Blood Type Testing Lab

Sitanan Teeracharoenchai 11-3

Thitipong Sawangareetragul 11-3
Introduction
In Mendel's studies, he proposed that there are two alleles for every
gene, the dominant of the two having its phenotype expressed in a
heterozygote. However, a gene can have more than two allelic forms
segregating within a population, and can be referred to as having multiple
alleles.
The ABO blood system, this is a controlled by a triallelic gene. It can
generate up to 6 genotypes. The alleles control antigen production, on the
red blood cells surface. Two of the alleles are codominant to one another
and both are dominant over the third. Allele IA produces antigen A. Allele IB
produces antigen B. Allele i produces no antigen. Blood types A and B have
two possible genotypes are homozygous and heterozygous. Blood types AB
and O only have one genotype each.
Our blood have difference can be recognized by amount of protein
molecules named antigens and antibodies. Antigen can be found on surface
of the red blood cells.Antibodies can be found in blood plasma.Each of these
have their own signature,Your blood group will be influenced by your parent
signature.
An antibodies are a protein that count in a group of immunoglobulins.
Immune system use antibodies to find an unknown object and destroy it such
as viruses,Every blood cell in our body can be synthesized with only 1
antibody.The item that make antibody against are the same item that make
receptor activate Example if Antigen activated Blood cells because it found
Bacteria A, it will also make antibodies recognized Bacteria A too; Antigen is
the only thing that can activated antibodies.
This experiment is to find out what is our blood type by using the
relation of antigen and antibody, how antigen and antibody works and
interact. Also, find all the possible scenario genotype by using parent or child
blood.
Materials
-

Microscope slides
Lancet Device
Anti -A,-B,-AB
Markers

- Ethanol
- Cotton Ball
- 3 toothpicks
Lancet

Method
1. Draw circles (1 cm. diameter) side-by-side on each slide
2. name each circle as control, anti-A, anti-B, or anti-AB
3. clean tester finger with alcohol
4. Puncture the tip of tester finger
5. In each circle drop a single drop of blood sample.
6. In the circle marked as:
1. Anti-A: drop a single drop of anti-A
2. Anti-B: drop a single drop of anti-B
3. Anti-AB: drop a single drop of anti-AB
7. mixing the blood by toothpick smoothly
8. Wait for a few second and collect the result.

Result
Table 1 - The reaction between antibodies and blood.

Antibody

State

Control

no coagulation

Anti-A

no coagulation

Anti-B

coagulation

Anti-AB

coagulation

Observation of one of the pairs blood testing, after we drop every type
of antibody and wait for a few second, we can see that some blood with
antibody start to coagulate. On the other hand, some of blood doesnt form
coagulation. In our experiment there are coagulation only blood with drop of
anti-B and AB. This can be conclude that the one of the pairs blood type is B.

Discussion
According to the experiment, that one of the pair has use Antibody-A ,
Antibody-B and both A and B to test for his blood type. The result is his blood
has coagulation only when we drop Anti-B and Anti-AB. So we can briefly
assume that he has blood type B. If his blood is type AB, Antibody-A need to
form a coagulation too. On the other hand, if he is type A, Anti-B should not
coagulate and if he blood is O, there should not form coagulation in any
Antibody. Because coagulation of his blood use to indicates that his blood has
reacted with a certain antibody(antibody-B) and therefore is not compatible
with blood containing that kind of antibody because his body contain
antibody-A. If the blood does not coagulate, it indicates that the blood does
not have the antigens binding the special antibody in the reagent. This give
us the answer, his blood contain antigen-B, he has antibody-A and his
bloodtype is B. Also, we can use this to figure the possible scenario his
parent blood type. That his parents can be both homozygous(BB), both
heterozygous(B as a dominant but also has O as a recessive) and one is
homozygous and one is heterozygous.
Another group member of the pair, her mother and father both have
blood type A . We can identify her blood type into three scenario.
The scenario one: both of her parent are homozygous.
Table 2 - puneet square between two homozygous.
A - blood type A
(dominant)

AA

AA

AA

AA

In this scenario the daughter of

homozygous only has a chance to become
homozygous(AA).

 So she only has a chance to has blood

type A, antigen A and antibody-B.

The scenario two : one of her parents is homozygous(AA) and

one of parents is heterozygous(Aa).
Table 3 - puneet square between homozygous and heterozygous.
A - blood type A
(dominant)
a - blood type O
(recessive)

AA

Aa

AA

Aa

In this scenario the the daughter of

homozygous(AA) and heterozygous(Aa) have a chance of
50% to become AA or Aa.
So she only has a chance to has blood
type A, antigen A and antibody-B.
The scenario three : both of the parents are heterozygous(Aa).
Table 32- puneet square between two heterozygous.
A - blood type A
(dominant)
a - blood type O
(recessive)

AA

Aa

Aa

aa

In this scenario the daughter of both

heterozygous have a 25% to become AA, 25% to become
aa and 50% to become Aa.
So in this scenario the daughter has
chance to has blood type A, antigen A and antibody B. On
the other hand, she also has a chance to has blood type O,
no antigen A and B and both antibody A and B.

Conclusion

This lap helps us learn about the ABO-system, the interaction between
antigen and how we can use antibody to find out our blood type. In the
experiment we use A, B and AB-antibody to test for one of the pairs blood
type. From this experiment we understand the interaction between antigen
and antibody. The same antigen and antibody will bind together (form
coagulation). The A antigen and the A antibodies can bind to each other in
the same way that the B antigens can bind to the B antibodies. We use this
process to identify our blood type and understand the coagulation. According
to information, human have 2 type of antigen and antibody: A and B. And our
type of antigen and antibody will be opposite. For example, person that has
blood type A, he will has antigen A and antibody B. Exception is for people
that have blood type AB or O, for AB: has both antigen and no antibody, but
blood type O will have no antigen and both types of antibody. This can be
relate to what would happen if, a B blood person receives blood from an A
blood person.The red blood cells will be linked together,by the antibodies.
This clumping could lead to death.
On our experiment when we are testing for one of the pairs blood
type, his blood only form a coagulation when we drop antibody A and AB.
From what we have learn, now we can identify that his bloodtype is B which
contain antigen B on his red blood cells surface. He also contain antibody A
that will interact will antibody B to from coagulation.
We find no error from this experiment. To improve this experiment to
make the result to become more accurate we should try to get more blood
from the one of the pair that use his blood for testing. When we have more
amount of blood, this will help us to see interaction between antigenantibody and process of coagulation more clearly.

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