LabReport

ElectricalMotors

Members

WaraphanSumetawenunt(Eve)111
WararatSumetawenunt(Eye)111
JatupatChantavilas(Folk)111
PateepanSakulratanacharoen(Book)111

Objective

Tobuild,understandandanalyzeanelectricmotor

Material

Copperwire
Twoneedles
Onefoamsupport
Universalstandandclamps
VernierMagneticFieldsensor
LabQuest
LaptopwithLoggerPro
Smallpermanentmagnet
Sandpaper

Procedure

1. Makingthesolenoid:
Rollthecopperwirearoundthepermanentmagnet(usethemagnetasa
templatetoassemblethesolenoid).Makefiveturns.Takethepermanent
magnetout.
Usetheextrawireonbothextremestomaketwoorthreeturnstoholdthe
turnsofthesolenoidtogether(seefigurebelow).

 Cutthewiresattheextremessotheyarenomorethan2cminlengthonboth
sides.
2.Assembling:
a. Sticktheneedlesonthefoamsupportseparatedbynomorethan4cm.
b. Rubeachendofthesolenoidwiththesandpapertomakesuretheyhavegood
electricalcontact.
c. Stickeachendofthesolenoidtotheholesofeachneedlesothesolenoidis
suspendedbetweenthetwoneedles.
3.Measuringthemagneticfieldandcurrent
a. ConnectthepowersupplytotheLabQuestinterfaceandtheinterfacetoyour
computer.OpenthepoweramplifiercontrolwindowandsetituptoDC.
b. Connectthepoweramplifier,thecurrentprobeandtheneedlesasshownon
thediagramontheboard.
c. Turnonthepoweramplifier.Zerothecurrentprobewhenthevoltageinthe
poweramplifierissetto0V.
d. Applyavoltageofnomorethan3V.Checkifyouhavecurrentinthecircuit
(shouldbenomorethan0.6A).
e. Recordthecurrentinthetable.
f. Calculatethemagneticfieldinthesolenoidwiththeformulagiveninthe
backgroundsection.Recordthisvalueinthetable.TheLengthofthecoilcan
beestimatedwith:
L=#ofturnsXthicknessofthewire
(assumethethickness
ofthewireis200m)
g. ConnectthemagneticfieldsensortoyourLabQuest.
CAUTION:Donotbring
thefieldsensortoaclosedistancewiththepermanentmagnet
.
Make
suretheyareatleastseparatedby30cm.
h. Holdthesensorusingtheclampandtheuniversalstand.Zerothesensorwhen
itisawayfromthecoil.
i. Bringthesensorclose(afewmillimeters)tothesolenoidandrecordinthe
tablethevalueofthemagneticfield.Makesurethatthecircularareaofthe
sensorisparalleltothecircularareaofthesolenoid
3.Runningthemotor
a. Disconnectthecurrentprobeandconnectthepoweramplifiertothetwo
needles.
b. Applyavoltagebetween48V.
c. Bringthepermanentmagnetclosetothesolenoidandobservewhathappens.
d. Findanoptimumpositionforthepermanentmagnetinordertomakethe
solenoidrotateforthelongesttime.Ifyoufindapositioninwhichthesolenoid
turnswithoutstopping,itisevenbetter.
e. Recordavideoofthemotorrunning

Result

Voltageapplied(V)
0.6

Current(A)
0.3302

Mag.Field
(Calculated)
7
2.08026x10
T

Mag.Measured
(Measured)
4
1.98x10
T

Analysis

1. Isthemagneticfieldmeasuredinagreementwiththecalculatedmagneticfield?
The value of magnetic fieldmeasured is different from the value ofthe magnetic field
that weve calculated. We think that the calculated value might be more accurate than the
measured one. The reasonthat supports our opinion is thatthereweremanyfactorssuchas
the atmosphere in the room, the sound, and the magnetic field from the other sources that
affect the changes in the value measured by the Magnetic Filedsensor.Thenumberofturns
or even the space between each loop is not the same also play an important role with the
value. While, theonethatwe calculate has not been effected byany of those factorsandas
we are all knew thatsometimesthemachineisnotworkingproperly duetomanyfactorsfrom
the surroundings. So, we can state that the value that our group got by calculating is more
accurate and reliable since the formular we used has already been proven and the value of
eachcoefficientwegotarefromtherealthingwedidintheexperiment.

2. Explain step by step why the solenoid keeps turning. Use diagrams. In your
explanation,includetheforcesandconceptsthatareinvolved.

(Figure.1)

An electric current in asinglecircularloopofwireformsamagneticfieldallaroundthe

loop. Applying the righthand rule to any part of the wire loop, it can be shown that the
direction of the fieldinside the loop is always the same. In thiscase,awireislooped5times
to form a coil and a current is allowed to flow through the coil.Whenweinducedthecurrent,
through the solenoid coil, it became an electromagnet and this creates the magnetic field
around thesolenoid coil. One end of the coil is a northpole,whileanotherendofthecoilisa
south pole. The property ofthese poles will make the solenoid coil repel the magnet thatput
near to the coil. When the north pole of the magnet moves toward the coil, this caused the
current flow in the directionof anticlockwise. Then,theareaofthecoilthatincontactwiththe
magnet became a north pole. And thisnorthpolewillattempttorepeltheincomingnorthpole
of the magnet.As a result,thesolenoidcoilswillturnandwill continuouslyturnaslongasthe
magnet has been applied toward the solenoid coil.
The coilwill be pushed towards a north
pole and thentowards a south poleand soon.Ifwemovethemagnetawayfromthecoil,the
coilwill,then,stopspiningandremaininstationary.
The strength of the field is also proportional to the current in the coil. Themagnetic
field produced by each loop is the same. If we increased the numberofloop,thestrenghtof
teh magnetic field will also increase. However, we could determine the force of magnetism
exerted on a coil that carried current passing through a magnetic field at right angles to the
wire either. The direction of the force, F, on the wire, is proportional to the strength of the
field(B), the current(I) in the wire,andthe length(L) of the wire in the magnetic fieldF = IBL
sin . Therefore, using the righthand rule to indicate which directionoftheforceispointedis
possible.(Figure3)

(Figure.2)

(Figure.3)

(Figure.4)
3. Investigateandexplainanothertypeofelectricalmotor.Usediagramsandmention
theforcesandconceptsinvolved.
Most houshold,offices, or factories arent supply by the DC current, but with theAC,
alternating current. By this, the design of the motor of thesetwotypesare totallydifferent.In
the case of DC, the current move in order along the coil. And for AC case, since the current
move alternating, the motor will runsmoothy only at some frequency.AnACmotorwillhasa

ring of electromagnetaround the outside, caused a rotate for the magnetic field. This is also
called the induction motor or the asynchronous AC motor which the speed of the rotor
dependson the frequency supple and the numbersofcoilsaroundthemagneticfield.So, we
are able adjust the speed of an AC motor by change its frequency supply.The example of
thingthatusuallyusetheACmotorisafatorymachine.
The way that an AC motor get the energy is by the rotational mechanical power
obtained from the rotor that transfer through the powers shaft. It enter through the machine
viaastatorthenitgooutthroughthemotor.

(Figure.5)

(Figure.6)

(Figure.7)

(Figure.8)

4. ThemagneticfieldsensorworksduetotheHallEffect?Investigateandexplainwhat
theHallEffectis.
The Hall effect principle is named for physicist Edwin Hall. In the year of 1879, he
discovered that when a conductor or semiconductor with current flowing in one directio, a
voltage canbe measured at right angles to the current pathperpendiculartoamagneticfield.
Electromagnetic field theory has allowed a more refined interpretation of the physics
responsible for the Hall effect. It is well established that the Hall effect results from the
interactionofchargedparticles,likeelectrons,inresponsetoelectricandmagneticfields
We can simply say that the Hall effect is the effect that occurs when there are
electrical current passthrough magnetic flux perpendicular to conductor, this event lead to a
creation of magnetic field orHall Voltageontheconductorintheperpendiculardirection with
current and Magnetic Flux. When we spread out electrical current constantly out to this

conductor, the current will flow steady through conductor by the electron will move from
cathodetoanode.

Conclusion

The experiment we have done is about creating a simple electric motor by using the
coiled copper wire called a solenoid. The solenoid we will generate the magnetic field if we
connectitwiththesourceofbaterrywherethecurrentflowthroughthewire.
For the first part of the experiment, we created was connect with the power amplifier
and the currentprobe. Thiswaywecanmeasurethemagnetic fieldandthecurrentthrougha
circuit. There also another waythe cangiveusthevalueofthemagneticfiledtoo,byusinga

formular
to calculate for a value of magnetic filed. From the result, weve found
thatthevaluefromthemagneticfieldsensorisnotthe samewiththeonewecalculated.Then
we came up with ahypothesis that,theenvironmentsurroundingmightplayanimportantrole
inthechangeandnotaccurateofthemagneticfieldsensor.
On the secondcircuit,wedisconnectedthecurrentprobewiththecircuit.However,we
connect the power amplifier with all two of the needles instead. Then we take another
permanent magnet near to the solenoid cause the solenoid rolling around. When there was
current flow through the wire, made it to become an electromagnet that acts as a temporary
magnet which hasa southandnorthpoledifferentlyoneachend.Since,theelectromagnetis
free to move, the south pole on the copper wire was moving away fromthesouthpoleofthe
magnet and tried to getclosertothenorthpole ofthemagnetinstead,causesthesolenoidto
rotate. If we didnt take the magnet away or change its position from the solenoid, it will
automatically carry on rotate. Again, the south pole of on thesolenoid will move away from
the south pole of the permanent magnet and at the same time move closer to the northpole
ofthepermanentmagnetcausingthatcoiledcopperwiretocontinuerotating.
There were also some errors occured during the experiment. The first error is in the
process ofcoilingthecopperwire.Becausewehaveeverdoneitbeforesoitsquiteconfused
us how to coilit,howeverwetriedtocoilitagainwithmorecarefulonthecopperwireandthe
solenoid wasnicelydone.Anothererroriswetooktoomuch timetofigureouthowtoconnect
the circuit that was in the lab procedure. Probably because we have a hard time
understandingthelanguagesowecalltheteachertohelpus.