Human Body Systems

Unit 1 Summary
Anfernee Hamilton
3/27/15
Period 3

1.1 Human Systems

There are 12 systems that ALL humans have. These
systems are:

Skeletal System

Muscular System

Nervous System

Endocrine System

Cardio-Vascular (Circulatory) System

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Immune System

Lymphatic System

Urinary System

Integumentary System

Skeletal System

The Skeletal System is made up of

206 bones and tissues, such as the
tendons, ligaments, and cartilage.
These bones provide structure,
protection, support, and movement
for the human body. The job of the
tissues in this system is to connect
the bones together. The system also
produces red blood cells and stores
minerals.
Bones in the human skeleton
include: skull, cranium, mandible,
vertebrae (cervical, thoracic,
lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx), ribs,
sternum, clavicle, scapula, humerus,
ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals,
phalanges, pelvis, femur, patella,
tibia, fibula, tarsals, and
metatarsals.

Muscular System
The Muscular System contains voluntary and involuntary muscles. It
contains 650 muscles that support body movement, maintain posture, and
circulate blood and other substances throughout the body.
There are 3 types of
muscles in the body:
Cardiac: muscleinvoluntary, found
only in the heart
Skeletal: muscleinvoluntary, found
throughout the
whole body
Smooth: muscleinvoluntary, found
in internal organs

Nervous System
The Nervous System
is the control and
communication system
of the body. Its job is
to send and receive
messages and it
controls a persons
thoughts and body
movements. The
nervous system
consists of the brain,
spinal cord, and
neurons.

The brain is the control

center of the nervous
system. The brain helps
the body respond to the
information it receives
from the senses and it
processes all the thoughts
one is thinking. The
spinal cord is a long cord
of neurons that run up the
spine and attaches to the
brain. Information from
nerves that branch out to
the rest of the body goes
to the spinal cord. The
neurons are the cells of
the nervous system.

Endocrine System
The Endocrine System is the collection of glands that produce hormones.
The hormones regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue and
function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.

Cardio-Vascular System
The Cardio-Vascular, or Circulatory, System
transports minerals throughout the body. It
transports nutrients, water, and oxygen to your
billions of body cells and carries away wastes
such as carbon dioxide that body cells produce.
The circulatory system is split into three parts:
the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
The heart is the main organ of the circulatory system.
It beats about 13 million times a day. Its job is to
pump blood and keep the blood flowing throughout
the body.
The blood is the substance that flows throughout the
human body.
There are three types of blood vessels: arteries,
capillaries, and veins. The arteries are blood vessels
that carry oxygen rich blood AWAY from the heart.
The capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect the
arteries to the veins. Nutrients, oxygen and wastes
pass in and out of ones blood through the capillary
walls. The veins are lined throughout the whole body
and carry blood to the heart.

Respiratory System
The Respiratory System delivers
oxygen throughout the body and takes
away the carbon dioxide.
Organs of the respiratory system:
Lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm
The lungs take in (breathe in) oxygen
and take out (breathe out) carbon
dioxide. The trachea filters the air
humans breathe. The bronchi are two
tubes that branch off of the trachea and
carry air into the lungs. The diaphragm
is the organ below the lungs. The
diaphragm contracts once one breathes
in. Once it contracts, the diaphragm
flattens out an pulls downward.

Digestive System
The Digestive System
works to turn the food one
would eat into nutrients.
The six major functions of
the digestive system are
ingestion, secretion, mixing
and movement, digestion,
absorption, and excretion.
The digestive system
consists of the mouth,
throat, esophagus, stomach,
small and large intestine,
rectum, and anus.

Immune System
The Immune System is a complex
system of cells, tissues, and organs that
work together to fight against germs.
The immune system prevents and
limits the entry and growth of viruses,
bacteria, fungi, etc.

Lymphatic System
The Lymphatic System
is a system of capillaries,
vessels, nodes, and other
organs that transport
lymph from tissues as it
returns to the
bloodstream. The fluid
lymph contains white
blood cells that rids the
body of any toxins,
wastes, and unwanted
materials.

Urinary System
The Urinary System produces,
stores, and eliminates urine,
which is the fluid excreted by the
kidneys.
Urine travels from the kidneys
through the ureters and into the
bladder. Once the bladder is full,
a human will urinate through the
urethra to eliminate the waste.

Integumentary System
The Integumentary Systems main
function is to act as a barrier to
protect the insides of the body from
the outside world.
Other functions of the system are to:
protect the body's internal living
tissues and organs, protect against
invasion by infectious organisms,
protect the body from dehydration,
protect the body against abrupt
changes in temperature, help dispose
of waste materials, act as a receptor
for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and
cold, and stores water and fat.

Reproductive System
The main purpose of the Reproductive System is to reproduce
babies, or the human race. The organs in the reproductive system
are the external genitalia and internal organs.
Two major parts of the male
reproductive system are the
testes, which produce the
sperm, and the penis.
Two major parts of the female
reproductive system are the
uterus, the vagina and the
ovaries, which produce the
female ova.

Maintaining Homeostasis
The systems of the body help maintain homeostasis, which is the ability of
the body or a cell to seek and maintain a condition of equilibrium or
stability within its internal environment when dealing with external changes.
Examples of Body Systems maintaining Homeostasis:
The Skeletal System helps maintain homeostasis by supporting all the
organs in the body and keeping them in tact so each organ system can
function properly.
How the muscle system maintains homeostasis by generating heat in the
body, making it possible for the internal organs to function properly, has
roles within the heart, heart, and delivers blood and oxygen from the heart to
the rest of the muscles in the body.

1.1.2

Regional Directional
Terms/ Universal Language

Directional Terms
Superior: toward the head end or the upper part of the structure or body;
above (cranial)
Inferior: away from the head end or toward the lower par of a structure of the
body; below (caudal)
Anterior: Toward or at the front of the body; in front of (ventral)
Posterior: toward or at the back of the body; behind (dorsal)
Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Intermediate: between a more medial and more lateral structure

1.2

Human Tissues

Tissues
Tissues are a group of cells
that work together to to
perform certain functions in
the human body.
There are four different types
of tissues. They are:
Connective Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
The different tissues have a
specific function in the body.

Nervous Tissue
The Nervous Tissue is the
specialized tissue making
up the central and
peripheral nervous system.
This tissue is composed of
neurons and neuroglia. The
neurons receive and send
electrical signals in the
body. The neuroglia serves
to support neurons.

Muscular Tissue

Three types of Muscle Tissues are: cardiac, skeletal, and smooth.

The cardiac muscle tissue is found in the heart. It moves blood and maintains blood
pressure in the body.
The skeletal muscle tissue is attached to bones by tendons. It moves or stabilizes the
position of the skeleton, generates heat, and protects internal organs.
The smooth muscle tissue moves food, urine and tract secretions in the body, controls
respiratory passageways and regulates diameter of blood vessels.

Connective Tissue
The Connective Tissue is the
animal tissue that functions
mainly to bind and support other
tissues, having a sparse
population of cells scattered
through an extracellular matrix.
The connective tissue contains
various types of tissues,
including: loose connective
tissue and specialized
connective tissues, which are
bone, blood, cartilage, lymph,
and adipose tissues.
Loose Connective Tissue holds
organs in place and attaches the
epithelial tissue to other
underlying tissues. There are
three main types: collagenous,
elastic and reticular fibers.

The bone internally supports body structure.

The blood consists of blood cells surrounded by a non-living fluid
matrix called plasma. Its function is to work as a transport vehicle
for the cardio-vascular system, and to carry nutrients, wastes
respiratory gases, and other substances through the body.
The cartilage is a dense and flexible tissue that is similar to the
bone tissue.
The adipose is a fatty tissue. It is a loose connective tissue that
stores energy, and insulates and cushions the body.

Epithelial Tissue
The Epithelial Tissue lines the surfaces and cavities of the body organs. It
contains different sized and shaped cells.
The epithelial cells are bound together in sheets of tissue called epithelial.
Its functions include the following: protection, sensation, absorption, excretion,
diffusion, cleaning, and reducing friction.

1.2.2
Focus on Skeletal System

20 major / key bones

Skull

Pelvis

Clavicle

Carpals

Sternum

Metacarpals

Vertebral column

Phalanges

Ulna

Patella

Radius

Femur

Ribs

Tibia

Scapula

Fibula

Ribs

Tarsals

Humerus

Metatarsals

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

Parts

Axial
Skeleton

Appendicular
Skeleton

Parts of the Vertebral Column

The Vertebral Column is composed of
31 bones known as the vertebrae. It is
split into three different sections. These
sections are:

Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

Sternum Parts

The sternum is known as the breast bone. It is a long,

narrow flat bone that serves as the keystone of the rib
cage and it stabilizes the thoracic skeleton.
It is located along the midline of the body in the
anterior thoracic region.
Sternum has three distinct parts: manubrium, the
body, and the xiphoid.
Manubrium: widest and most superior region of
the sternum; forms joints with clavicles and the
first and second pairs of ribs through their costal
cartilages.

The body: longest region of the sternum and is

roughly rectangular in shape.

Xiphoid: smallest and most inferior region of the

sternum; slowly ossifies throughout childhood and
adulthood until the age of 40 when all its

Bones different between

males and females
Bones that are different in the female and male are the pelvis, skull, femur, tibia, and
humerus. These bones are used by people like Forensic Anthropologists to determine sex
among skeletons.
The bone structure of the pelvis in a male and a female are different.
The female pelvises are more larger and wider than those of males. It has a rounder inlet and
has evolved to its maximum width for childbirth.
The male pelvises are taller and narrower. The iliac crest in the males are higher than females.
The male sacrum is longer, narrower, and straighter, and has a more pronounced sacral.

Forensic Anthropology
Determining Sex: The main bones used to determine sex are the skull and
the pelvis. The measurements of the femur, tibia, and the humerus help in
the determination of sex.
Determining Race: A three race model is used to characterize skeletal
remains: White, Asian, and Black. The skull is used to determine race. One
would trace origins and various measurements around the face to reveal
information about ancestry and heritage.
Determining Height: Bones such as the femur, tibia, or humerus are used to
determine height. One would take the length/ height of one of these bones
and use a specific formula and calculate height of that skeleton remain.
Determining Age: To determine age, one would have to look for landmarks
that occur as a human ages. At birth, humans have about 405 bones. These
bones fuse and for the 206 bones we would see in an adult skeleton.

1.3

Identity: DNA

What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic ACID, also known as
DNA, is a double-stranded, helical nucleic
acid molecule capable of replication and
determining the inherited structure of a cells
proteins.
How does DNA differ between
individuals?
Each person has unique DNA. Each person
receives half their DNA from their mother
and the other half from their father.

Restriction Enzymes
Restriction Enzymes, which are also called restriction endonucleases, are is a
degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts up
DNA.

RFLPs
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms are difference in DNA sequence on homologous
chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths.
It is a molecular marker. It is specific to a single clone/ restriction enzyme combination.

Gel Electrophoresis
Gel Electrophoresis are the
separation of nucleic acids or
proteins, on the basis of their
size and electrical charge, by
measuring their rate of
movement through an electrical
field in a gel.

DNA Fingerprinting
DNA Fingerprinting is a method of
isolating and identifying variable
elements within the base-pair sequence
of DNA.
It is also called DNA typing, genetic
fingerprinting, genotyping, or identify
testing.

1.3.3 Biometrics
Biometrics is a filed of science that uses physical characteristics, such as facial features
or patterns in the eyes, and behavioral characteristics, such as voice or handwriting, to
determine or confirm identity.