1

2
3
HARDWARE
SOFTWARE
FIRMWARE
CPU
MEMORY PRIMARY/SECONARY
BIOS BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
POST POWER ON SELF TEST
(CHECKS THE MOTHER
BOARD AND OTHER DEVICES)
SYS FILES IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS &
COMMAND.COM GETS LOADED
THROUGH POST(BOOTABLE DISK)

13
BOOTPROCESS

1. SYSTEM’S CPUEXECUTES THE ROM-BIOS CODE

WHICHPERFORMS POST
POST DETECTS &TESTS MAINMEMORY
KBD, PORTS, DISKS, VIDEOADAPTERS

IF POSTGOES WELL YOUHEAR ASINGLE BEEP

2. LOOKS FOR BOOT SECTOR ONDRIVE A, IF NOT,

BOOT SECTOR OF BOOTABLE PARTITIONOF
BOOTABLE DISK

14
1. BIOS PROGRAMRUNS BOOT SECTOR AS A
PROGRAM,
BOOT SECTOR RUNS IO.SYS WHICH
INITIALISES SOME DEVICE DRIVERS AND
PERFORMS SOME REALMODE OPERATIONS

2. IO.SYS READS MSDOS.SYS WHICH

CONTROL VARIOUS STARTUP OPTIONS, NOW
YOUWILL SEE “STARTING WINDOWS 95”
MESSAGE

3. IO.SYS READS CONFIG.SYS IF EXISTS AND

LOADSPECIFIED REAL MODE DEVICE DRIVERS

4. IO.SYS READS AUTOEXEC.BAT IF EXISTS 15

1. IO.SYSREADSREGISTRYANDLOADSANUMBEROFDEVICE
DRIVERSLIKE

DOS=HIGH
FILES=30
BUFFERS=30
LASTDRIVE=Z

2. PLUG&PLAY: NEWDEVICESAREDETECTEDDURINGTHE
INITIAL BOOT,
REMOVEDDEVICEHARDWARECONFLICTSAREPROCESSED

3. WIN95ISSTARTED&WIN95GUI ISLOADED

4. WIN95PROMPTSFORPASSWORDIFSPECIFIED

5. THECONTENTSOFTHESTARTUPFOLDERISPROCESSED
16
HDD/MANCHESTER DRIVE
UPTO 20 GB
FDD
1.44 MB 3.5 INCH
CDROM
650 MB
DVDROM
17
8.5 X 2 = 17 GB
RAM
CONVENTIONAL MAMORY 640 KB ALL SYS
FILES ARE LOADED
UPPER MEMORY 640 KB TO 1 MB(HIMEM.
SYS) (HIGH MEMORY AREA)AUTOEXEC.BAT,
CONFIG.SYS,DEVICE DRIVERS (DISPLAY,
SOUND BLASTER CARD)
EXTENDED MEMORY ABOVE 1 MB
APPLICATION PROGRAM & USER’S WORK
AREA 18
L1 CACHE : A SMALL AMOUNT OF VERY FAST
RAM LOCATED INSIDE THE CPU. USED TO
PROVIDE A TEMPORARY HOLDING PLACE FOR
ALL THE DATA AND INSTRUCTIONS THAT HAVE
RECENTLY BEEN BROUGHT IN FROM OR SENT
OUT TO MAIN MEMORY WHEN WRITING FROM
CPU TO MAIN MEM, CACHE ACCEPT THE DATA
& LET CPU FREE . THE CACHE CONTROLLER
LATER TRANSFERS TO PROPER PLACE IN MAIN
MEMORY.
WHEN DATA/INSTRUCTIONS ARE READ FROM
MEMORY, 1 ST TIME THERE IS NO SPEED UP,
BUT THE SECOND TIME IF THE CPU ASK FOR
THE SAME LOCATION’S VALUE, IF THAT VALUE
IS STILL IN THE CACHE MEMORY, THE CACHE
CONTROLLER CAN SERVE IT UP ULMOST
INSTANTANIOUSLY.
19
L2 CACHE : GENERALLY CACHE MEMORY ON
THE MOTHERBOARD IS KNOWN AS L2 CACHE.
MOTHEBOARDVENDORS INTRODUCED L2
CACHE CONCEPT. BUT PENTIUM PRO
INTRODUCED ASEPARATE L2
CACHE CHIP CLOSELY INTEGRATED
TOGETHER WITH CPU .. NOW THIS BUS
BETWEEN THE CPU AND CACHE CHIP RUNS AT
THE SAME CLOCK SPEED AS THAT OF CPU
CLOCK. IT IS COMPLETELY INDEPENDENT OF
CPU TO MOTHER BOARD BUS. THIS IS KNOWN
AS DIB (DUAL INDEPENDENT BUS)
L3 C ACH E :PII MACH IN ESCOULDHAVE3 RD

LEVELO FCA CHE(L3CA CH E)O NTHE

MO THERBO ARD , INADDITIO NTOL2O N
SEPARATECH IPIN SIDETH EPII CPU&L1ON
THECPUITSELF.SU PER7M O THERBOARD
COM ESW ITH2M BO FL3CA CH E 20
MAGNETIC TAPES
MAIN FRAME
ICL 2958 FIXED DISK 640,160
MB (4 TO 5 AT A TIME)
ERASABLE DISK (ED)
200,80 MB (8/10 AT A TIME)

21
22
WHENYOU SAVE AFILE OR INSTALL A
PROGRAM,

THE COMPUTER STORES THE

INFORMATIONONTHE DISK INSMALL
AREAS CALLEDCLUSTERS
CLUSTERS ARE THE SMALLEST
ALLOCATIONUNIT TOSTORE FILES IN
DISK
THE SMALLER THE CLUSTER SIZE, MORE
EFFICIENT IS THE STORAGE

CLUSTER SIZE DEPENDS ONTHE

PARTITIONSIZE, WHICH DEPENDS ON
THE FILE SYSTEM 23
Partition Size CLUSTER SIZE

FAT16 FAT32
--------------------------------------------------------------------
------
32 Mb 2Kb -
128 Mb 2Kb -
256 Mb 4Kb -
512 Mb 8Kb 4Kb
1 Gb 16 Kb 4Kb
2 Gb 32 Kb 4Kb
3– 7 Gb - 4 Kb
8– 16 Gb - 8 Kb
16– 32 Gb - 16 Kb
>32 Gb - 32Kb

IF YOUR DISK IS > 2GB CONVERTINGOR USING

FAT32FILE SYSTEMWILL IMPROVE THE DISK
PERFORMANCE.

24
25
26
27
28
 MAGNIFIED VIEW OF
PITS AND LANDS FORMED
ON POLICARBONATE
PROTECTIVE LAYER
LAYER

1.2 mm

POLICARBONATE
SUBSTRATE

POLICARBONATE PITS
IN FRONT OF REFLECTIVE
LAYER
29
30
31
32
INPUT DEVICES
KEYBOARD,MOUSE,VDU
OUTPUT DEVICES
PRINTERS,PLOTTERS, VDU

33
34
80 CHARACTERS

24 LINES

35
36
 PREFETCH
SEGMENT UNIT
UNIT

CACHE PAGING
UNIT BUS
- L1
CACHE INTERFACE
- L2

NUMERIC EXECUTION
DECODE UNIT
CO-PROCESSOR
UNIT

37
 STEPS TO PUT ON/OFF YOUR PC

WHILE PUTTING ON
1. PUT ON THE POWER SWITCH (CVT/UPS)
2. OBSERVE THE SYSTEM BOOTS PROPERLY
3. IF REQUIRED SPECIFY THE PASSWORD
4. CLICK THE START BUTTON AND GO TO AND
OPEN THE REQUIRED APPLICATION.

WHILE PUTTING OFF

1. QUIT ALL PROGRAM
2. GO TO START BUTTON AND SELECT
SHUT DOWN OPTION
3. AT THE SHUTDOWN MENU
OPT FOR SHUT DOWN.
4. AFTER GETTING OK SWITCH OFF THE PC.
38
 SERVER

SERVER

39