Blood Type Testing Lab

Nathadol
Jomsiriwattana
Shiu-yang
Hung

11-2
11-2

Introduction:
Humans body is one of the most mystery and complicate thing in the universe. About
every each of single cell in body are co-operate and work together perfectly to form the one of
human and express a lot of expression such as; variety in hair, eyes, skin, face, etc. But We
have about trillion cells in body, how can cells know what they need to do?
When zoom into the cellular level, the most important part of cell is nucleus which
compose of DNA. Why DNA is important? DNA is like the software of computer to tell what
cell need to do. Without DNA, all of entire organelle in cell will be. So, we need to understand
how DNA works. In DNA there are many genes which compose of many codes or alleles which
control what cell need to do and that cause what will you look like or have, usually we have two
alleles for controlling one expression. For instance, in the case of your hair types, whether be
curly or straight, are controlled also by 2 alleles. But, not every expression or traits will be
controlled by only 2 alleles, there are some expressions which control by more than 2 alleles, we
call this Multiple allelic traits. In body we need multiple allelic trait for making the expression
much more diversity. For instance, if you have only 2 alleles to control one thing, the most
possible expression numbers can be represent is only 4 while 3 alleles can cause up to about 9
possible expressions. In our body the example of important multiple allelic traits are skin color,
eyes color, and of clause ABO blood group.
ABO blood group is one of the example of multi allelic trait. Its controlled by three
alleles; I A , I B , i when i is recessive to I A , I B which is codominant. It means that if
A
B
A
B
A
B
I I are together, both I I will show their expressions but if either I I are
with i , that I A I B will show only their expressions and i will show nothing. Then we
have four types of blood group according to ABO blood group, the first one is A which can be
I A I A I A i , the second one is B which can be I B I BI B i , the third one is AB which can be
only I A I B , and the last one is O which can be only ii . The expression we talking about is
antigen on the red blood cell. I A means having antigen-A, I B means having antigen-B,
i means having neither antigen-A nor antigen-B.
Later on, we need to know whats antigen and antibody. Antigen is the protein on any
plasma membrane of cells which function as the name tag of the cells to tell whether which cell
are you. Your body can recognize every cells in your body then it will know all of antigens in
your body. If one day there is unknown cell come into your body with the mystery antigen, your
body need to eliminate that thing out because it may harm your body. The most advance way to
do is creating the substance to blind with that unknown antigen to cause the coagulation and that
unknown cell will lose its function and get eliminated at last, we call that substance which can
blind to antigen is antibody. Then, antigen and antibody are specific, they will not blind
randomly. For instance, anit-A are created for blind with only antigen A not B or C.

7.
8.
9.

Procedure:
Draw two circle on each slide 1 cm. diameter (side-by-side).
Mark each circle: Control, Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-AB.
Wait until qualified.
Puncture tip of your finger.
Drop a blood on each circle.
drop Anti-A
For: Anti-A
drop Anti-B
Anti-B
Anti-AB drop Anti-AB
Mix antibody with blood (* Different toothpick for different blood *).
Wait for 10 second.
Collect data

Purpose:
To know which blood type we have.
To know how antibody-A, -B, -AB react with each type of blood group.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Material:
Microscope Slides x3
Markers
Ethanol

Toothpicks x2
Lancets
Cotton Ball

Antibody-A, -B, -AB

Lancets Device

Result:
State: Coagulation / No coagulation
Control

No coagulate

Anti-A

No coagulate

Anti-B

No coagulate

Anti-AB

No coagulate

Discussion:

 Yang
According to the result, none of the antibody that we has putted into the blood
coagulate with the blood, So we can sum up that my blood type is group O. If my
blood type is either A,B or AB. It will be coagulated with the blood since the antigen
in the blood will be reacts with the antibody. And the result table also can tell that my
IA IB

IBi
ii

I i

parent blood type is type A heterozygous and type B heterozygous. Because, only
these two allele will give possible chance to have the O blood type in the next
generation by looking table below.

Father
Mother

=
=

IAi
IBi

IA

IB
i

Nol
The reason why different types of blood group cause the coagulation in different
type of antibodies is that in ABO blood group, we let the types of RBCs antigen be
the criteria of classifying. Group A for having only Antigen A, group B for having only
antigen B, Group O for having neither A nor B, and the last is AB which has both
antigen A and B. We know that specific antibody affect specific antigen. For instance,
anti-A will not affect antigen B and vice versa for Anti-B. For me, My mother is A, my
father is B and Im O. Then, my blood will neither coagulate in anti-A or anti-B
because it has neither antigen A nor B. And it is very easy and simple for predicting
my family genotype blood group because there is only 1 scenario can be possible. Im
O then definitely my genotype is ii . So, I need to have both i from my mom and
dad. Of clause, my mom and dad are not O blood group then she and he need to have
at least I A , I B antigen respectively. I can conclude that my blood genotype is ii ,
my mom is I A i , my father I B i .
MOM

DAD

ME

Conclusion:
According to our result and base on some of our knowledge. We know that in gene there
is the alleles which function to tell what cells need to do to get the expression but some
expressions can caused by more than two alleles which called multiple allelic trait. ABO blood
group is one of multiple allelic trait which control by 3 alleles; I A , I B , i then we have 4 blood
group A, B, O, and AB. After we get the result from Yangs blood which is type O, none of blood
in any slide were coagulate then this result come to support that in his blood, O, there is no
antigen at all ( ii ), neither Antigen-A nor B, then its not surprise that both Anti-A and Anti-B
can do nothing to Yangs blood because in his blood, there is no antigen for antibody to blind. We
can conclude that for testing which blood ABO type are you? You can take your blood and drop
in some of Antibodies. If your blood get coagulate in Anti-A, you are group A because you have
antigen-A, If your blood get coagulate in Anti-B you are group B because you have antigen-B, If
your blood cannot get coagulate in any Antibody, you are group O because you have no antigen,
and if your blood get coagulate in both Anti-A and Anti-B, you are group AB because you have
both antigen-A and antigen-B.
References:
Cornell University, . (2013). Multiple Alleles. Retrieved 11 Mar 2015, from
http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/usdagen/mult_alleles.html.
Indiana University, . (2015). Genetics. Retrieved 11 Mar 2015, from
http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/lessons/Genetics/RealColors.html.
Linda, J. Vorvick. (2013). Antigen. Retrieved 11 Mar 2015, from
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002224.htm.
The University of Arizona, . (2000). Antibody Structure. Retrieved 11 Mar 2015, from
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/immunology/tutorials/antibody/structure.html.
Dennis, O'Neil. (2014). ABO Blood Types. Retrieved 11 Mar 2015, from
http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/ABO_system.htm.
Michael, W King. (2014). Introduction to Blood Coagulation. Retrieved 11 Mar 2015,
from http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/blood-coagulation.php.
David, Goodsell. (2001). Antibodies. Retrieved 11 Mar 2015, from
http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/101/motm.do?momID=21.
Dr. Rachel, Hoad-Robson. (2012). Antibody and Antigen Tests. Retrieved 11 Mar 2015,
from http://www.patient.co.uk/health/antibody-and-antigen-tests.
Sehgal, Pooja. (2015). Allele vs Gene. Retrieved 11 Mar 2015, from
http://www.diffen.com/difference/Allele_vs_Gene.
Andrea, Becker. (2015). What Is a Multi-Allele Trait?. Retrieved 11 Mar 2015, from
http://education.seattlepi.com/multiallele-trait-4252.html.