NON DISTRUCTIVE TESTING

HOW TO EVALUATE THE RADIOGRAPHY

FILMS FOR WELDING DEFECTS
BY
K.ESWARA RAO

Offset or Mis-match with lack of

penetration (LOP )
poor gap , low current.
Dark continuous line in the middle of the weld.

Inadequate weld Reinforcement

Due to improper movement of the electrode.

External under cut

High current
Dark continuous line ,running parallel along the weld.

Internal ( Root ) Under Cut

Internal concavity ( Suck-back)

Improper movement of electrode or too much heat in II pass
over I pass

Burn through
Circular cavity.
Dark round area.

Incomplete or Lack of
penetration ( LOP)

poor gap, low current

Interpass Slag inclusion

Nonmetallic solid materials.
Dark irregular shapes.

Lack of Side Wall Fusion (LOF)

Interpass Cold Lap

Failure of molten metal to fuse with solid metals.
Well-defined continuous dark line.

Scattered porosity
Entrapment of gas due to inadequate regulation of current or
wet electrode.
Dark round or elongated images with defined outline.

Cluster porosity

Cluster porosity
Excessive sulphur or moisture in the base
metal or electrode.
Too high or too low a current
Improper manipulation of electrode.
Too long arc.
Oil or other volatile substance on the joint
Defective or unsuitable electrode.

CRACKS

Too rigid a joint.

Brittle material
High carbon or sulphur .
Unsuitable electrodes.
High welding speed.
High cooling rates.

Transverse Crack /
Longitudinal Cracks

Tungsten inclusion
Tungsten from tip of electrode in TIG process.
White inclusions.

OXIDE INCLUSIONS

EXCESS REINFORCEMENT

THANKS