THERMOCHEMISTRY

The study of changes in heat energy

which take place during chemical
reactions.
A.
Energy changes in
B.
C.
D.
E.

chemical reaction,
Heat of precipitation
Heat of displacement,
Heat of neutralisation,
Heat of combustion

Exothermic and Endothermic

reactions

Exothermic reaction :
A CHEMICAL REACTION THAT GIVES
OUT HEAT TO THE SURROUNDINGS
The temperature of the surroundings
increase heat given out from the
reaction is transferred to the surroundings.
( surroundings : the container and any
solvent in which the reactions are taking
place )

ENDOTHERMIC REACTION

A CHEMICAL REACTION THAT

ABSORBS HEAT FROM THE
SURROUNDINGS
The reactants absorb heat energy
from the surroundings
Temperature decreases

Examples of Exothermic
reaction
Exothermic reaction Endothermic
reaction

Heat of reaction

Symbol : H
For exothermic reaction :
H is negative sign
For endothermic reaction :
H is positive sign
Unit : kJ mol -1

H = Heat energy of the products

heat energy of the reactants

Energy Level diagram

Exothermic reaction :
- The reactants lose heat energy to
form the products,
- The products formed have less
energy than the reactants,
- The energy content of the products
is lower than that of the reactants.

Energy level diagram for

exothermic reaction
Energy
Reactants

H = negative
Products

Energy level diagram for

endothermic reaction
Endothermic reaction :
- The reactants absorb heat energy
to form the products,
- The products formed have more
energy than the reactants,
- The energy content of the products
is higher than that of the reactants.

Energy level diagram for

endothermic reaction
Energy
Products

H = positive
Reactants

Constructing Energy Level

Diagram

Based on thermochemistry
equation
Construct energy level diagram
Information from the diagram

Refer to page 146

Energy change during formation and

breaking of bonds
Bond breaking requires energy
Bond formation releases energy
In exothermic reaction :
Bond formation releases more
energy than is required in the bond
breaking.
In endothermic reaction :
Bond breaking requires more energy
than the energy that is released
during the formation of bonds