see2015 LTE (telecommuricaton)- Wikipedia the ree encyclopedia
LTE (telecommunication)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
LTE, an abbreviation for Long-Term Evolution,
commonly marketed as 4G I
), is a standard for
wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile
phones and data terminals. It is based on the
+
.
Adoption of LTE technology as of December 7,
GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies,
increasing the capacity and speed using a different radio
interface together with core network improvements (1IP]
The standard is developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation
Partnership Project) and is specified in its Release 8
document series, with minor enhancements described in
Release 9. 2014
Countries and regions with commercial LTE
LTE is the natural upgrade path for carriers with both service
GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA2000 networks. The Countries and regions with commercial LTE.
different LTE frequencies and bands used in different
countries will mean that only multi-band phones will be
able to use LTE in all countries where it is supported,
network deployment on-going or planned
Countries and regions with LTE trial systems.
(pre-commitment)
Although marketed as a 4G wireless service, LTE (as
specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series) does not satisfy the technical requirements the
3GPP consortium has adopted for its new standard generation, and which were originally set forth by the
ITU-R organization in its IMT-Advanced specification. However, due to marketing pressures and the
significant advancements that WiMAX, HSPA+ and LTE bring to the original 3G technologies, ITU later
decided that LTE together with the aforementioned technologies can be called 4G technologies. The LTE
Advanced standard formally satisfies the ITU-R requirements to be considered IMT-Advanced.!4! To
differentiate LTE Advanced and WiMAX-Advanced from current 4G technologies, ITU has defined them
as "True 4G" 15161
Contents
1 Overview
2 Features
3 Voice calls
= 3.1 Enhanced voice quality
4 Frequency bands
5 Patents
6 Devices
7 See also
8 References
Inpulen wikipedia orgviki-TE_%28telecommuricaon23 16aa8a015 LTE (eleoommuriaten)- kp, tere encylapeda
= 9 Further reading
= 10 External links
= 10.1 White papers and other technical information
Overview
LTE stands for Long Term Evolution!7! and is a registered
trademark owned by ETSI (European Telecommunications
Standards Institute) for the wireless data communications
technology and a development of the GSM/UMTS standards.
However other nations and companies do play an active role in the
LTE project. The goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and
speed of wireless data networks using new DSP (digital signal
processing) techniques and modulations that were developed around
the tum of the millennium, A further goal was the redesign and
tion of the network architecture to an IP-based system
intly reduced transfer latency compared to the 3G
interface is incompatible with 2G.
st be operated on a separate radio
and 3G networks, so that it mi
spectrum,
LTE was first proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan in 2004, and
studies on the new standard officially commenced in 2005.!8! In
May 2007, the LTE/SAE Trial Initiative (LSTI) alliance was
founded as a global collaboration between vendors and operators
with the goal of verifying and promoting the new standard in order
to ensure the global introduction of the technology as quickly as
possible. !9Il1°l The LTE standard was finalized in December 2008,
and the first publicly available LTE service was launched by TeliaSonera in Oslo and Stockholm on
December 14, 2009 as a data connection with a USB modem. The LTE services were launched by major
North American carriers as well, with the Samsung SCH-r900 being the world’s first LTE Mobile phone
starting on September 21, 2010!!J[!2] and Samsung Galaxy Indulge being the world’s first LTE smartphone
starting on February 10, 201 1!']l!4] both offered by MetroPCS and HTC ThunderBolt offered by Verizon
starting on March 17 being the second LTE smartphone to be sold commercially {!5Il'9) In Canada, Rogers
Wireless was the first to launch LTE network on July 7, 2011 offering the Sierra Wireless AirCard® 313U
USB mobile broadband modem, known as the "LTE Rocket™ stick" then followed closely by mobile
devices from both HTC and Samsung.!"71 fitially, CDMA operators planned to upgrade to rival standards
called UMB and WiMAX, but all the major CDMA operators (such as Verizon, Sprint and MetroPCS in the
United States, Bell and Telus in Canada, au by KDDI in Japan, SK Telecom in South Korea and China
Telecom/China Unicom in China) have announced that they intend to migrate to LTE after all. The
Telia-branded Samsung LTE modem
evolution of LTE is LTE Advanced, which was standardized in March 2011.81 Services are expected to
commence in 2013.!19)
Inipilen wikipedia orgki.TE_%28telecommuricaon23 anesvzavzos LTE (tlecommuriaton) - Wkipdta, the ee encyeepeda
The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of 300 Mbit/s,
uplink peak rates of 75 Mbit/s and QoS provisions permitting a
transfer latency of less than 5 ms in the radio access network. 1
has the ability to manage fast-moving mobiles and supports multi-
cast and broadcast streams, LTE supports scalable carrier
bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz and supports both frequency
division duplexing (FDD) and time-division duplexing (TDD). The
IP-based network architecture, called the Evolved Packet Core
(EPC) and designed to replace the GPRS Core Network, supports
seamless handovers for both voice and data to cell towers with older
network technology such as GSM, UMTS and CDMA2000.2"] The
simpler architecture results in lower operating costs (for example,
each E-UTRA cell will support up to four times the data and voice
capacity supported by HSPAP!1).
Below is a list of countries by 4G LTE penetration as measured by
Juniper Networks in 2013 and published by Bloomberg. 7123) HTC ThunderBolt, the second
‘commercially available LTE.
Rank | Country/Territory | Penetration smartphone
1 te: South Korea 62.0%
2 | @ Japan 21.3%
3 | idl Australia 21.1%
4 | BS United States 19.0%
5 | BM Sweden 14.0%
6 | Bel Canada 8.1%
7 | 58 United Kingdom 5.0%
8 | Germany 3.0%
9 | um Russia 2.0%
10 | 2a Philippines 1.0%
Features
‘Much of the LTE standard addresses the upgrading of 3G UMTS to what will eventually be 4G mobile
communications technology. A large amount of the work is aimed at simplifying the architecture of the
system, as it transits from the existing UMTS circuit + packet switching combined network, to an all-IP flat
architecture system, E-UTRA is the air interface of LTE, Its main features are
= Peak download rates up to 299.6 Mbit/s and upload rates up to 75.4 Mbit/s depending on the user
equipment category (with 4x4 antennas using 20 MHz of spectrum), Five different terminal classes
have been defined from a voice centric class up to a high end terminal that supports the peak data
rates. All terminals will be able to process 20 MHz bandwidth.
= Low data transfer latencies (sub-S ms latency for small IP packets in optimal conditions), lower
Inipilen wikipedia orgki.TE_%28telecommuricaon23 aneaa8a015 LTE (elecammurieaton - Wikipeda, ere enycepesa
latencies for handover and connection setup time than with previous radio access technologies
= Improved support for mobility, exemplified by support for terminals moving at up to 350 km/h
(220 mph) or 500 km/h (310 mph) depending on the frequency band,(241
= OFDMA for the downlink, SC-FDMA for the uplink to conserve power
= Support for both FD and TDD communication systems as well as half-duplex FDD with the same
radio access technology.
= Support for all frequency bands currently used by IMT systems by ITU-R.
= Increased spectrum flexibility: 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz wide cells.
are standardized. (W-CDMA has no option for other than 5 MHz slices, leading to some problems
rolling-out in countries whe!
5 MHz is a commonly allocated width of spectrum so would frequently
already be in use with legacy standards such as 2G GSM and cdmaOne.)
= Support for cell sizes from tens of metres radius (femto and picocells) up to 100 km (62 miles) radius
macrocells, In the lower frequeney bands to be used in rural areas, 5 km (3.1 miles) is the optimal cell
size, 30 km (19 miles) having reasonable performance, and up to 100 km cell sizes supported with
acceptable performance. In ci
y and urban areas, higher frequency bands (such as 2.6 GHz. in EU) are
used to support high speed mobile broadband, In this
se, cell sizes may be 1 km (0.62 miles
even less,
= Supports at least 200 active data clients in every 5 MHz cell, 251
= Simplified architecture: The network side of E-UTRAN is composed only of eNode Bs.
= Support for inter-operation and co-existence with legacy standards (e.g., GSM/EDGE, UMTS and
CDMA2000). Users can start a call or transfer of data in an area using an LTE standard, and, should
coverage be unavailable, continue the operation without any action on their part using GSM/GPRS or
W-CDMA-based UMTS or even 3GPP2 networks such as edmaOne or CDMA2000.
= Packet switched radio interface.
= Support for MBSFN (Multicast-Broadcast Single Frequency Network). This feature can deliver
services such as Mobile TV using the LTE infrastructure, and is a competitor for DVB-H-based TV
broadcast.
Voice calls
‘The LTE standard supports only packet switching with its all-IP network. Voice calls in GSM, UMTS and
CDMA2000 are circuit switched, so with the adoption of LTE, carriers will have to re-engineer their voice
call network.?51 Three different approaches sprang up
Voice over LTE (VoLTE)
Circuit-switched fallback (CSFB)
In this approach, LTTE just provides data services, and when a voice call is to be initiated or received,
Inipilen wikipedia orgki.TE_%28telecommuricaon23 anesvzavzos LTE (elecammurieaton - Wikipeda, ere enycepesa
it will fall back to the circuit-switched domain, When using this solution, operators just need to
upgrade the MSC instead of deploying the IMS, and therefore, can provide services quickly.
However, the disadvantage is longer call setup delay
Simultaneous voice and LTE (SVLTE)
In this approach, the handset works simultaneously in the LTE and circuit switched modes, with the
LTE mode providing data services and the circuit switched mode providing the voice service. This is
a solution solely
based on the handset, ‘ceran * scsN
which does not have A i .
special requirements a
on the network and ue a ure me t sc
does not require the Nu
deployment of IMS en Tome YY
either. The
disadvantage of this cs domLTE CSFB to GSM/UMTS network interconnects
solution is that the
phone can become expensive with high power consumption
One additional approach which is not initiated by operators is the usage of over-the-top content (OTT)
services, using applications like Skype and Google Talk to provide LTE voice service. 7!
Most major backers of L'TE preferred and promoted VoL'TE from the beginning. ‘The lack of software
support in initial LTE devices as well as core network devices however led to a number of carriers
promoting VoLGA (Voice over LTE Generic Access) as an interim solution.!28! The idea was to use the
same principles as GAN (Generic Access Network, also known as UMA or Unlicensed Mobile Access),
which defines the protocols through which a mobile handset can perform voice calls over a customer's
private Internet connection, usually over wireless LAN. VoLGA however never gained much support,
because VoLTE (IMS) promises much more flexible services, albeit at the cost of having to upgrade the
entire voice call infrastructure. VoLTE will also require Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) in
order to be able to smoothly perform a handover to a 3G network in case of poor LTE signal quality.2°1
‘While the industry has seemingly standardized on VoLTE for the future, the demand for voice calls today
has led LTE carriers to introduce CSFB as a stopgap measure. When placing or receiving a voice call, LTE
handsets will fall back to old 2G or 3G networks for the duration of the call
To ensure compatibility, 3GPP demands at least AMR-NB codec (narrow band), but the recommended
speech codec for VoLTE is Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband, also known as HD Voice. This codec is
mandated in 3GPP networks that support 16 kHz sampling,"
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Fraunhofer IIS has proposed and demonstrated "Full-HD Voice", an implementation of the AAC-ELD
(Advanced Audio Coding — Enhanced Low Delay) codec for LTE handsets.!3!! Where previous cell phone
voice codecs only supported frequencies up to 3.5 kHz and upcoming wideband audio services branded as
HD Voice up to 7 kHz, Full-HD Voice supports the entire bandwidth range from 20 Hz.to 20 kHz, For end-
to-end Full-HD Voice calls to succeed however, both the caller and recipient's handsets as well as networks
have to support the feature,!°21
Frequency bands
The LTE standard covers a range of many different bands, cach of which is designated by both a frequeney
and a band number. In North America, 700, 750, 800, 850, 1900, 1700/2100 (AWS), 2500 and 2600 MHz
(Rogers Communications, Bell Canada) are used (bands 2, 4, 7, 12, 13, 17, 25, 26, 41); 2500 MHz in South
America; 700, 800, 900, 1800, 2600 MHz in Europe (bands 3, 7, 20);13Il41 1800 and 2600 MHz in Asia
(bands 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 40);5] and 1800 MHz and 2300 MHz in Australial34II37I and New Zealand
(bands 3, 40).8) As a result, phones from one country may not work in other countries. Users will need a
multi-band capable phone for roaming internationally,
Patents
According to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute's (ETSI) intellectual property rights
(IPR) database, about 50 companies have declared, as of March 2012, holding essential patents covering the
LTE standard./3%! The ETSI has made no investigation on the correctness of the declarations however, 9! so.
that "any analysis of essential LTE patents should take into account more than ETSI declarations."!4°
Devices
Brand Name Note
iPhone 5 (41)
iPhone SC [42]
iPhone SS. (43)
iPhone 6 (44) [45]
iPhone 6 Plus (46) [45]
iPad (3rd generation) 47
Apple
iPad (4th generation) (48)
iPad Air 49]
iPad Air 2 [50]
iPad Mini (1st gener: (si
iPad Mini 2 (52)
iPad Mini 3 (53)
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Lenovo
LTE (telecommurication)
Lenovo A6000,
(s4]
- Wikipedia the re encyclopedia
Fujitsu
Arrows NX
HTC
HIC Desire Eye
HTC One (2013)
HTC One (M8)
(55)
HTC One Mini
(56)
HTC One Mini 2
(57)
Huawei
Ascend D2 LTE
Ascend P7
LG
GFlex
GPro
G2
G3
Isai VL.
Nexus 5,
LG Gx
Optimus LTE 2
Optimus LTE III
Optimus Vu 2
Vu3
Motorola
Droid Turbo:
Moto G
Nexus 6
(58)
Nokia
Lumia 830
OnePlus
One
Pantech
Vega Iron
Vega N°6
Vega R3
Vega Secret Note
Galaxy AS
Galaxy Avant
Galaxy Golden
Galaxy Grand
Galaxy Light
Galaxy Note IT LTE
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macwzazos LTE (elecammurieaton - Wikipeda, ere enycepesa
Galaxy Note 3
Galaxy Note 10.1 LTE
Galaxy Note Edge
Galaxy Note 4
Galaxy Pop
Samsung
Galaxy Round
Galaxy $ II LTE®!
Samsung Galaxy Core LTE {1
Galaxy S4
Galaxy S4 Active
Galaxy $4 mini LTE
Galaxy $4 Zoom
Galaxy $5
Galaxy $6
Galaxy 86 Fdge
Galaxy $5 Active
Galaxy Win
Aquos Pad
Sharp Aquos Zeta
Disney Mobile on docomo
Xperia SP M3St
Xperia ZL C6506
Xperia Z1
Xperia Z2
Xperia Z2 Tablet
Xperia Z3
Xperia Z3 Compact
Xperia Z4 Tablet LTE (61)
Sony
See also
Comparison of wireless data standards
eMBMS - Multicast Broadcast Multimedia Services (MBMS) enhanced for LTE
E-UTRA ~ the radio access network used in LTE
Flat IP — flat IP architectures in mobile networks
LTE Advanced ~ the successor to LTE
Inipilen wikipedia orgki.TE_%28telecommuricaon23svzavzos LTE (elecammurieaton - Wikipeda, ere enycepesa
= LTE in unlicensed spectrum
= System architecture evolution — the re-architecturing of core networks in LTE
= TD-LTE (LTE TDD) ~an alternative LTE standard developed by China
= UMB ~a proposed competitor to LITE, never commercialized
= WiMAX ~a competitor to LTE
= HSPA+—an enhancement of the 3GPP HSPA standard
= Zadoff-Chu sequence
= Next-generation network
= 4G-LTE filter
= QoS Class Identifier (QCI) - the mechanism used in LTE networks to allocate proper Quality of
Service to bearer traffic
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49._ https://wwrw.apple.com/ipad-air/specs!
50._ https://www.apple.com/ipad-air-2/specs!
51._https://www.apple.com/ipad-mini/specs/
52._https://www.apple.com/ipad-mini-2/specs!
53._https://www.apple.com/ipad-mini-3/specs/
54. http://shopap. lenovo. com/in/en/smartphones/a-series/a6000/
55. http://www hte.com/us/smartphonesy/fite-one-m8/
56. http://www hte.com/us/smartphones/hte-one-mini/
57._http:/www hte.com/uk/smartphones/hte-one-mini-2/
58._ http://www motorola.com/us/eonsumers/nexus-6-header/Nexus-6/nexus-6-motorolaeus, html
59._ http://www. gsmarena.com/samsung_i9300_galaxy_s_ii-4238. php
60. http://www. gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_core_Ite_g386w-6846.php
61._ http://www. gsmarena.com/sony_xperia_z4_tablet_Ite-7069.php
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Further reading
= Gautam Siwach, Dr. Amir Esmailpour "LTE Security Potential Vulnerability and Algorithm
Enhancements", IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering," /E/
ECE, Toronto, Canada, May 2014
= Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall. Johan Skéld "4G — LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband",
Academic Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-12-385489-6
= Stefania Sesia, Issam Toufik, and Matthew Baker, "LTE — The UMTS Long Term Evolution - From
Theory to Practice", Second Edition including Release 10 for LTE-Advanced, John Wiley & Sons,
2011, ISBN 978-0-470-66025-6
= Chris Johnson, "LTE in BULLETS (http://www. lte-bullets.com)", CreateSpace, 2010, ISBN 978-1-
4528-3464-1
= Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Skold, Per Beming, "3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for
Mobile Broadband", 2nd edition, Academic Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-12-374538-5
= Borko Furht, Syed A. Ahson, "Long Term Evolution: 3GPP LTE Radio And Cellular Technology",
Cre Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4200-7210-5
= F, Khan, "LTE for 4G Mobile Broadband — Air Interface Technologies and Performance", Cambridge
University Press, 2009
= Mustafa Ergen, "Mobile Broadband — Including WiMAX and LTTE", Springer, NY, 2009
=H. Ekstrom, A. Furuskar, J. Karlsson, M, Meyer, S. Parkvall, J. Torsner, and M, Wahlqvist,
-chnical Solutions for the 3G Long-Term Evolution," //
2006, pp. 38-45
= E. Dahlman, H. Ekstrém, A. Furuskar, Y. Jading, J. Karlsson, M. Lundevall, and S. Parkvall, "The
Vehicular
Commun, Mag., vol. 44, no. 3, March
3G Long-Term Evolution — Radio Interface Concepts and Performance Evaluation,” 1
Technology Conference (VTC) 2006 Spring, Melbourne, Australia, May 2006
= K. Fazel and 8. Kaiser, Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC-CDMA
to LTE and WiMAX, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2008, ISBN 978-0-470-99821-2
= Agilent Technologies, "LTE and the Evolution to 4G Wireless: Design and Measurement Challenges
(http://www agilent.com/find/ltebook)", John Wiley & Sons, 2009 ISBN 978-0-470-68261-6
= Sajal K. Das, John Wiley & Sons (April 2010): "Mobile Handset Design’, ISBN 978-0-470-82467-2
= Beaver, Paul, "What is TD-LTE? (http://www. eetimes.com/design/microwave-rl-
design/4228238/What-is-TD-LTE-?Ecosyst
September 2011
= Dan Forsberg, Gunther Hom, Wolf-Dietrich Moeller, Valtteri Niemi, "LTE Security", Second
Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester 2013, ISBN 978-1-118-35558-9
m=microwave-rf-design)", RF&Microwave Designline,
Inipilen wikipedia orgki.TE_%28telecommuricaon23 wanesee2015 LTE (telecommuricaton)- Wikipedia the ree encyclopedia
External links
LTE homepage (http:/www. 3gpp.org/article/Ite) from the 3GPP website
LTTE A-Z Description (http://sites, google.com/site/Iteencyclopedia/home) 3GPP LTE Encyclopedia
4G/LTE community website (hitp://www.4g360.com)
LTE Frequently Asked Questions (http://Iteworld.org/faq)
LTE Deployment Map (http://Itemaps.org/)
White papers and other technical information
= LTE Technology Overview and Tutorial Series including Webinars and Video presentations
(http:/testrf.com/tag/lte-tutorial/)
= "The Long Term Evolution of 3G" on Ericsson Review, no. 2, 2005
(http://www .ericsson,com/eriesson/corpinfo/publications/review/2005_02/07.shtml)
= LTE technology introduction (http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/appnote/IMA 11 pdf)
= "3G Long-Term Evolution" by Dr. Erik Dahlman at Ei
(http://www-signal.uu.se/Research/PCCWIP/Tunisia/WIPOS_EAB. pdf)
= "Long-Term 3G Evolution — Radio Access" by Dr. Stefan Parkvall at Ericsson Research
(http://www. calit2.net/events/pdfs/$3G_Stefan_Parkvall.pdf)
= "3GPP Long-Term Evolution / System Architecture Evolution: Overview" by Ulrich Barth at Alcatel
(http://www ikr.uni-stuttgart. de/Content/itg/fg524/Meetings/2006-09-29-Ulm/01-3GPP_LTE-
SAE_Overview_Sep06.pdf)
= The 3G Long-Term Evolution — Radio Interface Concepts and Performance Evaluation
n Research
(http://www eriesson.com/res/thecompany/docs/journal_conference_papers/atsp/the_3g_long-
term_evolution_radi_interface.pdf)
= LTE and the Evolution to 4G Wireless Design and Measurement Challenges ~ "LTE Security"
(http://www.3g4g.c0.uk/Lte/LTE_Security WP_0907_Agilent.pdf)
= Role of Crypto in Mobile Communications "LTE Security"
(https://www. cosic.esat.kuleuven. be/ecryptU/courses/end/slides-28/9-niemi.pdf)
= Dr. Maode Ma "Security Investigation in 4G LTE Wireless Networks (http://www ieee-
globecom.org/2012/private/T10F pdf)", 2012
= LTE Uplink Interference Modeling (http://asp.curasipjournals.com/content/pd{!1687-6180-201 |-
61 pdt)
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