Contents

Acknowledgements

Contents

iii

List of Figures

vi

List of Tables

vii

List of Appendices

xii

Abbreviations

xiii

Chapters
1. Introduction

1.1. Tourism and coastal tourism: concepts and denitions

1.2. Rationale of the study

1.3. Objectives

1.4. Hypothesis

1.5. Methodology and data base

1.6. Scope of the study

1.7. Limitations of the study

1.8. Plan ofthe thesis

ll

2. Review of Literature

14

2.1 . Introduction

14

2.2. International literature

14

2.3. Indian literature

36

2.4. Tourism studies on Kerala

40

2.5. Summary

43

3. A Prole of Global Tourism Development

45

3.1. Introduction

45

3.2. Trends in global tourism

45

3.3. Globalisation and tourism

66

3.4. Summary

68

ill

4. Development of Tourism in India

i . Introduction

69

4.2. Foreign tourist arrivals in India

70

4.3. Domestic tourism in India

85

4.4. Tourism infrastructure in India

88

4.5. Human resource development

90

4.6. Indian tourism under ve year plans

92

4.7. Summary

101

5. Development of Tourism in Kerala

103

5.1 . Introduction

103

5.2. Foreign tourist arrivals and tourism receipts

103

5.3. Domestic tourist arrivals and tourism receipts

112

5.4. Tourism resources of Kerala

119

5.5. Potential tourism products of Kerala

126

5.6. Tourism infrastructure in Kerala

131

5.7. Tourism administration in Kerala

137

5.8. Kerala tourism under ve year plans

139

5.9. Marketing of Kerala tourism

141

5.10. The Vision 2025 of Kerala Tourism Department

142

5.11. Summary

143

6. Coastal Tourism in Kerala-An Analysis

146

6.1. Introduction

146

6.2. Coastal tourism in Kerala

146

6.3. Demographic and visitation prole of tourists

156

6.4. Summary

177

7. Economic Impacts of Coastal Tourism in Kerala

179

7.1 . Introduction

179

7.2. Measuring economic impacts: a conceptual framework

179

7.3. Survey of tourism enterprises

182

7.4. Local community and economic impacts

190

7.5. Further evidence on economic impacts

199

7.6. Summary

205

69

l\

8. Environmental Impacts of Coastal Tourism in Kerala

207

8.1 . Introduction

207

8.2. Measuring environmental impacts: a conceptual framework

207

8.3. Local community and environmental impacts

209

8.4. Socio-cultural issues of coastal tourism

2l7

8.5. Further evidence on environmental impacts

219

8.6. Summary

224

9. Planning for Sustainable Development of Coastal Tourism in Kerala

226

9. l . Introduction

226

9.2. Sustainable development of tourism: a conceptual framework

226

9.3. Sustainability issues of coastal tourism in Kerala

229

9.4. Planning for sustainable development of coastal tourism in Kerala

232

9.5. Summary

250

10. Summary of Findings and Conclusion

253

10.1. Summary of Findings

253

10.2. Conclusion

263

Appendices

264

Bibliography

284