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Monday, September 7, 2009

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Automatic Control Systems in Buildings

Buildings
Equipments Equipments

operator manually operate efficient
Automatic Control
Dynamic Response Automatic Control Systems

Content ()
CAD & Design Tools
Singapore: M&E and AutoCAD
Revit MEP 2010

I. Introduction
II. BAS Points Schedule and Control Strategies

MEP Systems
M&E Systems vs Buildings

III. Control Fundamentals

M&E Systems

IV. Control Examples

Scope of M&E Systems

V. References

M&E:

M&E Architectural
M&E
M&E Design: High-Rise Buildings
Testing & Commissioning Process

I. Introduction
Building Owner Operation Budget

Simple Standalone Control Integrated Control Systems

Control Systems

HVAC
HVAC: Introduction to Design
HVAC: Building in Hot & Humid Climate

Automatic Control System

M&E Basics: Pipe & Duct Sizing

Home Automation System

HVAC: Duct Sizing with VBA

Building Automation System (BAS)

HVAC: Duct Sizing

Building Management System (BMS)

Energy Monitoring and Control System (EMCS)

Automatic Control Systems

Energy Management System (EMS)

HVAC Control (01) : FCU

Facility Management System (FMS)

Control Systems

Plumbing
Sanitary Plumbing: Introduction

Domestic Water Transfer Pump Control

()
(Alarm)

Domestic Water Supply: Introduction

Water Tanks ( )

Timer

Drainage Sump Pump Control

Swimming Pools
Swimming Pools ( )

Fire Pump Control

Fire Protection
Fire Protection : Introduction

Smoke Control: Pressurization Systems

Fire Alarm Activate

Fire Sprinkler (Wet) System, S'pore

Control Central BAS Control Panel Central BAS

Controller Contact Point
HVAC Environment Control

Control System
Building MEP Services HVAC Systems, Plumbing Systems, Fire Protection and Life Safety
Systems, Lighting, Power Security System controls and monitors computer-based
control system BAS () BMS

Electrical
Electrical Power Distribution

Sustainable, Green and Environment

Green Buildings: USGBC's LEED/
S'pore GreenMark

SMS () email

Understanding LEED

Green Energy

Stringent Environment Control Conditions Utilities Systems Electronic

Clean Air:
Clean Water:

Sign In

/ Pharmaceutical Factories
Building Control Systems
Facility Management System (FMS)
Electronic Factory Phase 1
Cleanroom ULPA
Filter FFU (Fan Filter Units) 3,600 Air
Flow Velocity Speed (rpm)

manually setup
operate
FMS

Engineering Exams
USA: EIT and FE Exam
-----------------------------------Recently Updated
HVAC: Duct Sizing with VBA

FMS Industrial Control / Automation Systems Process Control Systems

Swimming Pools ( )

(
Control Systems NUS
MSc.

)

-----------------------------------mail me: ko_chaw@yahoo.com

- Back to Top II. BAS Points Schedule and Control Strategies

Building Engineer BAS
A. BAS Points Schedule
Input / Output
Digital / Analog
B. Control Strategies (Control / Monitor / Alarms)

Please consider the environment before printing.

Labels
AutoCAD (1)
CAD (2)
Control (2)
Electrical (1)
Environment (8)
Fire Protection (5)

A. BAS Points Schedule

BAS Points Schedule DI (Digital Input), DO (Digital Output), AI
(Analog Input), AO (Analog Output) Control Strategies
points

Input or Output : Control Terminal Box

Output: Control System Equipment Output, Command Signal

Input: Equipment / Instruments Control System Input

Status Signal
Digital (Binary) or Analog :
Digital : Two Position (either 0 or 1) 0 1 Digital

General (1)
HVAC (10)
MEP Design (7)
MEP Systems (12)
Myanmar (2)
Sanitary (1)
Singapore (3)
Swimming Pools (1)
Testing and Commissioning (1)
USA-EIT/PE (1)
VBA (1)
Water Supply (4)

About Me

Binary
Angalog : Any Position (from 0 to 1), 0 100% Any Value

Analog
DO (Digital Output) : Equipment () Actuator
( ) Command Signal
On / Off (Sometimes called Start / Stop) : Equipments
Open / Close [ Fully Open / Fully Close ] : Motorized Actuators, Valve, Dampers
AO (Analog Output) : Equipment (rpm) () Actuator
( ) Modulating
Command Signal
Modulating Control : Motorized Actuators, Valve, Dampers
Speed Control : Variable-Frequency Drive(VFD) [ VFDs are also know as AdjustableFrequency Drives (AFD), Variable-Speed Drives (VSD), AC drives, Microdrives or Inverter
drives.]
Capacity Control : Thermistor Controlled Electric Heater
DI (Digital Input) :
Condition
Status
Feedback Status Signal Point Equipment

Trip Actuator Differential Sensor

(Pressure, etc.) Control Panel Auto Mode

On / Off Status : Equipments, Differential Pressure Switch, etc.
Open / Close Status : Motorized Actuators, Valve, Dampers
Trip Status : Equipments
Operating Mode : Auto/Off/Manual Switch Modes, Local / BAS Control Mode, etc.
Water Level: Water Tank High Level, Low Level (Pump Stop), Pump Start Level, etc.
Alarm: Fault Alarm, System High Pressure, Low Pressure, Water Tank Extra High Level
(Overflow), Extra Low Level (Empty), etc.

View my complete profile

Pulse Input: Water Meter / Gas Meter / BTU meter, etc.

AI (Analog Input ) : Status Signal Sensor / Transmitter / transducer
Input Control
Control Strategies

Temperature : Space, Supply / Return Air, Chilled Water, Hot Water, etc.
Humidity : Room, Supply Air
Pressure : Air System, Water Systems, Compressed Gas, etc.
Differential Pressure : Air System, Water Systems, etc.
Flowrate : Air System, Water Systems, etc.
Ampere : Equipment Power Usage
Speed : Variable-Frequency Drive (VFD), etc.
Lighting Illuminance Level (lux)
Indoor Air Quality Sensors : CO Sensors, CO2 Sensors, etc.
PH : Industrial Discharged Water, Industrial Exhausts, etc.
Analog Input
Voltage, Current, Thermistor (Resistance) Input

Controllers
Thermistor Inputs, TI

Thermistor Input
Temperature
(A thermistor is a type of resistor whose
resistance varies with temperature.) Controllers Analog Input
Digital Input Universal Inputs, UI Point Schedule

( )

HL (High Level Interface) : Chillers Advanced Control System Equipments

HL (High Level Interface) Communicate

Communication Protocol Network Cabling Standard

B. Control Strategies
Building Owner Operator Control Systems
designer Control System

Control Sequence of Operation
A Control Schematics
Diagram showing interaction between various parts of the system
Commissioning Instruction
A maintenance checklist
Building Owner Control () Monitor Allowable Tolerance


Simple Monitoring
Space Environmental Control (Temperature, Humidity, Pressure, Cleanliness, etc.)
Scheduled (Timer) Control
Data Acquisition
Equipment Performance Control, Sequencing, Loading
Energy Usage Monitor and Optimization
Control Optimization: Static or Dynamics
Local Loop (or) Supervisory Control ?
Lower Level Local-Loop Control

Domestic Water
Pumps, Drainage Pumps, Room FCU Lower Level Local-Loop Control
Single Set point actuator

( Chilled Water FCU Supply Air Temperature Chilled Water Control
Motorized Valve )
Upper Control Level Supervisory (or Remote) Control set points
time-dependent modes of operation , Control
Optimization Data Acquisition

Control (and/or) Monitor ?

Control (and/or) Monitor
Remote On/Off Control On/Off

Control Data

 Data
Monitor Data Status Monitor
In Operation (On/Off Status) Operating
parameter Alarm Specific
General
( Water Pumps Water Tank Empty, Water Tank Overflow, Pump Trip, No
Flow BAS 4 points

Alarm General Alarm Trigger 1 point
)
Control Optimization:
Control Optimization Static Optimization Dynamic Optimization

BAS specialist


Energy Efficiency Optimization Sensor Controller
Energy

- Back to Top III. Control Fundamentals

A. Terminology
B. Feedback-Control Example
C. Type of Control Action
D. Control Components
1. Controlled Devices
2. Sensors
3. Controllers
E. Communication Networks for BAS
F. Specifying DDC System

A. Terminology
Control Systems
Terminology ASHRAE Handbook
A closed loop or feedback control measures actual changes in the controlled variable and
actuates the controlled device to bring about a change. The corrective action may continue
until the variable is brought to a desired value within the design limitations of the controller.
Every closed loop must contain a sensor, a controller, and a controlled device.
The sensor measures the controlled variable and transmits to the controller a signal
(pneumatic, electric, or electronic) having a pressure, voltage, or current value related by a
known function to the value of the variable being measured.
The controller compares this value (the sensor's signal) with the desired set point and
regulates an output signals to the controlled device for corrective action. A controller can be
hardware or software. A hardware controller is an analog device (e.g., thermostat, humidistat,
pressure control) that continuously receives and acts on data. A software controller is a digital
device (e.g., digital algorithm) that receives and acts on data on a sample-rate basis.
The controlled device is typically a valve, damper, heating element, or variable-speed drive. It is
the component of a control loop used to vary the input (controlled variable).
The set point is the desired value of the controlled variable. The controller seeks to maintain
this set point. The controlled device reacts to signals from the controller to vary the control
agent.
The control agent is the medium manipulated by the controlled device. It may be air or gas
flowing through a damper; gas, steam, or water flowing through a valve; or an electric current.
The process is the HVAC apparatus being controlled, such as a coil, fan, or humidifier. It reacts
to the control agents output and effects the change in the controlled variable.
The controlled variable is the temperature, humidity, pressure, or other condition being
controlled.

B. Feedback-Control Example
Closed Loop Or Feedback Control
sensor, controller controlled device Basic
Elements

Simple Heating Coil Control

Sensor Controlled Variable Sense

Controlled Variable Duct
Air Temperature
Controller Measured Value () Setpoint

Measured Temperature () Setpoint Temperature

Setpoint Temperature
difference Error
Error Controller Output Signal

Output Controlled Device valve modulate () steam flow

Air Temperature Air Temperature
Control
Control Loop
Block Diagram ( Matlab Simulink
Software
Block Diagram Simulation
)

Time Lag

Modulate Controlled Variable
Sensor Controlled Variable
Response Control Loop Performance Time Lag

Time Lag Sensor Response Time, Dead Time,
Time Constant, First Order Lag

C. Type of Control Action

1. Two-Position Action (Action related to Binary Output)
Controlled Variable Input Controller Differential

Temperature Control FCU Cooling Coil

Temperature Low Temperature Valve High
Temperature Valve

2. Modulating Control (Action related to Analog Output)

Modulating Control
Controller's Output entire range

Term

Throttling Range : Controller Controlled Device

Controlled Variable

Temperature 5 C +5 C
Valve 100% open, -5% Valve closed Temperature
Valve 100% 10 C Throttling Range
Control Point Instrument Control Controlled Variable
actual value System Load
variables Controller Throttling Range

Offset set point actual control point error

Sensor
Signal

Offset

Modulating Control
a. Proportional Control
b. Proportional-integral (PI) Control
c. ProportionalIntegralDerivative controller (PID controller)
d. Adaptive Control
e. Fuzzy Logic
Proportional Control
error Output PI
PID Control

Building Automation

Proportional Control Proportional-integral (PI)
Control
Adaptive Control Process Dynamic Characteristics
Controller Parameter adjusts (
)
Fuzzy Logic
human operator response

"if-then" rules

3. Combinations of Two-Position and Modulating
Control Loop
Two-Position Components Modulating response

Timed Two-Position Control
Floating Control
Incremental Control
Modulating Valve Chilled
Water
Valve Temperature Control

Humidity Control

D. Control Components
1. Controlled Devices
Valve/Damper

Flow Characteristics
Opening Percentage Flowrate Linearly

Controlled Devices

(Stroke Time),

Parameter application
Controller (Compatible) Status Feedback
Controlled Devices Controller
Application

2. Sensors
Sensor
Operating range of controlled variable- Signal
Range
Compatibility of controller input Controller electronic signal
industry standard signal 4 to 20 mA or 0 to 10 V (dc)

Accuracy and repeatability- Control Applications

controlled variable
desired set point
[ Temperature 1.1 C ( 2 F)
RH 5% ]
Accuracy Temperature
Sensor 0.5 C
Temperature Control 1.1 C
RH Control 5% Sensor Accuracy 2%
Sensor Accuracy
( Humidity Sensor) re-calibrate
Sensor Accuracy

Set point
1. the controller is unable to resolve the input signal,
2. the controlled device cannot be positioned accurately,
3. the controlled device exhibits excessive hysteresis, or
4. disturbances drive its system faster than the controls can regulate it.
Sensor response time- sensor/transducer response curve controlled
variable Sensor Output Process
Time Constant Fast response time
sensor
Control agent properties and characteristics Sensor Control Agent
( Fluid ) Sensor (corroded)
Sensor
performance Control Agent ()
Sensor
Ambient environment characteristics ( Temperature &
Humidity ) Sensor accuracy
Chemical electromagnetic interference (EMI) Sensor
Degrade
Special Sensor or transducer housing
3. Controllers
1. DDC (Direct Digital Control)
BAS
DDC DDC
Microprocessors
Firmware/Software MicroComputer control logic
Digital / Analog Input
Operator Set point

Digital / Analog Output
DDC Programmable Control Programming
Notebook Computer () Handheld Units
Controller Download

DDC Stand-alone BAS system network integrate

DDC Advantages
Control Sequence / Equipment Hardware

Software

Demand Setback, reset, data logging, diagnostics time-clock integration
features Controller

(Precise & Accurate Control) (Sensor Resolution

Analog to Digital, Digital to Analog Conversion Process Limit

) PID Control Algorithm

Mathematically Implement
open network proprietary () Control
Communicate
Setpoint, Limits, Alarm Setting, Delay, Schedule Controller
Memory () Controller

( Memory Power Supply

Memory

)
HVAC System Control DDC control
2. Electric/Electronic Controllers

Domestic Water Transfer Pump Control

Control
Electronic Control Omron Industrial
Automation Floatless Level Controller [http://www.omronap.com/product_info/61F/index.asp]

3. Pneumatic Receiver-Controllers
Pneumatic Compressed Air Controller



4. Thermostats
Thermostat control Sensing functions

Device micro-processor based

E. Communication Networks for BAS

1. Communication Protocol
Integrated Building Management System

Communication protocol
System protocol
manufacturer proprietary protocol
open standards DeviceNet, SOAP, XML, BACnet,
LonWorks and Modbus
Proprietary Open Standard
Hardware (or) Software Module
100%
ASHRAE Handbook
Protocol classes
a. Standard protocol. Published and controlled by a standards body.
b. Public protocol. Published but controlled by a private organization.
c. Private protocol. Unpublished; use and specification controlled by a private
organization. Examples include the proprietary communications used by many
building automation devices.
Integrated Building Management System

Standard Protocol
existing building retrofit

Existing Control System
2. Network Structure
BAS Network Computer Network Technology IT
backbone Communication Protocol Communication Wired
Wireless Technology Communication Task

Data Exchange :

Alarms and Events:

Schedule : Equipment run

Trends : Data

Data History Trend

Network Management : Network diagnostic and Maintenance functions, data
access, security functions, etc.

F. Specifying DDC Systems

DDC installation
Customer

specification Specification


Descriptions of the products desired, or of the performance and features expected
Needed points (Points Schedule) or data objects should be listed
A control schematic shows the layout of each system to be controlled, including
instrumentation and input/output objects and any hard-wired interlocks.
A sequence of operation should be provided for each system.
ASHRAE Guideline 13. ASHRAE (2005)

- Back to Top IV. Control Examples

Post



1. Chilled Water Fan Coil Units
- Back to Top V. References

1. "Fundamental of Control", Chapter 7, ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals, 2009.

2. "Design and Applications of Controls", Chapter 46, ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications, 2007.
3. "Controls", Chapter 10, Air-Conditioning Systems Design Manual, ASHRAE, 1993.
4. Standard Protocols
i. Lonworks by Lonmark International [ http://www.lonmark.org/ ]
ii. BACnet by ASHRAE [ http://www.bacnet.org/ ]
iii. Modbus [ http://www.modbus.org/ ]
iv. DeviceNetTM by ODVA [ http://www.odva.org/ ]
v. SOAP ( Simple Object Access Protoco) by W3 [ http://www.w3.org/TR/soap/ ]
vi. XML by W3 [ http://www.w3.org/2004/02/XML-Protocol-Charter ]

5. BAS System Providers

i. Siemens [ http://www.automation.siemens.com/_en/portal/index.htm ]
ii. Honeywell [ http://acscorp.honeywell.com/Pages/default.aspx ]
iii. Johnson Controls [ http://www.johnsoncontrols.com/ ]
iv. Yamatake [ http://www.yamatake.com/ ]
v. Trend Controls
[ http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2009/09/ http:/www.trend-controls.com ]
vi. TAC [ http://www.tac.com/ ]
vii. Trane [ http://www.trane.com/COMMERCIAL/Controls/Default.aspx?i=875 ]

6. Electronic Controllers
i. Omron Industrial Automation : Floatless Level Controllers
[ http://www.omron-ap.com/product_info/61F/index.asp ]

7. Wiki References
i. Automatic Control
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_control ]
ii. Building Automation
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_Automation ]
iii. Control Theory [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory ]
iv. SCDA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA ]
v. Proportional Control
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_control ]
vi. PI Controller
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PI_controller ]
vii. PID Loop [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_loop ]
viii. Digital Control
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_control ]
ix. DDC (Direct Digital Control)
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Digital_Control ]
x. Fuzzy Control System
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_control_system ]
xi. Adaptive Control [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_control ]
xii. Variable Frequency Drive
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_frequency_drive ]
xiii. Lux [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux ]
xiv. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor ]

Posted by Ko Chaw - at 6:07 PM

Labels: Control, HVAC, MEP Systems, Water Supply

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