Burrhus Frederick

Skinner (19041990)

was an
Americanpsychologi
st,behaviorist,
author, inventor,
andsocial
philosopher

Skinner argued that psychologists

must restrict their investigations to
facts, what they can seem,
manipulate, and measure in the
laboratory.

Piaget distinguished between two

kinds of behavior:
Respondent behavior
Operant behavior

Skinners Box

Piagets
Intellectual
Development

Jean Piaget (18961980)

Is a Swiss
developmental
psychologist
and
philosopher. He
is known for his
theory of
operant
conditioning.

According to Jean Piaget

(1979), human intellectual
development progresses
chronologically through
four sequential stages.
Piaget defined intelligence
as the ability to adapt to
the environment

In assimilation, the
individual absorbs new
information, fitting
features of the
environment into
internal cognitive
structures

In accommodation, the individual

modifies those internal
cognitive structures to conform
to the new information and
meet the demands of the
environment.

 Sensorimotor (0-2 years of

age) - children begin to use
imitation, memory and
thought.

 Preoperational (2-7 years) Children gradually develop

language and the ability to
think in symbolic form.

 Concrete operational (7-11

years) - Children are able to
solve concrete (hands-on)
problems in logical fashion.

 Formal operational (11-15

years of age) - Children are
able to solve abstract
problems in logical fashion.

Howard
Gardner's Theory
of Multiple
Intelligences

Howard Gardner
(1943)
Is an American
developmental
psychologist and the
John H. and Elisabeth
A. Hobbs Professor of
Cognition and
Education at
theHarvard Graduate
School of
EducationatHarvard
University.

 Gardner theorized that rather

than just these two intelligences,
a grouping of seven intelligences
more accurately accounts for the
diversity of ways in which people
acquire and utilize knowledge.

SEVEN INTELLIGENCES

(1) Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

-- the ability to detect patterns,
reason deductively and think
logically. Most often associated
with scientific and mathematical
thinking.

(2) Linguistic Intelligence the

ability to use language
masterfully to express oneself
rhetorically or poetically. Also
allows one to use language as a
means to remember information.

(3) Spatial Intelligence -- the ability

to manipulate and create mental
images in order to solve problems.
Not limited to visual sight,
Gardner noted that blind children
can possess spatial intelligence.

(4) Musical Intelligence -- the ability

to read, understand, and compose
musical pitches, tones, and
rhythms. (Auditory functions are
required for a person to develop
this intelligence in relation to pitch
and tone, but it is not needed for
the knowledge of rhythm.)

(5) Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

-- the ability to use ones mind
to control ones bodily
movements. This challenges the
popular belief that mental and
physical activity are unrelated.

(6) Interpersonal Intelligence

the ability to apprehend the
feelings and intentions of
others.

Skinners approach to behavior, simple

in concept, is based on thousands of
hours of well-controlled research.

(7) Intrapersonal Intelligence -the ability to understand one's

own feelings and motivations.

Intellectual
Development
B.F.
Skinner

Operant

Conditioning

H. Gardner

Multiple
Intelligences

J. Piaget

Stages of
Cognitive
Development

Source
s:

Piagets Intellectual Development

http://ponce.inter.edu/cai/tesis/lmrivera
/cap.htm

Howard Gardner's Theory of

Multiple Intelligences
http://www.kqed.org/assets/pdf/arts/prog
rams/spark/multipleintelligences.pdf?
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