32 curren v2 vetins who win may have eo pay fer most li ‘gsion expenses other dn their atomey’s fees, Such 2s filing fees depestion cons, and export wit Mest discouraging ofall the podem of cot lesting the debe, Even ia victory there can be de- feat. ee offends have spent or hlden the spoils ‘ofthe crimes, it wil be dificule for the aunts tomes eo recover any mneney without ineuming ‘great expenses Most steet crmirals don't have ‘what vers call deep pockets (ase ike homes, ‘as, jewel, bank accounts investments ia stocks and bonds, or busines sates). On the coneary. Imany are wimuly judgment-proofbreke and ‘with no prospects of coming into money fom ‘work or inleriances (ee Stak and Goldsein, 1585; Brien, 1992) TNo ghvenunent agency syaemaicaly compiles reconde about the snceses ine les af pais ‘who havesued defends incivl courte The actual dallaramouns ofsome out-of-coun setlement are ‘pe comdental Nevethles aivocay groups uige ritiow o comer execiang shel hi oust ‘ontion, espe fee Menity and whetesbous of the fender ae known, i testintion # net feth- ‘caining fom eximial cout proceedings, and if ‘competion i not avaable fom snsurance com- anit or government administored Sand, Recognising the few suet criinds who commit atts of vblece or theft have subscanti a- {sor incomes, tomeys within che vin rights Imovement hive developed a static aleanatve Ines apne aan sound eid pare Collecting Damages from Third Parties Even then the perpetnitors of» crime are known tobe judgment-proct, vit tll havea chance to recover teirloses Instead of sting those who Mced their iyjancs dtecly anc weensonlly, plinifs can go afer eid pastes inkiidoas or fexticis such 36 business, itstiutions. oF goveen- ‘ment agencic. The twit ie these cid ut 5 (0 lle tha a chil ary i party to blame forthe “The legal theory behind thin-parcy suite paal- lek eradconal notions of negligence, The plasif argues thar the defendane(€he hid pay) had ‘day or obigaion, tha dere ws a brea of this ary. and tha this reach proximal cased inary othe planci. The plaintiff isto prove that the hind party’ goss negligence pur the ceainal in putea to seple hin out for bara (Catragoo, 1977), For example, the ahermath of spate of smasccres on schon! grounds, finiis of youngsers ‘who were kiled or wounded fed lnwstie aganst the parents ofthe sudetes who weat bese, che people who lnadvertnty were the sources of the ‘wespons the ichcol dite, and the manuficeuors of the gurs (Lewin, 2001, “There are evo ‘types of thitd-pary. lability sui The fist is diceted gaint enterprises such 2 peace businewes for example, reams deers ‘the filed to take adequate steps to prevent thee Jhandguns rom being sold illegal o teenage gang smenbes). The secoud ype i simed at custodial genet and offical of the cama jusice syst (Gach ss smunicpal police departs prison wat devs. and director of mene institans. Whereas ‘lng effznden is tec, ehed-party cil suis can bbe both reactive and proactive. Ifor no other mo- tive than the own enlightened sel-iterst, che prate emeepies and. govermmennl bods that dre the targets ofthese kinds of site are compelled to take reiouble and necesary precautions 0 pe- ‘ete frther incidents for which they could be sued again. ly discouriging the tedierence and neg fence that falas predazory ace, shied pary civil is contrbute to seurtyconscowsnes and crime prevention (Casingten, 1984). A Nacional Crime ‘Vitim Bix Asocation’ 2007) encourages injured patiesto eek redies hugh cl action and pro- idee rames of atomeys who gecakze a lest Suing. Private Enterprises Sever succes suis during the 1970s have served as land ess for many subsequent caine, ‘A well-known singers apd in + motel by fan unknown asaiane who has ertered her room by ging te lock onthe ding gs‘ence don. Badly shiken by the exper cence and unable wo appear om sage, the singer sus the motel chain fr los of eam- ngs Her atomey agus tha the motel his ‘own gro megane by failing tai tain ecae premies for ie gees, Airy senders vedctinherfivo of 25 alos. “The motel chain ageesto 1 setlemens by sot appealing che Vere and pays hee $13 salon. (Bats, 197% Reueabers, 1980) A security guard ata divein hamburger sands tot in che head daring a robbery. Hee deme se the older or hit eim= Hoyer (he feturan). stead, his ator- bey angus saceusflly tha the cin sone ‘hat il che robber the bullet i guilty go negligence, The gun and anna fon dpe rosy gored a 9b onc forthe identity of the purchaser of Fulles.arash, 1975; Rotenberg. 1980) his pry tuts apn bicnees hare bled new deine corponte respon fd nancial big, The outs sever see the dlfendam sien of inenconay haening the pin boae the cxecaves in charge pbs fever met eter the nc or te ater and Stee ove othe seperamoved fom heen Siw What lege ea the deta tegigena and beach of epondiy erened 3 SEE Gat male the cals a ce ad the inant pretcuble (cargten, 1977, 1978 “Thin-pay seep pte ener cn take even fre eaten cig ht nde Ste mejor fo tines sammie opi he tarans beamse of inaleqate ightag or lots Hott and aol may tf lable or Sn and theiscommed api ges becane fan sce ‘iy means ce ate to aldose. tdevnon mone ove mons keys sly, oe gard), Bans, cor sopping walls and cet Ente hal ecounuble er tale vo provide or velba furavine vierms 383 ‘Biewes “Common carien” (bus. tain, oF aiplene companiss) might be lable for fale co fresh fastcmary forts of protection far pasengers ot Tehides or at stators and platforms, Employer tvho negligently hie Lown Glos snd put dent {in positons af trust might be party to blime i the ceccons bresk laws during the course of thet signed duties. Even college idainisracons could te responsible for fling 40 correct security laps fat a reasonable and prudent iivideal would Fralie endanger stat mem bung and ddomitores (Auster, 1987). A succesful avout by people wounded in the 1993 Werld Trade Cenzet fombing tablished negligence about scuscy jure on the pare ofthe agetey chat mutaged fhe ewin towers (Hartocois, 2005). A pall $23 balicn hid pay lawsuit by 9/11 wii and thee fimiles aganse the atlies and aiport scuscy ‘companies til pending (Hltocols, 2008). Plain can win i dey can prove in cil coun thatthe shird pay didnot ee ufo atone te prevent 2 wesonbly foreseeable wim. To preva fhe atomey mnt convincingly demonstrate that the defendant chronially disegaded compli, ‘vor pose warnings, chow nee to recify conden: tnd improve scarey, ad dno ffs he degsee of oterion expeted by’ commanity standard. Most hin alco meet this st, but the few tht succeed ‘an contibute tthe inmprovenentofpuble fey in pices he sopping cates, bus tena’ parking tots, hot, and aparanene compleses (Brin, 192) As tomess ae honing thet ski secuity liigrion seminars, landlords and business ae 2 tempting to make their preitessuieproof ever they camnoc be crme-proct (Pad, 1999). Because ‘many lawauits agains property owners we settled fo af conn, tla igure shou thei te af 0c- frrtence and sacere ate hint tm fd Ce estate fiona sample of cour ecord:cumed up 186 sie gst property owner frm 1958 to 1982. let seidy exablacd tht the rte ha ncresed, locating 267 shied porty sits om 1 to 1992. Aloast bf ofall he suits were ced by women wha Ind heen raped (Deutsch, 1994) In recene year, vets of gun violence have fed done of ciinw agai he icin inlunty,a8 cuarren ‘bat most ofthese thin-pary laws ve been d= _mssed bythe cours A nonble exception ok pace afer a pur of snipers ceronzed the Wahiegton, DC. resin 200, Eight pple who were wounded scl the nent of Kin of toe who ware murdered ‘Won 1 $25 million legal selement fom the nant ‘accu of the high-povterel ele nd rom ch gun dealer who inpmnpely wld it However, 12 25, Congres pased “sic legislation (nuh i Ue exng hs 33 states) thar specially protected wanatactie aad alee fiom suis seeking © bolé them lable for negi- gence when thet weapocs are ated to commit ‘ims, Victorioas bickes ofthe gun lobly’s mea- fre sud ic was needed co keep the American arma Tndiacry in bosacs in he fice of “fivolou” bat cosy Lusuis. Disppeinted epponents sued is psage will deprive wourded people (x well 3s fate muniipaliies, suchas New York City, dat ‘nour huge expense fom yn viokce) ofa kyj- ‘mate avenue for financial covery Seller, 2005), Suing Governmental Bodies Swcccsil sind pany lawsuit again cin justice agencies and ‘astodial oficial like the wo 1970s landmark cases ‘descrbed below are lew comunon than suits agaist vate eatenprises ‘14-year-old gil irabsctd fioma pate ‘choo, ued w ater, molesed,andthea let to fleas to death. The man wh kills her fad previously stacked anther gil fom the sme school in the ame way. He had teen comméted for tetnent wide under confinement at nerty psjchatsc nt- tate. The visin’s parses ste the wnt eps pyctintar, ands probation of Feorfar ranging the rea ofthe fonder into an eurpatent progam witou fie ree cour pov. They wi a pig sent of $25,000 (Carin, 1977, 1979 {An inmate with areca of 40 felony con- ‘icons and 17 escape azemprsis permitted 1p paticpate ina "akea-Herto dinner program. Atereating a the home ofthe isn’ aker, he leas lose, cams an 2rmed robbery, and ila man The vin's ‘widow aes the wander both pernaly and [Dias oleid capacity in alton tothe stat prion system. for gos nedigence Her dMtomey aguesthat the warden dia’ have Jegiltve authori or adniniraive per- _mision frm hs sepenors to le the ime fou that nig, She wins judgment of $IN6000, which the ae doe net spe (Barbas, 1979; Reetenbers, 1980) ‘The baie charge in civil ations agaoat dhe fovernient once again ® grow negligence. The inn allege that public offcia severely abut {heir dicretonary authority. The cites ae said te thve happened because oft ination or tacom- etence faced the slender? inclinations 1 arm insocene pats. lv afew sates. geweramen- tal bodis cannot be sued even when the negligence cf ofcals deaty coneabuted to the commision of ‘ms; the agents and agencies ae protected by the Engl commen lw doutine of sovereign i tmumnity. Mont satee and the fodend government Femie cdzens to we but impo lmiations for ‘ample fancialcaps and exemption from puni- five damages) and. snvoke special procedure (Auwern, 1967; Caring, 1978) ‘Specific charge in thie pary abil Iawauin aginst governtenal agencies and oficak funder 2 number of healing. (Ausem, 1987). Clan ‘gts the police can alege nonfeasance: that ofi- (sill wo atic protetaniralso wom they ‘owed special dry, cach a witmoses for the pro ‘ecution Claims ca ls alleepolce malfeasance Chat officers acted carelessly or inattentive a We- toms Were har as in the fllowing case. A husband abs his wife 13 ems, Neatly 530 minates ltr, ene police arive in e- ‘pone to ber eater all belp. As he ‘rarer around screaming, he licks her in the head. then deep tei soa om her ua ‘conicious body and kicks he again, Final, the police estan his and ake tim ita cody. After eh days in‘com an sever onthe in hospital she sues the ity, three police chi, and 29| ices, Her lawsuit aleges tat because the aalane wat hee husband che potce Elle to provide her with equal pterion under the uw, enaznted by the Fourcerth Amendmeat, ty handing her ‘numerous cals fr help over the yeas ferent tan caves of asa by stn fn. A jy finds the police deparment Fogle fr fing te protect her ane assarks her §2.3 mice. The iy appeal, tnd she setts fr $1 milion out of four. (Gell and Sua, 1988) ‘When prisoner ate nt supevsed adequatly orate rebated ara teu ofan administrative eror aud then indict ham, ats can allege wrong ficape. When dangers convicts are telened and they injure people whom they hud previoudy publidy deeteved, suis ca be fled fe failure to warn. Chins can ako alge wrongfal release when, rough gress neglgence on the pate of fica, hile innate granted cndional ‘lea (probation, parole, or frlgh) fom a ji, pisos, oe menal iastinn and thea commits 2 Feresceable at of bwlestes. The fllowing ce iorates thse probes: ‘A mene part wil out of ii seamty ae poche spol and wane Ge oa sal wown He buy 2 Busing oneal tn for no pte sor, snes wine year-old walking down {he ec wath ee ry and a hor tnore than 30 nes efoto ply curr by reson of nani. The git ators ate be ete fag poe, Robe foc atta The nese ‘apes toa $1.5 milion out-of-court. ent comperitng the mater forthe fsnotond hun of wiueang ber gh Po iping and pledgeto aypove sey Shae mena kept (Haye 192) Suitaganst cusodilefficus and gencis re sport tues The Suprane Court rl in 1940 fupavine vierms 355 (Qterines cae) tat neither the Cneinton nr the it Rh Act of 1964 gave the srivom of 3 enon who war maudeed the sight we 4 ste foro toad (Canington, 198). lo apholding EE Soctine of sovereign immunity fon hay the jes of the Coare argued thar goverment fas legiioaee inertia seeking to habiote csimial. Every tenet altermatve to totaly st Spacing convicts trough ‘maximum secty coninemene involves taking rks withthe publi cae lay home hevpensc commit woul ree, educaiona lew, flush, rok on, and parle al grant condtional Ubary to Istown ofaden who may po a cominuing dst cs cammnuniy aft. Undclying scary ofabuae tdlucrotionary authority ad ron ngligane = the asumpion tit danger an be preicted it tsualy cannot be with any sical cera, Some paint and ius thought te dangers tam out co be welrbchived (alse posve), fein out on pobaon or pole enoying cond ona Hey who were ted as posing Tow Bk ‘aay sudlely ac iu (se negatives) ‘What i predicable is tatsuccentl irc pary laws by vic aga caso ofc and agencies wil hare hing cect om wane, ry Chiari poral oan and other who. make decison galing ‘confinement vous lex. ‘Whar night develep ia thse therapeu retin sip ci pe of dtenavenen comparable co the ‘lve sine prcted by doctor anid of tmalpeacce sis. Fear of legal and Gna rcuwions could dominate profesional sigens teal AccpngRcabilcuon prog coud te severly consrine, gle convicts conld be bert fom such progam bscasendinrton woulda’ wane so jenpunlive thei aren by velo Jen them Bin tol caninemens Queer fcional could be detered from taking jobs fastedial oficias beeaise of expose to personal Tabiey lity, unlem ees protect nach empley= ‘vc under s doviine of sovereign imnanity ‘On the othor lan, vulneable members of the general public need Lists 1 a vehicle to exer fime leerage over juice offcie and ntespon- tre burcaucaces, Arb aggrieved paris seed +386 curren ‘way to hold grosly negligent agency ofichls ‘accountable, aswell at a mechanism to recover Tewses inficted by dangers people who shoud not have been left uiswservsed. Some vice Evonates see thin party laut a: an appropriate remely t exablsh a proper bulae berween 10 conflicting policy abject: lowering the crime fate in the long run by relubidtating offenders though the jucicus granting of conditions b= feny, and niainaining public tafecy in the shor fun by incapacintiog and earcertng indivi baieved to be dangerous 10 che community ington, 1980). COLLECTING INSURANCE REIMBURSEMENTS Private Crime Insurance Piva insurance compu ate inaocsnt dint par ties tht can quckly and tutinely provide rei brsement for loses. The postive aspect is that a ‘ident poluyholder can be repaid without t00 Imany compleatons a loug asa fortal complaint ie fled with de police. The drawbacks sre that potential target mu have the orsghe to purchase fotetion in advance: tht a company must be tulling to iste apolcy Gore people and busineses inhigh-cime ares have wouble izding a insure), dlc premiuas for dhe coverage nae be fonda (enany people are aware off’ dangers bat donot have dhe dipole incon to pay forthe “Lacuty” ‘of insurance), and that exclusion of welavelymi- hor loses (because of deductible clauses) unpose serious nancial hangs on low-income Gales (Soro, 1950). ‘Caotiom indvidade can. protect themes, sing a vaiey of hizark bee Miler Cohen, aid ‘Wieseia, 1986). Lie inurance policies en Py szible sume to the urvvon of loved ones who were murdered, Some polis (which coat trore) contain » double indemnity clause thar ‘gant survivors owice av rai if the pobeylolder thes unexpectedly fom an accident or a ciminaly tnlced injury. Coverge ean ako be purchased co ofet low exmnings Gnome maintenance) and expense: due 10 medial bill (heakh insurance). Properry can be inured against low or damage (Car and boat msurance covers expenses import Fy tie, wands, and amon. Home inarance rotets agit lowes dae to brary. some lace= ‘es items eft om porches or in yas, for exami). ‘vandal, ason, and robbery i the corfiontation ‘ccurs within the dwelling. Some companes sl tobbery insurance thit seiubunes.polleytolder fr lo valuable sich ae jetelry of camer ne matter where the cine cccus. A few compat: ‘fer protection to businewes “whose executive: ‘nigh be kilnapped and beld for ramon, ta onder fir burglary vitins to eoct rei trurements under homeowner polices, inamnce companies usually que recaps, photos of video: cf viluble, aad perhaps senal numbers of st ltem, Dedueiles, exlusons, lit, deprecation of wave due to age and wear, pls he willngtes pay for optional len (for example, to covet the theft of very expensive jewel) nake complete covery usikely (Webberg, 2008), If detective: Gtenmine that the inrader commited a thei fue to 4 verln-Belliated "no force etry” (ee ‘Chapter 5), the inuraace adjuster may completly rajec the cacess paiyolder’s chim (Reeves 2100), Patterns of Loss, Recovery, ‘and Reimbursement Satiics decved fiom the National Caine Vii! ‘ation Suny confi some commonsense predic- ‘ons abou insurance coverage and recovery. Fis. tome pes of coverage ate more common tar thes. More people ae insured paint medal fepenses than aguinet property Tones Medica tnd denal coss ae potently more devastating han theft or vanialion of tangible goods, ane health covenge often provided by an employer sa Hinge benefic of fillone js. Second, high income indvidaal are mare likely ro bay crime finance than low-income people (even though the poor ae expesed to greater rks and sufer higher vicemiaton sate). Thad, lager lose:are more likely than smlee ones w be reimbursed ‘rough insurance dains. The hoasekold tat ae most likely o receive cal settlements are chose ‘whose cat are stolen. Caly 4 stall proportion ‘F famiies wh sufer buspar und latcnies ae feimbored An even anal fixtion of peonle who ate robbed or pidkpockewed are inured glint such loves. Most solces have deductible uses that scpalate thatthe vim must abso le fst $500 (or some cher sun) of de loses Sed cannot flea chin sles oat-of pocket expenses exceed this fue. Hence, most crime imposed loses (which usully are smal) annot be recovered (Haslnd, 198 ‘Suis concesting seal pacer of burglary loan, coverage, and recovery are rte. One revealed dat both dhe average amoant stolen and the per~ centage of victine who az inured ate postivey ‘corrested with funy income, That means tht ‘wealthy fies lose tore to burglar bu ako are more likly tobe insured tan low-income hose holds Im ove sudr duriag the 1970s, only one faily in 10 had purchased barghry isurarce in the lowest income category, bur about half he frn- ies 1 the higher-income category were covered (Qremmably, the rich wore ally iared, but thone dea were unavailable) Tr sum, although a small ‘numberof niles recover subantal moun, i= ssrance provide tlef for elively few burglary ‘etins Gkogan, 197%; Haland, 18) 1s fr inusince covenge fr mesical expenses resulong fom iolent crime. women were more likely to receive eimbursement (73 percent) than smen (S7 percent). The Lives income grouping (61 perceng and the higher income groaping (05 percent) were much sare likely to gee char fue packet cass paid by heath insrsece Gm fhe prurmment in the cae ofthe pre Boy i= vite companies the ese of the afluent) than the Working poor (1 percen) who auly ea t00 ich for Medd bue wo ile so afford dit foun poses AI senior exacts received coverage fof di bil: under Mediate, but les thas half (45 percent) of inured individuals between 20 aed 25 yeas of age had heh nsarance coveage, according w the NOVS fer 2006 (BJS, 2008). supavine vierms 357 Federal Crime Insurance Tnguance companies make profes in wo ways: ‘They adjust heir ter continonly so tht they tuke'in more money in premiums than they pay fut in cis, and they invest the money pud by polcyhaldem in order o collect ister, viens, tnd tn To contin costs and lie payouts, com panies nise their tes place caps an reimbnne- ‘mens, impose sinble deductibis, and exclude ‘certain kindof les. One irony of the fr-pefi ftaurance busines tht chose who face the great (tks ae sometines citer denied coverage oat Fght ow charged ecoubitat promitne that they can't aed. The inficiency and untimes of prvitein- sarance underiting paces ft received public Seton daring. We late 1940. The. Naonal ‘vsory Panel on Itwance in Rie-AMected ‘rear (gut of the National Adviory Commision en Civil Disorder) in 1967 examined the plight of inner-city residents and busines that had suffered tower due to looting and anon dung ghetzo rebel- lone The panel coda general lack of inarance avaikbilzy va Beto contibuting to urban decsy the dosing of buszess, the los of jobs, the aban- ddonmene of buldigs, and the exodes of resident fom high-crime areas a 196% Congr fllowesd some ofthe pane’ recommenditions and granted reef co those whe saffered from isurance redlining (29 legal, dis- ‘ciminatoy practice the rel devia of cover: te). The Department of Housing and Urtan Devilopment Act set ap Fair Accest to Insarance Requeements ples co: make size that propery ‘owners were not desied fie damige corenge solely becatse the neighborhood had a high te ef aon cases In 1970, Congress amended he ‘oe at to pera the federal govereanent to of Mforable bunglry and rebbery surance dicey {o uubas homeowner, tenans, nd busineses it aneas where such coverage fom private compatier twas either unavable or unreasonably expensie Tedenl invention into dhe insurance sna sss actual snl potent cine vito wae soso aa be esor (Benstein, 1972). The Federalash unten Emergency Mamagemert Agency aurently rans the Feden! Insurance Adminiaton, ‘Once the govemment began to sll insurance ‘coverage, came reawonable to ake whether public ‘nds could be vt up te bail oaths that fee ‘economic rn hecase they were no ling erable tw pay for pavat imurance pois, or were inade~ quxtey protected, especially airs huge medical ble and low eaniegs. Pubic mauance plas ate led crime vietin compenadion proget RECOVERING Losses THROUGH VICTIM COMPENSATION PROGRAMS (Most sect ctine victims never seceive ctnial courtonderedreintion, for one obs tessa “The offendes ae not cught and convicted. For a paral rasen, most vieus aever collet cour fOxeted svi Julgnents The perpenatos. cannot bbe hled or sce, asd een nccely sued. Frtormoge, ey can hid pany be hol pry responsible forthe incident and ud fr gros eg- ‘gence, Given the inidequay of most private ina ice coverage when major disstes stk, the only oaining hope for mioneary recovery hes with 3 ‘Mferne sort af thi pary? ste compensation fund. Rembursement from a government fund a9- peas to be the only rele tnethod for routingy Fotonng individual eo the financial condtion they tree in befire the cime cured ‘A midae-aged man is Winded by asain, who are ater cought comictedy ad isn Pisned. Upon ther slows, they are or fered by the coure to pay resitaon #0 their victim for the lou of his eyeig, Under the srangerene i will uke 422 yes ford injre ran co cll he fil Jmsount due his (ry, 1957) A Good Samaria comes to the aid of 90 fldetly-wornen who a being hase by 1 dranken youth ona subway thin, As his ‘wie and child watch in hor, the wel ‘neaning min subbed eo death by the drunk. The kiler s espe and set- {enced co 20 year to ie in pons The widow Fine eo send Her chil to live ‘rth her mother while she gosto work co pay bill Editors, New Yoke Tins, 1965) [A contraction worker and his galftiond se watching television in char Wing room when her ex-utor breaks in and repeatedly bits the man in the hexd witha Daseball Bat The nan suvives this agre- ‘aed asule but sede 10 operations to ‘cpat his sll He has no heath insurance dna carmotretam to work because of diy spell. The sate’s board grants himn ‘49.000 to cover is hosp il an lest, ‘wages (Michal, 2008) The firs two ees, which took plice England 4 1951 and in New York Cay in 1965, deamataed the need for goverment programs to faith asic tance t innocent people who sufer devastating Tow. The remaining case, decebing a setement fom a aitenin fund, iiss the Kinds of ait tat thee goverment boinds wow provide. Cour etation the case, dimple ancl tose dct way speeding» vin’ covery and of nstiutionaiz- fngthe notion of idping someone in desperate need cf energency fhancal apport ‘The History of Victim Compensation by Govemments “The carat reference 9 governmental compensa ‘on for crite vctine can be found in the ancient abylonan Code of Hammunbi, which is consd- ced to be the oldest writen body of eran se (bose 1775 BC). The code insmacted eno governors to replice los property of someene ‘who wa robbed ifthe cranial was not captured Tn the atermath ofa murler, che govertr was iy the hers speci sum in silver ffom thetreasury. to the cenuries that followed, resinton by the offender repliced compensiion by the tae. ‘Bat during the Middle Ages, restzution so ded away. Victins had no avenue of redres except fo ty to rocover lense by suing ffenden i cl Toteest in compessaon revived during the 18003, ‘whea the priom reform movement in Europe focwed atest at the aufferng of con its and dong 0 indica) elle atenton (0 the plight of shots vicinm Leading theorat in criminology endorsed compensation and rstiion at several lternatioual Pinal Congess meetings hdd at the eum of the cestury. But thee rola. ons did not lead co any concrete actions, Legal Ihitovins have uncovered only a fw seatered stances of speci funds setasie for eime Wisin ‘one in Tuscany afer 1786, another in Mericostan- ing i 1871, and one begianing in France in 193 Swinestand and Cuba dso experitunved with vio~ fin compenation (MacNanars and Sul, 19745 Schatr, 1970; Sling, 192). “An Englsh prion wefemersprked the revival of itgerst™ in comperston inthe Inte 1950. Iecatse of ter eff, 2 government commision invsigatd various reparations propos and ict up 2 find in 1954 in Grew Brin, Seve! Aura Sete and Canadian provtes followed si during the next few yeas, New Zeabnd ofzed the most complete prtecuon inthe Westera Wold in 1972, ‘when i abolaed the vit compenstion program ‘had pionesred in 1963 and abwrbet fe within tuivessl accident insane sytem, Everyone in ‘New Zedland was covered for lowes ars from aay ype of msforune, mduding eiminal acs ‘The amure of the even, che rowon i occured, and the person espns for i id not act com Ihenrion devine (nmpein Canrminer an Crime Problem 1978; Mines, 78, ‘The Debate over Compensation Inthe United states In the le 1950, the qustion of compensation ssxfaced in American law journal, lntally, disin- fbhed scholars raed eaay objection tthe hea furavine vieras 358 of having the governmene provide financial asis- tunce to insocent individuals wounded or shin by ‘ciminal. Bat suppor forthe nocon of compen thon grew when a Suprene Court sasice argued Sat soontyshenld astm some sesponsbiley foe “making whole agin” those whom the lw had filed 1 protece Soon, wel-known poital gues ofthe pened came to accept the proposition that specul funds stould be st up 1 may vtits het cotbustam was in accord wilt the Mberal police phdocophy embodied in Present John F Kennedr’s New Frontier and Preslent Lyndon Johmon' Grea Seciery: Government should de- velop progtans to ty t ameliorate persitent soil poten. The prpoule of clecad offi, the sagger ton of lea scholars and criminologist, and the presures of coalitions of interest groups were nec- fSsry but not suficient 10 tigger legates 2 {eke action, Wiley pbliaed brutal and erage ie ‘dents tpplod the ising ingredient of public Sappore inthe fst few sates to experitent with ‘compensation wheres. n 1965, Caliente 4 repuyinent proce as pat of its public asstance System. in 1966, New York cated a special bout fh allocate rimunement In 1967, Manachusets ‘dsignated cream coun and the wate tterney gen- teal’ office a ganter of nancial id to vieumne Staring i 1965, Congres began co debite the question of federal encounigement of and astance {S sute compenntion progam. No lebby emerged te prewire dected efcae o vote saint conyers ton plas. Even private surance compares did for el threatened by the potntal les ef busines ‘Atte bearngs the Idea of compensition was et- honed by the Ametcin Bar Asocition, Tetra fond Auodaton of Chit of Pate, Niional ‘Mayors, Natona League of Cie, National Conte- ceo Sate Legslaurs,exsiag sate compessatin ound, judges ergmicons,acticr ceca” group and the National Counei ow Crime and Deln- quesey ("Crime Costs Amendmens,” 1973 Edelert and Geis 1974, “Crime Vicems' Ai 178, Meines, 1978). The aggameats over the pros and con of governmental compernaion eed tay360 cuarren important palit. philbsphie, and pragmaic sues hee Chics, 1964; Schutz, 1965, Walfang, 1965, Books, 197% Geis 1976; Meiners, 1978; ‘Grow, 1987; US. Hoase Commute on the Jut- ‘hy, 1980; Gaye, 1961, Eling 10838. "The mos compelling ioraesadanced by ak vocats presented compention as addtional socal Insurance orasaway ofmerting an overlooked gor- ‘emmental obligaion fall aazens, ori a meas of ‘icing indvidis tog nancial rie, Proponents ‘Sithe tharedrk rationale vised competion 28 pat of the “afew net" of che comprehensive Secialisurance system Hat had been devdoping in the United Sas since the Great Depresion ll public welfve iurance progam are vended «0 ‘able people to cope withdhe haar tha tent subi sd secrity in ery lie. Health 0<- pens ae addsesel by Medcaid ard Medicre, ‘uablity and untinely’dath by Sosal Seay, foadie-jd) sccilens Ly women’ compensation, Sd bu of ode and earaings by unemployment ‘ompensiion. The premiums for thse saie-un ‘ompulsery insurance pla ate dative fom ta tion. Criminal injury igurince, He th other pes ‘of coveige, provides equal protecion agains dan- {ge at ar seonably sera to harm seme mein bars af sociery hae are aneeitable for any given indivdud. All wxpayen contrbute to the pool £0 spread the cos, andtherefe everyone entiled rambunement! "The goverament-lihilty rationale apucs thatthe tate ic esponsblefor the afer afi ei 2ans ecase it monopalixs, or eserves fo isl, the right to use fore to suspres came and to pun ish ofender. Becatse india ae no alowed co routinely cany deadly weapon around for their ‘own delinse wherever they oy the goversment Ia rade iil for lab pepe to eo tect thenelves, Therefore, within the sccal con ‘uae, the state Becomes lnde be camages when ‘mia ce scan bilo Ellis public aly ‘hligiion to it Ctnene By the lgie His angie tment, innocents who have been harmed ought co hive a eght co compensiion, regards of their cconomic sundng ad the type of ls they have fered, ‘Those who takes sociakwelfare approach telieve thar che state bas 1 humanitarian respors- Elis to asst siti, just as it help other needy and dicdvantaged groups ‘The aid is given a 2 fhintolc a of matey, compassion, and chatisy— thal not a univer inuinnce coverage oF becanse of any legal oblgaon, According to this theory, teceiving compensation isa peivege, nota right so ebgilty and payinent amouns can be hited. Bases tho tee rious, several akdona angumerts were advice tn encourage pie accep lance of compeastion, Some socialopsts and era Inologis pat forward a socianjstice rationale Treonteded thatthe "stem (de inition, eco some i pollal arargenent, and prealng ‘eltonshipe within taciay) generates crime by ferpeuaing lmene ompedtion, dscimiation {menployment, Sandal insecurty, and povexy. ‘which ia earn breed greed, desperion, stealing shu voknee. Therdore, sec owes competi ‘rough its goverment agenicso poopie who a Jamed theeugh no fico thee own ‘Other idvocates conmasted the attention ac- cotded to ctiminals withthe neglect shown toward {heir innocent vicums “They chunged tat le wat [tantly unfir vo attend to many of the medical ent emovion edatinal, vocational ar egal teeth of wrongdoer llbie minimaly and some- ‘ines agin thst will at public expense while at fe ame ce sbasdoning inured vets eo fend for themselves. Compensation pal conected ti “imbalance” Fnaly. some pragmatiteancpated thar che prospect of monetary rewards would in- ‘Bice mote vitns to cooperate with the authori: by reporting ineldeats, presing chugs, and estly- ing opens thet asia ‘Skeptics and ett abjecte to she notion of neemmrentinterventian on hath philosopher Fractcal grounds, The eaten opponents of in foring dhe nti Commonwedthpactce te {he United States denounced wha dey comic fo be the guend of “goremmental peeralon” and “creeping soca” "They contended that Uuxpayerfinded crime inurance undermined the virus of rigged indinduale, selPtelunce, pee sonal rexporbiiy, indpeadeace, ving oring pica Ta in Sioatecn mia sat sea ene aan vod na ei al eitos,cretlemereaiies tigen aan 4. Vietins of Crime Act (VOCA). ending newly 2) yeas of oo: debats, lobbying palit postur- jag, maneuvering, and” lxt-minute compromises. VOCA™ esubliied 3 find within the US. “Tremury, clloced fom fines, penal, and ore tares Adminisereé by che attomey gener the ‘money was earmarked to subsidize ste compen ton finds and vicem asisanes services, and to id vctins of kedeal enines (Peak, 1986). In 1989 VOCA guilelies were revited to encourage sate yogams to expand coverige anda resemble ech tether more closely. Providing federal macching finds worked outa itended Every state had vet {up a compensation program by 1993 (Maine and South Dakoea were the le eo paticipae. How Programs Operate: Similarities ‘and Differences 1a al sues plus the Dissce of Columbia, Puta ‘Rico, Guam. ad the U.S. Vii islands the ques- ton of whether to compensate victas has been answered fr the time being. Dut che program vary in many ways, reflecting the diersty In the tadiion, population, crime nates and raources of the sate and the dering ratandes on which the progans were based ‘Cerin equirements ae the ame in each sate (ice Parent, Auezbach, ant Carbon, 1982). All of {he programs gant reimbursements only to inne cent” vietins. Compensation boar investors alk ‘ways look fr evidence of contbutory masconduct. Tits otalihed that the individual was pay to ‘ame fr geting ure, the grant can be reduced in 20 08 Glow ently. For esample applicant would not he wepad # they were engaging im an eg artivey when they wow won (eh a6 being shot while holding up a liquor store, being sabted whie buying dry, of being betes act ‘sesing perfor ao a of prostution). Mot teas woul le inj parte in harmon awe ineligible if they hal ben dritking tered "ght- ing words” and provoled the fact in which they were senowlly fue However, appicants an appeal {lain tha were denis32 curren Another common fare sth the programe deal only withthe mos serous crimes that renin physial injuy, pstehologcal caum, oF death Imad, ape, saul, roblery, child sexual zbue, cid physical abun, pours abuse, oer eyes of ‘domestic vielence, and ake hicani-nun motor v= Incl colisions caved by drunk dives. Most do not repay people for propery that is damaged or lost in thet, burghres, oe rebbens (ules they ate eldedy o thelr poseaiors are esertal, such ‘houing ade or wheelchas) Only one absporket ‘expenses ae retnbused ils not paid by calateral Sources auch as Medicaid oe privae insurance such a Blue Cios. Payments can be for modieal expenses, mene ath services, dental ill and fumings lowe bocaue of mined work Fans of indivdale who succumb their wounds are eligi- ble for asistance with resinable Fane and ual oss; dependent can qual fora death benefit or pension to compensate for cei low of facial fppers. Some fates go Snther and pay for the Services of howe healt sides and howekespers, child car, eanporation cose fer medial wea tment and cour appearances, and even for rloc- ton when nscesaty (New Jeney Victms of Crime ‘Compensation Agency, 208), Each program t= ‘aires tha all pots of a ci he filly documented ‘with ill ad receipes, Erexy: program prohibs double recoveries. Money collected fom surance polices or other goverment sources (uch as Netonn's Benet) is subrogated. (ubeacta!) finan the compensation beard’ ial awa, In the stasically unual eases which offender are ‘aught, found gaily, and forced to pay resiation, this money # alo deductet fom the award. Fora ‘hime co be rpaid the wane doer not ave so the caught and conwictod Har in every state the snplicant moe wepore the crime pwemptly the police and cooperate filly with any investigation En prosecubon eo remain cligble Despite shang thee bane feats, he fy tite progrims dior in many waye how long Vetins can wat before telling the police about the came (fom one dey 9 three months, with a Inode of the days}; how long victms can take ‘efor applying for enbunemcnt (om ic mons to three yeas, witha made of one yar: how much chimant can calle (maximum avarés of$1,000%¢ $50,000 pls mites medal expenses, with modes 2 $10,000 znd $25,000); whether te program wil {Gant an emergency loun bere ally smveangeing 2 cae! and whether Lawyers can be hired hele resent cacy and collect Fes. Elibliy mls dir Sehily fom stte to sate. For eanple, sivivor cf those who ae shin can inchde paens, sings fad tws in same prograns, but anew sti anit coverage only to chiven and spose In 1988, amendments 0 the Vicums of Crimes ‘Act mandated chat elyblity in all ates be ox tended to innocent family members iajured by do- sneste violence, people hur by rusk évang cuter, and noaresdont (ston and commen. Some sates have gone further in expandaig the ist of coveted indiwiduals and ofeses. For example besides vice of violence wich a» keappinge ana caekings New Jesey conmpenstes indi ‘Bul injted in hie-and-ram celliony, people sce ened by drug and food tampering, bystandes hut by eaimiaak ting to elude the pic, and people [roughe in tothe tate by human trackers (Neve Jesse) Vieuns of Came Compensation Agen:y ‘2008. New Yorks Victim Compensation Bouts (2000) wall consider ame fom individual: whe were not physcly iajued if they were Good Samaritans ‘or safred from stalking, harasment, ‘enicng, ankiwfl imprionmers, cr even fiver Tous counter bnwsts by offender. ‘On the other hind whole greaps of people an te atomatially ruled ineligible. Ts eah sate the ist varie. Li enforcemestofcer and irefghtr in ed inthe ne of duy gnely ate exduded be- ‘tie they ae covered by Werken’ Compensation Tnceme junaicions, pton innate, paraleey, Pro fvonensee-convis, and meme genio ccime ate aomatcaly elninated fom coasider- sion (Nasenal Insitute of Justice, 1998) Te eight Sate, al penom with eb coavicion ae ine tile for sid, even if their coment predicament ht frothing co do with thir past lll activin (Miche, 2008). "Many ends in competition regubticns ae word nang. One change over sme has been tebroaden coverage to ineluce the ees ofeleanng up a ime scene, aa eeplacng een personal roy fey sich as eyeglies ard fe teeth In Justa hhsndul of sates, money bavalatle © ole: pan tcl alfeing Some paris extn cl :o inckade incet wrvivars, people who were sectaly asaued but exaped without physical ijais, the tlds whose homes Wereburgnzed, ar parents fof ising cide. Takly, he meney gen out by compenation programs caine fw gonerd renames whch een. tilly mens fiom uxpives. The ead since the 1970 is to rely more hewvly on funds derived ffom penalty assesiments or abusers tates more than fll of the programs get all or par of tier ‘money this way), Theve Kinde are rated fom fines td surcharges levied on pesors convicted of wae ‘olitons, msdemesor, aad felonies. Seme sates impose taxes on the eamitgy of offenders on work felese and fon collateral frit by defends ‘who jump bal. Offender finded compensation po fan reece lager wend that compe cont in femme jrsdicions to sholler all Linck official obligations, including reiuton, charges for room dud board, ines colt cos, and superynion fees Dy dhe are ofthe 2 com, 90 poe of te and fedenl finding came from money extaced fiom offenders. Taxjayer dillan upplemedted hese Tinie and unpredictable everucs in only 13 ates ‘Althcugh muking wrongibers pay their colecae ‘dd as symbote sala asa farm of group sta tion albert inrece and personal. chi a is lent source of money 19 meetall the crite needs ofthe eligible and wordy dainants seeking fiscal 2 (@teman and Waul, 2009), fore the 1980s, in about one thie of the sees, only claimants who faced severe fimneiat hordcipe col joes amgame tet Hoven tix ble for rimbursinent, The other were cold they ould afford io abwot thet lowes, By he endo 19805, only 11 programs sll required hei app nts to salsa ive sal ned fore recting au award. Encouraged by VOCA's financial sup por, some aate hive raied she upper limits for ward becaase of subsaonal hikes the cost of living over the years Inthe other ates wih Goze fupavine vieras 368 maximum benef till usally cpped at $25,000, even afer yet of esing prices, compensition puy- ‘ments ae filing eo kesp up with the rte of inda- ton, Manian low requreiens and deductible provisions (ually of $101) dengned eo eliminate ‘minor chins ae being scrapped and persis in ess than haf the sates (NOVA, 1988; Part eta 1992, NI, 1998; and NACVCB, 2008), ‘Monitoring and Evaluating Compensation Programs [Many angumenss about the rightness of compensa- tn hinge on judginens about the type of fiancial help victims reguite and on asunmptions about the aly of progums to meet de nee. Becatse ‘many sites have operated programs for sever dec= des, 2 sabsantal body of dats svalable for ame ys. The dferences berween eae programs can be fonsdened an aver eich junsdicion can be re fanded a soci hboratcry whese an espesment Sin progres. From shie viewpoinn, various proaches 10 achicwag the sme nds ae teed te ftemite which works bes. Evasion is expe- ‘ally imporant asa aneans of improving verice felnery during periods when the puble chmor for aldisonal government aid but tuning 2 pay higher axe fori Program evaluiioas rved how well compen- ‘ston boand ae meeting their goals. Buc asesing ‘whether chey are succeeding or fling in thet mi ton require clear watment of god In the 19604, the eat advocate of reimbursing victims fiom government-idminiered funds bad ambi- ‘ous expectitions and aude optimist (and pethape twetinie)prosouncemens. Ther sole, char He, and humantaran sims of aubstnslly levi ing the economic. saffering, of injured. pare: feneally hive noc been redid. Statistics that ther support or refine other contentions can be femned ftom evo asseemente proces evasion td impact cvalations Uncovering How Programs Work Proces eva- Instone foctson the progas’iteral opention: tnd onion valley uh as produivy,364 cuarren ‘overhead cows, and. davsion-making_ pater. ‘Auesinents ofthe eficieny of adinitratve prac tices contribute 10 alors elimizate des, mini- zmze ovethad, and mn out inequises Process ‘ralatons sso develop profes of te typi cla rants and ‘eeipierts of awards. Analysing de bearing on these quetens allows evaluators pro- vide utefil feedback to almiaitaros and board ‘embers about tens and pttes that curacenze thei efit, “Twa pees evakatians af + cmple of the 50 sete fan in operation at the end of the 1980s, (Parent et al, 1992) and the surt af the 199% (Simoft; 1996) shed light an apecs of how com- petacon progeans actualy work. The progans the survey's ample grted aid to about eve thie ff che applana. Most of che fd” revenue was ‘ted from fines and pendty aseumens levied on al kinds of law vilioes (ndudng dives who ‘commie walle lfiesom), wil dhe rot deed fiom gener approprision: (axe), and Fons che federal govemment in grants om che Viens of| ‘Game Act (FOCA) Most cans concer drunk cbiving cashes, homicides, aps cobberiss, sg ‘yaed acu and cid abe exes Very fw clas stove fom spouse abuse, Tae volume of ees haw ‘ded per yest varied dranasaly by papulition sine Sed crime eae, Cae-procesing tine thow Tong t {wok co sole 2 claim) raged from one mouth 9 ‘wo yeas, ith + mean of 1S Weeks To aid wets clering the inter, owe sites granted all emer ‘gene avard. Some progems were run mote f= ‘candy chin ates, ia temsofadmaniseative os 38 Spercentge of tal expenditures 1s for dection-nuking fates, dental rates indicted thar some toads wei rauch sicter thn other. Dor ane, auch afl to app ecient devon tion of expenses; andor fai, tach at the ‘igmtizing mon! jdgnene thatthe claimare was fpuly of contiiury maconduct. Some tours Stemed mor genes, while others wore deter- ‘mined to refite the changes that hey “gave money away” ard were vulnenbl to faud and sbus. The aveage award ange frots 3 low of acaty $700 20 igh of roughly $9,000 Gens sate where scan be hue oe echnical vex aztomey’s ees were covered). The rate of compen ‘ston, calculate a a proportion (crimes thar were ‘compenated compre to reported crs comit- fen tha ste that yeu that potently oul have Even eligi for sompenaticn) sk showed te ‘mentor varation.Ieenged fiom alow of percent oa high of 91 percent and avenged 19 percent. “Themumnber of unserved” vic a yearin te hte 1980s ae estimated to be 55 percent ofall pote tally eligble penons fnoceat, njredsuTenng SueaFpacket sponse). In asher won spt ‘outreach efits (such as puble service announce- fens and powers in polce stabons and foxptal temergency fooms), more than half of ll posible tenet di noe Know die ight andor did sot even flea clam. Some ste progam adi ‘Ssuton eximated thir 7 pereent, maybe even 5 percent, of eligible vitins dd aot apply for ‘arcu aid OF couse, if more clgile people fad been aware of thet eights and soughe relay bhenement, thar chime would have teen ever longer t eoces. Abo, the bowds either woule fave had to cut back on the average diz of sad: cor tum down 2 geater proportion of applcatts, tiles the dircom could somehow ake mene ‘money Parent ota, 1992; Sure, 1994). Setting lp sorefiortafies to accep chims fram people Ting in high-ctne areas night help to achieve the hjective of reaching the muxinuin umber of ‘serving individual the mow efesive and ef ‘Sent manner possible McCormack, 1991), The findings fom proces evalatons about igauficient funding ant izadequae outreach con- finn tha compensicion plane are fain to lve up their hunaniestan commitments Becaase of fheie lized budgets, many boards maintain le Frofles or even face prohibitions agin advert fg fact ofinteme om the pare of pee ree ‘of, and hospitd emergeney room: pesounel might so be conkinaing problem, Some ajured parte: ‘nigh be deserted by comple ling peocedus an ‘Sted preos into their personal frames (9 pe= ‘ene laud), Otters are diouraed wien they heat about high rejection tes, leag was, and disp- foinangly smal avards. On one haed, even wt Tow sates of aplicans an aad uncprograms can ran out of ney befie the year is fer (McGilis and Smith, 983; Sindeson, 1994) (On the other han, inadequate outeach effors cn resultin augpluss syed pares dont real hat {Bey san be seimbuned fos expenses such a me seene cleanups, counseling an rehailietion ser~ vices ("New Jeney,” 20021 Ta 195, sate compensation programs actos {Be county paid aeaty $250 million co about 120,000 people harmed by vielen ertnes Vie fof aul (87 percent) and cd aoe (pecially Sexual abuse) (12 percent) ere che most merous recipient. Aino ful of Ge money went to cover medical expenss, 2nd mest of the est was cei Dursement fr ht wages, eal heals Geaumest, tnd faneral expensa, The national axerage fora sNvard was dose to $2001 About 2 decade Laer (Geel yeur 2007), even though crime ees were flown, the rum of recipetts was up to about 200,000, andthe payout oul had climbed co ‘more than $450 millon. A Idle more chan half the teimbunemens were for medial expenses ‘About $23 milion was speat on covering the coss of forensic examinations for thote who had been fenuly asialed. The prporon of financial d fecipionwho wore abased chon rove to weak 20 percent. Asal views (epecally of domestic violence) continued to be the hnget group geting ‘ondary help (NACVCH, 2008). Measuting the Effcts of Programs Impact ov Thstene ave cared ovr a compre a program's imentions with ts acual accomplishments. The studies revea the consequences of program for fe caens and the community. To detemine whether compensation rely cate Guana sre, the tio af swand payments to submited loses fan he eaeulted ‘Ta aurea prams impr a the purcipuion of compensited complainant the Erma justice sytem, those who did aed dd n eceive aca be sorppaedy inten of tsi tenance rate a withews police booupe and court proceedings. The dressty of secur and procedures in diferent sate programs prorides o- pornunites co test which srangemens work best {ides what sono furavine vierms 365 The istngs of research and evaluation sds ‘an have inporant consequences forthe future of ‘compensation. Determining succewes and filer fan help to resolve the ongomg detater over the fot and coos of compenting etne victims wh fue fund and the mete and shortcomings of| particular rules and pmctces (Chappell and Sutton, 1974; Canow, 1980; NI}, 1998) The finding of sever pac evaluations de sot suppor the hypoth hate prospect of rein FRinement would ince the plies degre of cooperation with hw enforcement nthe 197% ‘when reporing ras for violent crime in state with progeans were compared wich the tes it utes wihoue progaa, wo appreciable iference: were foand (Doerer, 1978). Comparing the ati. fade: of chimane in Florida who wee granted avast thowe whove segues were denied revealed that being repaid did not sigiiicandy amprove a erin's ratings of the ually of perrmance of Be police, preecuton, or judge (Doomer and Lab, 1980), More information is teeded about the pact of board decions on che pychological and eco- frome well-being of physaly inured applcatts. “Thow ho wore rejected because of what they pereive to be mere “techies” (uch as wate fig too long. before fling) might fee! cheated Tnseasiive weatmeat, kngthy background iavesi- fitons, extenswe delys, and yaad reamoune- fens an make even sscceafildaimans, fel etmized ence again (McGills and Smith, 1983). ‘One reearther who evaluated the New York and New Josey programs concluded chat damane fended up tore alleated fom the ciiminal justice {poem tan nonclanmatslestead of reducing pub Ie dacontont ith the pace and cours, compen ‘inn pagans pmo additional Fron. ‘Applcans’ expectations probably roe when they fiat leamed about the chance of rembursernen, taut dhe hopes were comitently fred when owt claimant fora variety ofreaony, wore tamed flown or avarded isificent funds to cover thet documented expenses. Three-quaners indicated far they would noe apply for compensiion aga they were viet a seond tine, lgely366 cuarren Inecase of thie diplesure over delays, lighilry requirement, iecidentalexperses, inconveniences, theirtreament by rogane adminierors and, uk timate, che imdeyuacy of their rembarentexts (Eling 19330) “The emetmenc of -ompenation programs ‘nigh: have been merely an exerase in “symbolic polit” This judgment acuses cream manu tive politcians of v reve a puper beat the loins somuching or veto coficils fil to allocate the necesary resourtes 0 tmake che promise a realty. Nevertneles, the pubic istavoraly inpresed by ce foreght and concern shown by policymakers ard leyslon towand vic~ fine, Unisire tha the mjonty of caiman are fumed down and tha the eninder s lagely d= sae, vores ate led 0 believe that an eflective say net hasbeen set ap wo cashion the Blows of olen cate (Bas, 1983, 1955). Th samy for longing problems wdermine the efectvenes of these programs. Fir, onteach is inadequate: Too mary injured paris are unaware that they ae eligible foreimbusement. Only # percent ‘ofviclentcrine rem atonvide ape forcomn- ‘penadion fm sate programs in 202 Second, ily i ton restrictive: Too many caiman are fumed down beatae of oeny stat equiterens. “Thise the award thar sueceafl appicars ceive 00 ‘fen are not enough to bud them out of tei finan ‘al predzament. And fouch, money derived fom pevaliing an fining lanteakere never escent tomeet ata need (leman and Waal, 2004 ‘And yet, the swat acon by Congres to stab Ish the Seplenber leh Vicum “Compensation Fand demonteacs that governmental orpanizatins ar copa of taling ctv, source, sine, ‘rmmpaaonate and gener eon #0 help penne rebuld their lives. Could those sane unprecs- ented efors tat vided the more than $40 slvidaal ducal igure by the eerie attack and the neatly 3,000 survive En be mabiied an a routine basis to ssi the 23 milion people harned unually by “ordinay” crins, advocstes ak? Tnspred by the Sepumber fund, vice votes called for ny ees, All nace thor shew elected rartss should he slighle for compensition, wot ‘nly peuple injred by violence. All erime-elateé loser should be reimbursed, and. tine linit: souldne be mypored on ongoing problems (auch {PTSL), Everyone who lleva complaice wih the Folceshonll be informed about and heed toi fut chim, The proces of granting aid should be fir, respect, eficient, and eay to undestand Income tx relief should be granted to offer ve nw’ loses (curently mest Jo aot lose enough faney to apa fort deetiong). "Poe reverie ‘ould aapplewent the inadequate fanding raed fiom offender penis. Legianues should dete sine the best practices aleady implemerted inthe various sates, well in conpenation progents fn other countron advocates mgs (Flenman and Wad, 2008, CONFISCATING PROFITS FROM NOTORIOUS CRIMINALS Alone gunmat teoraes New Yorkers, ‘aing out abuses tha eave x people dead and nany oters wounded. Dubbed the "Son of Sarna walla th" H-Caliber Killer” hy the meds, he i eventally aught, convicted, and serenced tlie time behind bas. From hs eal, ke gant pertews t write and accumltes about {$90.00 in eoyis fos publisher. The ‘nivale he shot and he amis ofthe people he ied sue hin to prevent him {fom benefiting fem hs notre Eight yeas ler, his stomeys ave at 2 sete {nent ll he money he gained all be Aiviled among thse be harms ad shey ‘ill che any adil earings he igh receive (Asochted Pres, 19843) [A man attempt: rob bank but bangles ‘he joband winds up taking four em ployees hage when his espe route it Mocked by the police. After lengthy siege the our ate eezased, and he s captured,