The

Mole (Chapter 8) Study Guide

Relate moles to atoms and mass of a substance

Create a conversion chart below to aide in determining which conversion factor to utilize:
This isnt perfect, but it is as close as I could find

Name: Key

Example Problems:

1. How many atoms are present in 0.93 mol of chlorine?

0.93 mol
6.02x1023 atoms = 5.60x1023 atoms Cl

1 mol

2. How many moles of nickel are present in a sample containing 4.73x1018 atoms?

4.73x1018 atoms
1mol
= .786x10-5 = 7.86x10-6 mol Ni

6.02x1023 atoms

3. How many atoms of oxygen enter your lungs when you inhale 5.00x10-2 mol of oxygen gas?

5.00x10-2 mol O2 6.02x1023 molecules
2 atoms O
= 60.2x1021 = 6.02x1022 atoms O

1 mol
1 molecule O2

4. Determine the atoms of hydrogen present in a 2.45 mol sample of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2?

2.45 mol H2O2 6.02x1023 molecules
2 atoms H
= 29.5x1023 = 2.95x1024 atoms H

1 mol
1 molecule H2O2

5. Calculate the molar mass of silver chromate, Ag2CrO4.

Ag: 107.87x2
Cr: 52.00
O: 16.00x4
331.74 g/mol

6. The average television screen is coated with 1.30 mol of phosphorus. Calculate the grams of
phosphorus needed to coat your television screen.

1.30 mol 30.97g = 40.26 g P

1 mol

7. How many grams of phosphoric acid, H3PO4, are needed to complete an industrial reaction requiring
15.0 mol of the reactant?

M.M. H3PO4 = 98.00 g/mol

15 mol 98.00 g = 1470 g H3PO4

1 mol

8. A penny contains 1.80x1021 atoms of copper. How many grams of copper are present on the penny?

1.80x1021 atoms
1 mol
63.55 g = 19.00x10-2 = 1.9x10-1 g Cu
23

6.02x10 atoms 1 mol

9. Para-dichlorobenzene, C6Cl2H4, is an ingredient in mothballs. Calculate the grams of para-
dichlorobenzene present in a mothball containing 5.18x1025 atoms of carbon.

M.M. C6Cl2H4 = 147.00 g/mol

5.18x1025 atoms C 1 molecule C6Cl2H4
1 mol
147 g = 21.1x102 = 2110 g C6Cl2H4

6 atoms C
6.02x1023 molecules 1 mol

10. A 12.0 oz cup of coffee contains 0.19g of caffeine, C8H10N4O2. Determine the number of atoms of
nitrogen from caffeine found in your morning cup of coffee.

M.M. C8H10N4O2 = 194.22 g/mol

0.19 g
1 mol
6.02x1023 molecules
4 atoms N
= 0.0236x1023 = 2.36x1021 atoms N

194.22 g
1 mol
1 molecule C8H10N4O2

Average atomic mass

Know how the atomic mass of an element is determined and the unit that describes it.
Atomic mass is a weighted average of the isotopes based on abundance and is measured in the atomic mass unit

Why might some elements have atomic masses very close to whole numbers?
Think about this one
Example Problems:

1. Calculate the average atomic mass for silicon if 92.21% of its atoms have a mass of 27.98 amu, 4.70%
have a mass of 28.98 amu, and 3.09% have a mass of 29.97 amu.

(0.9221)(27.98amu)+(0.0470)(28.98amu)+(0.0309)(29.97amu) = 28.09 amu




2

2. Calculate the average atomic mass of iron. Iron has four naturally occurring isotopes. Iron-54 has a
relative abundance of 5.90% and a mass of 53.94 amu. Iron-56 has a relative abundance of 91.72% and a
mass of 55.93 amu. Iron-57 has a relative abundance of 2.10% and a mass of 56.94 amu. Iron-58 has a
relative abundance 0.280% and a mass of 57.93 amu.

(0.059)(53.94amu)+(0.9172)(55.93amu)+(0.0210)(56.94amu)+(0.0028)(57.93amu) = 55.84 amu

3. Chlorine exists as chlorine-35, which has a mass of 34.969 amu and makes up 75.8% of chlorine atoms.
The rest of naturally occurring chlorine is chlorine-37, with a mass of 36.996 amu. What is the average
atomic mass of chlorine?

(0.758)(34.969amu)+(0.242)(36.996amu) = 35.5 amu

4. Uranium-234 makes up 0.005% of uranium atoms and has a mass of 234.041 amu. Uranium-235
makes up 0.720% and has a mass of 235.044 amu. Uranium-238 has a mass of 238.051 amu and makes
up 99.275%. What is the average atomic mass of uranium?

(0.00005)(234.041amu)+(0.0072)(235.044amu)+(0.99275)(238.05amu) = 238.03 amu

Percent Composition

What information can be determined about a compound from its percent composition?
The empirical formula

What information is needed to calculate the percent composition?

Know how to calculate the percent composition of a substance (elements or a portion of the substance)

Example Problems:

1. Tin (IV) oxide, SnO2, is the ingredient that gives fingernail polish its characteristic luster. What is the
percent composition of SnO2?

Sn: 118.71

(118.71/150.71)100 = 78.8%
O: 16.00x2 = 32.00
(32.00/150.71)100 = 21.2%
150.71 g/mol

2. Which iron ore has more pure iron per mole of ore, Fe2O3 or Fe3O4?

3. A superconductor has the formula YBa2Cu3O7. What is the percent composition of the substance?

M.M. YBa2Cu3O7 = 666.22 g/mol
Y: (88.91/666.22)x100 = 13.3%
Ba: (274.66/666.22)x100 = 41.2%
Cu: (190.65/666.22)x100 = 28.6%
O: (112.00/666.22)x100 = 16.8%

4. What percentage of ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3, is the ammonium ion?
M.M. (NH4)2CO3 = 96.11 g/mol
(36.1/96.11)x100 = 37.6% NH4+


3

5. Cobalt chloride hydrate, CoCl26H2O, is used as a humidity indicator. What percent is water?

M.M. CoCl26H2O = 237.95 g/mol
(108.12/237.95)x100 = 45.4% H2O

Empirical Formula

What does the empirical formula of a substance represent?
The lowest whole number ratio of elements in a chemical formula

Know the procedure to determine the empirical formula given percent composition data.
Look in the PowerPoint/Notes for this!

Example Problems:

1. What is the empirical formula of a compound that contains 38.77% chlorine and 61.23% oxygen?

38.77 g Cl 1 mol
= 1.094 mol Cl / 1.094 = 1 mol Cl x 2 = 2 mol Cl

35.45 g

61.23 g O 1 mol = 3.827 mol O / 1.094 =3.5 mol O x 2 = 7 mol O
Cl2O7

16.00 g

2. Determine the empirical formula of a substance containing 26.2% N, 7.5% H, and 66.3% Cl.

26.2 g N 1 mol = 1.87 mol N /1.87 = 1 mole N

14.01 g

7.5 g H 1 mol = 7.426 mol H /1.87 = 3.97 mol H

1.01 g

66.3 g Cl 1 mol = 1.87 mol Cl /1.87 = 1 mol Cl


NH4Cl

35.45 g

3. An elemental analysis of an unknown compound determines it contains 21.56% zinc, 36.23%
manganese, and 42.21% oxide. Determine the empirical formula of the compound.
21.56 g Zn 1 mol
= 0.330 mol Zn / 0.330 = 1 mole Zn

65.39 g

= 0.659 mol Mn / 0.330 = 2.00 mol Mn
36.23 g Mn 1 mol

54.94 g

=
2
.638 mol O /0.330 = 7.99 mol O


ZnMn2O8
42.21 g O 1 mol

16.00 g

4. A 175.0 g sample of the flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate, MSG, contains 56.15 g C, 9.43 g H,
74.81 g O, 13.11 g N, and 21.49 g Na. What is the empirical formula?

NaC5H10O5N

Molecular Formulas

What is the difference between a molecular and empirical formula?

Be able to give the empirical formula of a molecular formula.

Know how to determine the molecular formula of a compound.

Example Problems:

1. Write the empirical formula for each of the following substances.


a. C2O4F4
CO2F2



b. C2H3OOH CH2O


c. C6Cl2H4
C3ClH2



d. C18H34O2 C9H17O


2. Determine the molecular formula of a compound with an empirical formula of NPCl2, and an
experimentally determined molar mass of 346.66 g/mol.

M.M. of NPCl2 = 115.88 g/mol

(346.66 g/mol)/(115.88 g/mol) = 2.99

M.F. = N3P3Cl6


3. The anticancer drug altretamine is 51.4% carbon, 8.6% hydrogen, and 40.0% nitrogen. Altretamine has
a molar mass of 214 g/mol. Determine the empirical and molecular formula of the compound.

51.4 g C 1 mol = 4.280 mol C /2.855 = 1.5 mole C x2 = 3 mol C

12.01 g

8.6 g H 1 mol = 8.515 mol H /2.855 = 2.98 mol H x2 = 6 mol H

1.01 g

40.0 g N 1 mol = 2.855 mol N /2.855 = 1 mol N x 2 = 2 mol N


E. F. = C3H6N2


14.01 g


M.M. of C3H6N2 = 70.11 g/mol

(214 g/mol)/(70.11 g/mol) = 3.05






M.F. = C9H18N6