RISK FACTOR: PATIENT IS

SUBJECTED FOR BLOOD

TRANSFUSION

Patient
Variables:
Age: 55
Diagnosed
with cancer
No history of
transfusion
or organ
transplant

Donor
Variables:
Blood type
Anonymous

Patient
undergoes
surgery

Laboratory
Variables
Laboratory
errors

Blood loss

For Blood
transfusion
Type O labeled 1
RBC pack was
administered
Donors blood is
introduced to patients
system
Systemic
circulation

ABO
INCOMPATIBILI
TY

Deposited in
organ system
Opsonized RBCs
Deposition of
are phagocytized
opsonized RBC
by macrophages
and lytic
products
Spleen
Kidneys
Lysis of RBC

Decreased blood
flow to kidneys

Patients Ab
reacts with donor
RBC
Abs bind to
surface antigens
of RBC
Donor RBC is
Agglutination
lysed
due
to Ag-Ab
complex
WBC initiates
Release of:
defense
mechanisms

Type O blood
type
Contains Anti-A
and Anti B Ab
Anti A Ab reacts
with donor blood

Blood is collected
and submitted to
the laboratory

Detected
reaction with
Anti-A
Release of Factor
XII

Lytic products
reenter
circulation

IL1 and TNF

Possible
presentation in
the future
Hemogloninur
ia, RF

Phospholipas
e A2

Bradykinins

Release of
prostaglandi
ns

Systemic
vasodilation

Decreased
Peripheral
resistance

Systemic
inflammatio
n

Activated
coagulation
cascade
Added to
IL1 and TNF
released
Inhibition of
thrombomodul
in

Decreased
blood
pressure
Vasodilation

Blood leaks
from
capillaries
Blood
extravasates to
surgical incision
Increased
bleeding
episodes

Decreased
peripheral
resistance

Stasis of
blood at
dependent
sites

Flushed
Skin

Release of
pyrogens

Compensato
ry
mechanisms

Hypothalami
c effect

Tachycar
dia
tachypne

Resetting of the
thermoregulatory
center
Elevation of
body
temperature
Febrile
Episodes

Disseminated
intravascular
coagulation

Fibrin
depletion
Hemorrhagic
episode
ensues

Oozing of
blood in
surgical
site
Worst
case
scenario:
Shock
leading
to death