 3. Somebody might have stolen your car if you had left the keys init. Your car pve 4, Asshort cireuit could have caused the fire, ‘The fire 5. They are going to hold next year’s convention in San Francisco, Next year’s convention 6. They shouldn't have played the soccer match in such bad weather. ‘The soccer match sianZ Cyl Passive (2) (present and past tenses) “These are the passive formsof the present and past tenses: Simple present _arm/islare + done/cleaned, etc ‘Actire: Somcbody cleans every day. Passive: ‘room | is cleaned every day. Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving. I’m not often invited to parties. How many people are injured in car accidents every day? Simple past wasiwere + done/cleaned, etc. ‘Active: Somebody cleaned | this room) yesterday. Passive: [This room | was cleaned yesterday. During the night we were all woken up by a loud explosion. When was that castle built? The house wasn’t damaged in the storm, but a tree was blown down. Present continuous —_am/is/are_ being +- done/cleaned, etc. Active: Somebody is cleaning [the room] right now. Passive: [The room ig Cleaned right now. Look at those old houses! They are being knocked down. (shop assistant to customer) Ave you being helped, ma'am? Past continuous was/were being + done/cleaned, ctc. ‘Active: Somebody was cleaning [the room] when I arrived. Passive: [The room | was being cleaned when I arrived Suddenly I heard footsteps behind me. We were being followed Present perfect _havelhas been + done/eleaned, ete ‘Active: ‘The room looks nice. Somebody has cleaned [it. Passive: ‘The room looks nice. [Tt |has been cleaned. Have you heard the news? The President has been shot. Have you ever been bitten by a dog? T’'m not going to.the party. I haven't been invited. Past perfect had been + done/cleaned, etc Active: ‘The room looked much betier. Somebody had cleaned [ it Passive: ‘The room looked much better. [It] had been cleaned. Jim didn’t know about the change of plans. He hadn’t been told.UNIT 41 Exercises Teal onc in wie ews wh tno Bona Examples: Somebody stole my bag in the store. My bag was.Ste/enin the store... ‘The police have arrested three men. ‘Three men have. been arrested. by the. palice.. ‘The bill includes service. Service People don’t use this toad very often. ‘This road . They canceled all fights because of fog. All fights |. Somebody accused me of stealing the money. I ‘They are building a new shopping center downtown A new shopping center . T didn’t realize that someone was recording our conversation. I didn’t realize that our conversation . They have changed the date of the meeting. ‘The date of the meeting .. Brian told me that somebody had attacked and robbed himin the street. Brian told me that he in the bill veene Make a passive sentence from the words in parentheses (.. .) Examples: That building looks very old. (when |it/ build?) héhen.was./t built.2... A: Is Margaret popular? — B: Yes, (she/like/ by everybody) She./9./iked. by. everybody. 1. Thisis a very popular television program. (every week it / watch / by millions of people) Every week it 2. What happens to the cars produced in this factory? (most of them / export?) 3. A: Was there any trouble at the demonstration? B: Yes. (about 20 people/ arrest) A: There isno longer military service in Britain. B: Really? (when/it/ abolish?) B: A Did anybody call an ambulance to the scene of the accident? : Yes. (but nobody / injure /so it/ not/ need) Last night someone broke into our house. B: Ohno! (anything/ take?) 7. Mr. Kelly can’t use his office right now. (it/ redecorate) 8. Linda didn’t have her car yesterday. (it/ tune-up /at the garage) 9. Where's my bicycle? It’s gone! (it/steal!) 10. ‘The people next door disappeared six months ago. (they / not / see /since then} 11. This room looks different. (it/ paint / since Iwas last here?) 12, A tree was lying across the road. (it/ blow / down in the storm)Passive (3) Some verbs can have two objects. For example, offer: = They didn’t offer Ann the job. (the two objects are Ann and the job) So it is possible to make two different passive sentences: = Ann wasn’ toffered the job: m The job wasn’t offered to Ann, It is more usual for the passive sentence to begin with the person. Other verbs like offer that can have two objects are: ask tell give send show teach pay Here are some examples of passive sentences with these verbs: ® Lwas given two hours to make my decision. (~ they gave me two hours) 1 The men were paid $1500 to do the job. (= someone paid the men $1500) © Have you been shown the new machine? (= has anyone shown you the new machine?) Born: Remember that be born is a passive verb and is usually past: a Where were you born? (not are you born) = Las born in Chicago. (not I am born) © How many babies are born in this hospital every day? —simple present simple past The passive -ing form is being done / being cleaned, et.: Active: I don't like people telling me what to do. Passive: T don’t like being told what to do. 1 [remember being given a toy drum on my fifth birthday. (= I remember someone giving me...) = Hurry up! You know Mr. Miller hates being kept waiting, people keeping him waiting) m= She climbed over the wall without being seen. (= without anyone sccing her) he hates Sometimes you can use get instead of be in the passive: There was fight at the party, but nobody got hurt. (= nobody was hurt) = Did Ann get fired from her new job? (= was Ann fired from her new job?) ‘You can use get in the passive to say that something happens to someone or something. Often the action is wot planned; it happens by chance: a The dog got run over by acar. (= the dog was run over) In other types of situation get is not usually possible: George is liked by everyone. (not gets liked) Get is used mainly in informal spoken English. You can use be in all situations.UNIT 42 Exercises Read the sentence and then write a new sentence with the same meaning. Begin in the way shown each time. Example: They didn’t offer Ann the job. Ann wasn’t. offered. the job. 1. They don’t pay Jim very much. Jim ...... 2. They will ask you. lot of questions at the interview. You 3. Nobody told me that Liz was sick. “I . 4. Hiscolleagues gave him a present when he retired. He 5. Weill send you your exam results as soon as they are ready. You . They didn’t ask me my name. I . [think they should have offered Tom the job. I think’Tom ... 42.2] When were these famous people born? Choose the right year for each person: 188917701452, 8#EL «1504 1. Lenin was bern 118.20. 4. Charlie Chaplin 2. Shakespeare . 5. Beethoven 3. Leonardo da Vinei 6. And you? I 42.3] Complete the sentences. Each time use being with one of these verbs: ‘Tbeep< pay attack = give invite’ use—_ask Example: Mr. Miller doesn’ like .Ae@ieag Kept. waiting 1. He came to the party without . 2. She won't go out alone after dark. She is afraid of 3. Ldon't like . on. Stupid questions. 4, Few people are prepared to work without on 5. Ms. Kelly doest’tlike her phone - snus DY other people. 6. Most people like a presents. Complete the sentences. Make a passive sentence with get and one of these verbs: break sting use damage hur steal Example: There was a‘fight at the party, but nobody get hurls 1. Ted by abee while he was sitting in the garden, 2. How did that window .. oe 2 3. Did any of these houses .. . in the storm last night? 4. These tennis couris don’t often. Not many people want to play. 5. Tused to have a bicycle, but it .It is said that.../ Heis said to..., etc., and supposed to ‘This is Mary. She is very old, and nobody knows exactly how old she is. But: It is said that|she}is 108 years old. She]is said to be 108 years old Both these sentences mean: “People say that she is 108 years old.” You can also use these structures with: thought believed reported =—_ understood known expected —_alleged_—_considered. Tis said that Mary eats ten eggs a day. or Mary is said to eat ten eggs a day: It is believed that the wanted man is ‘or ‘The wanted man fs believed to be living in New York. living in New York It is expected that the strike will begin or _The strike is expected to begin tomorrow. tomorrow. It is alleged that he stole $100. or He is alleged to have stolen $100. It was alleged that he stole $100. ‘or He was alleged to have stolen $100. ‘These structures are often used in news reports: It is reported that two people were killed or Two people are reported to have in the explosion. been killed in the explosion. ‘Supposed to Sometimes (he) supposed to means “said to”: Let's go and sce that movie. It’s supposed to be very good. (= Itis said to be very good; people say that it's very good.) [ic is supposed to have stolen $100. (~ He is said to have stolen $100.) But sometimes supposed to has a different meaning. You can use supposed to to say what is. planned or arranged (and this is often different from what really happens): = Td better hurry. It's nearly 8:00. P'msupposed to be meeting Ann at 8:15. (= Tarranged to meet Ann; I said I would meet Ann.) m= The-train was supposed to arrive at 11:30, but it was 40 minuteslate. (= The train should have arrived at 11:30, according to the schedule.) 1 You were supposed to clean the windows, Why didn’t you do it? We use not supposed to to say what is not allowed or not advisable: ‘= You're not supposed to park here. (= You aren’tallowed to park here.) = Mr. Jenkins is much better after his illness, but he's still not supposed to do any heavy workUNIT 43 Exercises 143.1] Read the sentence and then write another sentence with the same meaning. Examples: Itis believed that the wanted man is living in New York. ‘The wanted man /3. Believed to Le. Living.in. Mew York. Ttis thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall. ‘The prisoner és theught ta have.escaped by clinthing over the.wall. 1. Itis said that many people are homeless because of the flood. Many people are said Itis known that the Governor isin favor of the new law. ‘The Governor 3. Its expected that the President will lose the election. The President 4. Itis believed that the thieves gotin through the kitchen window. The thieves 5. Itis alleged that she drove through the town at 90 miles an hour. She 6. Itis reported that two people were seriously injured in the acident ‘Two people 1. Itis said that three men were arrested after the explosion. Three men There are a fot of stories about Arthur, but nobody knows whether they aretrue. Make Sentences with supposed to. Example: People say that Arthur eats spiders. Arthur./s sugpesed to eat spiders. People say that Arthur is very rich. Arthur People say that he has 22 children. He ... People say that he sleeps ona bed of nails. He Poople say that he inherited alot of money. He People say that he writes poetry. He Now use supposed to with its other meaning. In each example what happens is not what is supposed to happen. Use supposed to or not supposed to with one of these verbs: Braj come bee call «study have Examples: Mary, you're smoking! But you know you are.net.suppased te. semake.. in this room. Why are the windows still dirty? You Mere SappeSed.Lo.clean...them. What are the children doing at home? They essen at school, He in the evenings, but he always goes out. Don’t put sugar in your tea. You know you sugar, Ohno! I... .. Ann, but I completely forgot. They arrived very early ~ at 2:00. They sce until 3:30.lA 44 Have something done Te a The roof of Bill’s house was damaged in a storm, so he arranged for a worker to repair it. Yesterday the worker came and did the job. Bill had the roof repaired yesterday. This means: Bill didn’t repair the roof himself. He arranged for someone else to do it for him. Compare: m Bill repaired the roof. (~ he did it himself) = Bill had the roof repaired. (= he arranged for someone else to do it) Now study these sentences: = Did Ann design her business cards herself or did she have them designed? = Are you going to repair the car yourself, or are you going to haveit repaired? To say that we arrange for someone else to do something for us, we use the structure have something done. The word order is important: the pastparticiple (done/repaired, etc.) comes after the object (the roof): have + | object + — | past participle had | theroof repaired yesterday. Where did you | have | yourhair_| done? Weare | having | thehouse _ | painted right now. ‘Tom has just | had telephone _| installed inhishouse. How often do you | have | yourear | service Whydon'tyou | have | thatcoat | cleaned? Twantto | have | mypicture | taken. “Getsomething done” is possible instead of have something done (mainly in informal spoken English): ‘= Tthink you should get your hair cut. (= have your hair cut) Have something done sometimes has a different meaning. For example: a He had all his money stolen while he was on vacation. ‘This doesn’t mean that he arranged for somebody to steal his money! “He had all his money stolen” meansonly: “All his money was stolen.” With this meaning, we use have something done to say that something (often something not nice) happened to someone: George had his nose broken ina fight. (= his nose was broken)UNIT 44 Exercises 144.1] Answer the questions in the way shown. Example: “Did Liz make that dress herself?” “No, She Had (tmade.:. 1. “Did youcut your hair yourself?” “No, I soso ” 2. “Did they paint the house themselves?” " “No, they... : ” 3. “Did Jim cut down that tree himself?” “No, 4. “Did Sue repair the car herself?” “Noy... oe ” 44.2) This time complete the sentences. Use the words in parentheses (..... Examples: We ate.hhaving the hause painted (the house / paint) at the moment. Bid yauhave, your. Rat sdb... (you! your bait / cut) last week? 1. Yourhairis too long. I think you should ence {ity eu 2. Howoften .. seo . (you/ your car/ tune up)? 3. The engine in Tom's car couldn't be repaired, so he had to (anew engine / put in). 4. ws (you | your newspaper / deliver) or do you buy it yourself at the store? 5. A: Whatare those workers doing in your garden? B: Oh, I... (a swimming pool / build) 6. A: Can [see the pictures you took on your vacation? B: Tm atraidnot. I .-- (not /the film / develop) yet. 7. Isittrue that many years ago he (his portrait / paint) bya famous artist? Example: Jill’s coat was dirty, so she took it to the cleaners. Now itis clean. What has Jill done? .8he.ha3.had har.cat cleaned» 1, Tom thinks his eyesight going todo there? He is oe oe oo 2, Suc is at the beauty parlor at the moment. A hairdresser is cutting her hair. What is Sue OING? assenssneens seman . 3. Ann’s watch was broken, so she took it to a jeweler. Now it’s working again. What has ‘Ann done? getting worse, sohe’s going to the eye doctor. What is Tom Now use have something done with its second meaning (see section c). Example: George’s nose was broken in a fight. What happened to George? He. had his. nase. Braken in. atignr. 1, John’s wallet was stolen from his pocket. What happened to John? He 2. Fred’s hat was blown off by the wind. What happened to Fred? 3. Carol’s passport was taken from her at the police station. What happened to Carol?