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BIOSENSORS
MADE BY: DEEPANSH MODY
U101113FBT259
NIIT UNIVERSITY
INTRODUCTION
A BIOSENSOR IS AN ANALYTICAL DEVICE WHICH IS USED TO DETERMINE THE
PRESENCE AND CONCENTRATION OF A SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE IN A BIOLOGICAL
ANALYTE.
THEY HAVE APPLICATIONS IN DIVERSE FIELDS LIKE DIAGNOSTICS, DISEASE
MONITORING, FOOD INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ETC.
PROF. LELAND C CLARK JR. IS KNOWN AS THE FATHER OF BIOSENSORS.
COMPONENTS OF A BIOSENSOR
Desired molecule
Bio receptor
Bio sample
Transducer
Signal
Processing
Biosensor
Compone
nts
Physical
Compone
nts
Transduc
er
Signal
processor
Biological
Compone
nts
Biorecept
or
Display
Bioreceptor
IT IS THE RECOGNITION COMPONENT. IT IS DESIGNED TO INTERACT WITH THE
SPECIFIC ANALYTE OF INTEREST AND PRODUCE AN EFFECT MEASURABLE BY
THE TRANSDUCER.
IT NEEDS TO BE IMMOBILIZED IN THE VICINITY OF THE TRANSDUCER, SO AS TO
OBTAIN PROPER PROBE ORIENTATION, AND INCREASE ACCESSIBILITY TO
TARGET ENZYME.
IT IS DONE EITHER BY PHYSICAL ENTRAPMENT OR CHEMICAL ATTACHMENT.
CHEMICAL ATTACHMENT OFTEN INVOLVES COVALENT BONDING TO
TRANSDUCER SURFACE BY SUITABLE REAGENTS.
IT IS TO BE NOTED THAT ONLY MINUTE QUANTITIES OF BIORECEPTOR
MOLECULES ARE NEEDED, AND THEY ARE USED REPEATEDLY FOR
MEASUREMENTS.
Transducer
A TRANSDUCER IS CAPABLE OF CONVERTING THE BIO-RECOGNITION EVENT
INTO A MEASURABLE SIGNAL.
IT ACTS AS AN INTERFACE, MEASURING THE PHYSICAL CHANGE THAT OCCURS
WITH THE REACTION AT THE BIORECEPTOR, AND THEN TRANSFORMING THAT
ENERGY INTO MEASURABLE ELECTRICAL OUTPUT.
DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF TRANSDUCER, A BIOSENSOR IS DIVIDED INTO
FOLLOWING CATEGORIES:
WORKING OF A BIOSENSOR
ANALYTE DIFFUSES FROM THE SOLUTION TO THE SURFACE OF THE
BIOSENSOR.
ANALYTE REACTS SPECIFICALLY AND EFFICIENTLY WITH THE BIORECEPTOR.
THIS REACTION CHANGES THE PHYSIO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE
TRANSDUCER SURFACE.
THE TRANSDUCER THEN TRANSFORMS THE BIOLOGICAL SIGNAL INTO AN
ELECTRICAL SIGNAL.
THIS SIGNAL IS PASSED ON TO THE MICROPROCESSOR, WHERE IT
UNDERGOES AMPLIFICATION.
IT THEN REACHES THE DISPLAY, OR THE STORAGE DEVICE.
BREAKTHROUGH !!
GLUCOSE MONITORING BIOSENSORS:
THE GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION IN A BLOOD SAMPLE CAN BE MEASURED
DIRECTLY
GLUCOSE + O2 GLUCOSE OXIDASE GLUCONIC ACID + H2O2
BIORECEPTOR: GLUCOSE OXIDASE
TRANSDUCER:
1) OXYGEN SENSOR- MEASURES OXYGEN CONCENTRATION
2) PH SENSOR- MEASURES THE ACID (GLUCONIC ACID)
3) PEROXIDASE SENSOR- MEASURES H2O2 CONCENTRATION
APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSORS
BIOSENSORS HAVE APPLICATIONS IN A VARIETY OF FIELDS, RANGING FROM
FOOD QUALITY TO DNA SEQUENCING. SOME OF THE APPLICATIONS ARE:
DNA SEQUENCING
MUTATION DETECTION
CRIME DETECTION
FOOD ANALYSIS
DRUG DEVELOPMENT
QUALITY CONTROL
MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CONTROLS
SIGNAL PROCESSING
THE TRANSDUCED SIGNAL NEEDS TO BE PROCESSED BEFORE IT IS
MONITORED.
THIS IS DONE WITH THE HELP OF DNA-FET (DNA FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR).
IT LEADS TO AN AMPLIFICATION IN THE SIGNAL PRODUCED.
HYBRIDISATION OF STRANDS LEADS TO CURRENT TRANSPORT THROUGH
TRANSDUCER, WHICH IS FED INTO THE GATE TERMINAL OF THE FIELD EFFECT
TRANSISTOR.
THE NEGATIVE CHARGES RELEASED VARY THE GATE POTENTIAL, LEADING TO
A VARIED RESPONSE.
THE PROCESSING OF SIGNAL IS DONE USING THE FOLLOWING PROCESSOR:
DNA SEQUENCING
IT IS DONE SO AS TO DETERMINE THE CORRECT ORDER OF BASES IN THE DNA OF A
SPECIES.
IT IS DONE USING PHOTOCLEAVABLE FLUORESCENT NUCLEOTIDES.
IT FOLLOWS SEQUENCING-BY-SYNTHESIS (SBS) METHOD.
THE BIORECEPTOR HERE IS THE SSDNA SEQUENCE WHICH HAS TO BE SEQUENCED.
4 DIFFERENT PHOTOCLEAVABLE FLUORESCENT NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGUES WERE USED:
DGTP-PC-BODIPY-FL-510
DTTP-PC-R6G,
DATP-PC-ROX,
DCTP-PC-BODIPY-650
FLUOROPHORE WAS ATTACHED TO THE 5 POSITION OF THE PYRIMIDINES AND 7
POSITION OF THE PURINES.
AFTER IMMOBILISATION OF PROBE, PCR WAS CARRIED OUT ONE BASE AT A TIME, I.E,
PCR BEGINS AT THE FIRST NUCLEOTIDE OF THE PROBE STRAND AND GROWS A
COMPLEMENTARY BASE, TO WHICH ONLY ONE OF THE 4 FLUOROPHORES CAN BIND.
MUTATION DETECTION
THE POINT MUTATIONS IN GENES RESULT IN VARIOUS DISORDERS,
INCLUDING CANCERS.
THE SNP CAN BE DETECTED USING PIEZOELECTRIC DNA BIOSENSORS.
AS THE HYBRIDISATION OF TARGET DNA STARTS, SIGNALS ARE
TRANSFERRED TO QUARTZ CRYSTAL, WHOSE RESONANT FREQUENCY
CHANGES ACCEDING TO THE RECEIVED SIGNAL. DURING THIS PROCESS, IF
THERE IS A MISMATCH BETWEEN THE PROBES SEQUENCE AND THE TARGET
SEQUENCE, THERE IS A DIFFERENCE IN THE RESONANT FREQUENCY OF THE
QUARTZ CRYSTAL, AND HENCE, MUTATION IS DETECTED.
REFERENCES
WEBSITE LINKS:
HTTP://WWW.DOCSTOC.COM/DOCS/138865457/PPT---BIOSENSORS-DNA-_PROTEIN-BIOSENSORS
HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/DNA_FIELD-EFFECT_TRANSISTOR
HTTP://WWW.IUE.TUWIEN.AC.AT/PHD/WINDBACHER/NODE66.HTML
HTTP://WWW.ACADEMIA.EDU/1715857/PRINCIPLE_AND_REVIEW_ON_DNA_BIOSE
NSOR
HTTP://WWW.RESEARCHGATE.NET/POST/HOW_DOES_ETHIDIUM_BROMIDE_ETBR_INTERCALATE_WITH_THE_SINGLE_STRANDED_DNA_OR_RNA
RESEARCH PAPERS:
OPTICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL DNA NANOBIOSENSORS,
HTTP://WWW.MOLECULAR-BEACONS.ORG/DOWNLOAD/LI,AS01(17)1149.PDF
RECENT ADVANCES IN FIBER-OPTIC DNA BIOSENSORS YI-MING WANG1,2*,
XIAO-FENG PANG1 , YU-YU ZHANG2
FOUR-COLOR DNA SEQUENCING BY SYNTHESIS ON A CHIP USING PHOTO
CLEAVABLE FLUORESCENT NUCLEOTIDES
OPTICAL, ELECTROCHEMICAL, AND MAGNETIC DNA BIOSENSORS AN
OVERVIEW, NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY
NUCLEIC ACID BASED BIOSENSORS FOR CLINICAL APPLICATIONS UTPAL
BORA1,2*, ARGHYA SETT1 AND DEEPIKA SINGH1
THANK YOU