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CIVL1622
Page 1 of 14
Calculation Sheet:
Assignment #4 Solution
Problem 1
Beam
Compute Mr for the four beams shown. In each case, f'c=30MPa, fy=400MPa, b = 300
mm, d = 700 mm, and d' = 65. Prepare a plot the area of compression steel on the
horizontal axis and moment resistance (Mr ) on the vertical axis. Plot the total moment
resistance ( Mr ) as well as the concrete compression-steel component ( Mr1 ) of the
bending strength. Comment on whether the addition of compression steel is a
cost-effective way of increasing the bending strength, Mr, of a beam.
Material Properties
b 300mm
d' 65mm
d 700mm
fc 30MPa
fy 400MPa
concrete
c 0.65
reinforcing steel
s 0.85
The following variables are computed from the entered material properties
Equivalent stress block parameters:
1 0.85 0.0015MPa
fc 0.805
1 0.97 0.0025MPa
fc 0.895
Page 2 of 14
Calculation Sheet:
Assignment #4 Solution
A s 4200mm
balanced steel
ratio:
steel ratio
1 c 1
s
700MPa fc
700MPa fy fy
As
2.00 %
b d
76.1 %
b
< b
resistance factor
Kr s fy 1
bending strength
Mr Kr b d
b 2.63 %
s fy
2 1 c fc
Kr 5.33 MPa
Mr 783 kN m
A s 4200mm
A' s 600mm
strain in compression
steel
1 A s A' s s fy
1 1 c fc b
's 0.0035
c 290 mm
c d'
c
's 0.272 %
s 0.0035
dc
c
s 0.494 %
"tension steel yields"
Page 3 of 14
Calculation Sheet:
Assignment #4 Solution
i) steel-concrete component
A s A' s
b d
steel ratio
1.714 %
resistance factor
Kr s fy 1
s fy
2 1 c fc
Kr 4.75 MPa
steel ratio
'
' 0.286 %
resistance factor
K'r ' s fy 1
bending strength
Mr1 Kr b d 698 kN m
b d
d'
Mr Kr K'r b d 827 kN m
2
A s 4200mm
A' s 1000mm
strain in compression
steel
1 A s A' s s fy
1 1 c fc b
's 0.0035
c 258 mm
c d'
c
's 0.262 %
s 0.0035
dc
c
s 0.599 %
steel ratio
1.524 %
resistance factor
Kr s fy 1
s fy
2 1 c fc
Kr 4.326 MPa
Page 4 of 14
Calculation Sheet:
Assignment #4 Solution
steel ratio
'
' 0.476 %
resistance factor
K'r ' s fy 1
bending strength
Mr1 Kr b d 636 kN m
b d
d'
Mr Kr K'r b d 852 kN m
2
A s 4200mm
A' s 1400mm
strain in compression
steel
1 A s A' s s fy
1 1 c fc b
's 0.0035
c 226 mm
c d'
c
's 0.249 %
s 0.0035
dc
c
s 0.735 %
steel ratio
1.333 %
resistance factor
Kr s fy 1
s fy
2 1 c fc
Kr 3.879 MPa
steel ratio
'
' 0.667 %
resistance factor
K'r ' s fy 1
bending strength
Mr1 Kr b d 570 kN m
b d
d'
Mr Kr K'r b d 872 kN m
2
Page 5 of 14
Calculation Sheet:
Assignment #4 Solution
600
1400
783
827
moment resistance, Mr
852
872
783
698
570
900
Mr
800
Mr1
700
600
500
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
A's
Compression Steel Area (mm2)
Comment: Adding the reinforcing steel into the compression zone over the range of 0 to 1400 mm2
increased the bending strength by 11%. Although there is an increase in the bending
strength, in this particular case, the additional steel that is added to the compression zone
reduces the concrete compression - steel component of the bending strength. Steel in the
compression zone is most effective when an equivalent amount is added to the tension zone
(and the concrete compression - steel component is at or near the balanced condition).
Page 6 of 14
Calculation Sheet:
Assignment #4 Solution
Problem 2
A 12 m long continuous beam has an off-centre support located 7 m from the left end of the
beam. In addition to its own weight, the beam must support a specified dead load of 12.5
kN/m and a live load of 27.5 kN/m. The beam has a rectangular cross section, 250 mm
wide by 500 mm deep. Select the size and number of reinforcing bars required at sections
of maximum positive moment for the 7 m and 5 m spans and the maximum negative moment
above the off centre support. Use f 'c = 20 MPa and fy = 400 MPa. Use interior exposure
and assume the maximum nominal aggregate size is 20 mm. Use the bending moment
envelope shown below to determine the maximum positive and negative factored bending
moments.
Beam
Applied Loads
Material Properties
Span length:
L 12m
b 250mm
maximum depth
h 500mm
Transverse Reinforcment
ds 11.3mm
Exposure Conditions
cs 30mm
Dead load
wD 12.5
kN
m
Live load
wL 27.5
kN
m
fc 20MPa
fy 400MPa
c 0.65
23.5
s 0.85
kN
3
m
equivalent stress block parameters:
1 0.85 0.0015MPa
fc 0.82
1 0.97 0.0025MPa
fc 0.92
Page 7 of 14
Calculation Sheet:
Assignment #4 Solution
Calculations
Step 1: Calculate the factored bending moment envelope
5 m span
Load case 3
Load Case 1
Mf 295kN m
700MPa fc
700MPa fy fy
resistance factor:
Kr_max s fy b 1
effective depth
assume d h 100mm
moment capacity
Mr_balanced Kr_max b d
Mr_balanced Mf
s fy b
2 1 c fc
b 1.84 %
Page 8 of 14
Calculation Sheet:
Assignment #4 Solution
Mf = Mr1 Mr2
assume
0.85 b
resistance factor:
Kr s fy 1
effective depth
assume d h 100mm
moment capacity
Mr1 Kr b d
steel area
A s1 b d
A s1 1560 mm
moment capacity
Mr2 Mf Mr1
Mr2 136 kN m
resistance factor
K'r
1.56 %
s fy
2 1 c fc
Kr 3.98 MPa
d 400 mm
Mr1 159 kN m
2
Mr2
effective depth
b d
assume d' 65mm
steel ratio
'
steel area
A' s ' b d
K'r
' 1.191 %
d'
s fy 1
d
A' s 1191 mm
bottom steel
(compression)
A s A s1 A' s
use 4 No. 30 bars,
A s 2751 mm
2
As 2800mm
A' s 1191 mm
use 2 No. 30 bars,
A' s 1400mm
Page 9 of 14
Calculation Sheet:
Assignment #4 Solution
Check spacing in this case, the top and bottom bars are No 30's and we need to verify whether or not
the four bars in the tension zone will fit across the width of the beam
assume maximum nominal aggregate size amax 20mm
No. 30 bars; bar diameter, db 29.9mm
smin max 1.4 db 1.4 amax 30mm
n 4
bars / layer
s
smin 41.9 mm
b 2 cs 2 ds n db
n1
s 15.9 mm
tension steel
yc
smin
2 No 30
compression steel
yc
db
2
db
d' 56.3 mm
smin
yc 35.9 mm
d h cs ds
db
2
yc
d 408 mm
2 No 30
strain in compression
steel
1 A s A' s s fy
1 1 c fc b
's 0.0035
c d'
c
c 194 mm
's 0.249 %
"compresion steel yields"
Page 10 of 14
Calculation Sheet:
Assignment #4 Solution
s 0.0035
strain in tension
steel
dc
c
s 0.385 %
'
A' s
' 1.37 %
b d
max b '
actual steel ratio
As
b d
dc
smin
y
yc
4 No 30
max 3.21 %
y dc yc
A
db
dc 56.3 mm
2
(double layer of bars)
2 y b
n
A 11516 mm
fs 0.6 fy
fs 240 MPa
z fs dc A
z 20.8
A s_min
kN
mm
< 30
z 20.8
kN
mm
0.2MPa.5
fy
n 4
fc
kN
mm
b h
A s_min 280 mm
A s As.min okay
Page 11 of 14
Calculation Sheet:
Assignment #4 Solution
steel ratio
1.37 %
resistance factor
Kr s fy 1
s fy
2 1 c fc
Kr 3.65 MPa
steel ratio
'
' 1.373 %
resistance factor
K'r ' s fy 1
d'
bending strength
Mr Kr K'r b d
b d
Part 2: Determine the reinforcement required in the beam at the centre of the 7 m span
factored moment (positive)
Mf 260kN m
in the design at the support, we determined that the moment resistance at the balanced strain
condition was Mr_balanced 177 kN m which is less than the maximum factored moment at the
mid-point of the 7 m span
reinforcing steel must be added to the compression zone at this point
Mf = Mr1 Mr2
assume
0.85 b
resistance factor:
Kr s fy 1
effective depth
assume d h 100mm
moment capacity
Mr1 Kr b d
steel area
A s1 b d
1.56 %
s fy
2 1 c fc
Kr 3.98 MPa
d 400 mm
Mr1 159 kN m
2
A s1 1560 mm
Page 12 of 14
Calculation Sheet:
Assignment #4 Solution
Mr2 Mf Mr1
resistance factor
K'r
Mr2
2
effective depth
b d
assume d' 65mm
steel ratio
'
steel area
A' s ' b d
K'r
d'
s fy 1
d
Mr2 101 kN m
K'r 2.52 MPa
' 0.883 %
A' s 883 mm
A s A s1 A' s
A s 2444 mm
top steel
(compression)
A s 2800mm
A' s 883 mm
A' s 1400mm
this is the same size and number of bars specified above the support where we have already checked
to ensure that the compression steel and tensions steel had yielded (i.e., s 0.2% and 's 0.2% )
as well as the spacing, crack control requirements, and minimum amount of steel so there is no need
to check these here
Part 3: Determine the size and number of bars required at the centre of the 5 m span.
factored moment (positive)
Mf 122kN m
in the design at the support, we determined that the moment resistance at the balanced steel ratio
was Mr_balanced 177 kN m which is greater than the maximum factored moment at the mid-point of
the 5 m span
there is no need to add reinforcing steel to the compression zone at this point
also, when we designed the beam above the support, we placed two No 30 bars in the compression
zone at the bottom of the beam; these two bars can be extended along the bottom of the 5 m span
Page 13 of 14
Calculation Sheet:
Assignment #4 Solution
effective depth
d h cs ds
steel area
A s 2 700mm
steel ratio
resistance factor:
Kr s fy 1
moment resistance
Mr Kr b d
db
2
d 444 mm
A s 1400 mm
As
1.262 %
b d
s fy
2 1 c fc
Mr 169 kN m
A
2 No 30
dc
db
2
(single layer of bars)
y dc
2 y b
n
fs 0.6 fy
3
z fs dc A
Kr 3.43 MPa
okay
n 2
dc 56.3 mm
A 14063 mm
fs 240 MPa
z 22.2
kN
mm
z 30
kN
mm
okay for interior
exposure
Page 14 of 14
Calculation Sheet:
Assignment #4 Solution
Design Sketches:
positive moment in 7 m span
250 mm
250 mm
No. 10 stirrup
500 mm
30 mm cover
500 mm
No. 10 stirrup
2 No. 30
30 mm cover
2 No. 30
4 No. 30
500 mm
4 No. 30
No. 10 stirrup
30 mm cover
2 No. 30
theoretical
cut-off point
theoretical
cut-off points