SI.

N
O
1
2
3
4

DESCRIPTION

TRAIL-1

TRIAL-3

1240
6310
7160

TRIAL2
1240
6210
7960

Wt. of Empty container (w1) g

Wt. of container with material (w2)g
Wt. of container with material
+water(w3)
Wt. of container +water(w4)

4645

4660

4652

1240
6260
7960

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate & Bulk density:

Calculations:
Bulk density = (w2-w1)/ (w4-w1) = (6260-1240)/ (4682.5-1240) = 1.46 g/cc
% of voids and porosity = (w3-w2) / (w4-w1) = (7960-6260)/ (4652.5-1240) =
49.8%
Voids ratio = (w3-w2)/ ((w4-w1)-(w3-w2)) = (7960-6260)/ ((4652.5-1240)-(79606260)) = 0.99
Specific gravity = (w2-w1)/ ((w4-w1)-(w3-w2)) = (6260-1240)/((4652.5-1240)(7960-6260)) = 2.93

Specific gravity of fine aggregate:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Wt.
Wt.
Wt.
Wt.

of
of
of
of

pycnometer
pycnometer
pycnometer
pycnometer

(w1) = 385g
+ Material(w2) = 1510g
+ Material + water (w3) = 1770g
+ water(w4) = 1160g

Calculations:
Bulk density = (w2-w1)/ (w4-w1) = (1510-385)/ (1160-385) = 1.45 g/cc
% of voids and porosity = (w3-w2)/ (w4-w1) = (1770-1510)/ (1160-385) =
25.8%
Voids ratio = w3-w2)/ ((w4-w1)-(w3-w2)) = (1770-1510)/ ((1160-385)-(17701510)) = 0.347

Specific gravity = (w2-w1)/ ((w4-w1)-(w3-w2)) = (1510-385)/((1160-385)(1770-1510)) = 1.95

Fineness modulus of fine aggregate: As per IS 383

SI.N
O
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Sieve
size
4.75mm
2.36mm
1.18mm
600
300
150
pan

Wt.
Retained
(g)
20
45
250
1220
350
55
60

%Wt.
Retained

Cumulative %Wt.
Retained

% of
passing

1
2.25
12.5
61
17.5
2.75
-

1
3.25
15.75
76.75
94.25
97
-

99
96.75
54.25
23.25
5.75
3
-

By comparing % of passing of obtained fine aggregate with IS 383 we can

confirm that soil
belongs to Zone-1 or Zone-2
..fineness modulus of fine aggregate= cumulative % of
wt.retained /100
=288/100
=2.88

Specific gravity of flyash:

SI.N
O
1
2
3
4
5

TRIAL-1

DESCRIPTION

TRIAL-2

Wt. of Empty bottle (w1)

g
Wt. of bottle with water
(w2)g
Wt. of bottle+
kerosene(w3)g
Wt. of container
+water(w4)g

15.2

15.2

66

66

55.02

55.02

60.9

60.9

Wt. of cement(w5)g

10

10

Calculations:
Specific gravity of kerosene = (w3-w1)/(w2-w1) = (55.02-15.2)/(66-15.2) =
0.79
Specific gravity of flyash

= (w5 x (w3-w1))/ ((w2-w1)-(w5+w3-w4))

= (10 x (55.02-15.2)) / ((66-15.2) x (10+55.0260.9)) = 1.9

MIX DESIGN OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE USING ACI METHOD: (M20,

SLUMP 75-100 mm)
Specifications of materials:
Fine aggregate:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Specific gravity = 1.95

Voids ratio = 0.347
%voids & porosity = 25.8%
Bulk density = 1.45 g/cc
Fineness modulus = 2.88

Coarse aggregate:
6)
7)
8)
9)

Specific gravity = 2.93

Voids ratio = 0.99
%voids & porosity = 49.8%
Bulk density = 1.47 g/cc

Flyash:
1) Specific gravity = 1.9

GGBS:
1) Specific gravity =2.9

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Determination of coarse aggregate content from 10.9 table
Bulk volume of dry rodded coarse aggregate per unit volume of
concrete for fineness
modulus of fine aggregate = 2.88
.. 0.612

(from table 10.9)

The mass of coarse aggregate per m3 of concrete

= 1470x0.612
= 899.64 kg/m3
Step2: Determination of flyash and alkaline solution content
Alkaline /flyash ratio as 0.4 and slump 75-100, M20, 20mm
coarse aggregate
.. Alkaline solution required is 205 kg/m3
Flyash required = 205/0.4 = 512.5 kg/m3
Approximate entrapped air = 2%

Step3: Determination of fine aggregate content

Flyash = 512.5/ (1.9x1000) = 0.27m3
Alkaline solution = 205/1000 = 0.205/m3
Coarse aggregate = 899.64 / (2.93x1000) = 0.307m3
Entrapped air = 2% = 0.02m3
Total = 0.802m3
Fine aggregate by absolute volume = 1-0.802
= 0.198m3
Mass of fine aggregate = 0.198x1.95x1000
= 386.1 kg/m3

Quantities of material per m3:

1)
2)
3)
4)

Flyash= 512.51 kg/m3

Coarse aggregate= 899.51 kg/m3
Fine aggregate= 386.1kg/m3
Alkaline solution= 205kg/m3

Alkaline solution: flyash: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate = 0.4: 1:

0.753:1.755
Calculation of quantities for 150mmx150mmx150mm Mould: since we
dont know the density of flyash concrete
In an empty mould about 5kg of coarse aggregate is filled
.. Coarse aggregate taken per mould is 5kg
Alkaline solution=NaOH (8Molar) + Na2SIO3
Ratio = Na2SIO3/NaOH
NaOH (8Molar) + Na2SIO3
NaOH + 2NaOH
NaOH

=2
= 1140g
= 1140g
= 1140/3

.. NaOH = 380g
Na2SIO3

= 1140-380
.. Na2SIO3 = 760g

Fine aggregate = 2.85x0.753 = 2.14kg

Flyash = 2.85x1

= 2.85kg

Final quantities for 150mmx150mmx150mm mould:

Coarse aggregate = 5kg
Fine aggregate
Flyash
Na2SIO3
NAOH

= 2.14kg
= 2.85kg
= 760g
= 380g

Quantities for different Alkaline / Flyash ratios:

ALKALINE / FLYASH
= 0.4
Alkaline : Flyash : fine :
coarse
0.4 :
1 : 0.753
: 1.755
Coarse aggregate =
5kg
Fine aggregate
=
2.14kg
Flyash
=
2.85kg
Na2SIO3
=
760g
NAOH
=
380g

FLYASH & GGBS:

ALKALINE / FLYASH
= 0.45
Alkaline : Flyash : fine :
coarse
0.45 :
1
: 0.97 :
1.97
Coarse aggregate =
5kg
Fine aggregate
=
2.45kg
Flyash
=
2.53kg
Na2SIO3
=
760g
NAOH
=
380g

ALKALINE / FLYASH
= 0.5
Alkaline : Flyash : fine :
coarse
0.5 :
1
: 1.18 :
2.2
Coarse aggregate = 5kg
Fine aggregate
2.67kg
Flyash
2.27kg
Na2SIO3
NAOH
380g

=
=
= 760g
=

For flyash + GGBS concrete replacing 50% flyash quantity with GGBS I.e
Flyash = 0.5x2.85 = 1.425kg (for alkaline / flyash = 0.4)
GGBS = 1.425kg
And all other quantities are calculated same as above:
ALKALINE / FLYASH
= 0.4
Alkaline : Flyash : fine :
coarse
0.4 :
1 : 0.753
: 1.755
Coarse aggregate =
5kg
Fine aggregate
=
2.14kg
Flyash
=
1.425kg
GGBS
=
1.425kg
Na2SIO3
=
760g
NAOH
=
380g

ALKALINE / FLYASH
= 0.45
Alkaline : Flyash : fine :
coarse
0.45 :
1
: 0.97 :
1.97
Coarse aggregate =
5kg
Fine aggregate
=
2.45kg
Flyash
=
1.265kg
GGBS
=
1.265kg
Na2SIO3
=
760g
NAOH
=
380g

ALKALINE / FLYASH
= 0.5
Alkaline : Flyash : fine :
coarse
0.5 :
1
: 1.18 :
2.2
Coarse aggregate = 5kg
Fine aggregate
2.67kg
Flyash
1.135kg
GGBS
1.135kg
Na2SIO3
NAOH
380g

=
=
=
= 760g
=

DURABILITY STUDIES:
ALKALINE/FLYASH RATIO: 0.4
S.N
O

TYPE
OF
ACID

INITIAL
WEIGHT OF
FLYASH CUBES
BEFORE
IMMERSION

WEIGHT OF
CONCRETE CUBES
AFTER IMMERSION
(Kg)

INITIAL
WEIGHT OF
FLYASH+G
GBS
CUBES(Kg)

WEIGHT OF
CONCRETE
CUBES AFTER
IMMERSION
(Kg)

(Kg)
28 days

7
days

14
days

28
days

28 days

H2SO4

7.46

7.4

7.4

7.32

8.02

HCL

7.48

7.62

7.6

7.46

8.02

HNO3

7.6

7.6

7.6

7.6

8.21

7
day
s
8.1
2
8.0
6
8.0
8

14
days
8.08

28
day
s
8.1

8.04

8.08

8.06

ALKALINE/FLYASH RATIO: 0.45

S.N
O

TYPE
OF
ACID

INITIAL
WEIGHT OF
FLYASH CUBES
BEFORE
IMMERSION
(Kg)
28 days

WEIGHT OF
CONCRETE CUBES
AFTER IMMERSION
(Kg)

7
days

14
days

28
days

INITIAL
WEIGHT OF
FLYASH+G
GBS
CUBES(Kg)
28 days

H2SO4

7.72

7.82

7.78

7.68

8.28

HCL

7.76

7.86

7.86

7.7

8.04

HNO3

7.76

7.76

7.76

7.72

8.26

WEIGHT OF
CONCRETE
CUBES AFTER
IMMERSION(Kg)

7
day
s
8.2
6
8.0
6
8.2
6

14
days
8.26

28
day
s
8.24

8.06

8.26

8.24

ALKALINE/FLYASH RATIO: 0.5

S.N
O

TYPE
OF
ACID

INITIAL
WEIGHT OF
FLYASH CUBES
BEFORE
IMMERSION
(Kg)
28 days

WEIGHT OF
CONCRETE CUBES
AFTER IMMERSION
(Kg)

7
days

14
days

28
days

INITIAL
WEIGHT OF
FLYASH+G
GBS
CUBES(Kg)
28 days

H2SO4

7.96

7.98

7.92

7.88

8.1

HCL

7.92

8.02

7.96

7.86

8.24

WEIGHT OF
CONCRETE
CUBES AFTER
IMMERSION(Kg)

7
day
s
8.1
4
8.2
6

14
days
7.92

28
day
s
7.48

8.24

8.18

HNO3

7.94

7.9

7.9

7.88

8.28

8.2
8

8.28

8.26

% WEIGHT
LOSS IN
DIFFERENT
ACIDIC
ENVIRONME
NT

INITIAL
WEIGHT OF
FLYASH+GG
BS
CUBES(Kg)

% WEIGHT
LOSS IN
DIFFERENT
ACIDIC
ENVIRONME
NT

% LOSS
1.87
0.267
0

28 days
8.02
8.02
8.21

WEIGHT
OF
CONCRET
E CUBES
AFTER
IMMERSIO
N
(Kg)
28 days
8.1
8
8.06

% WEIGHT
LOSS IN
DIFFERENT
ACIDIC
ENVIRONME
NT

INITIAL
WEIGHT OF
FLYASH+GG
BS
CUBES(Kg)

% WEIGHT
LOSS IN
DIFFERENT
ACIDIC
ENVIRONME
NT

%LOSS
0.518
0.773
0.515

28 days
8.28
8.04
8.26

WEIGHT
OF
CONCRET
E CUBES
AFTER
IMMERSIO
N
(Kg)
28 days
8.24
8
8.24

%WEIGHTLOSS STUDIES:
ALKALINE/FLYASH RATIO: 0.4
S.N
O

TYPE
OF
ACID

1
2
3

H2SO4
HCL
HNO3

INITIAL
WEIGHT
OF
FLYASH
CUBES
BEFORE
IMMERSIO
N (Kg)
28 days
7.46
7.48
7.6

WEIGHT
OF
CONCRET
E CUBES
AFTER
IMMERSIO
N
(Kg)
28 days
7.32
7.46
7.6

% LOSS
0.249
1.82

ALKALINE/FLYASH RATIO: 0.45

S.N
O

TYPE
OF
ACID

1
2
3

H2SO4
HCL
HNO3

INITIAL
WEIGHT
OF
FLYASH
CUBES
BEFORE
IMMERSIO
N (Kg)
28 days
7.72
7.76
7.76

WEIGHT
OF
CONCRET
E CUBES
AFTER
IMMERSIO
N
(Kg)
28 days
7.68
7.7
7.72

% LOSS
0.483
0.497
0.242

ALKALINE/FLYASH RATIO: 0.5

S.N
O

INITIAL
WEIGHT
% WEIGHT
WEIGHT
OF
LOSS IN
OF
CONCRET DIFFERENT
FLYASH
E CUBES
ACIDIC
CUBES
AFTER
ENVIRONME
BEFORE
IMMERSIO NT
IMMERSIO N
N (Kg)
(Kg)
28 days
28 days
% LOSS
1
H2SO4 7.96
7.88
1.005
2
HCL
7.92
7.86
0.757
3
HNO3 7.94
7.88
0.755
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH STUDIES:
S.N
O

TYPE
OF
ACID

ALKALI
NE
/FLYASH
RATIO

INITIAL
COMPRESSI
VE
STRENGTH
OF FLYASH
CUBES
BEFORE
IMMERSION
(N/mm2)
28 days

FINAL COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF
FLYASH CUBES AFTER
IMMERSION FOR 28
DAYS (N/mm2)

H2SO4

HCL

HNO3

INITIAL
WEIGHT OF
FLYASH+GG
BS
CUBES(Kg)

28 days
8.1
8.24
8.28

WEIGHT
OF
CONCRET
E CUBES
AFTER
IMMERSIO
N
(Kg)
28 days
7.48
8.18
8.26

% WEIGHT
LOSS IN
DIFFERENT
ACIDIC
ENVIRONME
NT

% LOSS
7.65
0.728
0.24

INITIAL
COMPRESSI
VE
STRENGTH
OF
FLYASH+G
GBS CUBES
BEFORE
IMMERSION
(N/mm2)
28 days

FINAL
COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF
FLYASH+GGBS
CUBES AFTER
IMMERSION
FOR 28
DAYS(N/mm2)

59.02

51.01
2
50.57
6
61.91
2

H2SO4

HCL

HNO
3

0.4

14.02

0.45

14.704

0.5

21.2

GRAPHS:

13.95
2
15.69
6
20.95
8

17.4
4
14.8
2
13.0
8

30.95
6
25.28
8
16.56
8

60.64
59.49

69.7
6
50.1
4
51.0
1

62.3
4
61.9
1
52.7
5

%Weightloss Vs A/F Ratio

9
8
7
6
5
% Weight loss in H2SO4 4
3
2 1.87
1
0 0
0.4

7.65

FLYASH
FLYASH+GGBS
1.01

0.48
0.45

0.5

Alkaline to flyash Ratio

%Weightloss Vs A/F Ratio

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
% Weight loss in HCL 0.4
0.3 0.27
0.2
0.1
0
0.4

0.77

0.76

0.5

FLYASH
FLYASH+GGBS

0.45

0.5

Alkaline to flyash Ratio

%Weightloss Vs A/F Ratio

21.82
1.5
FLYASH

% Weight loss in HNO3

0.76

FLYASH+GGBS

0.52 0.24
0.24

0.5
0 0
0.4

0.45

0.5

Alkaline to flyash Ratio

Initial comp.strength Vs A/F Ratio

25

21.2

20
14.7
15 14.02
initial compressive strength
before immersion

initialcomp.strength

10
5
0
0.4 0.45 0.5

Alkaline to flyash Ratio

Initial comp.strength(FLYASH+GGBS )Vs A/F Ratio

61
60.5
60
initial compressive strength
before immersion

59.5

initial compressive
strength

59
58.5
58
0.4 0.45 0.5
Alkaline to flyash Ratio

Final comp.strength Vs Alkaline flyash Ratio

25

20.93

20
15
final compressive strength after immersion in H2SO4

13.95

15.7
G3

10
5
0
0.4

0.45

0.5

Alkaline to flyash Ratio

Final comp.strength Vs Alkaline flyash Ratio

20

17.44
14.82

15
final compressive strength after immersion in HCL

13.08

10

G3

5
0
0.4

0.45

0.5

Alkaline to flyash Ratio

Final comp.strength Vs Alkaline flyash Ratio

35

30.96

30

25.27

25
20
final compressive strength after immersion in HNO3

16.57
G4

15
10
5
0
0.4

0.45

0.5

Alkaline to flyash Ratio

Final comp.strength(GGBS+FLYASH) Vs Alkaline flyash Ratio

final compressive strength after immersion in H2SO4

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

61.91
51.01 50.58

G6

0.4

0.45

0.5

Alkaline to flyash Ratio

Final comp.strength(GGBS+FLYAH) Vs Alkaline- flyash Ratio

80
70
60
50
40
final compressive strength after immersion in HCL
30
20
10
0

69.76
50.14

51.01
G7

0.4

0.45

0.5

Alkaline to flyash Ratio

Final comp.strength(GGBS+FLYASH) Vs Alkaline flyash Ratio

65

62.35 61.91

60
final compressive strength after immersion in HNO3

55

52.76

50
45
0.4

0.45

0.5

Alkaline to flyash Ratio

COMBINED GRAPH:
Comp.strengthVs A/F Ratio
35
30
25

BEFORE IMMERSION

20

H2SO4

compressive strength 15

HCL

10

HNO3

5
0
0.4

0.45

0.5

Alkaline to flyash Ratio

G8

Comp.strength Vs A/F Ratio

80
70
60

FLYASH+GGBS
BEFORE IMMERSION

50
compressive strength

40

H2SO4

30
20

HCL
HNO3

10
0
0.4

0.45

0.5

Alkaline to flyash Ratio

RESULTS:
Flyash based geo polymer concrete after oven curing of 24 hrs at 60 degrees
is giving a compressive strength of 14 N/mm2 with increase in alkaline to
binder ratio from 0.4 to 0.5 the compressive of flyash based geo polymer
showed an increase in alkaline in compressive strength from 14 N/mm2 to 21
N/mm2.
This indicates an increase in alkaline liquid content increases the
compressive strength of flyash based geo polymer concrete.
So the fly-GPC when immersed in H2SO4, HCL showed a very little decrease in
compressive strength to original sample cubes.
With increase in alkaline content even immersion in H2SO4, HCL solutions did
not decrease the compressive strength much.
This indicates that flyash GPC is much resistant in aggressive environment. it
is interesting to notice that when flyash GPC showed an increase in

compressive strength when immersed in HNO3 solution . However more tests

are required to verify this behaviour.

FLYASH-GGBS GPC
When 50% of flyash is replaced with GGBS in fly ash based geo polymer
concrete showed higher compressive strength than that of un replaced flyash
based GPC. And this increase is nearly four times the strength of normal
flyash GPC.