SirindaYingumnuay(Prim)

ParadeeUnchaleevilawan(Pop)
111

BloodTypeTestingLab

Introduction

Theunderstandingofgeneticswasbasedontraitsthatonegenewithtwoalleles
whichoneofthemwillbedominantandanotherwillberecessive.However,someof
thetraitswerecomplicatedsuchasmultiplealleles.

Multipleallelesrefertothesinglegenethatrelyonthesinglelocusbuthave
morethantwopatternofalleles.Itdoesntmeanthatitprocessesmorethantwoalleles,
buttheyhavemorethantwoallelesatapopulationlevel(codominance).Forinstance,
humanbloodtype.

GenethatcontrolstheHumanABObloodtypehasthreetypesofalleles, I B , I A
,and i . I B and I A arecodominance,butbothofthemdominate i ( I B = I A >i).

Genotype

Phenotype

I A I A or I A i

BloodtypeA

I B I B or I B i

BloodtypeB

i i

BloodtypeO

I A I B

BloodtypeAB

Therefore,thesephenotypecandeterminetothedifferentofantigensand
antibodiesinblood.Forinstance,bloodtypeAhasantigenAandantibodyB.

Bloodtype

Antigen

Antibody

AntiB

AntiA

AntiAandAntiB

AB

AandB

Antigenisaproteinonthecellmembrane.Someofthemcausetheimmune
systemtoproduceantibodies,butsomeofthemarerecognizeproteins.Besides,
antibodyisalargeYshapedproteinwhichhelptoneutralizeforeigncellssuchas
bacteria.However,antibodydoesntkillthosecells,butitwillbindandform
antigenbindingsiteonthecellmembrane,whichmakesthecellcannotmoveto
anywhereelse.Andwhitebloodcells,suchasneutrophils,willcomeandkillthosecells
later.

Purpose:

Thepurposeofthisexperimentistoidentifythebloodtypeofthedonor.

Materials

2MicroscopeSlides
AntiA,B,AB
Markers
Lancets
LancetDevice
Ethanol
CottonBall
3toothpicks

Method

1. Drawtwocirclesofabout1cmdiametersidebysideoneachslide.
2. Markeachcircleasoneofthefollowing:control,antiA,antiBandantiAB.
3. Waitforqualifiedpersonaltocomeandpuncturethetipofyourfinger.
4. Ineachcircledropasingledropofblood.
5. Incontrol:donotputanyantibody.
6. Inthecirclemarkedas:AntiAdropasingledropofAntiA,AntiBdropasingle
dropofAntiBandAntiABdropasingledropofAntiAB.
7. Usingthetoothpickmixthebloodandtheantibodythoroughly(useadifferent
toothpickforeachdropofblood).
8. Wait10secondsandobservetheresult.
9. Puttheresultsinthetableandcollectthedata.

Results

Antibodies

Coagulation

NotCoagulation

Control

AntiA

AntiB

AntiAB

Discussion1

Thereasonthatsomeofbloodcoagulatewithsomeantibodiesbutnotwithother
antibodiesisbecauseofantigens.Asweknowthatdifferentbloodtypehasdifferent
antigens,butthosebloodtypeshaveantibodiesthatoppositefromtheirantigens.See
thetablebelowtomakeyoumoreunderstand.

Bloodtype

Antigen

Antibody

AntiB

AntiA

AntiAandAntiB

AB

AandB

Inconsequence,bloodtypeAhasantigenAandAntiB,bloodtypeBhas
antigenBandAntiA,bloodtypeOhasnoantigenandhasbothofAntiAandAntiB,
andbloodtypeABhasbothantigenAandBandhasnoantibody.

Iftheantigenonthecellmembraneoftheredbloodcellisthesametypeofthe
antibodyinplasma,theagglutinationwilloccurwhichmakebloodcoagulates.For
instancebloodtypeAandAntiA.

Thinkaboutthepuzzletomakeyoupictureitclearly.Iftheyhavethesame
antigenandantibody,itmeanstheyhaveasimilarpatternandmakethembeableto
matcheachother(andthatmakebloodclot).So,thereasonthatsomeoftheantigens
isnotcoagulatebecausetheyhaveadifferentpatternandcannotjoineachother,such
asantigenAandAntiB.

Discussion2

Inthispart,PophasaphenotypeofbloodtypeO.Herfatherhassameblood
typeasherwhilehermotherhasbloodtypeB.However,wedontknowtheir
genotypes.So,thePunnettsquarewasusedtoidentifytheirgenotypes.

Firstofall,wepredictthegenotypewhichweknowthatPopandherfatherhas
genotypeof i i ,becausebloodtypeOisarecessivehomozygous.Inaddition,her
mothercouldbeneither I B I B (Homozygous)or I B i (heterozygous).

Second,weusePunnettsquaretoidentifytheoffspringgenotypeand
phenotype.

IfthemotherwasbloodtypeB(Homozygous): I B I B x i i

Genotype

I B

I Bi

I B i

I B

I Bi

I Bi

100percentchancethattheoffspringswillhavebloodtypeB( I Bi ).

IfthemotherwasbloodtypeB(Heterozygous): I B i x i i

Genotype

I B

I Bi

I B i

i i

i i

50percentchancethattheoffspringwillhavebloodtypeB( I Bi )andanother50
percentchancethattheoffspringwillhavebloodtypeO( i i ).

NowwecanconcludethatPopsmotherhasgenotypeof I Bi becauseifthe
motherisbloodtypeB(homozygous),thereisnochancethattheoffspringwillhave
bloodtypeO.

Members

Genotype

Phenotype

Popsfather

i i

BloodtypeO

Popsmother

I Bi

BloodtypeB

Pop

i i

BloodtypeO

Discussion3

PrimbloodtypeisAashermother,butherfatherisO.Asweknowthatblood
typeOreferstorecessivehomozygouswhichis i i .However,hermothercouldbe
neither I Ai or I A I A

Ifhermothergenotypewasheterozygous: I Ai x i i

Genotype

I A

I Ai

i i

I Ai

i i

Thereare50percentchancethatoffspringwillbeneitherbloodtypeAorblood
typeO.However,bloodtypeAwillbeheterozygous.

Ifhermotherwashomozygous: I A I A x I A I A

Genotype

I A

I A

I Ai

I Ai

I Ai

I Ai

Inthiscase,allofoffspringwillhavebloodtypeA(heterozygous).Wecan
concludethatPrimhasbloodtypeA(heterozygous),buthermothercouldpossiblebe
eitherbloodtypeAwithgenotype I Ai andbloodtypeAwithgenotype I A I A .

Conclusion

Inthisbloodtypetesting,thedonorhasbloodtypeA.Thisisbecauseit
coagulatesinAntiAandAntiAB,andnotcoagulateinAntiB.Ifthispersonhasblood
typeBorAB,ithastocoagulateinAntiB.AndifthispersonhasbloodtypeO,itwillnot
coagulateinanyantibodies.So,theresultisbloodtypeA.

Citation:

1. A.Becker.(n.d.).WhatisaMultiAlleleTraits?.DemandMedia.Retrivedfrom
http://education.seattlepi.com/multialleletrait4252.html
2. A.Mandal.(2013).Whatisanantibody?.
NewsMedical
.Retrivedfrom
http://www.newsmedical.net/health/WhatisanAntibody.aspx
3. L.J.Vorvick.(2013).Antigen.
MedlinePlus.
Retrivedfrom
4. S.Pirohakul.(20019).EssentialBiology.Nonthabuti:Tanapress.
5. T.Audjanawat.(2010).BiologyI1stedition.Bangkok:Sketchybio.